英语：阅读理解的问题是如何设计的

相很多同学反映考研英语阅读理解题⽬太刁钻了。

国家考研英语阅卷组成员、中国⼈民⼤学()外语学院副教授郭庆民⽼师为⼤家讲解⼀下考研英语阅读理解考题分析及解答技巧。

郭庆民：今天在这⾥我将再次为⼤家剖析⼀下考研英语阅读理解的部分考题，并详细介绍⼀下对应的解答技巧。

英语的提⾼是个⽇积⽉累，厚积薄发的过程，也是逆⽔⾏⾈、不进则退的过程。

你可以花⼀个⽉时间突击政治。

但绝不敢⾃恃英语基础不错，放松英语的学习。

提⾼英语成绩的捷径，我认为是多做阅读题：⼀是阅读理解的分值太⾼了，决定着考研的成败、考⽣的命运，⽆法不重视。

⼆是阅读理解在巩固词汇，培养语感，提⾼英语⽔平⽅⾯有不可替代作⽤。

我们应该都注意到了，考研英语阅读⽂章的体裁⼤部分都是说明⽂和议论⽂。

⽽这种体裁的⽂章，都是逻辑⾮常严密的⽂章。

命题专家组不但选⽂是逻辑性强的，考察重点也是逻辑性较强的。

我们经常遇到的“看懂了⽂章，却做不对题⽬”正是由于我们仅仅看懂了⽂章的字⾯意思，没有去认真体会⽂章的逻辑关系。

另外，考研作⽂长久以来的“三段式”也是直接考察逻辑思维的。

结构⼀般是这样的：
主题(本质)段：拿出主题X的句⼦+定义X的句⼦
展开段：正推1+逻辑证明正推1；正推2+逻辑证明正推2。

总结段：对主题⽤辨证逻辑来下结论。

考研阅读⼀般会在⾸句给出⽂章主题A，要养成认出A马上就问⾃⼰以上两个问题的习惯。

⽐如⾸句是“⼈是⾃私的吗？”，那么显然，⾃私就是A，作者⼀般会对A做概念解释，然后通过正⾯证明⾃⼰观点和反驳相反观点的⼀系列逻辑推理来得出结论。

那么，命题专家组就是要考察我们的这种逻辑思维能⼒。

下⾯我们实战演练⼀篇考题来让同学们进⼀步领会⼀下：
2004年研究⽣⼊学考试英语试题
Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across Career Builder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with no success but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.[本⽂的主题词在第⼆句P.S.A个⼈搜索⼯具。

看到主题A应该怎么做？问⾃⼰A是什么、A作⽤根据] It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteria such as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when a matching position is posted in the database.[很好，符合我们的思维，作者马上对A做了定义] Redmon chose the keywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Three weeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struck gold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and won a position as in-house counsel for a company. [更好，这⼏句是对A能够作⽤举例论证。

逻辑性⾮常强]
本段⼩结⼀下：主题+主题定义+主题根据。

出题点不可能问主题是什么(都告诉我们了还考什么啊！⼀定是考紧跟其后的主题定义或者主题根据，⼜由于主题定义作者给的⾮常清楚明⽩，因此，重点出题点可能在主题根据)
With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, finding promising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Search agents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases.[讲了PSA的优势1：省时⾼效] But [刚才是PSA的优势，看到转折词，应该提醒⾃⼰了，要说劣势了]although a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts see drawbacks.[很好，和我们预期的⼀样，连专家都说有缺点了] Narrowing your criteria[讲劣势1，之后显然是“拉虎⽪做⼤旗”，⽤专家的话来证明其劣势], for example, may work against you: “Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility.” says one expert.
本段讲了主题的优劣，是辨证的思维⽅式。

⼩时候说“XXX是坏⼈”就不是辨证的思维。

出题点肯定是优势1或者劣势1了。

For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept —— what you think you want to do —— then broaden it.“None of these programs do that,” says another expert. [劣势1的主⼈不再仅仅是PSA，⽽且是所有⼯作搜索⼯具，归纳思想]“There’s no career counseling implicit in all of this.” Instead,[好了，都“辨证”的看了优劣了，估计作者要讲怎样辨证的使⽤PSA了] the best strategy is to use the agent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in a particular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder to check the database again. “I would not rely on agents for finding everything that is added to a database that might interest me,” says the author of a job-searching guide. [太好了。

我们的思路和作者⼏乎⼀致了。

]
本段的重⼼在“辨证使⽤PSA”。

出题点可能就这⼀个。

Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. [在“开发PSA－PSA－使⽤PSA”这个关系⾥，后两个都讲了，现在讲到开发PSA了]When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed up for its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs —— those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to find them —— and they do. [讲开发者的吸引回访策略1]“On the day after we send our messages, we see a sharp increase in our traffic,” says Seth Peets, vice president of marketing for CareerSite. [⼜是⽤别⼈的话再次论证此策略之成功]
本段是关系式⾥的头把交椅“开发者”，因此，必然会对其策略出题。

Even[强调词] those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agents worthwhile. [再次转回使⽤者，并且扩⼤使⽤者的范围。

下⾯⼀定会论证凭什么扩⼤这个范围]Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. [的确。

]Although happily employed, Redmon[Redmon再次闪亮登场！⽬的就是进⼀步证明作者的推理⽆误] maintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep your eyes open,” he says. Working with a personal search agent means having another set of eyes looking out for you. 本段是结尾段。

但似乎没有结束，这说明此⽂可能是节选。

重⼼在使⽤者范围的扩⼤上。

题⽬⼀定在“扩⼤”上做⽂章。

那么，现在我来分析问题。

41. How did Redmon find his job?
[找到了⼯作就是主题根据。

作者费尽⼝⾆就是为了说明PSA有⽤。

我们可以把⾃⼰假想为PSA的推销员，我们的开头语应该说“Redmon就是⽤了我们的XXX才找到⼯作的”吧？如果⼀开始就说A/B/D那些细节步骤的话，听者早跑光了。

]
[A] By searching openings in a job database.
[B] By posting a matching position in a database.
【C】By using a special service of a database.
[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database.
42. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?
（和我们看⽂章的时候分析的出题点⼀样。

就是劣势1。

A）
【A】 Lack of counseling.
[B] Limited number of visits.
[C] Lower efficiency.
[D] Fewer successful matches.
43. The expression “tip service” (Line 4, Paragraph 3) most probably means
（果然是考如何辨证使⽤PSA的细节。

Tip service是作者话语中的表语，⾮常重要的。

）
[A] advisory.
[B] compensation.
[C] interaction.
【D】 reminder.
44. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only three job options?
（果然考策略。

题⼲是策略，考的策略⽬的。

⽂章很清楚的。

）
[A] To focus on better job matches.
【B】 To attract more returning visits.
[C] To reserve space for more messages.
[D] To increase the rate of success.
45. Which of the following is true according to the text?
（这种题⽬就是“根据本⽂，可以推理出什么……”，很直接地考推理！）
[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters. [形⽽上学，明明作者是辨证的。

这⾥怎么这么绝对？注意，如果作者的观点是形⽽上学的，这个选项就有可能是正确选项]
[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands. [⽬的？应该关注该段主题句，是为了增⼤访问量]
【C】 Personal search agents are also helpful to those already employed. [好选项。

最后⼀段都是讲它，再不选更待何
时！]
[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they are employed. [搞反了]
标准答案：
41. [答案] [C]
[解析] 这是⼀道细节题，问Redman是怎样找到⼯作的。

依据⽂章第⼀段，可知答案为C。

42. [答案] [A]
[解析] 这是⼀道细节判断题。

第三段前三句中，作者借专家之⾔表达了⾃⼰对搜索⼯具的缺陷的看法：确实职业咨询特征。

选项A符合此意，为正确答案。

43. [答案] [D]
[解析] 这是⼀道词义题。

依据第三段的第四句可知，“tip service”只起提⽰作⽤(reminder)，故答案为D。

A. advisory意
为“咨询，顾问”，与⽂章内容不符，因为⽂章说这种搜索agent缺的正是咨询特征。

44. [答案] [B]
[解析] 这是⼀道涉及因果关系的细节题。

依据第四段⾸句可知答案为B。

45. [答案] [C]
[解析] 这是⼀道是⾮判断题。

依据第五段⾸句可明确得知，C项为正确答案。

今天，考题就分析到这⾥。

希望同学们能从中领悟⼀些考研英语阅读题的分析思路。

阅读能⼒的测试包括阅读速度，理解程度以及记忆能⼒等。

要想获得满意的考研英语成绩，⼀定要在平时多训练。

技巧接触的再多，如果不练也是纸上谈兵。