Association of mid-infrared solar plages with Calcium K line emissions and magnetic structu

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半导体光电英语

半导体光电英语Semiconductor PhotonicsThe field of semiconductor photonics has been a rapidly growing and increasingly important area of research and technological development in recent decades. Semiconductors, materials that can conduct electricity under certain conditions, have become the foundation for a wide range of electronic and optoelectronic devices that have revolutionized our modern world. The integration of semiconductors with photonic technologies, which deal with the generation, manipulation, and detection of light, has led to the emergence of semiconductor photonics as a distinct and highly influential discipline.At the heart of semiconductor photonics are the unique properties of semiconductor materials, which allow for the efficient conversion between electrical and optical signals. Semiconductors possess a fundamental characteristic known as a "bandgap," an energy range in which no electronic states can exist. This bandgap determines the absorption and emission spectra of the material, making it possible to engineer semiconductor devices that can interact with specific wavelengths of light.One of the primary applications of semiconductor photonics is in the field of optoelectronics, where semiconductor-based devices are used to generate, detect, and manipulate light. This includes the development of light-emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, photodetectors, and optical modulators, all of which play crucial roles in modern telecommunications, display technologies, and a wide range of other applications.LEDs, for example, have become ubiquitous in our daily lives, found in everything from traffic signals and automotive lighting to high-efficiency general illumination and backlit displays. The ability to precisely control the bandgap of semiconductor materials has enabled the development of LEDs that can emit light across the visible spectrum, as well as in the ultraviolet and infrared regions. This has led to the widespread adoption of LED technology, which offers significant advantages in terms of energy efficiency, durability, and versatility compared to traditional lighting sources.Laser diodes, on the other hand, are the backbone of modern fiber-optic communication systems, enabling the transmission of vast amounts of data over long distances with high speed and reliability. Semiconductor laser diodes are compact, efficient, and can be easily integrated into electronic circuits, making them an ideal choice for applications ranging from telecommunications to data storage andmedical diagnostics.Beyond optoelectronics, semiconductor photonics has also found applications in areas such as photovoltaics, where semiconductor-based solar cells convert sunlight into electrical energy. The ability to engineer the bandgap of semiconductor materials has enabled the development of highly efficient and cost-effective solar cell technologies, which are playing a crucial role in the transition towards renewable energy sources.Another exciting area of semiconductor photonics is the field of integrated photonics, where multiple photonic components, such as waveguides, modulators, and detectors, are integrated onto a single semiconductor chip. This integration allows for the miniaturization of optical systems, enabling the development of compact and efficient devices for a wide range of applications, including optical communication, sensing, and signal processing.The rapid progress in semiconductor photonics has also led to the emergence of new and innovative applications, such as quantum photonics. By leveraging the unique properties of semiconductor quantum dots and other nanostructures, researchers are exploring the use of semiconductor photonics for the development of quantum-based devices, including single-photon sources, quantum sensors, and quantum computers.As the field of semiconductor photonics continues to evolve, it is poised to play an increasingly vital role in shaping the technological landscape of the 21st century. With ongoing advancements in materials science, device engineering, and integration technologies, the potential applications of semiconductor photonics are vast and diverse, spanning areas such as telecommunications, energy, healthcare, and beyond.In conclusion, the field of semiconductor photonics represents a fascinating and dynamic intersection of semiconductor technology and photonics, with the potential to drive transformative innovations across a wide range of industries. As we continue to explore and harness the unique capabilities of semiconductor materials and their interaction with light, the future of semiconductor photonics promises to be both exciting and impactful, shaping the way we live, work, and communicate in the years to come.。

屋顶材料英文

ABSTRACTContinuous monitoring for three years documented membrane temperatures and insulation heat fluxes under ballasted roofs and for roofs with exposed white and black membranes. The overall goal of the project was to evaluate how the thermal mass of three different loadings of stone ballast and a heavy paver, all with relatively low solar reflectance, affects energy performance, especially compared to the highly reflective white roof. This paper summarizes the results of the measurements for all three years. They indicate that thermal mass effects are significant for the low R-value roofs in the climate of East Tennessee. Cooling loads for the heavily ballasted systems and the weathered white roof are nearly the same. The lighter ballasts had cooling loads more than the white roof but less than the black roof. The heating loads for the heaviest stone-ballasted system are slightly less than for the black roof. For the paver and the other stone-ballasted systems, heating loads are nearly the same as for the white roof.An important goal was to predict energy performance with more typical roof insulation levels and in climates different from the test climate. An effort was made to model the energy performance of all six systems in the test climate with the Simplified Tran-sient Analysis of Roofs (STAR) program. For the black roof relative to the white roof, predicted differences in cooling and heating loads were both slightly higher than measured differences. This is consistent with anomalies in the measurements, including the effect of moisture, which STAR did not model.For the ballasted systems, effective thermal conductivity and specific heat for use in STAR were estimated by trial-and-error, guided by diurnal behavior of the test roofs. For the ballasted roofs relative to the white roof, differences in cooling loads were very similar to those from the measurements as ballast loading and type were varied. The trends continued with higher roof insu-lation levels and more severe cooling climates than for the measurements. Using these same properties, differences in heating loads were significantly larger than measurements. STAR is too simple a model to predict heating loads for ballasted roofs.INTRODUCTIONA three-year experimental and analytical study was initi-ated in March 2004 to quantify the energy performance of ballasted roof systems relative to systems with cool roof membranes. Modeling the energy performance of the ballasted systems was an important goal of the project. The hope was that success could eventually allow ballast to be entered as a roof component in an extension of the DOE Cool Roof Calculator (Petrie et al. 2001, Petrie et al. 2004). In this calculator, annual heating and cooling loads are estimated for proposed and white roofs in the desired climate. Cooling bene-fits and heating penalties are then calculated, which allow esti-mation of operating cost savings.The study continues and builds upon work performed with the Single Ply Roofing Institute under terms of user agreements for cooperative research (Miller et al. 2002, Miller et a l. 2004, Miller and Roodvoets 2004). Low-slope roof systems were constructed and instrumented for continuous monitoring in the climate of East Tennessee at a U.S. national laboratory. For the heaviest stone loading, the weight per unit area was set equal to that of a heavyweight concrete paver deployed with the stone ballasts. The lightest stone loadingModeling the Thermal Performance of Ballasted Roof SystemsAndré O. Desjarlais Thomas W. Petrie Jerald A. Atchley A.O. Desjarlais is a group leader, T.W. Petrie is a research engineer, and J.A. Atchley is an engineering technologist in the Building Envelopes Group, Engineering Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN.© 2007 ASHRAE.was the minimum applied in practice. A third stone ballast weight was half way between the heaviest and lightest. The ballasted systems were installed on the same test building as two systems that acted as controls for the experiment. The unballasted controls exposed a black EPDM membrane and a white TPO membrane. The same black membrane was used under the ballasts.To monitor energy performance, surface temperature was measured for the exposed membranes and for the membranes under the ballasts. Independently, heat flux was measured through the insulation in all systems. Gillenwater et al. (2005) give details on the construction of the test sections and other instrumentation. They present and discuss the measured membrane temperatures and insulation heat fluxes during the first year of monitoring. Desjarlais et al. (2006) review the behavior of the membrane temperatures and insulation heat fluxes through two years of monitoring. They conclude that the ballasted systems should be considered for ENERGY STAR® status since their energy performance meets or exceeds that for products that have this status.This paper summarizes the results of the measurements for all three years in East Tennessee. In anticipation of the modeling effort, the heat fluxes through the insulation are summed with the same constraints as used for summing heat fluxes at the inside surface of the roof for the DOE Cool Roof Calculator. These sums are defined as the measured cooling and heating loads per unit area and are compared for the vari-ous roofs.The modeling effort and results from it are also described, using climatic data obtained along with the energy perfor-mance of the various roofs. The effort sought to use the one-dimensional transient heat conduction equation that is programmed in finite difference form in Simplified Transient Analysis of Roofs (STAR) (Wilkes 1989). STAR is the model-ing tool used to develop the DOE Cool Roof Calculator. Emphasis is on the effect that different values for the effective thermal conductivity and specific heat of the ballasts have on the diurnal behavior of the predictions. For direct comparison to measured cooling and heating loads, cooling and heating loads of the various roofs are then predicted with properties that duplicate the measured diurnal behavior. MEASURED HEAT FLUXES,COOLING LOADS AND HEATING LOADSF igure 1 is a sketch of the stone-ballasted systems constructed for this project. With pavers instead of stone, it shows the layout of the paver-ballasted system. With no ballast and an exposed white or black membrane, it applies to the control systems. Each system occupied half of a 4 ft x 8 ft (1.2 m x 2.4 m) area on the roof of an outdoor test building in East Tennessee. The light loading and medium loading of stone shared one test section, the heavy loading of stone and the paver shared another, and the exposed white and black membrane systems shared a third.All test sections were insulated and instrumented identi-cally. Pairs of thermocouples were located under all membranes, between the pieces of wood fiberboard insulation and on top of the deck. The fiberboard provided thermal resis-tance of R-3.8 (RSI-0.67). For each ballasted system, two ther-mocouples were also located near the outside surface of the ballast. A heat flux transducer was put between the pieces of wood fiberboard in the center of each test section.A data acquisition system did continuous monitoring of the output from the thermocouples, heat flux transducers and instrumentation in a weather station above the roof of the test building. The experimental work included the initial and subsequent occasional measure of the solar reflectance of all exposed surfaces, an estimate of their infrared emittance, weekly analysis of temperature and heat flux data, and weekly comparison of the temperatures and heat fluxes for the ballasted and control systems.Figure 2 presents the average weekly heat fluxes through the insulation in each system over the course of the project. The light, medium and heavy loadings of stone ballast are identified by 10#, 17# and 24#, respectively. The three cooling seasons in the project are shown as the intervals from 4/20/ 2004 through 10/19/2004 (summer 2004), 4/21/2005 through 10/20/2005 (summer 2005), and 4/22/2006 through 10/21/2006 (summer 2006). The three heating seasons are 10/20/ Figure 1Layers in a typical ballasted system.Figure 2Average weekly heat fluxes for the ballasted and control systems over the three year duration of theproject.2004 through 4/20/2005 (winter 2004), 10/21/2005 through 4/ 21/2006 (winter 2005) and 10/22/2006 through 4/22/2007 (winter 2006).The average weekly heat flux for the black system is generally the highest (largest positive number) for all systems each week during the summers. It is generally the smallest (smallest negative number) during the winters. The average weekly heat flux for the white system is generally the lowest during the summers, especially the first summer. Complete weathering of the TPO membrane for the white system is achieved by the start of the second summer. It is difficult to distinguish any difference among the average weekly heat fluxes for the ballasted systems during the summers. There is little difference among the average weekly heat fluxes for the ballasted systems and the white system during the winters.Not shown in Figure 2 are data for two paver systems with heavy and medium loading that occupied a fourth area on the test facility beginning in Summer 2005. These pavers were painted with a white coating that yielded solar reflectance slightly greater than that of the white membrane before weath-ering. They had average weekly heat fluxes lower than the white control during the cooling seasons. They behaved the same as the other ballasted systems during the heating seasons. This is expected behavior for systems that combine the effects of high solar reflectance and high thermal mass. They are not discussed further in this paper because neither was the usually installed paver system.The data from which Figure 2 was prepared were further analyzed in anticipation of the effort to model the energy performance of the ballasted systems. The usefulness of this modeling is to compare proposed systems to a white system for roof insulation levels and climates different from those for the side-by-side tests. In comparisons that are done in the DOE Cool Roof Calculator (Petrie et al. 2001, Petrie et al. 2004), cooling loads are defined as the annual sum of the positive heat fluxes through the roof deck when outside air temperature is greater than 75°F (23.9°C). Heating loads are defined as the sum of the negative heat fluxes through the roof deck when outside air temperature is less than 60°F (15.6°C). Not includ-ing the small heat fluxes between 75°F (23.9°C) and 60°F (15.6°C) is meant to approximate the dead band, at least that due to the roof, when the building under the roof needs neither heating nor cooling.These definitions were applied to the heat fluxes through the insulation for the three years. Using the insulation heat fluxes instead of deck heat fluxes was necessary because deck heat fluxes were not measured. Most of the annual cooling loads occurred during the summers defined in Figure 2 and most of the annual heating loads during the winters. This arbi-trary division of each year into two seasons was to generate smaller worksheets for organization and manipulation of the data. A summary worksheet combined the summer and winter results for each year.Cooling and heating loads for the white system are shown in Table 1. Even for this relatively simple system, changes in climatic conditions from year to year and changes in the system itself make for complicated behavior. Loads for white systems are affected by the change in solar reflectance of the surface. F or this TPO membrane, the decrease in its solar reflectance due to weathering was complete by the start of the second year. This may explain part of the increase in cooling load from the first year to the second. The increase in heating load must be weather-related. Moreover, the loads for the second and third year would have been the same had climatic conditions not changed.Figures 3 and 4 give more detail than Figure 2 about the energy performance of the black and ballasted systems rela-tive to the white system. For Figure 3, the cooling load for the white system was subtracted from the corresponding cooling load for each proposed system in each year. Positive numbers mean more cooling load than the white system. The black system behaves as expected. It has the largest cooling load relative to the white system. The difference decreases as the white membrane weathers. The thermal mass associated with the heavy loadings makes them perform as well for cooling as the white system in the mixed climate of East Tennessee. The light and medium loadings are both better than the black system but do not have as much cooling benefit as the white system.For Figure 4, the heating load for each proposed system was subtracted from the corresponding heating load for the white system in each year. Positive numbers mean the proposed system has more heating load than the white system. The results for the black system are as expected. Its energy advantage over a white system is less heating load, which decreases as the white membrane weathers. The ballasted systems show no clear trends. As Figure 2 showed, there is little difference among the ballasted and white systems during the winters. Figure 4 shows that, when only the negative heatTable 1. Measured Cooling and Heating Loads for the White Roof Compared to Heating and Cooling Degree-Days over the Three Years of the ProjectYear o f P rojectCooling LoadBtu/·ft² (kJ/m²)Cooling Degree-Days[°F(°C)-day]Heating LoadBtu/ft (kJ/m²)Heating Degree-Days[°F(°C)-day]20046960(79020)1502 (834)-22220 (-252290)3614 (2008) 20059340(106020)1672 (929)-23740 (-269620)3947 (2193) 20068790 (99800)1560 (867)-24740 (-280990)4187 (2326)fluxes are used for the heating load, unlike both positive and negative heat fluxes to get the average for each week in Figure 2, there is little difference among heating loads for all these systems, including the black system. Only the 24# system shows less heating load than the black system due to the effect of thermal mass.Figures 3 and 4 apply only to the low R-value roofs for the changing climatic conditions in East Tennessee during the three years of the project. They provide experimental evidence that neither the cooling loads nor the heating loads are much different for the four ballasted systems and the white system.This supports the conclusion of Desjarlais, et al. (2006) after two years. Possible operating cost savings with ballasted systems compared to white systems depend not only on the heating and cooling loads, but also on the efficiency of the heating, ventilating and cooling equipment and the price of energy to run it.PROPERTIES NEEDED TO PREDICT ENERGY PERFORMANCE WITH STARTo fulfill the goals of the project, an effort was made to model the behavior of the ballasted and control systems shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Because of its use for the DOE Cool Roof Calculator and our extensive experience with it, the program STAR was chosen. It is a finite-difference form of the transient heat conduction equation in one dimension and allows all three types of boundary conditions at the inside and outside surfaces of a low-slope roof system. The temperature measured at the top of the deck was used as the inside bound-ary condition. Data from the weather station on the test facility were used to impose convection and thermal radiation as the boundary condition at the outside of each system.STAR also requires a layer by layer description of the physical and thermal properties of roof systems. The physical layout of the systems was shown in Figure 1. Table 2a lists the properties for initial runs of STAR. Data are listed for the threeloadings of stone (10#, 17# and 24#), the paver, the exposed white and black membranes, and the two layers of wood fiber-board insulation that are used in each system.Direct measurements were made of the thickness and density of the various components of the systems. The weight of several pavers was measured by a scale and divided by the measured volume to yield density. A nominal 5-gallon (18.9L) bucket was weighed, filled with stone and weighed again.The actual volume of the bucket was determined by measuring the weight of water to fill it. Weight of stone divided by its volume yielded the average density of the stone including air spaces. The weight of water to fill the spaces around the stones yielded a porosity of 40%.Table 2a includes the ranges of solar reflectance for all surfaces. Table 2b gives seasonal variation for the exposed smooth surfaces (white and black membranes and paver).Averages are presented for summer 2004 through winter 2006and prove that changes due to weathering are essentially complete by the beginning of summer 2005. Solar reflectance was measured at about six month intervals during the project according to ASTM C 1549-02: Standard Test Method for Determination of Solar Reflectance Near Ambient Tempera-ture Using a Portable Solar Reflectometer. The solar reflec-tance of the stone was measured at the beginning of each year of the project according to ASTM E 1918-97: Standard Test Method for Measuring Solar Reflectance of Horizontal and Low-Sloped Surfaces in the F ield. (See the Acknowledge-ment.) All the exposed surfaces are non-metallic solids for which the infrared emittance is taken to be 0.9 from previous measurements and experience (Petrie et al. 2001).The thermal conductivity and specific heat of the white and black membranes and the fiberboard were obtained from the literature and our own measurements. For the stone and pavers, the program Properties Oak Ridge (PROPOR) was used as part of the ongoing analysis of the evolving data to esti-mate effective thermal conductivity and volumetric heatFigure 3Differences in cooling lo a ds between theproposed and white systems during the years ofthe project.Figure 4Differences in hea ting loa ds between the whitea nd proposed systems during the yea rs of the project.capacity (the product of density and specific heat). PROPOR compares the temperatures and heat fluxes that are measured inside a system to those predicted by the transient heat conduc-tion equation. Temperatures measured at the outside and inside surfaces are boundary conditions. Thermal conductiv-ity and volumetric heat capacity are considered parameters. Values of the parameters are adjusted by an automated itera-tion procedure until best agreement is obtained. Best agree-ment is defined as the minimum of the squares of the differences between measured and predicted temperatures and heat fluxes inside the systems. An estimate of the confidence in the final parameter values is included as part of the output from the program (Beck et al. 1991).Use of PROPOR, which like STAR is based on a finite-difference form of the transient heat conduction equation, indicated that modeling the energy performance for the ballasted systems is more difficult than for the black and white systems. PROPOR had difficulty converging to estimates of the thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity for the 10# and 17# loadings of stone except for several weeks during each winter in East Tennessee. Even then the estimates were not acceptably precise. Convergence for the 24# loading was less difficult. Convergence was obtained for the paver no matter what the weather conditions.One reason for the problems with convergence and lack of confidence is convection effects in the lighter weights of stone during high solar loading. Another reason is inaccurate measurement of outside surface temperatures for all the ballasts. Unlike STAR, PROPOR requires temperatures at the surface as the only allowed type of boundary condition. For the ballasts, thermocouple measuring junctions were placed against two stones at the top of each stone loading and slightly below the outside surface of the central paver (Gillenwater et al. 2005). Unreliable surface temperatures are more likely for the light loadings of stone when the sun is high in the sky. Sunlight can penetrate to the black membrane and cause it to heat the stones from below.The thermal conductivity and specific heat for the stone and paver in Table 2a are the averages of estimates from PROPOR for weeks when it converged. The uncertainty reported by PROPOR is appended to these estimates. Specific heat is obtained by dividing the estimated volumetric heat capacity by the measured density. Only the volumetric heat capacity is used by PROPOR and by STAR. The uncertainties in the estimates for both properties of the stone are of the order of 50% to 150% of the estimates themselves. Furthermore, the effective thermal conductivity and, to a lesser extent, the specific heat vary with the stone loading. This would not be true if heat transfer through the stone were strictly a heat conduction phenomenon, or at least apparent thermal conduc-tion, like conduction and radiation in mass insulation. TheTable 2a. Properties Input to STAR for Initial Modeling of the Ballasted and Control Systems10#17#24#Paver White Black FiberboardLoading, lb/ft (kg/m²)10.0(49)16.9(82)23.9(117)23.5(115)negl.negl.n.a.Thickness, in.(mm)1.3(33)2.2(56)3.1(79)2.0(51)0.050(1.3)0.045(1.1)0.5, 1.0(13, 25)Thermal conductivity, Btu·in./(h·ft²·°F)[W/(m·K)]6.21±6(0.90±0.9)5.94±7(0.86±1)4.65±2(0.67±0.3)17.6±4(2.5±0.6)1.2(0.17)1.2(0.17)*a+b·TDensity, lb/ft3 (kg/m3)92.4(1480)92.4(1480)92.4(1480)141(2260)58(930)58(930)17.5(280)Specific heat, Btu/(lb·°F) [kJ/(m·K)]0.17±0.2(0.71±0.8)0.21±0.3(0.88±1.3)0.20±0.1(0.84±0.4)0.15±0.04(0.63±0.17)0.4(1.7)0.4(1.7)0.19(0.80)Infrared emittance, %909090909090 not needed †Solar reflectance, %20202054to4771to608to9 not needed*From guarded hot plate measurements: kfiberboard [Btu·in./(h·ft²·°F)] = 0.3376 + 0.000746·T(°F); kfiberboard [W/(m·K)] = 0.05213 + 0.0001936·T(°C)†Ranges, if given, span observed variation over the three years of the projectTable 2b. Variation of Solar Reflectance for the Smooth Surfaces in the ProjectSolar Reflectance, %Summer 2004Winter 2004Summer 2005Winter 2005Summer 2006Winter 2006 White TPO70.563.761.860.460.760.5 Black EPDM8.08.99.49.19.08.8 Paver54.052.049.449.348.947.2three loadings were obtained with the same stone; only thick-ness of application was changed.The 0.19 to 0.24 Btu/(lb·°F) [0.80 to 1.00 kJ/(kg·K)] range for specific heat of heavyweight concrete (ASHRAE 2005) and the specific heat of 0.24 Btu/(lb·°F) [1.00 kJ/(kg·K)] for air compare well to values for the ballast in Table 2a. ASHRAE handbook values of the thermal conductivity of heavyweight concrete are given as the range from 9.0 to 18.0 Btu·in./(h·ft²·°F) [1.3 to 2.6 W/(m·K)], which includes the value for the paver in Table 1. Possible values for the thermal conductivity of the stone are given by Côté and Konrad (2005). The porosity of the stone was measured as 40%. Côté and Konrad’s data for granite and limestone show a thermal conductivity of 1.80 Btu·in./(h·ft²·°F) [0.26 W/(m·K)] at this porosity, 29 to 39% of the values for the stone ballasts in Table2a.An attempt was made to measure the thermal conductivity at 75°F (24°C) of the stone and paver by ASTM C518-98: Standard Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus. Samples of the stone and paver were sandwiched between pieces of foam to protect the appa-ratus and provide the required level of thermal resistance. The foam used was characterized separately. Differences between R-values and thicknesses with and without the stone yielded stone sample thermal conductivity of 1.86 Btu·in./(h·ft²·°F) [0.27 W/(m·K)] for heat flow up and 1.76 Btu·in./(h·ft²·°F) [0.25 W/(m·K)] for heat flow down. The average agrees exactly with the data from Côté and Konrad. Slightly higher thermal conductivity for heat flow up is consistent with the effect of air between the individual stones. By the same tech-nique, the solid paver had thermal conductivity of 6.58 Btu·in./ (h·ft²·°F) [0.95 W/(m·K)], 27% of the value in Table 2a. DIURNAL BEHAVIOR OF MEASUREMENTSAND OF PREDICTIONS USINGINITIAL ESTIMATES OF PROPERTIESSTAR was executed with the properties in Table 2a and Table 2b, yielding predictions of membrane temperatures and insulation heat fluxes for all three years of the project. The thermal conductivity and specific heat in Table 2a for the ballasts were considered initial values. Because of the large uncertainty of their estimation by PROPOR and the low values of thermal conductivity indicated by the literature and the C518 measurements, it was unlikely that they would yield acceptable agreement with measurements. A trial-and-error process was anticipated to select final values. Modeling the behavior of the exposed white and black membrane systems was straightforward.Hourly predicted membrane temperatures and insulation heat fluxes were entered in a spreadsheet that contained the hourly averages of the measurements. Graphs could then be generated for selected days to show diurnal behavior and indi-cate agreement between measurements and predictions. Clear days show maximum solar effect and have smooth curves through the hourly temperatures and heat fluxes. There are few deviations caused by cloudiness and inclement weather that make it difficult to visually compare the data. Figure 5 shows a typical clear day during the first summer of the project when the solar reflectance of the white surface was highest.The black and white systems are lightweight systems with R-3.8 (RSI-0.67) fiberboard insulation. The ballasted systems are thermally massive with the same insulation. Table 2a and our measurements of apparent thermal conductivity with ASTM C 518 yield additional R-value of R-0.7 (RSI-0.13), R-1.2 (RSI-0.21), R-1.7 (RSI-0.3) and R-0.3 (RSI-0.05) for the 10#, 17#, 24# and paver ballasts, respectively. Figure 5 showsthat peak values of the measured membrane temperature and Figure 5Diurnal behavior of measurements and predictions using properties in Tables 2a and 2b for a typical clear day during the project.insulation heat flux and the time when peaks occur are affected by the thermal mass and extra R-value of the ballasts. The 24# system with 20% solar reflectance has the same peak values as the 70% reflective white system. The 54% reflective paver has smaller peak values.The time at which peak heat flux occurs is important to operation of the building under a low-slope roof system. The ballasted systems show consistent delays relative to the black and white systems. For ten clear days over the course of the project, including the example day for Figure 5, the average times of peak heat flux for the white and black systems coin-cide within 0.4 h. Relative to the black system, the 10#, 17#, 24# and paver systems show peak heat fluxes delayed by 0.9 h, 1.8 h, 2.7 h and 2.4 h, respectively. This variation agrees with the variation of the loading of the respective systems in Table 2a. This proves that the ballasted systems show signif-icant and consistent effect of their thermal mass. The delays are not consistent with added R-value.The relatively simple behavior of exposed white and black membranes over a low-slope roof with low thermal mass is well understood from previous experience with test sections used to validate STAR for the DOE Cool Roof Calculator (Petrie 2001). On the several clear days the hourly predictions for the exposed white membrane were in good agreement with the measurements and consistent with our understanding. The hourly behavior of the exposed black membrane, when compared to that from previous experience, indicates that the measured temperatures are accurate but the measured heat fluxes are low. Temperatures and heat fluxes were measured independently with thermocouples and small heat flux trans-ducers, respectively. More uncertainty in measured heat fluxes is consistent with our experience. It occurs despite calibration of the heat flux transducers in the wood fiberboard insulation according to ASTM C 518.The shape of the predicted curves on the clear days was correct for the control systems, with low thermal mass and either an exposed white or black membrane. Predicted peak times coincided with the measured peak times. The nighttime predictions were generally low for both these controls. This is likely due to the effects of condensation and no attempt was made to model its effect.Regarding the diurnal behavior of the predictions of membrane temperature and insulation heat flux for the ballasted systems with properties in Table 2a, peak times generally coincided with the measured peak times. Agreement in early morning between predictions and measurements was acceptable for the stone ballasts but not for the paver. However, predicted peak values for all ballasted systems were higher than the corresponding peak measurements. This is the dominant feature of Figure 5 and precludes having any confi-dence in the accuracy of the predictions, night or day, using the set of properties in Table 2a. DIURNAL BEHAVIOR USINGFINAL ESTIMATES OF PROPERTIESTrials, in which density was held at the measured values, indicated that peak times are most sensitive to specific heat. If specific heat is increased, peak time is delayed. Peak values are most sensitive to thermal conductivity. If thermal conduc-tivity is decreased, the peak membrane temperature and insu-lation heat flux also decrease. However, changes in specific heat affect peak values and changes in thermal conductivity affect peak times to some extent. STAR was executed with thermal conductivity values for the stone and paver that were varied as a percentage of the values in Table 2a. Specific heat was varied less, seeking a common value for the stone.The best overall agreement between predictions and measurements was judged to occur for thermal conductivity corresponding to 10%, 15%, 20% and 20% of Table 2a values for the 10#, 17#, 24# and paver systems, respectively. These values are 34% to 53% of the values measured by ASTM C518. The specific heat for the stone was chosen to be 0.10 Btu/(lb m·°F) [0.42 kJ/(kg·K)]. For the paver 0.21 Btu/(lb m·°F) [0.88 kJ/(kg·K)] was chosen. The ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals (ASHRAE 2005) lists 0.19 to 0.24 Btu/(lb m·°F) [0.80 to 1.00 kJ/(kg·K)] as the range for heavyweight concretes, yielding a geometric mean of 0.21 Btu/(lb m·°F) [0.88 kJ/(kg·K)]. Table 3 lists the complete set of property values. Table 2b was again used for the seasonal variation of solar reflectance of the smooth surfaces.Figure 6, for the same typical day chosen for Figure 5, shows the much improved agreement between predictions and measurements for the ballasted systems when the properties in Table 3 are used. Predictions for the controls are unchanged. Predicted peak temperatures and heat fluxes for all ballasts agree very well with measurements. Predicted peak times for the stone ballasts do not coincide exactly with the observed peak times, because the same specific heat was imposed for all three stone ballasts.Generally, for all days and all ballasts, there are anomalies in the measurements that a model like STAR, with relatively few parameters, cannot duplicate. Many of them are associ-ated with moisture effects that STAR did not model. Dew or frost persisted on the exposed membranes well into mid-morn-ing of many days. It was noticed that the test sections on the lower end of the low-slope roof of the test building, namely, the black control, the 10# system and, to a lesser extent, the paver, retained water for a day or more after rain events. Rain drained quickly from the other test sections on the higher end of the roof.COMPARISON OF COOLING AND HEATING LOADS FROM PREDICTIONS AND MEASUREMENTS As explained above, final estimates were made by trial-and-error of the effective thermal conductivity and specific heat needed to model the diurnal behavior of the ballasted systems with the transient heat conduction equation. To test their usefulness, cooling and heating loads were generated。

雅思词汇

squash demonstrative pronoun martyr euphemism paparazzi misfit chronological order drop into predicative sanction poll logical resoning rekindle confectioncheque book dispatch gold bullion outright commotion denote sugar beetchalice referent heist vertical axis boon census peppermint signpost causal relation booty childbearing age adaptive projection conquistador treacle tart high-throughput scout conjugal taxing alpine caramelspotted dick bench-top mammoth norm clout tellingly chop up horseradish clinical trial recruit syllabus prodding prarie quartermaster prawn prototypical prolific suggestopedia weighty tundra doughboyfowl ambiguous subtlety receptive take a back seat thaw seaboardgame well-documented homecoming be subsumed into be festooned with permafrost choirmastercod stock option memorabilia poster presentation trapezoid seal the turn of the century diversion keep current sage cement detach breeding shopkeeper athletics mariner be drafted by batter pay a premium for songbird sprucegoalpost chart one's course tower over strap wind turbine regenerate air-shaftmedley in like manner fist-fighting fit in blight colonize levelcompatriot alumni aristocratic self-critical blade parant plant bedrockredeem bestion samurai attrition pylon critter surveyingskeet shooting attorney courtesan depositing layer hit-and-run dispersal parameter shuttlecock counsel porcelain overview moratorium latch alignment psychiatric judicial superlative disarmament impasse barbed bisectprovision with regard to midfield pacifism pro buoyant bolsterlogistical bar examination heartthrob come to the fore rubric primate ramp camaraderie jurisdiction free kick sewage minke whale elephant bird linear downswing hands-on dent wilderness aegis seedling leverdownside delve a wee bit of lifeblood biopsy come by surmount paranting completion tailpipe balloonist Antarctica flying fox burialanorexic aptitude excitable eventuality Pacific Ocean on the right track granitetwofold common practice blunt mentor Indian Ocean spearhead casing exasperation edit uncanny fearsome Atlantic Ocean shrub quarry connective back up stance prohibitively Arctic Ocean agroforestry statue complimentary equipment toxicology test privatisation open day conservationist conservation benefitcome to terms with deity twit sunset industry carcass overgraze masonrybe greeted with commenmorate rogue profile mapping have a direct bearning on infestationcircuit training at the check in counter squad road show I'm at the end of my pitiful ropequartz sand catalyst anti-intellectualism aerodynamic simulated reinstate initiativedrill box office theorize cocktail lounge parameter swastika body mass index brazenly shoddy product identify with Bangkok biography armband kick startpush aside endorsement people in the grips of quarter martinis adumbrate glycolicmultipart discerning updraft metric storyline ratchet adagefable revamp air vent dub alter-ego irredeemable drumdictum skew front bumper sleek sidekick imprecation carburetormalaria lead the pack on look the part glider graphic electorate screechsquander pagination oufit proton butler patrimony jockeypernicious columnist slouching membrane venerable convent mobsmallpox breadth slumping duct photogenic sombre tonnage and poundage trachoma cursory hit a snag handlebar litigation intone taxmanleprosy lite jock talk electric motor crackpot refectory shrunkenpolio upmarket booze platinum lame brain glucose stump upkick in gent clubbishness refinement sure-fire cider in lieu ofriver blindness dealership flattening canister ply rye tollpesticide stock portfolio echelon ethanol cornerstone spirit go a little over the top guesswork progeny banal compelling siphon euphoric guillotineabridged stock certificates boardroom polytechnic exact depressant levypetition truncation accrue prospectuse at the drop of a hat slur heaphold down invoke standard bearer sub-culture horde intoxication wintryexplicit language leftist root out totalitarianism culpably saturated hitchhikingon the cusp of light reading hard-earned fraternity plaintiff pharyngeal look sideways bullish peer-to-peer brawn by and large careen esophageal skidcollaborator web traffic polarisation patriotism onslaught colorectal gun the engine release commentary inverted populist plunder gastritis carpet fitter distribute decentralized lose out altruism fiendish yogic parakeet merchandise cross-media snappier vicissitude meritorious faulty dashboardblitz get hooked up to stockbroker ethnocentric seam constipation dismaymultiplex counterbalance noise dampening pagan gluttonous dissect barister idiosyncratic elitism Emirates nocturnal drum out nose tackle steelysequeal native intelligence aviation hedonistic mutiny scrimmage in a landslide juggernaut transcendentalism differential unconquerable contentious prosthetic monikerauciliary rigorous book superjumbo raucous counterargument nix Baronesswatch from the sidelines recitation room wingspan consortium predisposition torso audiovisuallooping tradeoffs thermal eczema elongated femininity numerical turntable substitutable vent farm subsidies be strewn with hard-headed vintage collage empirical submersible loan repayment hazard run-up denunciation ophthalmologist aggregation hydrothermal slum slab immprint accede ambush in store southwest concerted deflect laze denounce medieval explanation fissure fizzy spectrometer snorkelplay pranks on discrepancy plume steal a march on gamma ray ornighologistjesting underpass poppy clamour chondrite albatrossmidget occupant invertebrate brethren groove barracksaucer bulimia conspicious grandly upheaval disillusionmenttectonic en route magma glee hinterland ocelotfaults decoy lava ethical ground landward barterobliterate derective mid-ocean ridge grill breakwater nuggetlobby aeronautical crustal grouse dredge vounchhemp ladder leach hydration foreland die stampherbicide contingency geyser boffin microcosm coinagesawmill cine crest aquifer draught farthingresidue plaque intersection burnish backwaters millinglandfill seismometer oases greenwash disproportionately symmetrystill-born be stowed in ambient window-dressing teepee hieroglyphicsconsummate pantheon hydrogen sulfide hurl stirrup mintcourtier hold one's own clam peddle buffalo solicitorsocietal come to nought mussel secretion gopher barristercircumscrib tarnished symbiotic glucose tolerance quill tribunaloversexed cascade hemoglobin endocrine porcupine hallmarkpromiscuous affability spawn onset crow flairsexually exploited dead-end larval hypertension uncharted advocatedesertion metier flabbergasted cortisol chart cross-examination disenfranchisement seedy office glassy thyroid statins contentiontenacious fraught crustacean grizzly enzyme adjudicatorlynching unsentimental womenswear proponent shortfall multifarioussiege mysticism diffusion battered inhibitor litigationdecimate detractor nicotine asteroid efficacy conveyanceincarceration prun patch meteorite monolithic uniformitymorbidity corrosiveness homeopathic up-close embeded maritimebotanist circadian rhythms ball bearing turbofan engine floppy disk windmill flapzoological shun chockfull radiocarbon entomologist compile gland unmolested gill asteroid artifact environmentalist geological seal uppocket antennae metal alloy parchment alfalfa multispectral slit-likealgae metabolism molten photosynthesis weevil segment eager beaver insemination excretion ultraviolet light radiocarbon clock plow light band overflowfertile subject scorch cosmic rays at one's fingertips relay conicalfertile period control molecule atomic clock plough ground station waterline behavioral optic nerves synchronized sequoia mainframe television camera lodgeidentical twins millimeter centripetal force annual rings unmarked light band habitation heredity timer dabble heartwood outpace supplement gnawzygote in file drive sb. Batty river mouth Arpanet radiometer saplingrimmed glasses lumber stomach-churning distillery conduit oceanographic seismic physiologist runway queasy plankton clog up queen cell flex rheumatism flight recorder motion sickness oceanography combating colony geologist phobia landing gear pitching embalm allegedly brood seismic gap flaccid searing nausea worth one's salt nectar forager seismologist ideographic insulator semicircular water-soluble fiberglass hindleg analogically have a stroke of luck muse right side up concentration stationary pallet inertfilling station telltale plain bread distillation modular photographic plate spherical migraine headache oil slick archeology videodiscs pact prism radiustern chilling story pick microprocessor artificial satellite respiratory halter biological time clock The Bermuda Triangle ostrich spark plug weather satellite detect stallion planetarium waterspout canopy voice synthesizer unostructed receptor cougar monarch seafarer infrared reflector scientific satellite divert pen uppelican cargo hit paydirt motorist probe abdomen earthquake nerves woodland intact exobiology crosscheck civilian comsat influx upset stomach magnetic lines freak equator lease geosynchronous orbit vertebrate dingy magnetism cyclone lunar eclipse recoup transoceanic jugular canvas magnetitie catastrophe solar eclipse alternator teletypewriter valve revolting experimenter spherical cosmology capacitor spinstabilized communications satellitependulum cruise neutron insect pest nonspinning be conditioned tococoon orbit pulsar swat solar panel surreptitious subprogram hormones mothership hypersonic magnetic levitation vehicle you may end up falling flat on your facewho knows what the future may hold?ramjet a loaf of bread night is closing in. And you're low on gasoline.onological order fectionar beetpermint quistadorrtermaster ghboyirmasterturn of the century pkeeperameterboulderstationtsetse flymass indexburetornage and poundage a little over the tophhikingk sidewaysthe enginepet fitterhboardlandslideiovisualmerical unciation ouncebeaversmic gap smologist logicallyhquake nerves et stomach。

地统计与遥感---专业英语词汇

地统计以及遥感英文词汇300个：gray level co-occurrence matrix algorithm灰度共生矩阵算法characteristic of atmospheric transmission 大气传输特性earth resources technology satellite,ERTS 地球资源卫星Land-use and land-over change 土地利用土地覆盖变化Multi-stage stratified random sample 多级分层随机采样Normalized Difference Vegetation Index归一化植被指数Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index土壤调整植被指数Modified Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index修正土壤调整植被指数image resolution ,ground resolution影象分辨力(又称“象元地面分辨力”。

指象元地面尺寸。

) remote sensing information transmission遥感信息传输remote sensing information acquisition遥感信息获取multi- spectral remote sensing technology多光谱遥感技术Availability and accessibility 可用性和可获取性Association of Geographic Information (AGI) 地理信息协会Difference Vegetation Index差值植被指数image quality 影象质量Enhanced Vegetation Index增强型植被指数Ratio Vegetation Index比值植被指数Spatial autocorrelation 空间自相关Lag Size 滞后尺寸Ordinary kriging 普通克里金Indicator kriging 指示克里金Disjunctive kriging 析取克里金Simple kriging 简单克里金Bivariate normal distributions 双变量正态分布Universal kriging 通用克里金conditional simulation 条件模拟image filtering 图像滤波optimal sampling strategy 最优采样策略temporal and spatial patterns 时空格局Instantaneous field-of-view瞬时视场角azimuth 方位角wavelet transform method 小波变换算法priori probability 先验概率geometric distortion 几何畸变active remote sensing主动式遥感passive remote sensing 被动式遥感multispectral remote sensing多谱段遥感multitemporal remote sensing 多时相遥感infrared remote sensing 红外遥感microwave remote sensing微波遥感quantizing，quantization量化sampling interval 采样间隔digital mapping数字测图digital elevation model,DEM 数字高程模型digital surface model,DSM 数字表面模型solar radiation spectrum太阳辐射波谱atmospheric window 大气窗atmospheric transmissivity大气透过率atmospheric noise 大气噪声atmospheric refraction 大气折射atmospheric attenuation 大气衰减back scattering 后向散射annotation 注解spectrum character curve 波谱特征曲线spectrum response curve 波谱响应曲线spectrum feature space波谱特征空间spectrum cluster 波谱集群infrared spectrum 红外波谱reflectance spectrum反射波谱electro-magnetic spectrum 电磁波谱object spectrum characteristic地物波谱特性thermal radiation 热辐射microwave radiation微波辐射data acquisition数据获取data transmission数据传输data processing 数据处理ground receiving station地面接收站environmental survey satellite环境探测卫星geo-synchronous satellite地球同步卫星sun-synchronous satellite太阳同步卫星satellite attitude卫星姿态remote sensing platform 遥感平台static sensor 静态传感器dynamic sensor动态传感器optical sensor光学传感器microwave remote sensor微波传感器photoelectric sensor光电传感器radiation sensor辐射传感器satellite-borne sensor星载传感器airborne sensor机载传感器attitude-measuring sensor 姿态测量传感器image mosai图象镶嵌c image digitisation图象数字化ratio transformation比值变换biomass index transformation生物量指标变换tesseled cap transformation 穗帽变换reference data 参照数据image enhancement 图象增强edge enhanceme边缘增强ntedge detection边缘检测contrast enhancement反差增强texture enhancement 纹理增强ratio enhancement 比例增强texture analysis 纹理分析color enhancement 彩色增强pattern recognition 模式识别classifier 分类器supervised classification监督分类unsupervised classification非监督分类box classifier method 盒式分类法fuzzy classifier method 模糊分类法maximum likelihood classification最大似然分类minimum distance classification最小距离分类Bayesian classification 贝叶斯分类Computer-assisted classification机助分类illumination 照度principal component analysis 主成分分析spectral mixture analysis 混合像元分解fuzzy sets 模糊数据集topographic correction 地形校正ground truth data 地面真实数据Tasselled cap 缨帽变换Artificial neural networks 人工神经网络Visual interpretation 目视解译accuracy assessment 精度评价Omission error漏分误差commission error 错分误差Multi-source data 多源数据heterogeneous 非均质的Training sample 训练样本ancillary data 辅助数据dark-object subtraction 暗目标相减法discriminant analysis 判别分析‘salt and pepper’ effects 椒盐效应spectral confusion光谱混淆Cluster sampling 聚簇采样systematic sampling 系统采样Error matrix误差矩阵hard classification 硬分类Soft classification 软分类decision tree classifier 决策树分类器Spectral angle classifier 光谱角分类器support vector machine支持向量机Fuzzy expert system 模糊专家系统endmember spectral端元光谱Future extraction 特征提取image mosaic图像镶嵌density slicing密度分割least squares correlation 最小二乘相关data fusion 数据融合Image segmentation图像分割urban remote sensing 城市遥感atmospheric remote sensing大气遥感geomorphological remote sensing地貌遥感ground resolution地面分辨率ground date processing system地面数据处理系统ground remote sensing地面遥感object spectrum characteristic地物波谱特性space characteristic of object地物空间特性geological remote sensing地质遥感multispectral remote sensing多光谱遥感optical remote sensing technology光学遥感技术ocean remote sensing海洋遥感marine resource remote sensing海洋资源遥感aerial remote sensing航空遥感space photography航天摄影space remote sensing航天遥感infrared remote sensing红外遥感infrared remote sensing technology红外遥感技术environmental remote sensing环境遥感laser remote sensing激光遥感polar region remote sensing极地遥感visible light remote sensing可见光遥感range resolution空间分辨率radar remote sensing雷达遥感forestry remote sensing林业遥感agricultural remote sensing农业遥感forest remote sensing森林遥感water resources remote sensing水资源遥感land resource remote sensing土地资源遥感microwave emission微波辐射microwave remote sensing微波遥感microwave remote sensing technology微波遥感技术remote sensing sounding system遥感测深系统remote sensing estimation遥感估产remote sensing platform遥感平台satellite of remote sensing遥感卫星remote sensing instrument遥感仪器remote sensing image遥感影像remote sensing cartography遥感制图remote sensing expert system遥感专家系统active remote sensing主动式遥感passive remote sensing被动式遥感resource remote sensing资源遥感ultraviolet remote sensing紫外遥感attributive geographic data 属性地理数据attributes, types 属性，类型Geographic database types 地理数据库类型attribute data 属性数据Geographic individual 地理个体Geographic information (GI) 地理信息Exponential transform指数变换false colour composite 假彩色合成Image recognition 图像识别image scale 图像比例尺Spatial frequency 空间频率spectral resolution 光谱分辨率Logarithmic transform对数变换mechanism of remote sensing 遥感机理adret 阳坡beam width波束宽度biosphere生物圈curve fitting 曲线拟合geostationary satellite对地静止卫星glacis缓坡Field check 野外检查grating 光栅gray scale 灰阶Interactive 交互式interference干涉inversion 反演Irradiance 辐照度landsatscape 景观isoline 等值线Lidar激光雷达landform analysis地形分析legend 图例Map projection地图投影map revision地图更新Middle infrared中红外Mie scattering 米氏散射opaco 阴坡orbital period 轨道周期Overlap重叠parallax 视差polarization 极化Phase 相位pattern 图案quadtree象限四分树Radar returns雷达回波rayleigh scattering 瑞利散射reflectance 反射率Ridge山脊saturation 饱和度solar elevation太阳高度角Subset 子集telemetry遥测surface roughness表面粗糙度Thematic map专题制图thermal infrared热红外uniformity均匀性Upland 高地vegetal cover 植被覆盖watershed流域White plate白板zenith angle天顶角radiant flux 辐射通量Aerosol 气溶胶all weather 全天候angle of field 视场角Aspect 坡向atmospheric widow大气窗口atmospheric 大气圈Path radiance 路径辐射binary code二进制码black body 黑体Cloud cover云覆盖confluence 汇流点diffuse reflection漫反射Distortion畸变divide分水岭entropy熵meteosat气象卫星bulk processing粗处理precision processing精处理Bad lines 坏带single-date image单时相影像Decompose 分解threshold 阈值relative calibration 相对校正post-classification 分类后处理Aerophotograph 航片Base map 底图muti-temporal datasets 多时相数据集detector 探测器spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrometer 波谱测定仪Geostatistics 地统计Semivariogram 半方差sill 基台Nugget 块金Range 变程Kriging 克里金CoKriging 共协克里金Anisotropic 各向异性Isotropic 各向同性scale 尺度regional variable 区域变量transect 横断面Interpolation 插值heterogeneity 异质性texture 纹理digital rectification数字纠正digital mosaic 数字镶嵌image matching影像匹配density 密度grey level灰度pixel,picture element 象元target area目标区searching area 搜索区Spacelab 空间实验室space shuttle航天飞机Landsat陆地卫星Seasat 海洋卫星Mapsat测图卫星Stereosat 立体卫星aspatial data 非空间数据。

半导体词汇1

LCD Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示LCM Liquid Crystal Module 液晶模块TN Twisted Nematic 扭曲向列。

液晶分子的扭曲取向偏转90度STN Super Twisted Nematic 超级扭曲向列。

约180～270度扭曲向列FSTN Formulated Super Twisted Nematic 格式化超级扭曲向列。

一层光程补偿偏甲于STN，用于单色显示TFT Thin Film Transistor 薄膜晶体管Backlight - 背光Inverter - 逆变器OSD On Screen Display 在屏上显示DVI Digital Visual Interface （VGA）数字接口TMDS Transition Minimized Differential SingnalingLVDS Low Voltage Differential Signaling 低压差分信号Panelink -IC Integrate Circuit 集成电路TCP Tape Carrier Package 柔性线路板COB Chip On Board 通过绑定将IC裸偏固定于印刷线路板上COF Chip On FPC 将IC固定于柔性线路板上COG Chip On Glass 将芯偏固定于玻璃上Duty - 占空比，高出点亮的阀值电压的部分在一个周期中所占的比率LED Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管EL Elextro Luminescence 电致发光。

EL层由高分子量薄片构成CCFL(CCFT) Cold Cathode Fluorescent Light/Tude 冷阴极荧光灯PDP Plasma Display Panel 等离子显示屏CRT Cathode Radial Tude 阴极射线管VGA Video Graphic Anay 视频图形陈列PCB Printed Circuit Board 印刷电路板Composite video - 复合视频component video - 分量视频S-video - S端子，与复合视频信号比，将对比和颜色分离传输NTSC National Television Systems Committee NTSC制式。

暖通专业常用术语中英文对照

暖通专业常用术语中英文对照1 采暖术语1.1 一般术语1 采暖heating; space heating2 集中采暖central heating; concentrated heating3 全面采暖general heating4 局部采暖local heating5 连续采暖continuous heating6 间歇采暖intermittent heating7 值班采暖standby heating8 热水采暖hot water heating9 高温热水采暖hight temperature water heating; high-pressure hot waterheating10 蒸汽采暖steam heating11 高压蒸汽采暖high-pressure steam heating12 低压蒸汽采暖low-pressure steam heating13 真空采暖vacuum heating14 对流采暖convection heating15 散热器采暖radiator heating16 热风采暖warm-air heating; hot air heating17 集中送风采暖localized air supply for air-heating18 辐射采暖panel heating; radiant heating19 顶棚辐射采暖ceiling panel heating20 地板辐射采暖floor panel heating21 墙壁辐射采暖wall panel heating22 金属辐射采暖metal radiant panel heating23 煤气红外线辐射采暖gas-fired infrared heating24 电热辐射采暖electric radiant heating; electric panel heating25 火炉采暖stove heating26 太阳能采暖solar heating27 热源heat source28 热媒heating medium29 饱和蒸汽saturated steam30 过热蒸汽superheated steam; overheat steam31 二次蒸汽flash steam32 汽水混合物steam water mixture33 热媒参数heating medium parameter34 供水温度supply water temperature35 回水温度return water temperature36 供回水温度temperature difference between supply and return water37 供汽压力pressure of steam supply38 凝结水背压力back pressure of steam trap39 锅炉房boiler room; boiler house; boiler plant40 供热heat supply; heating41 区域供热district heating; district heat supply42 热网heat supply network; heat distributing network43 热力入口building heating entry44 开式回水open return45 闭式回水closed return46 余压回水back pressure return47 闭式满管回水dosed full flow return1.2 围护结构与热负荷1 围护结构building envelope2 空气间层air space; airspace3 传热heating transfer; heat transmission4 稳态传热steady-state heat transfer5 非稳态传热unsteady-state heat transfer6 热流量heat flow rate7 导热系数Thermal conductivity(coefficient);heat conductioncoefficient; heat conductivity8 导温系数thermal diffusivity9 热阻thermal resistance; heat resistance10 表面换热系数surface[film]thermal conductance; surface coefficient ofheat transfer11 表面换热阻surface[film] resistance of heat thermal transfer12 传热系数coefficient of heat transfer; overall heat transmissioncoefficient13 传热阻resistance of heat transfer14 最大传热系数maximum coefficient of heat transfer15 最小传热minimum resistance of heat transfer16 经济传热阻economic resistance of heat transfer17 蓄热系数coefficient of accumulation of heat; coefficient of thermalstorage18 热惰性指标（D值）index of thermal inertia(value D)19 热稳定性thermal stability; heat endurance20 衰减倍数damping factor21 延迟时间heat(thermal)lag; detention period22 蒸汽渗透系数coefficient of vapor permeability; coefficient of vapo(u)rpermeation23 蒸汽渗透阻resistance to water vapor permeability; resistance to watervapor permeation24 耗热量heat loss25 基本耗热量basic heat loss26 附加耗热量additional heat loss27 围护结构温差修正系数temperature difference correction factor of envelope28 温度梯度temperature gradient29 朝向修正率correction factor for orientation30 风力附加率additional factor for wind force31 外门附加率additional factor for exterior door32 高度附加率additional factor for room height33 间歇附加率additional factor for intermittent heating34 冷风渗透耗热量heat loss by infiltration; infiltration heat loss35 通风耗热量ventilation heat loss36 热负荷heating load1.3 采暖系统1 采暖系统heating system2 热水采暖系统hot water heating system3 蒸汽采暖系统steam heating system4 真空采暖系统vacuum heating system; vacuum return-line heating system5 蒸汽喷射热水采暖系统steam-jet hot water heating system6 散热器采暖系统radiator heating system7 热风采暖系统warm-air heating system; hot air heating system8 同程式系统reversed return system9 异程式系统direct return system10 单管采暖系统one(single)-pipe heating system11 垂直单管采暖系统vertical one(single)-pipe heating system12 水平单管采暖系统one(single)-pipe loop circuit heating system13 单管顺序式采暖系统one(single)-pipe series-loop heating system14 单管跨越式采暖系统one(single)-pipe circuit(cross-over) heating system15 双管采暖系统two-pipe heating system16 单双管混合式采暖系统one-and-two pipe combined heating system17 上分式系统downfeed system18 下分式系统upfeed system19 中分式系统midfeed system1.4 管道及配件1 采暖管道heating pipe line2 热水管hot water pipe3 蒸汽管steam pipe4 凝结水管condensate pipe5 干式凝结水管dry return pipe6 湿式凝结水管wet return pipe7 总管main pipe; main; trunk pipe8 干管main pipe; main ; trunk pipe9 立管riser10 支管branch pipe; branch11 散热器供热支管feeding branch of radiator12 散热器回水支管return branch of radiator13 排气管vent; vent pipe14 泄水管drain pipe15 旁通管by-pass pipe16 膨胀管expansion pipe17 循环管circulating pipe18 排污管drainage pipe; blow off pipe; blowdown19 溢流管overflow pipe20 管道配件pipe fittings21 管接头coupling22 活接头union23 异径管接头reducing coupling24 弯头elbow25 三通tee26 四通cross27 丝堵screwed plug; plug28 补心bushing29 长丝close nipple; shoulder nipple30 丝对screw nipple31 固定支架fixed support32 活动支架movable support1.5 水力计算1 水力计算hydraulic calculation2 环路circuit; loop3 最不利环路index circuit4 共同段common section5 非共同段non-common section6 管段pipe section7 管段长度length of pipe section8 当量长度equivalent length9 折算长度effective length10 摩擦阻力friction loss; frictional resistance11 比摩阻specific frictional resistance12 摩擦系数friction factor13 绝对粗糙度absolute roughness14 相对粗糙度15 局部阻力local resistance16 局部阻力系数coefficient of local resistance17 当量局部阻力系数equivalent coefficient of local resistance18 折算局部阻力系数effective coefficient of local resistance19 阻力平衡hydraulic resistance balance20 压力损失pressure drop21 水力失调hydraulic disorder22 极限流速limiting velocity23 经济流速economic velocity24 系统阻力system resistance25 作用半径operating range26 资用压力available pressure27 工作压力working pressure; operating pressure28 静压static pressure29 动压velocity pressure30 全压total pressure1.6 采暖设备及附件1 采暖设备heating equipment; heating appliance2 锅炉boiler3 热水锅炉hot water boiler4 蒸汽锅炉steam boiler5 换热器heat exchanger6 水－水式换热器water-water type heat exchanger7 汽－水式换热器steam-water type heat exchanger8 表面式换热器surface-type heat exchanger; indirect heat exchanger9 汽－水混合式换热器steam-water mixed heat exchanger; direct-contact heatexchanger10 蒸汽喷射器steam ejector11 膨胀水箱expansion tank12 凝结水箱condensate tank13 开式水箱open tank14 闭式水箱closed tank15 补给水泵make-up water pump16 循环泵circulating pump17 加压泵booster18 凝结水泵condensate pump19 手摇泵hand pump20 真空泵vacuum pump21 散热器radiator; heat emitter22 对流散热器convector23 铸铁散热器cast iron radiator24 钢制散热器steel radiator25 光面管散热器pipecoil; pipe radiator26 暖风机unit heater27 轴流式暖风机unit heater with axial fan28 离心式暖风机unit heater with centrifugal fan29 空气加热器air heater30 空气幕air curtain31 热风幕warm air curtain32 燃油热风器oil-fired unit heater33 燃气热风器gas-fired unit heater34 金属辐射板metal radiant panel35 块状辐射板unit radiant panel36 带状辐射板strip radiant panel37 红外线辐射器infrared radiant heater38 混水器water-water jet39 除污器strainer40 分汽缸steam manifold; steam header41 分水器header42 集水器header43 集气罐air collector44 补偿器compensator45 减压阀reducing valve; pressure reducing valve46 安全阀safety valve; pressure relief valve47 止回阀check valve; nonreturn valve48 截止阀stop valve49 闸阀gate valve50 角阀angle valve51 浮球阀float valve52 放气阀vent; air vent53 自动放气阀automatic vent54 散热器调节阀radiator valve55 疏水器steam trap56 浮桶式疏水器upright bucket type steam trap57 倒吊桶式疏水器inverted bucket type steam trap58 浮球式疏水器float type steam trap59 热动力式疏水器thermodynamic type steam trap60 恒温式疏水器expansion steam trap; thermostatic steam trap2.1 一般术语1 通风ventilation2 工业通风industrial ventilation3 自然通风natural ventilation4 机械通风mechanical ventilation; forced ventilation5 联合通风natural and mechanical combined ventilation6 全面通风general ventilation; entirely ventilation; general air change7 全面排风general exhaust ventilation(GEV)8 有组织进风organized air supply9 有组织排风organized exhaust10 无组织进风unorganized air supply11 无组织排风unorganized exhaust12 局部通风local ventilation13 局部送风local relief14 局部排风local exhaust ventilation(LEV)15 槽边通风rim ventilation; slot exhaust on edges of tanks16 事故通风emergency ventilation17 诱导通风inductive ventilation18 单向流通风unidirectional flow ventilation19 通风量ventilation rate20 换气次数air changes; ventilating rate21 进风量supply air rate22 排风量exhaust air rate23 风量平衡air balance24 热平衡heat balance25 余热excess heat; excessive heat26 余湿moisture excess27 有害物质harmful substance28 蒸汽vapo(u)r29 有害物质浓度concentration of harmful substance30 质量浓度mass concentration31 体积浓度volumetric concentration32 计数浓度number concentration; particle number concentration33 最高容许浓度maximum allowable concentration(MAC)34 防火fire protection; fire prevention35 防爆explosion proofing36 防烟smoke control37 排烟smoke extraction2.2 自然通风与隔热降温1 有组织自然通风organized natural ventilation; controlled natural ventilation2 无组织自然通风unorganized natural ventilation; uncontrolled naturalventilation3 穿堂风through flow; through-draught; cross-ventilation4 自然排风系统natural exhaust system5 热压thermal pressure; thermal buoyancy; stack effect pressure6 风压wind pressure7 余压excess pressure8 建筑气流区building flow zones9 稳定气流区contour zone10 正压区zone of positive pressure11 空气动力阴影区recirculation cavity; zone of recirculating flow; zone ofaerodynamic shadow12 尾流区zone of wake13 负压区zone of negative pressure14 散热源source of heat release15 散热量heat release16 散热强度specific heat load17 散热量有效系数coefficient of effective heat emission18 排风温度temperature of outgoing air19 中和界neutral level; neutral zone; neutral pressure level20 避风天窗protected[roof]monitor; wind-proofed monitor21 挡风板wind shield; baffle plate22 倒灌wind blow in; down draft23 热车间hot workshop; hot shop24 隔热heat(thermal)insulation25 隔热屏heat screen; heat shield26 水幕water screen; water curtain27 隔热水箱water tank for heat(thermal)insulation; water-cooledabsorptive shielding28 通风屋顶ventilated roof29 降温cooling30 降温系统cooling system31 地道风air through tunnel2.3 机械通风1 机械通风系统mechanical ventilating system2 机械送风系统mechanical air supply system3 机械排风系统mechanical exhaust system4 局部送风系统local air supply system; local relief system5 局部排风系统local exhaust system6 事故通风系统emergency ventilate on system7 通风设备ventilation equipment; ventilation facilities8 送风机supply fan9 排风机exhaust fan10 通风机室fan room; fan house11 送风机室supply fan room12 排风机室exhaust fan room13 进风口air intake14 百叶窗louver; shutter15 保温窗heat insulating window16 [空气加热器]旁通阀by-pass damper17 局部排风罩exhaust hood; hood18 外部吸气罩capturing hood19 接受式排风罩receiving hood20 密闭罩exhausted enclosure; enclosed hood21 局部密闭罩partial enclosure22 整体密闭罩integral enclosure23 大容器密闭罩large space enclosure; closed booth24 排风柜laboratory hood; fume hood25 伞形罩ganopy hood26 侧吸罩lateral hood; side hood27 槽边排风罩rim exhaust; slot exhaust hood; lateral exhaust at the edgeof a bath28 吹吸式排风罩push-pull hood29 罩口风速face velocity30 控制风速capture velocity; control velocity2.4 除尘1 粉尘dust2 纤维性粉尘fibrous dust3 亲水性粉尘hydrophilic dust; lyophilic dust4 疏水性粉尘hydrophobic dust; lyophobic dust5 游离二氧化硅free silica; free silicon dioxide6 气溶胶aerosol7 大气尘airborne particles; particulates; atmospheric dust8 烟[尘] smoke9 烟[雾] fume10 烟气fumes11 液滴droplet12 雾mist13 粒子particle; particulate14 粒径particle size15 粒径分布particle size distribution; granulometric distribution16 安息角angle of repose; angle of rest17 滑动角angle of slide18 真密度actual density; density of dust particle19 堆积密度volume density; apparent density; bulk density20 比电阻resistivity; specific resistance21 可湿性wettability22 水硬性hydraulicity23 尘源dust source24 尘化作用pulvation action25 二次扬尘reentrainment of dust26 沉降速度settling velocity27 悬浮速度suspended velocity28 除尘dust removal; dust separation; dust control29 机械除尘mechanical dust removal; mechanical cleaning off dust30 湿法除尘wet dust collection; wet dust extraction31 水力除尘hydraulic dust removal32 联合除尘mechanical and hydraulic combined dust removal33 除尘系统dust removing system34 湿式作业wet method operation35 湿法冲洗wet flushing36 泥浆处理sludge handling37 气力输送Pneumatic conveying; pneumatic transport38 含尘浓度dust concentration39 初始浓度initial concentration of dust40 除尘效率overall efficiency of separation; total separation efficiency;collection efficiency41 分级除尘效率grade efficiency; fractional separation efficiency42 分割粒径cut diameter43 过滤器初阻力initial resistance of filter44 过滤器终阻力final resistance of filter45 容尘量dust capacity; clogging capacity; dust-holding capacity46 过滤效率filter efficiency47 穿透率penetration rate; slip rate48 气布比air-to-cloth ratio; specific gas flow rate49 过滤速度filtration velocity; media velocity50 连续除灰continuous dust dislodging; continuous dust removal51 定期除灰periodic dust dislodging; intermittent dust removal 2.5 有害气体净化及排放1 有害气体harmful gas and vapo[u]r2 气体吸收absorption of gas and vapo[u]r3 气体吸附adsorption of gas and vapo[u]r4 气体燃烧combustion of gas and vapo[u]r5 直接燃烧direct combustion6 热力燃烧thermal oxidation; flame combustion7 催化燃烧catalytic combustion; catalytic oxidation8 气体冷凝condensation of vapo[u]r9 吸收装置absorption equipment10 吸收剂absorbent11 解吸desorption12 吸收质absorbate13 吸附装置adsorption equipment; adsorber14 吸附剂adsorbent15 吸附质adsorbate16 大气扩散atmospheric diffusion; dispersion17 大气湍流atmospheric turbulence18 大气稳定度atmospheric stability19 逆温temperature inversion20 逆温层inversion layer; thermal inversion layer21 [排气]烟囱chimney; stack; exhaust vertical pipe22 烟羽plume; smoke plume23 烟羽抬升高度plume rise height24 烟羽有效高度effective stack height25 大气污染atmospheric pollution; air pollution26 空气污染物air pollutant; air contaminant27 排放浓度emission concentration28 落地浓度ground-level concentration2.6 通风管道及附件1 通风管道ventilating duct2 风管air duct; duct3 风道air channel; air duct; duct4 [通风]总管main duct; trunk duct5 [通风]干管main duct6 [通风]支管branch duct7 软管flexible duct8 柔性接头flexible joint9 集合管air manifold; air header10 通过式风管passage ventilating duct; through air duct11 筒形风帽cylindrical ventilator; roof ventilator12 伞形风帽cowl; weather cap13 锥形风帽conical cowl; tapered cowl14 [通风]部件components; part; piece15 [通风]配件fittings16 导流板guide vane; turning vane; splitter17 蝶阀butterfly damper18 对开式多叶阀opposed multiblade damper19 平行式多叶阀parallel multiblade damper20 菱形叶片调节阀diamond-shaped damper21 插板阀slide damper22 斜插板阀inclined damper23 [通风]止回阀check damper; nonreturn damper24 防火阀fire damper; fire-resisting damper25 防烟阀smokeproof damper; smoke damper26 排烟阀smoke exhaust damper27 防回流装置back-flow preventer; subduct assembly28 泄压装置pressure relief device29 风口air opening; exhaust opening or inlet; air inlet30 散流器diffuser31 百叶型风口register32 条缝型风口slot outlet; slote diffuser33 旋流风口twist outlet; swirl diffuser34 空气分布器air distributor35 旋转送风口rotating air outlet with movable guide vanes; rotary supplyoutlet36 插板式送吸风口air supply(suction)opening with slide plate37 吸风口exhaust opening; exhaust inlet38 排风口exit; exhaust outlet39 清扫孔cleanout opening; cleaning hole40 检查门access door41 测孔sampling port; sampling hole42 风管支吊架support(hanger) of duct2.7 通风与除尘设备1 通风机fan2 离心式通风机centrifugal fan3 轴流式通风机axial fan4 贯流式通风机cross-flow fan; tangential fan5 屋顶通风机power roof ventilator6 风扇circulating fan7 吊扇ceiling fan8 喷雾风扇spray fan; air-douche unit with water atomization9 冷风机组self-contained cooling unit; cooling unit10 除尘器dust separator; dust collector; particulate collector11 沉降室gravity separator settling chamber12 干式除尘器dry dust separator13 惯性除尘器inertial dust separator14 旋风除尘器cyclone; cyclone dust separator15 多管〔旋风〕除尘器multicyclone; multiclone16 袋式除尘器bag filter; fabric collector; baghouse17 颗粒层除尘器granular bed filter; gravel bed filter18 电除尘器electrostatic precipitator; electric precipitator19 湿式除尘器wet dust collector; wet separator; wet scrubber20 水膜式除尘器water-film cyclone; water-film separator21 卧式旋风水膜除尘器horizontal water-film cyclone22 泡沫除尘器foam dust separator23 冲激式除尘器impact dust collector; vortex scrubber24 文丘里除尘器venturi scrubber25 筛板塔sieve-plate column; perforated plate tower26 填料塔packed tower; packed column27 空气过滤器air filter28 自动卷绕式过滤器automatic roll filter29 真空吸尘装置vacuum cleaning installation; vacuum cleance; cleaningvacuum plant3 空气调节术语3.1 一般术语1 空气调节air conditioning2 舒适性空气调节comfort air conditioning3 工艺性空气调节industrial air conditioning; process air conditioning4 局部区域空气调节local air conditioning5 分层空气调节stratificated air conditioning6 空气调节区conditioned zone7 非空气调节区unconditioned zone8 空气调节房间conditioned space9 空气调节机房air conditioning machine room; air handling unit room 3.2 负荷计算1 显热sensible heat2 潜热latent heat3 全热total heat4 综合温度sol-air temperature5 逐时综合温度hourly sol-air temperature6 日平均综合温度average daily sol-air temperature7 太阳辐射热solar radiant heat8 太阳辐射热吸收系数absorptance for solar radiation9 遮阳系数shading coeffident10 房间得热量space heat gain11 人体散热量heat gain from occupant12 设备散热量heat gain from appliance and equipment13 照明散热量heat gain from lighting14 蓄热heat storage; thermal storage effect15 蓄热特性heat storage capacity; thermal storage characteristic16 散湿量moisture gain17 人体散湿量moisture gain from occupant18 设备散湿量moisture gain from appliance and equipment19 房间湿负荷space moisture load20 房间冷负荷space cooling load21 传热冷负荷cooling load from heat conduction through envelope22 新风冷负荷cooling load from outdoor air; cooling load from ventilation23 逐时冷负荷hourly cooling load24 逐时冷负荷综合最大值maximum sum of hourly cooling load25 冷负荷温度cooling load temperature26 空气调节系数冷负荷air conditioning system cooling load27 负荷特性load pattern28 群集系数percentage of men, women and children3.3 空气调节系统1 空气调节系统air conditioning system2 集中式空气调节系统central air conditioning system3 定风量空气调节系统constant volume air conditioning system4 变风量空气调节系统variable air volume(VAV)air conditioning system5 全空气系统all-air system6 单风管空气调节系统single duct air conditioning system ;single duct system7 双风管空气调节系统dual duct air conditioning system ;dual duct system8 再热式空气调节系统reheat air conditioning system9 直流式空气调节系统direct air conditioning system10 新风系统central ventilation system; primary air system11 空气-水系统air-water system12 风机盘管加新风系统primary air fancoil system13 诱导式空气调节系统induction air-conditioning system14 全水系统all-water system15 风机盘管空气调节系统fan-coil air-conditioning system; fan-coil system16 恒温系统constant temperature system17 恒湿系统constant humidity system18 恒温恒湿系统constant temperature and humidity system19 水系统water system20 两管制水系统two-pipe water system21 三管制水系统three-pipe water system22 四管制水系统four-pipe water system23 水系统竖向分区vertical zoning of water system3.4 空气处理1 干空气dry air2 湿空气moist air3 焓湿图psychrometric chart4 比焓specific enthalpy5 含湿量humidity ratio6 饱和含湿量saturation humidity ratio7 等温线isotherm8 等湿线isohume9 等焓线isoenthalpy10 加热heating11 冷却cooling12 加湿humidification13 减湿dehumidification14 等湿加热sensible heating15 等湿冷却sensible cooling16 绝热加湿adiabatic humidification17 减湿冷却dehumidifying cooling18 等温加湿isothermal humidification19 热湿比angle scale20 干工况dry cooling condition21 湿工况wet cooling condition22 热湿交换heat and moisture transfer23 水气比water-air ratio24 顺喷downstream spray pattern25 逆喷upstream spray pattern26 对喷two banks opposing spray pattern27 喷嘴密度spray nozzle density28 机器露点apparatus dew point29 新风量fresh air requirement30 最小新风量minimum fresh air requirement31 回风百分比percentage of return air32 一次回风primary return air33 二次回风secondary return air3.5 气流组织1 气流组织air distribution; space air diffusion2 射流jet3 贴附射流wall attachment jet4 自由射流free jet5 受限射流jet in a confined space6 等温射流isothermal jet7 非等温射流non-isothermal jet8 射流区forward flow zone9 回流区return flow zone10 射程throw11 射流扩散角spread; jet divergence angle12 射流轴心速度jet axial velocity13 温度场temperature field14 速度场velocity field15 送风supply air16 送风方式air supply method; air supply mode17 侧面送风sidewall air supply18 散流器送风diffuser air supply19 孔板送风perforated ceiling air supply20 喷口送风nozzle outlet air supply21 单位面积送风量air supply volume per unit area22 出口风速outlet air velocity23 送风温差effective temperature difference; supply air temperaturedifference24 稳压层plenum space25 回风return air26 回风方式air return method; air return mode27 走廊回风air return through corridor28 回风口return air inlet29 回风口吸风速度suction velocity at return air inlet3.6 空气调节设备1 空气调节设备air conditioning equipment; air handling equipment2 整体式空气调节器packaged air conditioner3 分体式空气调节器split air conditioning system4 热泵式空气调节器packaged heat pump; heat pump air conditioner5 新风机组fresh air handling unit6 组合式空气调节机组modular air handling unit7 过滤段filter section8 混合段mixing box section9 加热段heating coil section10 电加热段electric heater section11 加湿段humidifier section12 喷水段spray chamber; spray-type air washer section13 冷却段cooling coil section14 风机段fan section15 消声段muffler section16 房间空气调节器room air conditioner17 窗式空气调节器window air conditioner18 风机盘管机组fan-coil unit19 诱导器induction unit20 变风量末端装置variable air volume(VAV)terminal device21 回风机return fan22 加湿器humidifier23 干蒸汽加湿器dry steam humidifier24 电阻式加湿器electric resistance humidifier25 电极式加湿器electrode humidifier26 红外线加湿器infrared humidifier27 离心式加湿器spinning disk humidifier28 超声波加湿器ultrasonic humidifier29 装轮除湿器rotary dehumidifier30 电加热器electric heater31 全热换热器air-to-air total heat exchanger32 转轮式换热器rotary heat exchanger; heat wheel33 板式换热器plate heat exchanger34 空气预热器air preheater35 空气冷却器air cooler36 盘管coil37 热盘管heating coil38 冷盘管cooling coil39 热管heat pipe40 凝结水盘condensate drain pan41 喷嘴spray nozzle42 挡水板eliminator43 静压箱plenum chamber44 冷风幕cooling air curtain4 制冷术语4.1 一般术语1 制冷refrigeration2 制冷工程refrigerating engineering3 制冷量refrigerating effect4 标准制冷量standard rating[of refrigerating machine]5 空调工况制冷量rating under air conditioning condition6 冷凝压力condensing pressure7 冷凝温度condensing temperature8 蒸发压力evaporating pressure9 蒸发温度evaporating temperature10 吸气压力suction pressure11 吸气温度suction temperature12 排气压力discharge pressure13 排气温度discharge temperature14 标准工况standard condition15 空调工况air conditioning condition16 [制冷]性能系数[refrigerating] coefficient of performance(COP)17 冷水chilled water18 冷却水cooling water19 焓enthalpy20 熵entropy21 火用exergy22 火无anergy23 压焓图perssure enthalpy chart24 焓熵图enthalpy entropy chart25 压容图pressure volume chart26 制冷机房refrigerating station; refrigerating plant room 4.2 制冷剂与制冷循环1 工质working substance2 制冷剂refrigerant3 共沸溶液制冷剂azeotropic mixture refrigerant4 非共沸溶液制冷剂non azeotropic mixture refrigerant5 氟利昂freon6 氨ammonia7 溴化锂lithium bromide8 冷剂水water as refrigerant9 载冷剂secondary refrigerant; refrigerating medium10 浓溶液strong solution; strong liquor11 稀溶液weak solution12 缓蚀剂corrosion inhibitor; anticor rosive13 防冻剂antifreeze agent; antifreezer14 闪发气体flash gas15 不凝性气体non condensable gas; foul gas16 热力循环thermodynamic cycle17 可逆循环reversible cycle18 卡诺循环Carnot cycle19 逆卡诺循环reverse Carnot cycle20 制冷循环refrigerating cycle21 压缩式制冷循环compression-type refrigeration cycle22 压缩compression23 膨胀expansion24 节流膨胀throttling expansion25 冷凝condensation26 过冷subcooling27 过冷度degree of subcooling28 过热superheat29 过热度degree of superheat30 吸收式制冷循环absorption refrigeration cycle31 蒸气喷射式制冷循环steam jet refrigeration cycle4.3 制冷方式与制冷系统1 压缩式制冷compression-type refrigeration2 热力制冷heat-operated refrigeration3 制冷系统refrigeration system4 直接制冷系统direct refrigerating system5 间接制冷系统indirect refrigerating system6 压缩式制冷系统compression-type refrigerating system7 热力制冷系统heat-operated refrigerating system8 一、二次泵冷水系统chilled water system with primary-secondary pumps 4.4 制冷设备及附件1 制冷机refrigerating machine2 压缩式制冷机compression-type refrigerating machine3 压缩式冷水机组compression-type water chiller4 压缩冷凝机组condensing unit5 制冷压缩机refrigerating compressor6 活塞式压缩机reciprocating compressor7 螺杆式压缩机screw compressor8 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor9 冷凝器condenser10 水冷式冷凝器water-cooled condenser11 风冷式冷凝器air-cooled condenser12 壳管式冷凝器shell and tube condenser; shell and coil condenser13 卧式壳管式冷凝器closed shell and tube condenser14 立式壳管式冷凝器open shell and tube condenser15 套管式冷凝器double pipe condenser; tube-in-tube condenser16 组合式冷凝器multishell condenser17 淋激式冷凝器atmospheric condenser18 蒸发式冷凝器evaporative condenser19 蒸发器evaporator20 壳管式蒸发器shell and tube evaporator21 卧式壳管式蒸发器closed shell and tube evaporator22 干式蒸发器dry expansion evaporator23 满液式蒸发器flooded evaporator24 直接式蒸发器direct evaporator25 喷淋式蒸发器spray-type evaporator26 直立管式蒸发器vertical-type evaporator27 冷却塔cooling tower28 热力膨胀阀thermostatic expansion valve29 毛细管capillary tube30 贮液器liquid receiver; receiver31 不凝性气体分离器gas purger; non condensable gas purger32 油冷却器oil cooler33 吸收式制冷机absorption-type refrigerating machine34 氨－水吸收式制冷机aqua-ammonia absorption-type refrigerating machine35 溴化锂吸收式制冷机lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigerating machine36 单效溴化锂吸收式制冷机single-effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigeratingmachine37 双效溴化锂吸收式制冷机double -effect lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigeratingmachine38 直燃式溴化锂吸收式制冷机direct-fired lithium-bromide absorption-type refrigeratingmachine39 发生器generator40 吸收器absorber41 蒸汽喷射式制冷机steam jet refrigerating machine42 喷射器ejector43 热泵heat pump44 蓄冷水池thermal storage tank5.1 一般术语1 计算参数design conditions2 室内外计算参数indoor and outdoor design conditions3 空气温度air temperature4 干球温度dry-bulb temperature5 湿球温度wet-bulb temperature6 黑球温度black globe temperature7 露点温度dew-point temperature8 空气湿度air humidity9 绝对湿度absolute humidity10 相对湿度relative humidity11 历年值annual[value]12 累年值normals13 历年最冷月annual coldest month14 历年最热月annual hottest month15 累年最冷月normal coldest month16 累年最热月normal hottest month17 累年最冷三个月normal coldest 3-month period; normal three winter months18 累年最热三个月normal hottest 3-month period; normal three summermonths19 不保证天数20 不保证小时数21 滑动平均overlapping averages; running means22 辐射强度radiant intensity; radiation intensity23 辐射照度irradiance5.2 室内空气计算参数1 室内温（湿）度indoor temperature(humidity)2 工作地点温度temperature at work space; spot temperature3 作业地带温度temperature at work area4 室内空气流速indoor air velocity5 工作地点空气流速air velocity at work space6 作业地带空气流速air velocity at work area7 室内空气计算参数indoor air design conditions8 室内温湿度基数indoor reference for air temperature and relative humidity9 室内温湿度允许波动范围10 区域温差5.3 室外空气计算参数1 室外温（湿）度outdoor temperature(humidity)2 定时温（湿）度fixed time temperature(humidity)3 日平均温（湿）度mean daily temperature(humidity)4 旬平均温（湿）度mean dekad temperature(humidity);ten-days averagetemperature(humidity)5 月平均温（湿）度mean monthly temperature(humidity)6 年平均温（湿）度mean annual temperature(humidity)7 月平均最高温度mean monthly maximum temperature8 月平均最低温度mean monthly minimum temperature9 极端最高温度extreme maximum temperature10 极端最低温度extreme minimum temperature11 日较差daily range12 大气压力atmospheric pressure; barometric pressure13 水蒸汽分压力partial pressure of water vapo[u]r14 平均相对湿度mean relative humidity15 风速wind speed16 平均风速mean wind speed17 风向wind direction18 风向频率frequency of wind direction19 最多风向dominant wind direction20 日照率percentage of possible sunshine21 最大冻土深度maximum depth of frozen ground22 室外空气计算参数outdoor air design conditions23 采暖室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for heating24 冬季通风室外计算温度outdoor design temperature for winter ventilation。

大学精读第二册课文第五单元

The V illain in the Atmosphere （大气层中的恶棍）The villain in the atmosphere is carbon dioxide.大气层中的恶棍乃是二氧化碳。

It does not seem to be a villain. It is not very poisonous and it is present in the atmosphere in so small a quantity — only 0.034 percent — that it does us no harm.二氧化碳看上去不像一个恶棍。

它毒性不大，在大气层中的含量极小——只占0.034％——不会对我们造成任何伤害。

What's more, that small quantity of carbon dioxide in the air is essential to life. Plants absorb carbon dioxide and convert it into their own tissue, which serve as the basic food supply for all of animal life (including human beings, of course). In the process they liberate oxygen, which is also necessary for all animal life.再者，空气中的那一点点二氧化碳对生命至关重要。

植物吸收二氧化碳并将其转化成它们自己的组织，充当所有动物（当然也包括人类）的基本食物供给。

在这一过程中，植物释放氧气，而氧气又是所有动物生命所不可缺少的。

close4RT But here is what this apparently harmless and certainly essential gas is doing to us:然而，这一看上去无害而且无疑又必不可少的气体却正在对我们产生影响。

8000词必记词汇

花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活1 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步8000词汇必记词根ag,actagent 代理人active 活动的，积枀的agragriculture 农业agrarian 田地的amamicable 友善的amiable 和蔼可亲的anim心灵，精神，生命animal 动物animate 有生命的ann，enn年annual 一年的centennial 一世纪的astro星astronomy 天文学astronaut 宇宙航行员audi听audience 听众audible 听得见的bell战争rebellion 反叚，反抗bellicose 好战的bio生命，生物biology 生物学antibiotic 抗生的,抗生素brev短brevity 简短abbreviate 缩短，节略cede走precedent 先行的，在前的precede 先行cent百centimeter 厘米centigrade 百分度的center,centr中心concentrate 集中centrifugal 离心力的cide,cis杀，切花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活2 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步suicide 自杀bactericide 杀菌剂叫喊exclaim 惊叫proclaim 宣布，宣告clar清楚，明白declare 表明，声明clarify 讲清楚clud，clos关闭close 关闭exclude 排斥cogn知道recognize 承认cognitive 认识的cord心cordial 衷心的core 核心cosm宇宙，世界cosmic 宇宙的cosmos 宇宙cred相信credibility 可信credit 信仸跑ccurrence 出现，収生current 流通的cycl圆，环bicycle 自行车cyclone 旋风di日diary 日记diarist 记日记者dict说predict 预言indicate 表示duc,duct引导conduct 挃导induce 引诱ed吃edible 可吃的edacity 贪吃fact做，制花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活3 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步factory 工厂manufacture 制造，加工带,拿transfer 转移ferry 渡船flu流fluent 流利的influenza 流行性感冎form形式，外形transform 改变formula 公式fract,frag破，折fraction 碎片fragile 易碎的fus倾，注，溶化fusion 熔解effuse 泻出gen起源generate 使产生genetic 遗传的geo地球，土地geography 地理geology 地质学步，走，级gradual 逐步的graduate 毕业gram写，记彔diagram 图表program 节目单，方案graph写,画，记彔photograph 照像autograph 亲笔，手稿gress行走progress 进步retrogress 后退hap机会，运气，偶収happen 収生mishap 灾祸hospit客人hospital 医院hospitable 好客的，殷勤的insul岛花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活4 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步peninsula 半岛insulation 隑绝，孤立hydra水hydraulic 水利的hydrant 消防栓ject投，掷，抚eject 射出project 投射junct连接，结合conjunction 连接词adjunct 附属物lect,leg,lig挑选，采集lect 选丽selection 选丽eligible 合栺的，合适的lev丽，升elevator 电梯lever 杠杄liber自由liberate 解放liberalist 自由主义的lingu语言linguist 语言学家bilingual 两种语言的文字，字母literate 识字的literature 文学loc地方local 当地的locate 使座落于log词，语言，讲演dialogue 对话logic 逻辑loqu说话eloquent 雄辩的colloquial 口语的，会话的manu手manuscript 手稿manual 手的，用手的medi中间medium 中等的mediation 居中调解memor记忆，记住的花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活5 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步memory 记忆memorial 纪念日，纪念物兵military 军亊的militant 战斗性的min少，小minority 少数diminish 减少，减小mob,mot,mov移动mobile 活动的motion 运动immovable 不可移动的mort死亡mortal 终有一死的mortician 承办殡葬的人nov新novel 小说novelty 新奇numer数numeral 数字的numerous 为数众多的oper工作operate 操作cooperate 合作opt视线，光线optic 视力的optics 光学path感情，苦楚，疾病sympathy 同情pathetic 可怜的pel推，逐，驱expel 驱逐repel 击退，反击，抵抗pend,pen悬挂depend 依靠pendent 悬空的phon声音microphone 扩音器telephone 电话plen满，全plenty 充足，大量plentitude 丰富，充足pon,pos放置花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活6 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步postpone 推迟position 位置popul人民population 人口popular 人民的，大众的port搬运，带portable 可携带的porter 搬运工人prim第一，首要primary 最初的primitive 原始的psych精神psychology 心理学psychic 精神的pur清，纯，净purify 使纯净depurate 使净化rect正，直erect 直立的correct 改正rid,ris笑ridicule 嘲笑derision 笑柄，嘲笑rupt破rupture 破裂，裂开interrupt 中断scend,scens,scent爬ascend 上，升descent 下降sci知道science 科学conscious 有知觉的sens,sent感觉sensation 感觉sentiment 感情sol太阳solar 太阳的parasol 阳伞spec看spectacle 光景，景象prospect 展望spir呼吸，生命花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活7 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步conspire 共谋inspire 吸气，鼓舞tact,tang,tag接触intact 未接触的tangible 可接触的tail切，割tailor 裁缝retail 零售tain,ten,tin保持，握，容纳contain 容纳obtain 取得,sustain 支持tect掩，盖detect 侦察収觉,detective 侦探的tele远telescope 望远镜telegram 电报tend,tens,tent伸extend 伸开，扩展extensive 广阔的text编织textile 纺织的texture 组织，结极therm热thermal 热的thermometer 温度计扭，扭转orsion 扭转distortion 歨曲tract拖，拉，吸引attract 吸引attractive 有吸引力的un,uni一unite 统一，联合union 联合，工会ut用utility 有用utilize 利用vac,van空，空虚vacation 假期vanity 空虚，虚荣vari变化花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活8 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步various 各样的variant 变异的，不同的ven杢intervene 干预，介入prevent 防止转adverse 相反的convert 转换vid,vis看见evident 明显的visible 可见的vit,viv生活，生存vital 生命的survival 幸存volv滚动revolve 旋转involve 卷入wis,wit知道wisdom 智慧witty 机敏的花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活9 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步常见的前缀和后缀1.常用前缀aero:concerningtheairoraircraftplane（飞机）—aeroplanespace（空间, 间隑）—aerospaceanti : against;opposite ofnuclear（［核］核子的）—antinuclearmatter（物质）—antimatterwar（战争、作战、打仗）—antiwarauto : of or by oneselfbiography（传记）—autobiographycriticism（批评, 批判）—autocriticismbe :to treat as the stated thing friend（朋友, 助手）—befriendlittle（很少的, 矮小的,很少）—belittlebi : two;twice;doublelingual（语言的）—bilingualcycle（自行车）—bicyclebio :concerning living things chemistry（化学）—biochemistrysphere（圈子）—biosphereby—:less importantproduct（产品, 产物,）—by-productway（路,道路）—bywaycenti : hundredth partgrade（等级）—centigrademeter（米）—centimeterco : together, withauthor（作家, 创造者）—coauthorexist（存在, 生存）—coexistcol :(used before l) together, with location（位置, 场所）—collocationcom :(used before b, m, p)together, withpassion（激情, 热情）—compassioncon :together, with花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活10 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步centric（中心的, 中央的）—concentricfederation（同盟, 联邦, 联合, 联盟）—confederationcontra :oppositediction（措辞, 用语, 言语）—contradictionnatural（自然的, 自然界的）—contranaturalcor :(used before r) together, withrelate（叙述, 讲, 使联系, 収生关系）—correlaterespond（回答, 响应, 作出反应，有反应）—correspondcounter :oppositeact（担当,表现, 见敁）—counteractattack（攻击）—counterattckcross :across;going between the stated things and joining them country（乡下的, 乡村的, ［方]祖国的, 敀乡的）—crosscountrybreed（(使)繁殖, 教养, 抙养，品种, 种类）—crossbreedde :showing an opposite; to remove; to reducecode（代码, 密码）—decodevalue（评价, 重视）—devalue（(=devaluate)dis :not; the opposite ofadvantage（优势, 有利条件）—disadvantageagree（同意）—disagreehonestem :(used before b,m, p) to cause to becomebody（赋以形体）—embodypower（权力,激励）—empoweren :to cause to become; to makedanger（威胁）—endangerlarge（大的, 巨大的）—enlargeex :former(and still living)minister（部长, 大臣）—ex-ministerwife（妻子）—ex-wifeextra :outside;beyondcurricular（课程的）—extracurricularordinary（平常的, 普通的, 平凡的）—extraordinaryfore :in advance, before; in or at the frontarm（臂,武器, 裃备）—forearm花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活11 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步warn（警告）—forewarnil :(used before l) notlegal（法律的, 合法）—illegalliterate（学者，有文化的，有阅读和写作能力的）—illiterateim :(used before b,m,p)notmoral（道德(上)的, 精神的，道德）—immoralpossible（可能的）—impossiblein :notdirectsensitive（敏感的, 灵敏的）—insensitiveinfra :below in a range; beyondred（红(色)的）—infraredstructure（结极，极造）—infrastructureinter :between;amongchange（改变, 变化）—interchangenational（国家的, 民族的）—internationalintra :inside, within;intocity（城市, 都市）—intracity（市内的）department（部, 局, 处, 科, 部门, 系, 学部）—intra-departmentir :(used before r)notregular（觃则的, 有秩序的）—irregularresponsible（有责仸的, 可靠的）—irresponsiblekilo :thousandgram（兊,）—kilogrammeter（米）—kilometermacro :large, esp.concerning a whole system rather than particular parts of particular parts ofeconomics（经济学）—macroeconomicsstructure（宏观结极）—macrostructuremal :bad or badlyfunction（官能, 功能, 作用）—malfunctiontreat（宴请, 款待）—maltreatmicro :extremely smallcomputer（计算机, 电脑）—microcomputerelectronics（电子学）—microelectronics花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活12 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步mid :middleday（天, 白天）—middaynight（夜, 夜晚）—midnightmini :small;shortbus（公共汽车）—minibusskirt（裙子）—miniskirtmis :bad or badly;wrong or wronglyfortune（运气, 好运）—misfortuneunderstand（懂, 了解）—misunderstandmono :one;singleplane（飞机）—monoplanetone（音调, 语调）—monotonemulti :more than one;manypurpose（目的, 意图）—multipurposenational（国家的, 国立［有]的, 民族的）—multinationalnon :notresident—nonresidentsense理性，认识—nonsenseout :outside;eyondlive（活的, 生动的）—outlivedoor（门, 通道, 家, 户）—outdoorover :too much;above; additionalhead（头，头的, 主要的）—overheadtime（时间, 时侯, 时机, ）—overtimepoly :manycentric（中心的, 中央的）—polycentricsyllabic（［语] 音节主音，音节的）—polysyllabicpost :later than;aftergraduate（(大学)毕业生, 研究生，(使)(大学)毕业）—postgraduatewar（战争，作战, 打仗）—postwarpre :before;in advancepay（薪水, 工资，支付）—prepaywar（战争，作战, 打仗）—prewarpro :in favor of, supportingAmerica（<美>美国, 美洲(包括北美和南美洲)）pro-America花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活13 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步Abortionpro-abortionpseudo :not real;falsename（姓名）—pseudonymscience（科学, 自然科学）—pseudosciencere :again;back to the former stateunite（联合, 团结）—reuniteuse（使用）—reuseself :by means of oneself or itself;of, to, with, for, or in oneself or itself employed（雇用, 用, 使用）—self-employedtaught（teach 的过去式和过去分词）—self-taughtsemi :half;partlycircle（圆周, 圆形物）—semicirclefinal（决赛）—semifinalstep :not by birth but through a parent who has remarriedmother（母亲, 妈妈）—stepmotherchildren（孩子, 孩子们）—stepchildrensub :under,below;less imortant;part of the stated bigger whole divide（分, 划分, 分开, 隑开）—subdividesection（部分）—subsectionsuper :more, larger, greater than usualmarket（市场）—supermarketnatural（自然的, 自然界的, 普通的, 正常的）—supernaturaltele :at or over a long distance;by or for television communication —telecommunicationscreen（屏, 银幕）—telescreentherm(o) :concerning heatchemistry（化学）—thermochemistrymeter（计, 表）—thermometertrans :across, on or to the other side of; betweenAtlantic（大西洋）—transatlanticplant（种植, 栻培, 培养）—transplanttri :three;three timesangular（有角的）—triangularcycle（自行车）—tricycleultra :beyond;very, extremelymodern（近代的, 现代的）—ultramodern花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活14 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步sound（声音, 语音）—ultrasoundun :notcertain（确定的, 必然的, 可靠的）—uncertainfortunate（幸运的, 幸福的）—unfortunateunder :too little;belowdevelop（収展，显影）—underdevelopsea（海洋, 大浪）—underseauni :one;singleform（形态, 极成）—uniformdirectional（方向的）—unidirectionalvice :next in the rank;belowchairman（主席, 会长）—vice-chairmanpresident（总统, 会长, 行长）—vice-president2.常用后缀（1）名词后缀ability（能力, 才干）, ibilityable（能...的, 有才能的, 能干的, 能够的）—abilityflexible（有弹性的，柔韧的）—flexibilityarrive（到达, 抵达）—arrivalrefuse（拒绝, 谢绝）—refusalan, ian, arianlibrary（图乢馆, 藏乢室）—librarian（音乐, 乐曲）—musicianance, enceappear（出现, 公开露面）—appearancerefer（提交, 谈及，提到, 涉及, 查阅, 咨询）—referenceancy, encyemerge（显现, 浮现, (亊实)显现出杢）—emergencyexpect（期待, 预期）—expectancyant, entapply（申请）—applicantcorrespond（通信）—correspondentcyaccurate（正确的, 精确的）—accuracy花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活15 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步private（私人的, 私有的, 私营的, 秘密的）—privacydomking（国王, 君主, (部落的)首领, 纸牉中的K，立...为王，做国王, 统治）—kingdom free（自由的, 克费的, 克税的, 克费）—freedomeeemploy（雇用, 用）—employeeinterview（接见, 会见）—intervieweeer, or, arpaint（油漆, 颜料）—painterbeg（请求, 乞求）—beggarerybrave（勇敢的）—braveryslave（奴隶）—slaveryese:China（中国）—ChineseJapan（日本）—Japaneseessactor（男演员）—actresswaiter（侍者, 服务员）—waitresshand（手）—handfulhoodchild（孩子, 儿女）—childhoodman（男人）—manboodicselectron（电子）—electronicslinguist（语言学家）—linguisticsismMarx（马兊思）—Marxismsocialist（社会主义者）—socialismistpsychiatry（精神病学）—psychiatristviolin（小提琴）—violinistity, tycruel（残酷的, 悲惨的）—cruelty花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活16 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步pure（纯的, 纯粹的）—puritymentmove（移动, 迁居）—movementretire（退休, 引退, 退却）—retirementnessdark（黑暗, 夜）—darknesshappy（快乐的, 幸福的）—happinessologyclimate（气候, 风土）—climatologyfuture（未杢, 将杢）—futurologyshipfriend（朋友, 助手）—friendshipscholar（学者）—scholarshipsion, ssiondecide（决定, 判决）—decisionexpand（使膨胀, 扩张）—expansionthgrow（生长, 成长）—growthwide（宽的, 广阔的）—widthureclose（关, 关闭）—closureexpose（使暴露, 受到, 使曝光，揭露）—exposure (2)动词后缀endeep（深的, 纵深的）—deepenfast（紧的, 牢的）—fastenifyclass（班级, 阶级）—classifysimple（简单的, 简易的）—simplifyize, isemodern（现代人）—modernise/modernize（<主英>=modernize）popular（通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的）—popularise/popularize（<主英> =popularize）(3)形容词后缀able, iblequestion（疑问）—questionable花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活17 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步alnature（自然）—naturalstructure（结极, 极造）—structuralan, arian, iansuburb（市郊, 郊区）—suburbanCanada（加拿大）—Canadianant, entdiffer（不一致, 不同）—differentplease（满足的, 使满足）—pleasantary, oryadvise（劝告, 忠告, 警告）—advisorycustom（习惯, 风俗）—customaryateconsider（考虑, 照顾）—consideratefortune（运气, 好运）—fortunateengold（黄金, 金币）—goldenwood（木材）—woodeneseChina（中国）—Chinese（日本）—Japanesefreecare（烦恼, 忧虑）—carefreeduty（义务, 责仸, 职责, 职务, 税）—duty-freefulcare（注意, 照料）—carefulpain（痛苦, 疼）—painfulic, icalatom（原子）—atomicpsychology（心理学, 心理状态）—psychologicalishgirl（女孩, 少女）—girlischild（孩子）—childishivecreate（创造）—creativesupport（支援，支柱）—supportive花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活18 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步lesshope（希望, 信心）—hopelesspain（痛苦, 疼, 痛, 劳苦, 努力，使痛苦）—painlesslikechild（孩子）—childlikelady（女士, 夫人, 小姐）—ladylikelyman（男人）—manly（月）—monthlyous, iousdanger（危险）—dangerouspoison（毒药, 败坏道德之亊, 毒害，毒害, 败坏, 使中毒，放毒, 下毒）—poisonous sometire（劳累, 厌倦）—tiresometrouble（烦恼, 麻烦）—troublesomewarddown（向下的）—downwardup（向上）—upwardyguilt（罪行, 内疚）—guiltynoise（喧闹声, 噪声）—noisy(4)副词后缀lyeasy（容易的）—easilyheavy（重的, 繁重的）—heavilyward, wardseast（东方, 东）—eastward(s)north（北, 北方）—northward(s)wiseclock（时钟）—clockwiseother（其他的, 另外的）—otherwise花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活19 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步TONY单词前缀分类记忆1.表示否定意义的前缀1)纯否定前缀a-, an-, asymmetry（不对称）anhydrous（无水的）dis- dishonest, dislikein-, ig-, il, im, ir, incapable, inability, ignoble, impossible, immoral, illegal, irregularne-, n-, none, neither, nevernon-, noesenseneg-, neglectun- unable, unemployment2)表示错误的意义male-, mal-, malfunction, maladjustment(失调)mis-, mistake, misleadpseudo-, pseudonym(假名), pseudoscience3)表示反动作的意思de-, defend, demodulation(解调)dis-, disarm, disconnectun-, unload, uncover4)表示相反，相互对立意思anti-, ant- antiknock( 防震), antiforeign,(排外的)contra-, contre-, contro-, contradiction, controflow(逆流)counter-, counterreaction, counterbalanceob-, oc-, of-, op-, object, oppose, occupywith-, withdraw, withstand2.表示空间位置，方向关系的前缀1)a- 表示“在……之上”，“向……”aboard, aside2)by- 表示“附近，邻近，边侧”bypath, bypass(弯路)3)circum-, circu-, 表示“周围，环绕，回转”circumstance, circuit4)de-, 表示“在下，向下”descend, degrade5)en-, 表示“在内，进入”encage, enbed(上床)6)ex-, ec-, es-, 表示“外部，外”exit, eclipse, expand, export花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活20 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步7)extra-, 表示“额外”extraction （提取）8)fore- 表示“在前面”forehead, foreground9)in-, il-, im-, ir-, 表示“向内，在内，背于”inland, invade, inside, import10)inter-, intel-, 表示“在……间，相互”international, interaction, internet11)intro-, 表示“向内，在内，内侧”introduce, introduce12)medi-, med-, mid-, 表示“中，中间”Mediterranean, midposition13)out-, 表示“在上面，在外部，在外”outline, outside, outward14)over-, 表示“在上面，在外部，向上”overlook, overhead, overboard15)post-, 表示"向后，在后边，次”postscript(附言)，16)pre-, 表示"在前”在前面”prefix, preface, preposition17)pro-, 表示“在前，向前”progress, proceed,18)sub-, suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, 表示“在下面，下”subway, submarine, suffix, suppress, supplement19)super-, sur-, 表示“在…..之上”superficial, surface, superstructure20)trans-, 表示“移上，转上，在那一边”translate, transform, transoceanic21)under-, 表示“在…..下面，下的”underline, underground, underwater22)up-, 表示“向上，向上面，在上”upward, uphold, uphill(上坡)3.表示时间，序列关系的前缀1)ante-, anti-, 表示“先前，早于，预先”antecedent, anticipate,2)ex-, 表示“先，敀，旧”expresident, exhusband3)fore-, 表示“在前面，先前，前面”foreward, dorecast, foretell(预言)4)mid-, medi-, 表示“中，中间”midnight, midsummer5)post-"表示“在后，后”postwar,花落无言，人淡如菊，保持美好的心情，努力的学习，认真的生活21 坚持自己的信念，坚实走好人生每一步6)pre-, pri-, 表示“在前，亊先，预先”preheat, prewar, prehistory7)pro-, 表示“在前，先，前”prologue(序幕)，prophet(预言家)8)re-, 表示“再一次，重新”retell, rewrite4.表示比较程度差别关系的前缀1)by-, 表示“副，次要的”byproduct, bywork(副业)2)extra-,表示“超越，额外”extraordinary,3)hyper- 表示“超过，枀度”hypersonic(超声波), hypertesion(高血压)4)out-,表示“超过，过分”outdo(超过), outbid(出价过高的人)5)over-，表示“超过，过度，太”overeat, overdress, oversleep6) sub-, suc-, sur-, 表示“低，次，副，亚”subeditor, subordinate, subtropical(亚热带)7)super-, sur- 表示“超过”supernature, superpower, surplus, surpass8)under-,表示“低劣，低下”undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足)9)vice- 表示“副，次”vicepresident, vicechairman5.表示共同，相等意思的前缀1)com-, cop-, con-, cor-, co- 表示“共同，一起”。

2024届高考英语语法填空时政专题8：詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜+课件

• 【Para.2】Images from the most powerful space telescope ever built have thrilled observers in recent months as it orbits the sun a million miles (1.6 million kilometers) from Earth.
• 这颗小行星可能是在主带中发现的最小的小行星之一。这样小的、黑暗的宇宙物体是非常难以观察到的，但是天文学家可以利用韦伯来寻找未来更多这样大小的小行星。
• The doughnut-shaped belt is home to most of the asteroids in the solar system. The main asteroid belt is in close alignment with the ecliptic plane, or the same plane that includes Earth’s orbit around the sun.
需要。
• 10.考查介词在固定搭配中的运用，be similar to 与….相似的。
1.uncovered 2.most advanced 3.that/which 4.times 5.analysis 6.exactly 7.the 8.present 9.to confirm 10.to
• 文章背景
• 美国航天局日前表示，詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜拍摄到一颗太阳系外行星的直接图像，这是该空间望远镜首次拍摄到相关图像。据美国航天局介绍，这颗名为“HIP 65426 b”的太阳系外行星是一颗巨型气态行星，没有岩石表面，不适宜居住。其质量约为木星的6至12倍，年龄约在1500万年至2000 万年之间，比地球年轻得多。天文学家于2017年运用欧洲南方天文台设在智利的甚大望远镜发现了这颗太阳系外行星，并拍摄到它的图像。此次韦布空间望远镜拍摄到这颗行星的更多细节。

光电转化效率英文

光电转化效率英文Photovoltaic Efficiency: Harnessing the Power of LightThe quest for renewable and sustainable energy sources has been a driving force in the scientific community for decades. Among the various technologies that have emerged, photovoltaic (PV) systems have garnered significant attention due to their ability to directly convert sunlight into electrical energy. The efficiency of this conversion process, known as photovoltaic efficiency, is a crucial factor in determining the overall performance and viitability of solar energy as a viable alternative to traditional fossil fuels.At its core, the photovoltaic effect is a phenomenon in which the absorption of light by a semiconductor material generates electron-hole pairs that can be separated and collected to produce an electric current. The efficiency of this process is determined by a complex interplay of various factors, including the properties of the semiconductor material, the design of the PV cell, and the conditions under which the system operates.One of the primary factors influencing photovoltaic efficiency is the ability of the semiconductor material to absorb a wide range of thesolar spectrum. Ideally, the semiconductor should be able to absorb as much of the incident solar radiation as possible, converting it into usable electrical energy. This is where the concept of bandgap energy comes into play. The bandgap is the energy difference between the valence band and the conduction band of the semiconductor material, and it determines the range of wavelengths that the material can effectively absorb.Researchers have dedicated significant efforts to developing semiconductor materials with optimized bandgap energies to maximize the absorption of solar radiation. Silicon, the most widely used semiconductor in PV systems, has a bandgap energy of around 1.1 eV, which allows it to absorb a significant portion of the visible and near-infrared regions of the solar spectrum. However, there are other semiconductor materials, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs) and cadmium telluride (CdTe), that have bandgap energies more closely matched to the solar spectrum, potentially offering higher photovoltaic efficiencies.Another crucial factor in photovoltaic efficiency is the ability of the PV cell to effectively separate and collect the generated electron-hole pairs. This process is influenced by the design and structure of the PV cell, including the choice of electrode materials, the quality of the semiconductor-electrode interface, and the presence of any recombination centers or defects within the cell. Researchers haveexplored various device architectures, such as heterojunction and tandem designs, to optimize the charge separation and collection processes, ultimately improving the overall photovoltaic efficiency.The performance of a PV system is also heavily dependent on the operating conditions, such as temperature and irradiance levels. Increased temperatures can lead to a decrease in the bandgap energy of the semiconductor material, which can result in a lower open-circuit voltage and a reduction in photovoltaic efficiency. Conversely, higher irradiance levels can enhance the generation of electron-hole pairs, potentially increasing the current output and overall efficiency.To address these challenges, researchers have developed various strategies to improve photovoltaic efficiency. One approach is the use of advanced materials, such as perovskites and organic semiconductors, which have shown promising results in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Perovskite solar cells, for example, have demonstrated rapid advancements in efficiency, reaching over 25% in laboratory settings, making them a compelling alternative to traditional silicon-based PV technologies.Another approach is the development of tandem or multi-junction solar cells, which combine multiple semiconductor materials with different bandgap energies. By stacking these materials in a strategicmanner, the system can effectively capture a broader range of the solar spectrum, leading to higher overall photovoltaic efficiencies. These tandem designs have the potential to surpass the theoretical efficiency limits of single-junction solar cells, paving the way for even more efficient PV systems.In addition to material and device innovations, researchers have also explored techniques to optimize the system-level performance of PV installations. This includes the development of advanced tracking systems, which can adjust the orientation of the solar panels to follow the sun's path, maximizing the amount of incident solar radiation. Furthermore, the integration of energy storage solutions, such as batteries or thermal storage, can help overcome the intermittency of solar energy, enabling a more reliable and consistent power supply.The quest for higher photovoltaic efficiency is not just a scientific pursuit but also a critical step towards the widespread adoption of solar energy as a viable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. As the world grapples with the pressing challenges of climate change and the need for sustainable energy solutions, the continued advancement of photovoltaic technology holds the promise of a future powered by the abundant and renewable energy of the sun.。

2024最新英语热词词条汇总(Catti, MTI考试必背)

2024最新英语热词词条汇总（Catti, MTI考试必背）1.出入境客流2.单方面免签政策3.边检机关4.传统制造业转型升级5.数字化研发设计工具普及率6.智能产业7.2024中国电影市场8.进口电影大片9.中外电影交流10.春节档电影票房11.京津冀区域发展指数12.京津冀产业协同发展13.首都功能核心区14.城市集群15.磷资源利用16.磷化工产业17.战略性矿产资源18.银发经济19.国家统计局20.人口老龄化21.适龄劳动人口22.哈尔滨国际冰雪节23.哈尔滨冰雪大世界24.冰雪雕塑25.冰雪经济26.零工市场27.求职者28.灵活就业人员29.劳动者合法权益30.残疾人法律服务31.残疾人就业32.无障碍环境建设33.爱因斯坦探针卫星34.天文卫星35.长征二号丙运载火箭36.世界经济论坛2024年年会37.国际货币基金组织38.高质量发展39.天舟七号货运飞船40.文昌航天发射场41.发射勤务塔42.中国空间站43.家庭养老床位44.银发经济45.养老院46.金融高质量发展47.中国特色金融发展之路48.以人民为中心的价值取向49.金融供给侧结构性改革50.第十四届全国冬季运动会51.文化旅游产业52.冰雪装备制造业53.国家工程师奖54.工程技术55.关键核心技术56.新质生产力57.超低排放改造58.水泥熟料生产能力59.焦化产能60.减排技术61.反恐怖主义62.维护社会稳定63.联合反恐演习64.浦东新区综合改革试点65.现代化产业体系66.高水平社会主义市场经济体制67.高光谱综合观测卫星68.高质量高光谱数据69.环境监测70.污染防治工作71.太阳磁场测量72.磁能73.中红外太阳磁场74.跨省异地就医直接结算75.远程医疗76.医保支付方式77.全国贸促系统78.外贸企业79.原产地证书80.国家粮食安全81.乡村振兴82.“三农”工作83.2024年中央一号文件84.国家粮食安全85.乡村振兴86.“三农”工作87.基本医保基金88.基本医疗保险基金支出89.大病保险90.中国政府友谊奖91.中国式现代化92.人才培养93.立法快速响应机制94.法治政府建设95.法治社会96.非常规水97.再生水98.淡化海水99.上海东方枢纽国际商务合作区100.国际航空枢纽101.中国上海自贸区102.低温雨雪冰冻灾害应急响应103.寒潮预警104.极端天气105.应急预案106.民用航空器噪声污染防控107.机场噪声污染防控标准体系108.人居环境109.消费品以旧换新110.耐用消费品111.国民经济循环112.殷墟博物馆新馆113.文物保护114.考古发掘115.中华五千年文明116.长征十二号运载火箭117.单芯级液体运载火箭118.首飞119.网络文学120.文化自信121.中华优秀传统文化122.保守国家秘密法123.国家安全124.中国特色社会主义法治体系125.全面依法治国126.儿童参加基本医疗保险专项行动127.基本医疗保险基金支出128.商业医疗保险129.社会保险基金130.舱外维修任务131.出舱作业132.机械臂133.国债134.水利项目135.人均粮食占有量136.耕地保护制度137.耕地138.保护性耕作面积139.大规模设备更新140.新质生产力141.新的生产力理论142.中欧班列143.国际产业链供应链144.新动力145.标准集装箱146.中村改造147.城镇老旧小区改造148.城市更新行动149.全民健身150.体育强国160.全民健身公共服务体系161.国土绿化162.城市绿地163.绿化覆盖率164.国家级新区165.跨区域高水平协同创新166.国家高新技术产业开发区167.数字化转型168.鹊桥二号中继星169.中国探月工程170.深空探测171.月背172.农业种质资源173.种业振兴174.种源安全175.粮食安全176.专利产业化177.专利密集型产品178.专利链179.高校考试招生改革180.高等教育181.高质量教育体系182.素质教育183.国家卫生应急队伍管理办法184.国家级医疗应急工作专家组185.应急响应体系186.氢能源市域列车187.轨道交通188.性能验证189.中国青少年足球改革发展实施意见190.国家文化产业示范基地191.文化产业示范园区192.中国网络视听发展研究报告193.互联网普及率194.网民195.互联网+196.人工智能赋能教育行动197.智慧教育平台198.数字教育199.民用载人飞艇200.科技自立自强201.关键核心技术201.世界科技强国202.量子电池203.电磁场204.量子纠缠205.储供能装置206.终身教育平台207.国家老年大学208.AI赋能终身学习209.医疗救助210.医疗保障体系211.基本医疗卫生服务212.无人驾驶载人航空器213.电动垂直起降214.低空经济215.新型智能纤维216.可穿戴机器人217.新材料218.生态保护补偿条例219.生态修复220.环保产业221.医保药品目录222.基本医保基金223.跨省异地就医直接结算224.快速射电暴225.500米口径球面射电望远镜226.无线电波227.再生资源回收利用网络体系228.深加工基地229.中国进出口商品交易会230.经济全球化231.扩大开放232.大学生阅读分享活动233.世界读书日244.世界图书之都245.商业航天产业246.战略性新兴产业247.新增长引擎248.联合国教科文组织—赤道几内亚国际生命科学研究奖249.生命科学250.基础研究251.国防教育法修订草案252.国防意识253.西太平洋海军论坛254.海洋命运共同体255.全球海洋治理256.高精度月球地质图集257.嫦娥探月工程258.月球科研站259.港珠澳大桥260.跨海大桥261.粤港澳大湾区262.中法人文合作发展论坛263.中法文化旅游年264.战略共识265.文生视频大模型266.算力267.公共安全治理268.安全风险评估269.太阳白光耀斑270.高能耀斑271.先进天基太阳天文台272.紫金山天文台273.免签政策274.世界记忆亚太地区名录275.雄安高新技术产业开发区276.京津冀产业协同发展277.行星际闪烁监测望远镜278.射电望远镜279.太阳风暴280.养老服务预收费监管281.家庭养老床位282.制造业数字化转型283.医养结合床位284.持久性有机污染物控制285.陕西历史博物馆秦汉馆286.在轨水生生态研究项目287.载人宇宙飞船288.自循环水生生态系统289.旅游惠民措施290.中国旅游日291.景区免费292.文化强国建设高峰论坛293.老科学家294.城际铁路295.一小时生活圈296.世界一流考古机构建设297.文物保护利用298.古籍保护299.集装箱吞吐量300.国际贸易301.世界贸易组织302.绿色储粮技术303.粮食仓储设施304.国家粮食安全战略305.嫦娥六号306.月球背面307.南极—艾特肯盆地308.国家海洋考古博物馆309.水下文化遗产310.文物保护311.生态保护修复312.世界环境日313.生态文明314.三北”防护林体系工程315.文明对话国际日316.文明交流互鉴317.全球文明倡议318.载荷专家319.航天驾驶员320.选拔训练体系321.普惠保险高质量发展322.普惠金融323.健康素养324.健康中国325.体育强国326.世界智能产业博览会327.航空商用无人运输系统328.巡航速度329.空地联运330.能耗强度331.充电基础设施体系332.能源绿色低碳转型333.可持续发展334.超导量子计算机335.算力基础设施336.量子革命337.共享工厂338.共享经济339.预制菜340.重复使用运载火箭341.全尺寸着陆缓冲系统342.垂直软着陆343.“一带一路”国际技能大赛344.职业技能345.人文交流346.中国入境旅游发展报告347.单方面免签政策348.中国共产党历史展览馆349.党史学习教育350.红色传统351.碳纤维地铁列车352.碳纤维复合材料353.绿色转型354.加强人工智能能力建设国际合作决议355.数字政策对话机制356.中欧跨里海直达快运357.海峡两岸青年发展论坛358.两岸交流合作359.两岸关系和平发展360.旅游公共服务361.二维晶体362.光子集成电路363.超薄光学芯片364.深海重载作业采矿车“开拓二号” 365.海洋经济366.《中国的海洋生态环境保护》白皮书367.国际基础科学大会368.科技前沿领域369.北京火箭大街370.商业航天371.科技互动展厅372.专利开放许可制度373.专利产业化374.专利链375.化遗产保护数字化376.水平社会主义市场经济体制377.宏观经济治理378.全国统一大市场379.亚太6E卫星380.通信卫星381.近地轨道382.青岛国际啤酒节383.文化和旅游消费384.国内旅游385.制度型开放386.自贸试验区387.中国式现代化388.太阳能动力微型无人机389.静电电机390.“互联网+”监管模式391.养老资金392.养老产业393.北京中轴线394.中华五千年文明395.分子水396.月球样品397.水合盐398.国际月球科研站399.研发经费投入400.男子100米自由泳401.巴黎奥运会402.体育强国403.男子4×100米混合泳接力404.仰泳405.蛙泳406.蝶泳407.自由泳408.以人为本的新型城镇化战略409.现代化都市圈410.农业农村现代化411.消费场景412.消费升级413.世界遗产名录414.文化和自然遗产415.新型电力系统416.绿色发展417.奥运会中国体育代表团418.中华体育精神419.奥林匹克格言“更快、更高、更强——更团结”420.奖牌榜421.碳排放核算和评价标准体系422.碳足迹423.低碳经济424.长江流域水生生物资源425.水生生物多样性426.长江保护修复。

韩国先进科技学院机械工程系BongJaeLee副教授简介

Bong Jae LeeAssociate ProfessorThermal Radiation LaboratoryDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology(KAIST)291Daehak-ro,Yuseong-guDaejeon305-701,Republic of KoreaEmail:bongjae.lee@kaist.ac.krPhone:+82-42-350-32391RESEARCH INTERESTS?Near-Field Thermal Radiation for Thermophotovoltaic Energy Conversion?Electric/Magnetic Metamaterials for Solar Energy Harvesting?Radiation Thermometry at Extreme Conditions2EDUCATION?Georgia Institute of Technology,Atlanta,Georgia,USA–Ph.D.,Mechanical Engineering2007/12–M.S.,Mechanical Engineering2005/08 ?Seoul National University,Seoul,Republic of Korea–B.S.,Mechanical Engineering2001/083PROFESSIONAL APPOINTMENTS?Associate Professor,KAIST2013/09–present ?Assistant Professor,KAIST2011/05–2013/08 ?Assistant Professor,University of Pittsburgh2008/09–2011/04 ?Postdoctoral Fellow&Lecturer,Georgia Institute of Technology2008/01–2008/084HONORS AND A W ARDS?Best Paper Award,Thermal Engineering Division,KSME2015 ?Excellence in Teaching Prize,KAIST2015 ?Outstanding Teaching Award(MAE311Heat Transfer),Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST Spring2014 ?Invited Professor Grant,`Ecole Centrale Paris July,2014 ?Young Investigator Award,Thermal Engineering Division,KSME2014 ?Outstanding Teaching Award(MAE810Special Topic:Nanoscale Heat Transfer),Department of Mechanical Engineering,KAIST Spring2012 ?Sigma Xi(Georgia Tech Chapter)Best Ph.D.Thesis Award2008 ?ASME-Hewlett Packard Best Paper Award(2nd place)2007 ?Haiam Scholarship from the SeAH Steel Corporation1996–20015PUBLICATIONS5.1INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL1.M.Lim,S.S.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“Near-Field Thermal Radiation between Doped-Si Plates atNanoscale Gaps,”Physical Review B91,195136,2015(IF:3.664).2.M.Lim,S.M.Jin,S.S.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“Graphene-Assisted Si-InSb Thermophotovoltaic DeviceOptics Express23,A240–A253,2015(IF:3.525).for Low Temperature Applications,”3.S.Han and B.J.Lee,“Control of Thermal Radiative Properties using Two-Dimensional ComplexGratings,”International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer83,713–721,2015(IF:2.522).4.J.Yeo,G.Kim,S.Hong,J.Lee,H.Park, B.J.Lee,C.P.Grigoropoulos,S.H.Ko,“Single NanowireResistive Nano-heater for Highly Localized Thermo-Chemical Reactions:Localized Hierarchical Heterojunction Nanowire Growth,”Small10,5015–5022,2014(IF:7.514).5.J.Jeon,S.Park,and B.J.Lee,“Optical Property of Blended Plasmonic Nano?uid based on GoldNanorods,”Optics Express22,A1101–A1111,2014(IF:3.525).6. B.J.Lee,Y.-B.Chen,S.Han, F.-C.Chiu,and H.J.Lee,“Wavelength-Selective Solar ThermalAbsorber with Two-Dimensional Nickel Gratings,”Journal of Heat Transfer136,072702,2014 (IF:2.055).7.H.Park, B.J.Lee,and J.Lee,“Note:Simultaneous Determination of Local Temperature andThickness of Heated Cantilevers using Two-Wavelength Thermore?ectance,”Review of Scienti?c Instruments85,036106,2014(Selected for RSI Editor’ｓPicks2014;IF:1.367).8.M.Lim,S.S.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“Near-FieldThermal Radiation between Graphene-Covered DopedSilicon Plates,”Optics Express21,22173–22185,2013(IF:3.525).9.J.S.Jin, B.J.Lee,and H.J.Lee,“Analysisof Phonon Transport in Silicon Nanowires IncludingOptical Phonons,”Journal of the Korean Physical Society63,1007–1013,2013(IF:0.506).10. B.Ding,M.Yang,B.J.Lee,and J.-K.Lee,“TunableSurface Plasmons of Dielectric Core-MetalShell Particles for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells,”RSC Advances3,9690–9697,2013(IF:2.562).11.J.Kim,S.Han,T.Walsh,K.Park, B.J.Lee,W.P.King,and J.Lee,“Temperature Measurementof Heated Microcantilever using Scanning Thermore?ectance Microscopy,”Review of Scienti?c Instruments84,034903,2013(IF:1.367).12.H.J.Lee,J.S.Jin,and B.J.Lee,“Assessment o f Phonon Boundary Scattering from Light Scat-tering Standpoint,”Journal of Applied Physics112,063513,2012(IF:2.168).13.J.Lee,B.J.Lee,and W.P.King,“De?ection Sensitivity Calibration of Heated MicrocantileversIEEE Sensors Journal12,2666–2667,2012(IF:1.520).Using Pseudo-gratings,”14. B.J.Lee,K.Park,T.Walsh,and L.Xu,“Radiative Heat Transfer Analysis in Plasmonic Nano?u-ids for Direct Solar Thermal Absorption,”Journal of Solar Energy Engineering134,021009,2012 (IF:0.846).15.L.Xu,Z.-J.Zhang,and B.J.Lee,“Magnetic Resonances on Core-Shell Nanowires with Notches,”Applied Physics Letters99,101907,2011(Selected for the September19,2011issue of Virtual Journal for Nanoscale Science&Technology;IF:3.844).16.Z.-J.Zhang,K.Park and B.J.Lee,“Surfaceand Magnetic Polaritons on Two-DimensionalNanoslab-Aligned Multilayer Structure,”Optics Express19,16375–16389,2011(IF:3.587).17. B.Ding, B.J.Lee,M.Yang,H.S.Jung,and J.-K.Lee,“Surface-Plasmon Assisted Energy Con-version in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells,”Advanced Energy Materials1,415–421,2011(IF:10.043). 18.W.DiPippo, B.J.Lee,and K.Park,“DesignAnalysis of Surface Plasmon Resonance Immunosen-sors in Mid-Infrared Range,”Optics Express18,19396–19406,2010(Selected for the October 22,2010issue of Virtual Journal for Biomedical Optics;IF:3.753).19.L.Xu, B.J.Lee,W.L.Hanson,and B.Han,“Brownian Motion Induced Dynamic Near-FieldInteraction between Quantum Dots and Plasmonic Nanoparticles in Aqueous Medium,”Applied Physics Letters96,174101,2010(IF:3.841).20. A.J.McNamara, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Quantum Size E?ects on the Lattice Speci?c Heat ofNanostructures,”N anoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering14,1–20,2010(Figure selected as the cover image for the January2010issue;IF:1.903).21.S.Basu,B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Near-FieldRadiation Calculated with an Improved DielectricFunction Model for Doped Silicon,”J ournal of Heat Transfer132,021005,2010(IF:0.942).22.S.Basu, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Infrared Radiative Properties of Heavily Doped Silicon atRoom Temperature,”Journal of Heat Transfer132,021001,2010(IF:0.942).23. B.J.Lee and A.C.To,“EnhancedAbsorption in One-dimensional Phononic Crystals with Inter-facial Acoustic Waves,”Applied Physics Letters95,031911,2009(IF:3.554).24.X.J.Wang,J.D.Flicker, B.J.Lee,W.J.Ready,and Z.M.Zhang,“Visible and Near-InfraredRadiative Properties of Vertically Aligned Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes,”Nanotechnology20, 215704,2009(IF:3.137).25.L.P.Wang, B.J.Lee,X.J.Wang,and Z.M.Zhang,“Spatialand Temporal Coherence of ThermalRadiation in Asymmetric Fabry-Perot Resonance Cavities,”I nternational Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer52,3024–3031,2009(IF:1.947).26. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“Indirect Measurements of Coherent Thermal Emission from a Trun-cated Photonic Crystal Structure,”J ournal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer23,9–17,2009 (IF:0.687).27.Q.Li, B.J.Lee,Z.M.Zhang,and D.W.Allen,“Light Scattering of Semitransparent SinteredPolytetra?uoroethylene(PTFE)Films,”Journal of Biomedical Optics13,054064,2008(IF:2.970).28. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“Lateral Shift in Near-Field Thermal Radiation with Surface PhononNanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering12,238–250,2008(IF:1.000).Polaritons,”29. B.J.Lee,L.P.Wang,and Z.M.Zhang,“CoherentThermal Emission by Excitation of MagneticPolaritons between Periodic Strips and a Metallic Film,”Optics Express16,11328–11336,2008 (IF:3.880).30.Y.-B.Chen,B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“InfraredRadiative Properties of Submicron Metallic SlitArrays,”Journal of Heat Transfer130,082404,2008(IF:1.421).31. B.J.Lee,Y.-B.Chen,and Z.M.Zhang,“TransmissionEnhancement through Nanoscale MetallicJournal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience Slit Arrays from the Visible to Mid-infrared,”5,201–213,2008(Invited paper;IF:1.256).32. B.J.Lee,Y.-B.Chen,and Z.M.Zhang,“SurfaceWaves between Metallic Films and TruncatedPhotonic Crystals Observed with Re?ectance Spectroscopy,”Optics Letters33,204–206,2008 (Featured in the Year End Review issue of Aerospace America2008;IF:3.772).33. B.J.Lee,Y.-B.Chen,and Z.M.Zhang,“Con?nement of Infrared Radiation to Nanometer Scalesthrough Metallic Slit Arrays,”Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer109, 608–619,2008(IF:1.635).34. B.J.Lee,K.Park,and Z.M.Zhang,“EnergyPathways in Nanoscale Thermal Radiation,”AppliedPhysics Letters91,153101,2007(Figure selected as the cover image for the October8, 2007issue;Introduced in the October30,2007issue of Nanomaterials News;IF:3.596).35. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“CoherentThermal Emission from Modi?ed Periodic Multilayer Struc-tures,”Journal of Heat Transfer129,17–26,2007(IF:1.202).36.Z.M.Zhang and B.J.Lee,“Lateral Shift in Photon Tunneling Studied by the Energy StreamlineMethod,”Optics Express14,9963–9970,2006(IF:4.009).37. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“Designand Fabrication of Planar Multilayer Structures with CoherentJournal of Applied Physics100,063529,2006(IF:2.316).Thermal Emission Characteristics,”38. B.J.Lee,C.J.Fu,and Z.M.Zhang,“CoherentThermal Emission from One-dimensional PhotonicCrystals,”A pplied Physics Letters87,071904,2005(Selected for the August22,2005issue of Virtual Journal of Nanoscale Science&Technology;IF:4.127).39. B.J.Lee,Z.M.Zhang,E.A.Early,D.P.DeWitt,and B.K.Tsai,“Modeling Radiative Properties ofSilicon with Coatings and Comparison with Re?ectance Measurements,”Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer19,558–569,2005(IF:0.665).40. B.J.Lee,V.P.Khuu,and Z.M.Zhang,“Partially Coherent Spectral Radiative Properties ofDielectric Thin Films with Rough Surfaces,”Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer19, 360–366,2005(IF:0.665).41.K.Park, B.J.Lee,C.J.Fu,and Z.M.Zhang,“Study of the Surface and Bulk Polaritons with aNegative Index Metamaterial,”Journal of the Optical Society of America B22,1016–1023,2005 (IF:2.119).42.H.J.Lee, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Modeling the Radiative Properties of SemitransparentWafers with Rough Surfaces and Thin-Film Coatings,”Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer93,185–194,2005(IF:1.685).5.2DOMESTIC JOURNAL1.S.Han, B.Choi,T.-H.Song,S.J.Kim,and B.J.Lee,“Experimental Investigation of VariableEmittance Material Based on(La,Sr)MnO3,”Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B37,583–590,2013.2. D.Kim,S.Kim,S.Choi, B.J.Lee,and J.Kim,“E?ect of Flame Radiative Heat Transfer inHorizontal-Type HRSG with Duct Burner,”Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical En-gineers B37,197–204,2013.5.3INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PROCEEDING1.H.Han and B.J.Lee,“SpectralAbsorptance of Tandem Grating and Its Application for Solar En-ergy Harvesting,”A SME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,Abstract No.IMECE2014-36694,Montreal,Canada,November14–20,2014.2.H.Han and B.J.Lee,“TailoringRadiative Property of Two-Dimensional Complex Grating Struc-tures,”15th International Heat Transfer Conference,Paper No.IHTC15-9050,Kyoto,Japan,Au-gust10–15,2014.3.J.Jeon,S.Park,and B.J.Lee,“Absorption Coe?cient of Plasmonic Nano?uids based on GoldNanorods,”2nd International Workshop on Nano-Micro Thermal Radiation:Energy,Manufactur-ing,Materials,and Sensing,Shanghai,China,June6–9,2014.4.M.Lim,S.S.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“MEMS-based Parallel Plate with Sub-micron Gap for MeasuringNear-?eld Thermal Radiation,”2nd International Workshop on Nano-Micro Thermal Radiation: Energy,Manufacturing,Materials,and Sensing,Shanghai,China,June6–9,2014(poster presen-tation).5.M.Lim,S.S.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“Theoretical Investigation of the E?ect of Graphene on the Near-Field Thermal Radiation between Doped Silicon Plates,”ASME4th Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer International Conference,Abstract No.MNHMT2013-22033,Hong Kong,China, December11–14,2013.6.Y.-B.Chen,S.W.Han, F.-C.Chiu,H.J.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“Designa Wavelength-SelectiveAbsorber for Solar Thermal Collectors with Two-Dimensional Nickel Gratings,”ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference,Paper No.HT2013-17288,Minneapolis,MN,USA,July14–19,2013.7.J.Kim, B.J.Lee,W.P.King,and J.Lee,“Optical Heating and Temperature Sensing of Heated Mi-crocantilever using Two-Wavelength Thermore?ectance,”10th International Workshop on Nanome-chanical Sensing,Stanford University,CA,USA,May1–3,2013(poster presentation).8.J.Kim,S.Han,K.Park, B.J.Lee,W.P.King,J.Lee,“DCand AC Electrothermal Charac-terization of Heated Microcantilevers using Scanning Thermore?ectance Microscopy,”26th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems,Taipei,Taiwan,January20–24, 2013(poster presentation).9.H.J.Lee,J.S.Jin,and B.J.Lee,“Theoretical Investigation of Phonon Boundary Scatteringfrom One-Dimensional Rough Surfaces,”3rd International Forum on Heat Transfer,Paper No.IFHT2012-149,Nagasaki,Japan,November13–15,2012.10. B.J.Lee,“Electricand Magnetic Resonances on Isolated Nanostructure,”A SME3rd Micro/NanoscaleHeat and Mass Transfer International Conference,Abstract No.MNHMT2012-75078,Atlanta,GA, USA,March3–6,2012.11.K.Park,J.K.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“Investigating Laser-Induced Heating of Plasmonic Nano?uidsfor a Fast,High Throughput Polymerase Chain Reaction,”ASME3rd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer International Conference,Abstract No.MNHMT2012-75127,Atlanta,GA,USA, March3–6,2012.12. B.J.Lee and K.Park,“Direct Solar Thermal Absorption using Blended Plasmonic Nano?uids,”ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,Abstract No.IMECE2011-64067,Denver,CO,USA,November11–17,2011.13.Z.-J.Zhang, B.J.Lee,and K.Park,“Modeling Radiative Properties of Nanowire-Aligned Multi-layer Structures,”p resented at Open Forum on Radiative Transfer and Properties for Renewable Energy Applications,14th International Heat Transfer Conference,Washington, D.C.,USA,Au-gust8–13,2010.14.W.DiPippo, B.J.Lee,and K.Park,“Developmentof Surface Plasmon Resonance Immuno-Sensorsat Mid-Infrared Range,”14th International Heat Transfer Conference,Paper No.IHTC14-22914, Washington, D.C.,USA,August8–13,2010.15. B.J.Lee,W.Hanson,and B.Han,“Plasmon-Enhanced Quantum Dot Fluorescence Induced byBrownian Motion,”ASME2nd Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer International Confer-ence,Paper No.NMHMT2009-18185,Shanghai,China,December18–21,2009.16. B.J.Lee and Z.-J.Zhang,“Investigation of the E?ects of Nanostructures on Thermal Radiation inthe Near Field,”7th Asia-Paci?c Conference on Near-Field Optics,Jeju,Korea,November25–27, 2009(poster presentation).17. A.J.McNamara, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Reexamination of the Size E?ect on the LatticeSpeci?c Heat of Nanostructures,”A SME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Ex-position,Abstract No.IMECE2009-12388,Orlando,FL,USA,November13–19,2009(poster pre-sentation).18.W.DiPippo, B.J.Lee,and K.Park,“Theoretical Investigation of Tip-based Nanoscale InfraredASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference,Paper No.HT2009-88538,San Francisco, Spectroscopy,”CA,USA,July19–23,2009.19. B.J.Lee and A.C.To“PeriodicNanostructure Patterning using Pulsed Laser Ablation in the NearField,”ASME Summer Heat Transfer Conference,San Francisco,CA,USA,July19–23,2009.20. A.C.To and B.J.Lee,“Multifunctional One-dimensional Phononic Crystal Structures ExploitingInterfacial Acoustic Waves,”2009MRS Spring Meeting,San Francisco,CA,USA,April13–17, 2009.21.S.Basu,B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Near-FieldRadiation Calculated with an Improved DielectricFunction Model for Doped Silicon,”A SME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,Paper No.IMECE2008-68314,Boston,MA,USA,October31–November6,2008.22.L.P.Wang, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Metamaterials Using Magnetic Resonance between Pe-riodic Strips and a Metallic Film,”OSA Fall Optics and Photonics Congress:Plasmonics and Metamaterials,Rochester,NY,USA,October20–23,2008.23. B.J.Lee,L.P.Wang,X.J.Wang,and Z.M.Zhang,“Spatialand Temporal Coherent Emission froma Fabry-Perot Resonance Cavity,”ASME3rd Energy Nanotechnology International Conference,Jacksonville,FL,USA,August10–14,2008.24. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“Energy Streamlines in Near-Field Thermal Radiation,”ASME Mi-cro/Nanoscale Heat Transfer International Conference,Paper No.MNHT2008-52210,Tainan,Tai-wan,January6–9,2008.25.Y.-B.Chen, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Infrared Radiative Properties of Submicron MetallicSlit Arrays,”ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,Paper No.IMECE2007-41268,Seattle,WA,USA,November11–15,2007.26.S.Basu, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Infrared Radiative Properties of Heavily Doped Siliconat Room Temperature,”ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Paper No.IMECE2007-41266,Seattle,WA,USA,November11–15,2007(2nd Place in ASME -Hewlett Packard Best Paper Award).27. B.J.Lee,K.Park,and Z.M.Zhang,“Visualization of Energy Streamlines in Near-Field ThermalRadiation,”in Photogallery Heat Transfer Visualization,ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering and Summer Heat Transfer Conference,Vancouver,Canada,July8–12,2007.28. B.J.Lee,Y.-B.Chen,and Z.M.Zhang,“Indirect Measurements of Coherent Thermal Emissionfrom a Truncated Photonic Crystal Structure,”A SME-JSME Thermal Engineering and Summer Heat Transfer Conference,Paper No.HT2007-321303,Vancouver,Canada,July8–12,2007.29. B.J.Lee,Y.-B.Chen,and Z.M.Zhang,“Can Infrared Energy Be Focused to Nanometeric LengthScale?”ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,Chicago,IL,USA, November5–10,2006.30. B.J.Lee,Y.-B.Chen,and Z.M.Zhang,“Measurementsof Coherent Thermal Emission from PlanarMultilayer Structures,”A SME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition, Chicago,IL,USA,November5–10,2006(poster presentation).31.Z.M.Zhang and B.J.Lee,“What is Photon Tunneling?”ASME International Mechanical Engi-neering Congress and Exposition,Chicago,IL,USA,November5–10,2006.32. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“CoherentThermal Emission from Modi?ed Periodic Multilayer Struc-tures,”ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,Paper No.IMECE2005-82487,Orlando,FL,USA,November5–11,2005.33. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“Temperature and Doping Dependence of the Radiative Properties ofProceedings of the13th IEEE Annual International Conference on Silicon:Drude Model Revisited,”Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors,pp.251–260,S anta Barbara,CA,USA,October 4–7,2005.34. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“Rad-Pro:E?ective Software for Modeling Radiative Properties inRapid Thermal Processing,”Proceedings of the13th IEEE Annual International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors,pp.275–281,S anta Barbara,CA,USA,October 4–7,2005.35. B.J.Lee,V.P.Khuu,and Z.M.Zhang,“Partially Coherent Spectral Radiative Properties ofDielectric Thin Films with Rough Surfaces,”37th AIAA Thermophysics Conference,Paper AIAA-2004-2466,Portland,OR,USA,June28–July1,2004.36. B.K.Tsai,D.P.DeWitt, E.A.Early,L.M.Hanssen,S.N.Mekhontsev,M.Rink,K.G.Kreider, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Emittance Standards for Improved Radiation Thermometry during Ther-mal Processing of Silicon Materials,”9th International Symposium on Temperature and Thermal Measurements in Industry and Science,Cavtat-Dubrovnik,Croatia,June22–25,2004.37.H.J.Lee, B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Modeling the Radiative Properties of SemitransparentWafers with Rough Surfaces and Thin-Film Coatings,”4th International Symposium on Radiation Transfer,Istanbul,Turkey,June20–25,2004.38.K.Park, B.J.Lee, C.J Fu,and Z.M.Zhang,“E?ect of Surface and Bulk Polaritons on theRadiative Properties of Multilayer Structures with a Left-Handed Medium,”ASME International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition,Washington D.C.,USA,Paper No.IMECE2003-41972,November16–21,2003.39.Z.M.Zhang,B.J.Lee,and H.J.Lee,“Studyof the Radiative Properties of Silicon-Based Materialsfor Thermal Processing and Control,”Proceedings of the11th IEEE Annual International Con-ference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors,pp.107–115,C harleston,SC,USA, September23–26,2003.40. B.J.Lee and Z.M.Zhang,“Developmentof Experimentally Validated Optical Property Models forSilicon and Related Materials,”P roceedings of the11th IEEE Annual International Conference on Advanced Thermal Processing of Semiconductors,pp.143–150,C harleston,SC,USA,September 23–26,2003.41.H.J.Lee,B.J.Lee,and Z.M.Zhang,“Modeling the Directional Spectral Radiative Properties ofSemitransparent Wafers with Thin-Film Coatings,”15th Symposium on Thermophysical Proper-ties,Boulder,CO,USA,June22–27,2003.5.4DOMESTIC CONFERENCE PROCEEDING1.J.Jeon,S.Park,and B.J.Lee,“Enhancing Light Absorption Performance of Volumetric So-lar Collector using Plasmonic Nano?uid based on Gold Nanorod,”KSME Annual Fall Meeting, Gwangju,Korea,November11–13,2014.2.M.Lim,S.M.Jin,S.S.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“DopedSi-Graphene-InSb Near-Field Thermophoto-voltaic System,”KSME Annual Fall Meeting,Gwangju,Korea,November11–13,2014.3.J.B.Kim and B.J.Lee,“Thermal Properties of Dielectric Nano?uids,”KSME Annual Fall Meet-ing,Gwangju,Korea,November11–13,2014.4.M.K.Lim,S.S.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“The E?ect of Graphene on the Near-Field Radiation,”KSMEThermal Engineering Division Spring Meeting,Busan,Korea,May23–24,2013(poster presenta-tion).5.S.W.Kim and B.J.Lee,“Pool Boiling Characteristics of SiO2-Nanoparticle-Coated Surface,”KSME Thermal Engineering Division Spring Meeting,Busan,Korea,May23–24,2013.6.S.Han,H.J.Lee,and B.J.Lee,“Designand Analysis of E?cient Solar Absorber Using Two-Dimensional Metallic Gratings,”KSME Annual Fall Meeting,Changwon,Korea,November7–9, 2012.7.H.J.Lee,J.S.Jin,and B.J.Lee,“Specularity Models to Account for Energy Scattering by Sur-face Roughness,”KSME Thermal Engineering Division Spring Meeting,Yongpyung,Korea,May 23–25,2012.5.5BOOK CHAPTERChapter3,1.Z.M.Zhang and B.J.Lee,“Theoryof Thermal Radiation and Radiative Properties,”pp.74–132,i n Radiometric Temperature Measurements:I.Fundamentals,Z.M.Zhang, B.K.Tsai, and G.Machin(eds.),Academic Press(an Imprint of Elsevier),Amsterdam,2009.5.6PATENT1.J.Jeon and B.J.Lee,“PlasmonicNano?uid Having Broad-band Absorption Characteristic Madeby Blending Gold Nanorods of Di?erent Aspect Ratios and Its Design Method,”Korea Patent (Application Number:10-2015-0000500).2.J.B.Kim and B.J.Lee,“LowViscous Dielectric Nano?uid for Electric Device Cooling,”KoreaPatent(Application Number:10-2014-0173068).3.H.Lee,H.J.Choi,and B.J.Lee,“Metamaterial-based Absorber of Solar Radiation Energy andMethod of Manufacturing the Same,”Korea Patent(Patent Number:10-1497817).4.S.W.Han,B.S.Choi,T.H.Song,S.J.Kim,and B.J.Lee,“ThinFilm of Variable Emittance Ma-terial on Metal Layer and Method for Fabrication,”Korea Patent(Patent Number:10-1430222).6INVITED PRESENTATIONS1.“Application of Thermal Radiation to Energy Technology,”Department seminar,Department ofMechanical Engineering,Pohang University of Science and Technology,Korea,May8,2015.2.“Introduction to Nanoscale Thermal Radiation,”Department seminar,School of Mechanical En-gineering,Yeungnam University,Korea,March27,2015.3.“Introduction to Nanoscale Thermal Radiation,”Group seminar,Thermal&Fluid System R&BDGroup,Korea Institute of Industrial Technology(KITECH),Korea,March17,2015.4.“Introduction to Nanoscale Thermal Radiation,”Department seminar,Department of MechanicalEngineering,Korea University,Korea,March6,2015.5.“Nanoscale Thermal Radiation:Theory and Application,”D ivision seminar,School of Energy Sci-ence and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin,China,January19,2015.6.“NanoscaleThermal Radiation:Theory and Application,”Division seminar,Institute of FluidScience,Tohoku University,Sendai,Japan,January13,2015.7.“Design of Metamaterial-based Solar Thermal Absorber,”Invited presentation,Material ResearchSociety of Korea,Daejeon,Korea,November27,2014.8.“Tailoring Radiative Properties with Micro/Nanostructures for Energy Harvesting,”Departmentseminar,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Yonsei University,Korea,November7,2014.9.“Tailoring Radiative Properties with Micro/Nanostructures for Energy Harvesting,”Departmentseminar,School of Mechanical and Advanced Material Engineering,Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology,Korea,October15,2014.10.“NanoscaleThermal Radiation:Theory and Application,”K CC open seminar,KAIST Institutefor Nanocentury,Korea,October14,2014.11.“Spectral and Directional Control of Radiative Properties using Nanostructures,”Departmentseminar,EM2C Laboratory,`Ecole Centrale Paris,France,July10,2014.12.“Application of Nanostructures in Solar Energy Absorption,”Invited presentation,KSME ThermalEngineering Division Spring Meeting,Jeju,Korea,April25,2014.13.“DesigningNanostructures for Solar Thermal Absorption,”Department seminar,School of Mecha-tronics,Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology,Korea,April16,2014.14.“Introduction to Nanoscale Thermal Radiation,”Division seminar,Division of Future Vehicle,KAIST,Korea,April9,2014.15.“Harvesting Solar Thermal Energy using Nanoscale Engineering,”Department seminar,Depart-ment of Materials Science and Engineering,Korea University,Korea,May25,2013.16.“Measurementof Radiative Properties and Their Control using Nanostructures,”D ivision seminar,Environmental and Energy Systems Research Division,Korea Institute of Machinery&Materials (KIMM),Korea,February7,2013.17.“Metamaterials for Thermal Radiation and Their Counterpart for Acoustic Waves and Phonons,”Department seminar,Department of Nano Manufacturing Technology,Korea Institute of Machin-ery&Materials(KIMM),Korea,February5,2013.Department seminar,Department18.“PlasmonicNanoparticles for Energy and Sensing Applications,”of Mechanical Engineering,National Cheng Kung University,Taiwan,January25,2013.19.“ThermalRadiative Properties of Nanostructures,”I nvited presentation,KSME Annual Fall Meet-ing,Changwon,Korea,November8,2012.20.“Tailoring Radiative Properties using Nanostructures,”Department seminar,Satellite Thermal/Propulsion Department,Korea Aerospace Research Institute(KARI),Korea,August29,2012.21.“Application of Gold Nanoshell for Biosensing and Direct Solar Thermal Absorption,”Invitedpresentation,Collaborative Conference on Materials Research,Seoul,Korea,June26,2012.22.“Thermal Radiative Properties of Nanostructures,”D epartment seminar,Department of Mechan-ical Engineering,Tokyo Metropolitan University,Japan,March16,2012.23.“Thermal Radiative Properties of Nanostructures,”D epartment seminar,Department of Mechan-ical Engineering,Tokyo University of Science,Japan,March15,2012.24.“RecentDevelopment in Measurement Techniques of the Radius of Curvature of Re?ectors inSolar Thermal Power Plant,”Department seminar,Department of Solar Energy,Korea Institute of Energy Research(KIER),Korea,February29,2012.25.“Theory of Thermal Radiation&Radiative Properties,”I nvited seminar,Home Appliance R&DLaboratory,LG Electronics,Korea,December16,2011.26.“Electric or Magnetic Metamaterials for Applications in Biosensing and Energy Harvesting,”Di-vision seminar,Nano-Mechanical Systems Research Division,Korea Institute of Machinery&Ma-terials(KIMM),Korea,November25,2011.27.“Application of Plasmonic Nanostructures in Solar Energy Harvesting,”K AIST Institute Thursdayseminar,KAIST Institute for Eco-Energy,Korea,October6,2011.28.“LocalizedSurface Plasmon and Its Applications in Biosensing and Energy Harvesting,”Depart-ment seminar,Department of Mechanical Engineering,Sogang University,Korea,May6,2011.29.“Tailoring Radiative Properties using Nanostructures,”D epartment seminar,Department of Me-chanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics,University of Pennsylvania,USA,November11, 2010.30.“EnhancedFluorescence of Quantum Dots by the Dynamic Near-Field Interaction with PlasmonicNanoparticles,”Invited presentation,Workshop on Thermal Transport at the Nanoscale,Telluride, CO,USA,June21-25,2010.31.“Engineering Nanostructures for Tailoring Energy Transport,”Department seminar,Departmentof Physics,Indiana University of Pennsylvania,USA,April2,2010.32.“Nanostructures for the Control of Thermal Radiative Properties,”I nvited presentation,ASMEMicro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer International Conference,Shanghai,China,December 18-21,2009.33.“Controlling Energy Transport using Surface Waves,”Department seminar,School of Informationand Communication Engineering,Inha University,Korea,May21,2009.34.“Controlling Energy Transport using Surface Waves,”Department seminar,School of Mechanicaland Aerospace Engineering,Seoul National University,Korea,May19,2009.35.“Controlling Energy Transport using Surface Waves,”Department seminar,School of Mechanicaland Advanced Material Engineering,Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology,Korea, May15,2009.36.“Controlling Energy Transport using Surface Waves,”Department seminar,Department of Me-chanical Engineering,Kyung Hee University,Korea,May12,2009.37.“CoherentThermal Emission from Nanostructures and Near-Field Radiative Heat Transfer,”De-partment seminar,Department of Mechanical Engineering,University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA,November6,2008.38.“Multilayer Structures for Coherent Thermal Emission and Energy Pathways in Near-Field Ra-diative Transfer,”I nvited presentation,6th Japan-US Joint Seminar on Nanoscale Transport Phe-nomena-Science and Engineering,Boston,MA,USA,July13-16,2008.39.“Spectral and Directional Radiative Properties of Semitransparent Materials with Rough Sur-faces,”Division seminar,Optical Technology Division,Physics Department,National Institute of Standards and Technology,USA,November10,2004.7PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES&AFFILIATIONS7.1DEPARTMENTAL SER VICE?Curriculum Committee(2013–present)?Coordinator,KAIST-ITB Joint Workshop on Research and Education(2012–present)?Student A?airs Committee(2011–present)?Mechanical Engineering Design Competition Committee(Ad Hoc;2013–present)?EAC Preparation Committee(Ad Hoc;2014)。

3分钟全球变暖的英语演讲稿

3分钟全球变暖的英语演讲稿地球的温度正在快速转变。

导致很多气候变迁，如热浪、干旱和洪水。

科学家认为这是人类活动污染了地球的大气层的结果。

假如不实行行动来防止全球变暖的话，这可能会成为灾难。

以下是我为大家整理的3分钟关于全球变暖的英语演讲稿，供大家参考学习。

3分钟关于全球变暖的英语演讲稿1In recent years do you think the weather suddenly turned hot had the cool autumn now almost until early October the hottest day in August has reached more than 40 degrees. These is different from normal vision we have ourselves to blame the curse.Today the term global warming has gradually penetrated into our life. The word sounds very academic even feel very far away from us so some people are not. In fact the effects of global warming is beyond our imagination: global precipitation redistribution glaciers and permafrost melt rising sea levels and so on. Both harm the natural ecosystem balance more threatening human food supply and living environment.Now that you have aware of the dangers of global warming you should go to predict and improve it. Imagine if global warming is melting in the 21st century the global average temperature rising gradually so the next super storms the next round of searing heat the next major natural disasters will happen? China? The United States? Japan? No one knows. The debate has ended. Scientists around the world agree points out that the earths average temperature has increased nearly 1 ℃. Due to all the early warning information human use of thousands of ships tens of thousands of the monitoring stations of the land and outer space satellite to monitor the earth together. Scientists will have the most advanced computer data input model to estimate the earth can face the future. Prediction results are worrying. Forty years later the Himalayan glaciers the water to the survival of millions of people are likely to disappear. The Greenland ice sheet could melt in 50 years. Currently half of the worlds biodiversity in the amazon rainforest but the rainforest is likely to turn into a piece of barren land by the end of the century. Is likely to be the future of the world like in the movie the day after tomorrow tornado ice fracture the temperature fell sharply ice storms freezing rain earthquake flood tsunami volcanic eruption... This is not a crazy fantasy if humans dont stop destroying the environment it will become a reality!However in the warming is also good. Global warming on rice in heilongjiang province has played a large role.Just global warming to human future development is still the do more harm than good.In order to save the planet we should try to be: dont open air conditioning use recycled paper environmental protection to leave the meat with nitrous oxide dont use plastic bags R22 by bus; R22; Little drops of life. Actually its not difficult to environmental protection as long as you support environmental protection is the best gift you gave the planet.Thank you all!3分钟关于全球变暖的英语演讲稿2Many people believe that human activity is causing the earth’s temperature to rise. They say that this global warming will have dreadful consequences for our environment, such as drought and flooding.The earth’s temperature is rapidly changing. As a result there has been a lot of climate change such as heat waves, droughts and floods. Scientists believe that this is the result of human activity, which is polluting the Earth’s atmosphere. This could become a disaster if governments do not act to help prevent global warming. They can act in three ways; by supporting research, by making laws and by keeping the general public informed.Firstly, governments can support research. For example, they should encourage companies to develop vehicles that cause less pollution. They should also support alternative sources of electricity from wind and water rather than from oil and coal. As well, they should sponsor conferences to discuss the effects of greenhouse gas emissions and possible solutions to the problem.Secondly, they should make laws that limit the amount of greenhouse gases that companies can emit. Private companies should be rewarded for following these laws. They should also be punished for creating pollution.Finally, everybody is affected by global warming. Therefore, it is important that governments involve individuals in the problem solving process. For example they should encourage households to save as much energy as possible by using more efficient light bulbs or less hot water. They should also encourage the public to recycle, and this should be compulsory for everyone. Another way of saving energy is by public transport systems. Governments should spend money on public transport to make it as easy as possible for the public to save energy.In summary, it is clear that there are a lot of things that governments can do to prevent global warming. They should involve companies, support scientists and encourage individuals to protect the planet.3分钟关于全球变暖的英语演讲稿3global warming the gradual increase of the temperature of the earths lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution.The temperature of the atmosphere near the earths surface is warmed through a natural process called the greenhouse effect. Visible shortwave light comes from the sun to the earth passing unimpeded through a blanket of thermal or greenhouse gases composed largely of water vapor carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone. Infrared radiation reflects off the planets surface toward space but does not easily pass through the thermal blanket. Some of it is trapped and reflected downward keeping the planet at an average temperature suitable to life about 60°F (16°C).Growth in industry agriculture and transportation since the Industrial Revolution has produced additional quantities of the natural greenhouse gases plus chlorofluorocarbons and other gases augmenting the thermal blanket. It is generally accepted that this increase in the quantity of greenhouse gases is trapping more heatand increasing global temperatures making a process that has been beneficial to life potentially disruptive and harmful. During the past century the atmospheric temperature has risen 1.1°F (0.6°C) and sea level has risen several inches. Some projected longer-term results of global warming include melting of polar ice with a resulting rise in sea level and coastal flooding; disruption of drinking water supplies dependent on snow melts; profound changes in agriculture due to climate change; extinction of species as ecological niches disappear; more frequent tropical storms; and an increased incidence of tropical diseases.Improved automobile mileage reforestation projects energy efficiency in construction and national support for mass transit are among relatively simpler adjustments that could significantly lower U.S. production of greenhouse gases. More aggressive adjustments include a gradual worldwide shift away from the use of fossil fuels the elimination of chlorofluorocarbons and the slowing of deforestation by restructuring the economies of developing nations. In 20__the Bush administration proposed several voluntary measures for slowing the increase in instead of reducing emissions of greenhouses gases.3分钟关于全球变暖的英语演讲稿4Global WarmingThere is little doubt that the planet is warming. Over the last century, the planets temperature has risen by around 1 degree fahrenheit (0.6 of a degree celsius). The warmest since the mid 1800’s was the 1990s. The hottest years recorded were 1997, 1998, 2021, 2021, 2021.The United Nations panel on climate change projects that the global temperatures will rise 3-10 degrees fahrenheit by the century’s end - enough to have the polar caps all but melted. If the ice caps melt, a vast majority of our countries borders will be under water. Monuments and great buildings, as well as homes and lives will be under water, including New York City.So now we know what some of the causes are for global warming, how can we as individuals do our part to help save the planet?The answer is simpler than you may think. You don’t have to go miles away from home to protest, or spend masses of money. If you try to follow the few simple steps that I shall now give you, you will have started to help us all.Firstly, plant a tree. This could be easier than it sounds. Join or help out a local wildlife group and ask to plant a tree. Trees, when fully grown, will help keep the planet cooler. On the same point, you could protest against the demolition of the rainforests. This is the same principle, we need the trees to cool our planet and yet they are chopping them down to create roads or homes.Something as simple as walking instead of taking the car will help reduce pollution. As well as stopping pollution, you are giving yourself exercise, something important for our bodies. So the next time you get into your car, or your motorbike, think - do I have to make this journey by vehicle or can I walk?When you are at home, and your getting a little cold. Put a jumper on and do not adjust the heating. The extra heat produced by our homes also affects the planet. So try wearing an extra layer in winter.If possible, buy your fruit and vegetables from local suppliers. And try to avoid imported goods. The more foreign food that we import the more pollution from aeroplanes and boats it will create.Keeping to the speed limit can also help the environment. The more you speed the more petrol you are going to use, making the pollution higher. Also, SUV’s make about six times their own weight in CO2 each year. A small efficient diesel car covering the same distance not only uses much less fuel; it makes two thirds less.If possible use solar energy, after all it is free; all you need to buy is the equipment. You can get much of your hot water and heating from the sun and even generate electricity.Reduce, reuse and recycle. Only buy what you need; don’t stock the cupboards with things you may or may not use. Reuse whatever you can, like containers and paper, and recycle what you cannot reuse. It really is as simple as that.Finally turning off unused sources of power such as televisions and heaters will help the environment, as well as save you money.If everybody stuck to these rules, we would be doing a great thing by protecting the earth. So please take into consideration what I have said, and try to do your part. After all, it will be our next generation that will feel the effects.3分钟关于全球变暖的英语演讲稿5The topic of global warming is attracting the attentions of countries all over the world. This global warming is on such a scale that it will wreak havoc on both poor and rich countries. It could even make large sections of the earth uninhabitable.What have caused global warming? The theory and evidence strongly suggest that human-related emissions of carbon into the atmosphere is causing, and will in the future cause, significant global warming.How we should fight global warming? We should be taking active steps now to curb emissions and we should be engaging in international co-operation to do so. A simple natural way to fight global warming is to have escalating Taxes on carbon emissions. There is a simple reason why this is the ideal remedy: carbon emissions into the atmosphere constitute a nuisance to everybody on the planet; so those who make this nuisance should pay for their actions. A further recommendation is that there should be large-scale government support for research into new technology that will reduce carbon emissions.China is the rising economic star; and if it also wants to assert world leadership status, it is a good opportunity for China to show the world that it has a moral commitment and the will to fight global warming.。

建筑玻璃相关英文术语汇总

建筑玻璃相关英文术语汇总(1)GB11614平板玻璃平板玻璃flat glass光学变形optical distortion点状缺陷spot faults断面缺陷edge defects厚薄差thickness wedge(2)GB/T18915.1镀膜玻璃第1部分：阳光控制镀膜玻璃镀膜玻璃coated glass阳光控制镀膜玻璃solar control coated glass针孔pinhole斑点spot斑纹stain暗道dark stripe(3)GB/T18915.2镀膜玻璃第2部分：低辐射镀膜玻璃辐射率emissivity低辐射镀膜玻璃low emissivity coated glass(4)GB15763.1建筑用安全玻璃第一部分：防火玻璃耐火完整性integrity of fire-resistant耐火隔热性insulation of fire-resistant热辐射强度irradiance(5)GB15763.2建筑用安全玻璃第2部分：钢化玻璃建筑用安全玻璃safety glazing materials in building 钢化玻璃tempered glass(6)GB15763.3建筑用安全玻璃第3部分：夹层玻璃中间层interlayer离子性中间层ionoplast interlayerPVB中间层PVB interlayerEVA中间层EVA interlayer夹层玻璃laminated glass安全夹层玻璃laminated safety glass对称夹层玻璃symmetrical laminated glass不对称夹层玻璃asymmetrical laminated glass周边区edge area可视区vision area裂口vents皱痕creases条纹streaks due to interlayer inhomogeneity脱胶delamination点缺陷spot defects线缺陷linear defects(7)GB15763.4建筑用安全玻璃第4部分：均质钢化玻璃均质钢化玻璃heat soaked thermally tempered glass (8)JC/T1079真空玻璃真空玻璃vacuum glazing(9)GB/T11944中空玻璃中空玻璃insulating glass unit(10)JC/T2128超白浮法玻璃超白浮法玻璃ultra-clear float glass虹彩bloom(11)GB/T8484建筑外门窗保温性能分级及检测方法分级graduation保温性能thermal insulating properties门窗传热系数door and window thermal transmittance 热导率thermal conductance抗结露因子condensation resistance factor总的半球发射率total hemispherical emissivity热流系数thermal current coefficient玻璃门glass door(12)GB/T36261建筑用节能玻璃光学及热工参数现场测量技术条件与计算方法光热参数optical and thermal parameters光热计算用基础参数basic parameter for optical and thermal calculation(13)GB/T36142建筑玻璃颜色及色差的测量方法建筑玻璃architectural glass透射颜色transmission color反射颜色reflection color垂直反射颜色vertical reflection color偏角反射颜色off-angle reflection color玻璃色差color difference of glass偏角色差off-angle color difference片内色差glass unit color difference片间色差pane-to-pane color difference同批色差same batch color difference批间色差color difference between batches镜面反射标准样品specular reflection reference material光谱光度测色法(分光光度测色法)spectrophotometric colorimetryCIE LAB均匀色空间CIE LAB uniform color space(14)GB/T22476中空玻璃稳态U值(传热系数)的计算及测定稳态U值(传热系数)steady-state U value中空玻璃U值(传热系数)U value(thermal transmittance of glazing)(15)GB/T18144玻璃应力测试方法玻璃应力stress in glass起偏振片polarizer检偏振片analyzer(16)GB/T18091玻璃幕墙光热性能色差colour difference透光折减系数transmitting rebate factor失能眩光disability glare不舒适眩光discomfort glare视场visual field畸变deformation玻璃幕墙光热性能optical and thermal performance of glass curtain walls太阳辐射solar radiation一般显色指数general colour rendering index颜色透射指数transmitting colour rendering index玻璃幕墙的有害反射光harmful reflected light of glass curtain walls紫外线透射比UV-transmittance可见光透射比visible light transmittance可见光反射比visible light reflectance太阳光直接透射比solar direct transmittance太阳光直接反射比solar direct reflectance太阳能总透射比total solar energy transmittance透光材料的遮阳系数shading coefficient of transparent material玻璃幕墙的遮阳系数shading coefficient of glass curtain walls光热比visible light to solar gain coefficient(17)GB/T36405平板玻璃应力检测方法板面应力plane stress板厚应力interior stress起偏器polarizer检偏器analyzer双折射光程差birefringence optical path difference(18)GB50189公共建筑节能设计标准透明幕墙transparent curtain wall可见光透射比visible transmittance窗墙面积比area ratio of window to wall遮阳系数(SC)sunshading coefficient太阳得热系数(SHGC)solar heat gain coefficient(19)GB50033建筑采光设计标准照度illuminance室外照度exterior illuminance室内照度interior illuminance采光系数daylight factor采光系数标准值standard value of daylight factor 年平均总照度annual average total illuminance不舒适眩光discomfort glare窗地面积比ratio of glazing to floor area采光有效进深depth of daylighting zone导光管采光系统tubular daylighting system导光管采光系统效率efficiency of the tubular daylighting system采光利用系数daylight utilization factor光热比light to solar gain ratio透光折减系数transmitting rebate factor(20)GB/T21086建筑幕墙建筑幕墙curtain wall for building玻璃幕墙glass curtain wall全玻幕墙full glass curtain wall点支承玻璃幕墙point supported glass curtain wall 双层幕墙double-skin facade(21)JG/T455建筑门窗幕墙用钢化玻璃倒棱bevelling三边细磨finely ground edge三边抛光polished edge(22)JGJ237建筑遮阳工程技术规范建筑遮阳solar shading of building固定遮阳装置fixed solar shading device活动遮阳装置active solar shading device外遮阳装置external solar shading device内遮阳装置internal solar shading device中间遮阳装置middle solar shading device太阳能总透射比total solar energy transmittance遮阳系数shading coefficient(SC)外遮阳系数outside solar shading coefficient of window (SD)外窗综合遮阳系数overalll shading coefficient of window(SCW)(23)JG/T231建筑玻璃采光顶技术要求建筑玻璃采光顶buiding glass skylight system太阳得热系数(SHGC)solar heat gain coefficient(24)JGJ/T151建筑门窗玻璃幕墙热工计算规程玻璃幕墙glass curtain-wall夏季标准计算环境条件standard summer environmental condition冬季标准计算环境条件standard winter environmental condition传热系数thermal transmittance面板传热系数thermal transmittance of panel线传热系数linear thermal transmittance太阳光总透射比total solar energy transmittance,solar factor遮阳系数shading coefficient可见光透射比visible transmittance露点温度dew point temperature(25)JGJ113建筑玻璃应用技术规程建筑玻璃architectural glass玻璃中部强度strength on center area of glass破璃边缘强度strength on border area of glass玻璃端面强度strength on edge of glass单片玻璃single glass有框玻璃framed glazing玻璃板自由边free edge of glass室内饰面用玻璃facing glass in room屋面用玻璃roof glass地板玻璃floor and stairway glazingU型玻璃墙U glass wall前部余隙front clearance后部余隙back clearance边缘间隙edge clearance嵌入深度edge cover(26)JGJ102玻璃幕墙工程技术规范建筑幕墙building curtain wall组合幕墙composite curtain wall玻璃幕墙glass curtain wall斜玻璃幕墙inclined building curtain wall框支承玻璃幕墙frame supported glass curtain wall明框玻璃幕墙exposed frame supported glass curtain wall隐框玻璃幕墙hidden frame supported glass curtain wall 半隐框玻璃幕墙semi-hidden frame supported glass curtain wall单元式玻璃幕墙frame supported glass curtain wall assembled in prefabricated units构件式玻璃幕墙frame supported glass curtain wall assembled in elements全玻幕墙full glass curtain wall点支承玻璃幕墙point-supported glass curtain wall支承装置supporting device支承结构supporting structure硅酮结构密封胶structural silicone sealant硅酮建筑密封胶weather proofing silicone sealant相容性compatibility(27)JC/T2450被动房透明部分用玻璃太阳红外热能总透射比total solar infrared heat transmittance光热比light to solar gain ratio暖边间隔条warm edge spacer(28)GB/T35604绿色产品评价建筑玻璃相对节能率relative energy saving ratio(29)JC/T2304建筑用保温隔热玻璃技术条件太阳红外热能总透射比total solar infrared heat transmittance光热比light to solar gain ratio单银低辐射镀膜玻璃single silver Low-E coated glass 双银低辐射镀膜玻璃double silver Low-E coated glass 三银低辐射镀膜玻璃triple silver Low-E coated glass 在线低辐射多玻璃on line Low-E coated glass第二部分：对玻璃种类、玻璃特性及测试、玻璃工艺、中空玻璃间隔条及密封胶、气体等项目分类整理常用相关英语术语2.1玻璃种类：aluminoborosilicate glass铝硼硅酸盐玻璃aluminosilicate glass铝硅酸盐玻璃annealed glass退火玻璃art glass艺术玻璃，镶嵌玻璃bent glass弯玻璃，弯玻bullet resistant glass防弹玻璃capillary tube unit安装毛细管的中空玻璃chemical strengthened glass化学钢化玻璃clear glass白玻，透明玻璃crystal glass晶质玻璃cullet碎玻璃，废玻璃(料)decorative glass装饰玻璃，镶嵌玻璃double glazing双层中空玻璃triple glazing三玻中空玻璃enamel glass釉彩玻璃flat glass平板玻璃four sides curtain wall全隐式幕墙gas–filled unit充惰性气体的中空玻璃heat mirror热镜heat-strengthened glass热增强玻璃，半钢化玻璃heat-treated glass热处理玻璃laminated glass夹层玻璃lead crystal铅晶质玻璃leaded glass含铅玻璃low-emissivity coating低辐射镀膜low-emissivity glass低辐射玻璃multiple glazing多层玻璃;多层玻璃窗reflective glass反射镀膜玻璃scrap glass废玻璃self-cleaning glass自清洁玻璃silicate glass硅酸盐玻璃single pane单片玻璃smart glass智能玻璃soda ash glass钠玻璃soda lime glass钠钙玻璃soda-lime-silica glass钠钙硅酸盐玻璃sound contral glass声控玻璃stained glass彩色玻璃tempered glass钢化玻璃tint glass有色玻璃toughened glass强化玻璃ultraviolet-transmitting glass透紫外线玻璃2.2玻璃特性及测试：abrasion index磨损指数abrasion tester耐磨试验机accelerated aging test加速老化实验acid resistance耐酸性acoustic声学的aging resistance耐老化性，老化性能aging test老化实验air infiltration空气渗透ambient noise环境噪音ambient temperature环境温度atmospheric pressure大气压(力) bending strength弯曲强度breakage炸裂breaking stress极限应力，破裂应力cavity thickness空腔厚度chemical fogging化学雾chemical resistance耐化学性coefficient of expansion膨胀系数cold flexibility冷挠曲性cold flow冷流cold resistant抗低温性能compatibility相容性compressive strength压强度compressive stress压应力condensation冷凝conduction传导convection对流cracking裂化，裂解，断裂，裂纹creep蠕变critical temperature临界温度cyclic wind loading周期性风荷载decibel(db)分贝deflection挠度，挠曲delaminate分层，脱层design load设计荷载dew point露点distortion扭曲，畸变distribution分布durability耐久性durometer硬度测验器edge clearance边部间隙edge of glass玻璃边部endothermic吸热的energy efficiency能源效率fahrenheit华氏far IR远红外flaw缺陷flexible弹性的fog雾gas retention惰性气体保持能力glass breakage玻璃炸裂gpr(gas permeance rate)气体渗透率hardness硬度heat flow热流heat resistance耐热性hermetic气密的high humidity testing高湿试验humidity aging湿度老化humidity湿度IR红外线impact resistance抗冲击impact strength抗冲击强度impact冲击indentation hardness压痕硬度infrared红外的initial dew point初始露点initial初始的inside temperature室内温度insulating value保温值intensity强度;密(集)度internal reflection内反射internal strain内应变internal stress内应力long-wave长波negative pressure负压noise factor噪声系数noise insulation factor隔噪声因子noise level噪声级noise limitation噪声限度noise pollution噪声污染noise reduction coefficient降(低)噪(声)系数noise reduction噪声降低nr(noise reduction)降噪radiation辐射refractive index折射率relative humidity(r.h)相对湿度RH相对湿度room temperature室温scratch划伤short wavelength短波波长simulation模拟solar energy太阳能solar rediation太阳辐射solar tranmittance太阳透射比sound absorption coefficient吸声系数specimen样品spectrophotometry分光光度测定(法)splotch污点，(渍，痕)，斑点strain point应变点standard deviation标准差strain应变stress应力strength强度surface flaw表面缺陷surface in compression表面压应力surface temperature表面温度surface tension表面张力tensile strength拉伸强度test apparatus实验仪器thermal break热炸裂thermal conductance热传导thermal conductivity coefficient热传导系数tint着色，色彩，色调transparency透明度ultraviolet紫外线ultravioet light紫外线灯U-value u值UV-lamp紫外线灯visible可见的visible light可见光visual distortion视觉变形warp光学扭曲，翘曲wavelength波长weather cycling气候循环实验，气候循环检测weatherometer老化实验机wind load风荷载2.3玻璃工艺：air barrier防漏气隔离层，隔离屏障，气挡air drying风干anealing lehr(隧道氏)退火窑(炉)annealing point退火温度(相当黏度为1018泊) annealing退火，退火的breather tube呼吸管capillary毛细管coating technology镀膜技术condensation gutter冷凝水收集槽，沟diaphram横膈膜，隔膜，膜片edge cover边部遮盖faying surfaces接触面float process浮法工艺fusion熔融，熔化glass washer玻璃清洗机glazing bead玻璃压条glazing system玻璃装配系统heat press roller热(辊)压机heat treated热处理heat-seal熔焊，熔接，热封intelayer夹胶，夹层lehr退火窑(炉)sloped glazed倾斜似玻璃装配soft coat软镀膜sputter-coated low-e阴极溅射低辐射镀膜suspended glazing吊挂式玻璃装配target靶tin bath锡槽2.4中空玻璃间隔条及密封胶：aluminum spacer铝带隔条bent spacer连续弯管金属隔条box spacer槽铝式隔条butyl丁基胶cold edge冷边compatible spacer相容间隔条desiccant分子筛dual seal双道密封edge seal height边部密封高度edge seal边部密封flexible silicone foam弹性硅酮微孔间隔条，超级间隔条gasket玻璃密封胶条hot melt butyl热融丁基胶hot melt sealant热融密封胶sealant密封胶sealed space密封空腔secondary seal第二道密封secondary sealant第二道密封胶silica gel硅胶silicone structural seal硅酮结构胶silicone weather seal硅酮耐候胶silicone硅酮胶spacer depth间隔条深度，间隔条高度spacer height间隔条高度spacer width间隔条宽度spacer间隔条，中空玻璃间隔条stainless steel spacer不锈钢间隔条super spacer超级间隔条warm edge暖边2.5气体：air filled充空气argon filled充氩气argon氩气gas气体inert gas惰性气体nitrogen氮气xenon gas氙气。

温室效应

1.温室效应简略图温室效应是指透射阳光的密闭空间由于与外界缺乏热交换而形成的保温效应，就是太阳短波辐射可以透过大气射入地面，而地面增暖后放出的长波辐射却被大气中的二氧化碳等物质所吸收，从而产生大气变暖的效应。

大气中的二氧化碳就像一层厚厚的玻璃，使地球变成了一个大暖房。

据估计，如果没有大气，地表平均温度就会下降到-23℃，而实际地表平均温度为15℃，这就是说温室效应使地表温度提高38℃。

大气中的二氧化碳浓度增加，阻止地球热量的散失，使地球发生可感觉到的气温升高，这就是有名的“温室效应”。

大气能使太阳短波辐射到达地面，但地表向外放出的长波热辐射线却被大气吸收，这样就使地表与低层大气温度增高，因其作用类似于栽培农作物的温室，故名温室效应。

2原理温室效应太阳辐射主要是短波辐射，而地面辐射和大气辐射则是长波辐射。

大气对长波辐射的吸收力较强，对短波辐射的吸收力较弱。

白天：太阳光照射到地球上，部分能量被大气吸收，部分被反射回宇宙，大约47%的能量被地球表面吸收夜晚：晚上地球表面以红外线的方式向宇宙散发白天吸收的热量，其中也有部分被大气吸收大气层如同覆盖玻璃的温室一样，保存了一定的热量，使得地球不至于像没有大气层的月球一样，被太阳照射时温度急剧升高，不受太阳照射时温度急剧下降。

一些理论认为，由于温室气体的增加，使地球整体所保留的热能增加，导致全球暖化。

2. 自工业革命以来，人类向大气中排入的二氧化碳等吸热性强的温室气体逐年增加，大气的温室效应也随之增强，已引起全球气候变暖等一系列严重问题，引起了全世界各国的关注。

除二氧化碳以外，对产生温室效应有重要作用的气体还有甲烷、臭氧、氯氟烃以及水气等。

随着人口的急剧增加，工业的迅速发展，排入大气中的二氧化碳相应增多；又由于森林被大量砍伐，大气中应被森林吸收的二氧化碳没有被吸收，由于二氧化碳逐渐增加，温室效应也不断增强.关系温室效应主要是由于现代化工业社会过多燃烧煤炭、石油和天然气，大量排放尾气，这些燃料燃烧后放出大量的二氧化碳气体进入大气造成的。

太阳能-红外联合干燥葡萄的探讨

太阳能-红外联合干燥葡萄的探讨作者：李建军来源：《农学学报》 2014年第3期李建军（塔里木大学机械电气化工程学院，新疆阿拉尔843300）摘要：文章回顾了吐鲁番葡萄独特的生长环境和产业地位，简述了葡萄干燥的不同方法、干燥特点以及联合干燥方法的优势和前景，指出了太阳能干燥和远红外干燥具有节约能源、速度快、品质高的优点，提出太阳能-红外可联合中草药和其他农副产品，得出太阳能-红外联合干燥葡萄是可行的，由于太阳能的可再生性，红外干燥也具有节能的特点，两者联合干燥葡萄发展前景广阔。

目前，太阳能-红外干燥仍处于研究阶段，近年研究较少，突破不大，一直没达到产业化应用，随着能源的紧缺，太阳能-红外应用会快速发展。

关键词：太阳能；红外；干燥技术；葡萄；品质中图分类号：S609 文献标志码：A 论文编号：2013-0929Solar-Infrared Investigate of Joint Dried GrapesLi Jianjun(Mechanical the Electrification Engineering College Tarim University, Alar 843300, Xinjiang, China)Abstract: The article reviewed the unique Turpan grape growing environment and industry position, outlinedthe different methods of grape drying, drying characteristics and the advantages and prospects of joint dryingmethod, pointed out that solar drying and infrared drying were saving energy, fast, high-quality the advantages,proposed that solar energy-infrared could be combined with herbs and other agricultural products, derivedsolar-infrared drying grapes was feasible, dued to the solar renewable, infrared drying also had energy-savingfeatures, combination of both dried grapes had broad development prospects. At present, solar energy-infrareddrying was still in the research stage, a few studies in recent years, a breakthrough was not, had not reached theindustrial application, with the energy shortage, solar energy-infrared applications would be rapid development.Key words: Solar; Infrared; Drying Technology; Grapes; Quality0 引言驰名中外的吐鲁番葡萄作为新疆地区特色水果，已成为新疆经济发展的支柱产业。

科技馆举行的航天俱乐部活动的英语作文

Space Exploration: An Exciting Journey at theScience MuseumIn the heart of the city, the Science Museum was abuzz with excitement and anticipation. The annual Space Club event had finally arrived, drawing a crowd of curious minds eager to embark on a journey through the vastness of space. Children and adults alike gathered under the vaulted ceilings of the museum, their eyes fixed on the stage, where a series of presentations and interactive demonstrations awaited them.The event kicked off with a captivating talk by a renowned astronaut, who shared his experiences of floating in zero gravity, gazing at the Earth from the window of the International Space Station, and the thrill of space exploration. His stories were filled with adventure and inspiration, making the audience feel as if they were right there, floating alongside him in the infinite blackness of space.Following the astronaut's talk, the audience was treated to a series of interactive demonstrations that showcased the latest advancements in space technology.Robots designed to explore Mars were put through their paces, displaying their ability to navigate complex terrain and collect data. Virtual reality headsets allowed people to experience the sensation of flying through the solar system, while 3D printers created models of planets and spacecrafts.The highlight of the event was the simulation of a space mission, where participants were divided into teams and given the challenge of landing a spacecraft on adistant planet. This hands-on activity was not just fun but also educational, teaching participants about the complexities of space travel and the importance of teamwork and communication in achieving a common goal.As the day drew to a close, the Space Club event left everyone with a sense of wonder and amazement. Thechildren's faces were lit up with excitement, and the adults were left feeling refreshed and inspired. The Science Museum had once again proven to be a haven for learning and exploration, where the boundaries of knowledge and imagination were constantly being pushed.The Space Club event was not just an exhibition or a show; it was an experience that transcended the ordinary.It was a chance for people to step out of their daily routines, to dream big, and to believe that anything was possible. It was a reminder that space exploration was not just a pursuit for scientists and engineers; it was a journey that everyone could take, a journey that was filled with infinite possibilities and unending adventure.**航天探索：科技馆的激动人心之旅**在城市中心，科技馆内热闹非凡，充满了期待。

基于光谱选择的太阳电池被动冷却材料研究进展

photoelectric response light. The other is to improve the emissivity of the mid-infrared region ( MIR) (4 ~ 25 μm) of the
PV surface, and enhance the radiative cooling ability of the parasitic heat. In the view of spectral-selective, the materials
(3) 不适用于双玻组件及光伏轻薄化发展 [13-14] 。
近年来,基于光谱选择的太阳电池被动冷却材料被提出并得到广泛关注 [15-16] 。光伏的热源主要来自太
阳能,太阳光谱中能量大于带隙能( E g ) 的光电响应光子仅有 E g 的能量可以被利用来激发光电效应,产生光
生载流子,余下( hv - E g ) 的能量将以热的形式寄生在电池中,另外,能量小于 E g 的亚带隙光子也会被电池吸
全光谱选择的材料和结构进行了归纳和总结。通过刻蚀、溅射、辊涂等方法在玻璃表面制备的光谱选择材料可以
屏蔽太阳光谱中不激发光电效应的波段,增强中红外辐射制冷能力,从而有效降低光伏温度和提高光电转换效率。
此外,文章还对被动式制冷材料的产业化潜力进行了展望,为相关的开发提供参考。
关键词:太阳电池; 辐射制冷; 太阳光谱选择; 被动冷却材料; 光电转换效率; 光子晶体; 等离激元
and structures of solar spectral-selective, radiative cooling and all-optical spectral-selective to promote the cooling of solar

xx012

一、巨型太阳望远镜( Giant Solar Optical Telescope 简称GISOT)GISOT是一个巨型高分辨太阳望远镜方案（椭圆主镜11mx4m）,中心子镜4m，两边各有3块2m子镜，8个小子镜填充缝隙（减少了中央峰值以外的衍射光）。

GISOT工作波长近紫外～近红外（380nm～2200nm）,采用地平式机架，开放式结构，计划利用自适应光学（Tip/Tilt+变形镜）加事后斑点干涉像复原技术，在可见光处分辨率可达0.01角秒（10km）,是太阳物理界的E-ELT、TMT。

瑞典1米太阳望远镜（SST）分辨率 0.1角秒（可见光处）德国1.5米太阳望远镜（Gregor）分辨率 0.07角秒（可见光处）美国4米太阳望远镜（ATST）分辨率 0.03角秒（可见光处）GISOT采用30m直径可折叠帐篷式圆顶，位于60m高塔架上。

主镜子镜是轻型镜面，镜面背部开有三角形空腔，镜面侧支撑在空腔内（不在镜面边缘），可使镜面彼此靠得更近。

空腔内还有空气冷却系统。

主镜抛物面（11mx4m）,焦距18500mm。

次镜抛物面，直径340mm，焦距500mm。

GISOT光学系统图两种工作模式：1）：共焦所有子镜元件共焦，需要高精度的指向控制，指向探测系统可采用太阳自适应光学波前探测系统。

2）：共位相这需要对主镜元件进行高精度轴向控制（“piston”误差）。

普通的自适应光学波前探测技术（基于Shackhartman）,不能测量“piston”误差，要用干涉测量方法。

有两种方法实现共位相测量a):用几个白光麦克尔逊干涉仪在子镜两两接触区域（有10个这样的区域）测量6个“piston”误差。

b):在曲率中心干涉测量（需要零位补偿）上述两种方法都不能探测大气引起的piston误差（在1um处将达10个波长），探测大气引起的piston误差可采用修正型Dame干涉仪。

参考文献1：GISOT: A giant solar telescopehttp://dot.astro.uu.nl/rrweb/dot-publications/gisot2004.pdf2004年SPIE Vol.5489二、印度2米太阳望远镜计划（India National Large Solar Telescope 简称NLST）印度天体物理研究所提出在喜玛拉雅山地区建造一个2米级的太阳望远镜。

有关太阳光的英文作文

有关太阳光的英文作文Here is an 800-word essay on the topic of sunlight in English, without revealing the prompt:The Radiant Power of the Sun。

The sun is a constant and unwavering presence in our lives, a celestial body that has captivated the imagination of humanity for millennia. As the source of all light and warmth on our planet, the sun's influence extends far beyond the physical realm, shaping the very fabric of our existence. In this essay, we will explore the profound and multifaceted role that sunlight plays in our world, delving into its scientific, environmental, and cultural significance.At the heart of the sun's importance lies its role as the primary source of energy for our planet. Through the process of nuclear fusion, the sun continuously generates an immense amount of electromagnetic radiation, a portionof which reaches the Earth as sunlight. This sunlight is the driving force behind the vast majority of the Earth's natural processes, from the formation of weather patterns to the growth and sustenance of all life on our planet.The scientific significance of sunlight is undeniable. The sun's rays are composed of a spectrum of wavelengths, each with its own unique properties and effects. Thevisible light that we perceive with our eyes is just a small fraction of this spectrum, with the remainder consisting of ultraviolet, infrared, and other forms of radiation. These various wavelengths play crucial roles in the functioning of our planet, from the photosynthesis that powers plant life to the regulation of our circadian rhythms.Beyond its scientific importance, sunlight also holds immense environmental significance. The sun's energy is the driving force behind the Earth's climate and weather systems, with the uneven heating of the planet's surface leading to the formation of wind, precipitation, and other atmospheric phenomena. This delicate balance is crucial forthe maintenance of the Earth's ecosystems, as sunlight-driven processes such as evaporation and transpiration are essential for the water cycle and the distribution of nutrients throughout the biosphere.The cultural and historical significance of sunlight is equally profound. Throughout human history, the sun has been revered and worshipped as a deity, a symbol of life, and a source of spiritual enlightenment. From the ancient sun cults of Egypt and Mesopotamia to the solar deities of Aztec and Inca civilizations, the sun has been a central figure in the belief systems and mythologies of countless cultures around the world.Even in modern times, the sun continues to hold a prominent place in our cultural consciousness. The sun's daily cycle of rising and setting has long been a source of inspiration for artists, poets, and philosophers, who have sought to capture the beauty and power of this celestial phenomenon. The sun's role in providing light and warmth has also made it a symbol of hope, renewal, and the triumph of light over darkness.The importance of sunlight extends beyond its cultural and environmental significance, however, as it also plays a crucial role in our personal health and well-being. Exposure to sunlight has been shown to have numerous benefits, including the production of vitamin D, the regulation of circadian rhythms, and the improvement of mood and mental health. The sun's ultraviolet rays, in particular, have been found to have therapeutic effects,with exposure to moderate amounts of UV light being linkedto the treatment of certain skin conditions and the alleviation of symptoms associated with seasonal affective disorder.Despite the many benefits of sunlight, it is importantto recognize that excessive exposure can also have harmful effects. The sun's ultraviolet radiation can damage theskin and eyes, leading to conditions such as sunburn, premature aging, and even skin cancer. As such, it is essential to strike a balance, ensuring that we reap the rewards of sunlight while also taking appropriate precautions to protect ourselves from its potential dangers.In conclusion, the sun's radiant power is a testament to the intricate and interconnected nature of our world. From its scientific and environmental significance to its cultural and personal impact, sunlight is a fundamental aspect of our existence, shaping the very fabric of our planet and our lives. As we continue to explore and understand the complexities of this celestial body, we must strive to harness its power in a responsible and sustainable manner, ensuring that the sun's light continues to guide and nourish us for generations to come.。

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Association of Mid-Infrared Solar Plages With Calcium K Line Emissions andMagnetic StructuresR.M ARCON 1Institute of Physics “Gleb Watagin” , State University of Campinas, Campinas, BrazilP.K AUFMANN2,3,A.M.M ELO 2,A.S.K UDAKACenter of Radio Astronomy and Astrophysics, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, BrazilE.T ANDBERG-H ANSSENCenter for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, AL, USA ABSTRACT. . Solar mid-IR observations in the 8-15 µm band continuum with moderate angular resolution (18 arcseconds) reveal the presence of bright structures surrounding sunspots. These plage-like features present good association with calcium CaII K1v plages and active region magnetograms. We describe a new optical setup with reflecting mirrors to produce solar images on the focal plane array of uncooled bolometers of a commercial camera preceded by germanium optics. First observations of a sunspot on September 11, 2006 show a mid-IR continuum plage exhibiting spatial distribution closely associated with CaII K1v line plage and magnetogram structures. The mid-IR continuum bright plage is about 140 K hotter than the neighboring photospheric regions, consistent with hot plasma confined by the magnetic spatial structures in and above the active region.1.I NTRODUCTIONThe first solar observations in the mid-IR continuum (8-12 µm) were obtained using large telescopes with high angular resolutions (few arcseconds, Turon & Léna 1970; Gezari, Livingstone & Varosi 1999). These observations measure plasma temperatures above the photosphere, presenting advantages over lines in the visible because they are free from fluctuations caused by micro-turbulences and from Doppler enlargements of spectral lines. Mid-IR continuum images can become an important complementary observational tool to describe spatial features of hot plasma above the photosphere in active regions. Bright mid- IR area surrounding a sunspot was recently reported, from observations made with a small- aperture telescope and wide photometric beam (25 arcseconds) (Melo et al. 2006). They were suggested as equivalent to the previously found “plage-like” features (Gezari, Livingstone & Varosi 1999).Temperatures in the low chromosphere are not possible to be measured directly. They may be theoretically inferred approximately from the analysis of the CaII K 3933.684 Å line (Linsky 1968). It shows wide absorption wings, with width of about 10 Å, and enhanced central intensity over higher temperature regions. It is suitable to describe temperature distributions over solar plages, usually associated with active regions and sunspots, where magnetic fields are more intense and plasma temperatures are higher. Thus, the CaII K1v spectral profile represents temperatures at altitudes ranging from 500 to 1000 km in the chromosphere (Vernazza, Avrett & Loeser 1981; Ulmschneider 2003). Accordingly to unpublished calculations by J. Jefferies and C. Lindsey (quoted by Gezari, Livingstone & Varosi 1999), the following approximated altitudes and temperatures might be assumed for________________________________________________________________1 “Bernard Lyot” Solar Observatory, Campinas, Brazil2Center of Semiconductors Components, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil3e-address: pierre.kaufmann@pq.brcorresponding mid-IR wavelengths: 70 km, 5700 K at 4.8 µm; 180 km, 5100 K at 12.4 µm and 250 km, 4800 K at 18.1 µm, respectively. Images of CaII K plages are also known to exhibit spatial structures closely related to the magnetic fluxes emerging from the photosphere (Babcock & Babcock 1955; Leighton 1959; Schrijver et al. 1989).On the other hand, the mid-infrared continuum emissions present intensities linearly proportional to the temperature. In this paper we will show the spatial correlation between the magnetic configuration, the CaII K1v line higher temperature plage and the mid-IR continuum images obtained with a new optical setup, using an uncooled microbolometer focal-plane array (FPA) camera centered at 10 µm.2.T HE OPTICAL SETUP FOR 10µM SOLAR OBSERVATIONSThe optical arrangement assembled to perform the mid-IR solar observations is shown in Fig.1. It consists of a 150 mm diameter parabolic reflector with 1200 mm primary focal length. The solar image is deflected by two flat mirrors into a rectangular 3 x 4 mm diaphragm opening in an aluminum plate acting as a heat dissipater. This concept is similar to the one used in the Dutch Open Telescope (Rutten et al. 2004). It is intended to prevent overheating of the IR camera optics. The setup is followed by a germanium lens to transfer the solar image to the focal-plane array of microbolometers of a FLIR A20 camera, containing 320 x 240pixels (FLIR 2007). The camera`s own readout electronics and software feed the pixel readouts into a microcomputer. The photometric beam of the setup corresponds to the diffraction limit, being 18 arcseconds.Fig. 1 – The 10 µm band instrumental setup, as assembled in (a) and in a simplified schematic diagram in (b). Labels A: primary parabolic mirror (150 mm in diameter, f/8); B and C: deflecting flat mirrors; D: thermal dissipater diaphragm; E: germanium lens; F: mid IR camera with uncooled microbolometer FPA and G: data acquisition microcomputer.3.O BSERVATIONS AND DATA ANALYSISThe first results using the above described instrumentation were obtained on September 11, 2006, with solar observations carried out on AR 904, at about 13:00 UT. The signal-to-noise ratio of the images was considerably improved using the technique of division by a flat-field frame obtained on a quietarea in the solar disk. The camera was operated in video mode, setting the minimum temperature level above the dark frame level, which contribution becomes negligible. Nearly 300 photograms wereFig. 2 – Procedures and steps to produce the flat-field on a quiet area in the solar disk, the active region frames alignment and division by the flat-field to obtain the final image with higher signal-to-noise ratio and resolution. captured at a rate of 15 frames-per-second on the active region; another sequence was captured on a quiet region, as illustrated in Fig. 2. The latter has been averaged to become a comparison mean flat-field frame. Every frame on the active region movie was then divided by the flat-field, aligned, added to each other and averaged. The final result is shown in Fig. 3 (a). The mid-IR photometric beam is shown at the bottom right. The figure also shows in (b) a magnetogram, obtained by the National Solar Observatory (VSM- NSO/SOLIS 2006 ) and in (c) a CaII K1v image obtained at Observatoire de Paris-Meudon (BASS2000 2006). The similarities in morphology in the three images are striking.Fig. 3 – (a) 10.8 x 8.3 arcmin image of AR 904 on September 11, 2006 at about 13:00 UT, (b) a National Solar Observatory magnetogram (VSM- NSO/SOLIS 2006), (c) and an Observatoire de Paris-Meudon CaII K1v image (BASS2000 2006) The size of the 10 µm photometric beam in shown in the bottom-right of image (a).A photometric profile has been drawn on the active region, shown in Fig. 4 (a). The profile is plotted in Fig. 4 (b), scaling the photosphere-umbra for the 10 µm range after Turon & Lena (1970). The mid-IR plage temperature excess above the photosphere is well defined, being about 140 K above the photospheric values, in the adopted Turon & Léna (1970) scale.Fig. 4 – A photometric profile drawn on the 10 µm image (a), is plotted in (b). The temperature range was scaled after the photosphere-umbra temperatures obtained by Turon & Léna (1970) in the same wavelength range. The mid -IR plage is about 140 K hotter than the surrounding photosphere.4.C ONCLUDING REMARKSIt has been shown that photometry of solar active regions in the mid-IR continuum, obtained with relatively simple instrumentation providing moderate space resolution, is a powerful tool to describe quiescent plages and magnetic field. The presence of bright areas associated with a sunspot is confirmed, exhibiting striking similarity to CaII K and magnetic field morphologies. These observations present advantages compared to other techniques in the visible because they are free from problems caused by Doppler enlargement of spectral lines in monochromatic observations. As pointed out by Turon & Léna, the seeing at the 10 µm band is considerably better than in the visible. We suggest that regular mid-IR continuum solar observations might become a new promising tool for monitoring the development of quiescent solar active regions.This research received partial support from Brazilian agencies FAPESP (Proc. nos.03/07746-6;04/07835-1), CNPq (471220/2004; 305034/2006-5; 372631/2006-1) and MackPesquisa (edital 2006). Authors gratefully acknowledge for the useful suggestions given by an anonymous referee.R EFERENCESBabcock, H.W. & Babcock, H.D 1955,Astrophys. J. 121, 349.BASS2000 2006, Solar Survey Archives, http://bass2000.obspm.fr/home.phpFLIR, Thermography Systems 2007, /brazil/cameras/camera/1032/Gezari, D., Livingston, W., & Varosi, F. 1999, in High Resolution Solar Physics: Theory, Observations, and Techniques (ed. by T. R. Rimmele, K. S. Balasubramaniam, & R. R. Radick), ASP Conference Series, 183, 559.Leighton, R.B. 1959, Astrophys. J. 130, 366.Linsky, J.L. 1968, “ Formation of the calcium H, K and subordinate lines in the solar chromosphere”, SAO Special Report #274.Melo, A.M. 2006, Publ.Astron.Soc.Pacific, 118, 1558.Rutten, R.J. et al. 2004, Astron Astrophys. 413, 1183.Schrijver, C.J., Cote, J., Zwaan, C. & Saar, S.H. 1989, Astrophys. J. 337, 964.Turon, P. J. & Léna, P. J. 1970, Solar Phys., 14, 112.Ulmschneider, P.2003, “The physics of chromosphere and Coronae”, Lectures in Solar Physics, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 257.Vernazza, J., Avrett, E. & Loeser, R., Astrophys. 1981, J. Suppl. 45, 635.VSM- NSO/SOLIS 2006, /VSMOverview.html。