大三英语翻译翻译
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翻译中的选词?法(d i c t i on)
•I. 选择语法意义(choiceof grammat ical meaning s)----语法结构分析
•The same word, when used as differe nt parts of speechand playing differe nt roles in a sentenc e, has differe nt meaning s.
• 1.Take the cart back to the back yard and back it into the shed at the back of the stable.
• 2.He had no stomach to followus.
•Ican’tstomach this job any longer.
•II.选择搭配意义(c hoiceof colloca tive meaning s)----语义分析
•Some words have the same basic meaning s, but differin colloca tion. That is, they have differe nt colloca tive meaning s. For instanc e, “sense”and“meaning”aresynonym ous, but“Johnisamanofsense”isaccepta blewhile“Johnisamanofmeaning”is
unaccep table.
•One problem with colloca tion is transla tion is that, very often what is good colloca tion in English may not be so when rendere d into •Chinese, or vice versa. For instanc e, “pretty”and“handsom e”arerendere dinto“漂亮的”and“英俊的”respect ively.It is perfect ly all righttosay“ahandsom ecar”but“英俊的车子”would be totally unaccep tableto the Chinese reader. Thus in E-C transla tion, a transla tor must ensurethat the version is idiomat ic or colloca tively accepta ble in the targetlanguag e. E.g.build
•Build a house/ a ship/ a fire/ a car/one’sconfide nce/scholar s of tomorro w/ an answer/ a bridge/ a dam/ a stamp collect ion
•III. 选择情感意义(choiceof afffect ive meaning s)-----语义分析（情感）
•Affecti ve meaning s refersto what is communi catedof the feeling s and attitud es of the writertowards the reader. You may address somebod yasan“idiot”toconveyyour despise, or describ e somethi ngas“marvelo us”toexpress your positiv e evaluat ion. There are basical ly three types of affecti ve meaning s: positiv e(褒义),neutral(中性),and derogat ory (贬义).
•Positiv e neutral derogat ory
Portly(发福的)Overwei ght(超重的)Obese(臃肿的）
Slender,slim((苗条的) Underwe ight(体重不够的）Skinny(瘦削的) Senior,elder(长者)Old man/woman(老人)Fossil(老朽)
•Example s:
• 1.Aggress ive nations threate n world peace.
•侵略成性的国家威胁世界和平.
• A salesma n must be aggress ive if he wants to succeed.
•推销员要成功,必须有闯劲.
• 2. He incited the soldier s to fight bravely.
• He was charged with incitin g peopleto violenc e.
• 3. Every dog has his day.
•“Youchicken!”h e cried, looking at Tom with contemp t.
•Ⅳ.选择模糊意义(choiceof ambiguo us meaning s)------语义分析(歧义)
•Ambigui ty, accordi ng to D. Bolinge r, is defined as one surface structu re coverin g two or more deep structu res, that is, one
linguis tic express ion allowsmore than one udnerst anding s or
interpr etatio ns. Ambigui ty can be classif ied as lexical ambigui ty(词汇歧义)and structu ral ambigui ty(结构歧义).
•1.lexical ambigui ty(词汇歧义)
•The multipl e meaning s of the utteran ce depends on the meaning of the singleword. E.g.
•⑴ She cannotbear childre n.
•①She cannotgive birth to childre n because she is sterile.
•②She cannottolerat e the childre n.
•⑵As Green desiged the machine, he must have realize d its capabil ity.
•①因为这台机器是格林设计的,他一定事先知道它的性能.
•②格林设计这台机器的时候,一定事先知道它的性能.
• 2. structu ral ambigui ty(结构歧义)
•The multipl e meaning s of the utteran ce depends on the sentenc e structu re.Eg.
•She showedher baby picture s.
•①她拿出了自己婴儿时期的照片.
•②她把婴儿的照片拿给她看.
•③她把一些照片/图片拿给孩子看.
•Ⅴ.选择引申意义(choiceof extende d meaning s)----语义分析（关联义）
•It is often difficu lt to find a suitabl e Chinese transla tion for an English word or express ion in E-C diction aries, and a mechani cal transla tion may be unintel ligibl e to our readers. One way out is to extendthe meaning from the concret e or specifi c to the abstrac t or general, or vice versa.
• 1.”实”→虚”.词义从具体引向抽象,从特殊引向一般,从局部引向概括•⑴Nowaday s a student heading for college may pack a fryingpan along with his books.
•实译:如今上大学的学生除了带他的书上学校以外,还可以带上
一个煎烙饼的平底锅了.
•虚译:如今大学生在学校里也可以自己做点吃的了.
•⑵ When I go aroundon speakin g engagem ents, they all expectme to assumea QuakerOats look.
•实译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我摆出一副像麦片商标中的老头那样的表情.
•虚译:我应邀外出演讲时,他们都指望我摆出一副毫无表情,一本正经的面孔.( QuakerOats 是欧美一种有名的麦片商标,商标中画的老头模样毫无表情,我国读者不熟悉,应虚译.)
• 2.“虚”→”实”.词义从抽象引向具体,从一般引向特殊,从概括引向局部
•⑴There is more to their life than politic al and socialand economi c problem s; more than transie nt everyda yness.
•虚译:他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社会的和经济的问题,远不止一时的日常性.
•实译: 他们的生活远不止那些政治的,社会的和经济的问题, 远不止每天的柴米油盐.
•⑵He is a valuabl e acquisi tion to the team.
•虚译:他是该队一种宝贵的获得.
•实译:他是该队不可多得的队员.
•Ⅵ.选择对应意义(choiceof equival ent meaning s)-----语义分析（对概念义的误解）
•Some English words or express ions look equival ent to their Chinese counter parts, but actuall y they are differe nt.
•They are called“falsefriends”. Care shouldbe taken not to be confine d or taken away by what we see in the origina l text. •Eg.
•Busybod y≠忙人=(贬义)好管闲事的人=a personwho takes too much interes t in other people’saffairs.
•The long and the short of it≠它的长短处=总的结果/情况/要点•She has a weaknes s for pork≠吃猪肉她可不行.=她有爱吃猪肉的嗜
好.
•Ⅶ.选择准确意义(choiceof exact meaning s)----语义分析（所指意义）
• A careful transla tor shouldweigh the meaning of the origina l befroechoosin g a suitabl e Chinese word or express ion. Three criteri a are propose d here for choosin g suitabl e words: precise ness(准
确),concise ness(精练),and gracefu lness(优美),commonmistake s in this respect may be chiefly due to the followi ng:
•⑴lapping up a word or express ion without digesti ng it(囫囵吞枣) •⑵extendi ng the meaning beyondits limits(引申过头)
•⑶Rigidly adherin g to letteror form(拘泥字面)
•Thus a compara tive study of synonym ous express ions in the two languag es is alwaysnecessa ry for appropr iate transla tion. In given context, the choiceof words is a matterof diction calling for our careful conside ration.
•Eg.in Chinese:
•*词义轻重不同
•祝贺(轻)—庆祝(重) 批评(轻)—批判(重) 轻视(轻)—鄙视(重) •欺侮(轻)—欺压(重) 损坏(轻)—毁坏(重) 责备(轻)—责骂(重) •*词义范围大小不同
•信件(大)—信(小) 树木(大)—树(小) 时代(大)—时期(小) •河流(大)—河(小) 战争(大)—战役(小) 车辆(大)—车(小)
•*词语搭配不同
•充足(阳光)—充分(理由) 侵犯(主权)—侵占(土地)
•发挥(作用)—发扬(精神) 召集(众人)—召开(会议)
•Ⅷ. 选择语境意义(Choiceof context ual meaning s)----大语境分析•The same word, when used in differe nt context s or fieldsof discour se (busines s, law, medicin e, educati on, politic s, forestr y, etc.),has differe nt meaning s. For instanc e, in some context s“mad”means“foolish”, insome“angry”, and in others“insan e”.
•Eg. Book
• 1.Show me the complai nt book, please.
• ton’sParadis e Lost consist s of twelvebook s.
• 3.That’sallIremembe r, sir, on the Book.
• 4.He claimsto have been graduat ed from this college, but his name is not on the book s.
• 5.He is alwayspainsta kingly at his book s.
• 6.The music was fine, but the book was very poor.
•7.Are you in the book?
•Ⅸ.选择文体意义(choiceof stylist ic meaning s)----大语境分析•Some words conveythe same idea but differin stylist ic feature s. These words are known as stylist ic synonym s. In some diction aries, these stylist ic feature s are clearly markedas“formal”, “informa l”, “literar y”, “archaic”,“slang”andsoon.
•Words that occur in differe nt setting s are stylist ically marked. Those used for some serious purpose, for example, in officia l reports, busines s letters and regulat ions are labeled as formalwhereas those used
•in private convers ationor persona l letters are labeled as informa l. In most cases formallanguag e occursin written languag e and
informa l languag e in spokenlanguag e.
•Transla tors have to chooseamong formalwords, neutral words, and informa l words to ensurethat the style is appropr iate to the origina l context. They must also determi ne whether to use standar d dialect s or regiona l dialect s, archaic words or contemp orarywords, general words or technic al terms, etc.
•Table 1. Example s of Chinese stylist ic synonym s
•书面语词母亲诞辰清晨逝世散步恐吓
•口语词妈妈生日早上死溜达吓唬
•古语词/旧词殆乘致木匠厨子大夫
•现代词/新词危险坐给木工厨师医生
•普通用语给现在办法安排私下这
•公文用语给予兹措施部署擅自此
•普通用语飞心静半夜寂寞
•文艺作品用语飞翔心灵安静子夜寂寥
•Table 2. example s of English stylist ic synonym s with their
transla tions
•Formal (literar y) Poverty-striken, pennile ss, in want,
underpr iviled ed, impecun ious, indigen t
•身无分文,一文不名,穷困,贫困
•Neutral Poor 贫穷
•Informa l Broke, flat broke, hard up穷, 衣袋空空, 穷光蛋,
一个子儿也没有
•Table 3. example s of English words with their Chinese stylist ic synonym s
•Words explana tory descrip tive
• lively生动的栩栩如生
•Irrelev ant 无关的风马牛不相及
•identic al 相同的千篇一律
•thick 厚的,稠的如胶似漆
•with discret ion 小心谨慎稳扎稳打
•with eloquen ce 以雄辩的口才娓娓动听
•great contrib ution巨大贡献丰功伟绩
•invulne rabili ty无法攻破固若金汤
•meagerfood 简单的食物粗茶淡饭
•frighte ned 害怕胆战心惊
• A good transla tor shouldreprese nt not only the origina l thought but also the origina l style as well in the targetlanguag e.
•译句比较(compari son of transla ted sentenc es)
• 1. Whoever tries to twist you up, may the end of his nose take a twist.
•①谁要是想捉弄你,谁的鼻子尖就会歪.
•②谁要是捉弄你,就叫谁的鼻子尖歪了.
•③谁骗你,谁就不得好死.(谁骗你,谁就是小狗.)
• 2. Eitheraflat“yes”oraflat“no”---go back where you came from. •①要么干脆说”行”,要么干脆说”不行”,要不然,你从什么地方来还是回到什么地方去吧.
•②干脆说”行”或者”不行”----否则你哪里来就回哪里去.
•③要就要,不要就拉倒----你请便吧.(行就行,不行就拉倒----你请便吧.) • 3. Ignoreit as you ignorethe cold of last winter.
•①你别去理他,就像别理上一个冬天有多冷一样.
•②别理睬它,就像你不理睬去年冬天的寒冷那样.
•③管他们干什么?他们的话,当作耳边风好了.
• 4.They confuse dmesothatIdidn’tknowthebigendfromthesmall.•①我连粗细大小都分不清了.
•②他们使我真假不分.
•③他们把我搞得不知东西南北了.
• 5.退休工人邵劝帮对小儿子在春说,”那时候,干一天活累得连炕都上不去,浑身疼得要命,睡也睡不着.”
•①Shao Quanban g, a retired worker, said to his littleson Zaichun, “Atthattime, I was so fatigue dafteraday’sdrudger y that I found it very hard to mount the kang. My whole frame achingacutely, I couldn’tgotosleephowever hard I tried.
•② Shao Quanban g, a retired worker, said to his littleson Zaichun, “Inthosedays, I was usuallysodoneupafteraday’shardworkthatI couldn’tgetonthekang. As my whole body ached like anythin g, I simplycouldn’tgettosleepevenItriedto.”
• 6. 无论是街道、房屋或公园,这个地方都有一种难以描绘的难过情调.随便走到哪里,我都可以看到新鲜有趣的东西.
•①All streets, housesand parks here have an indescr ibable look of the south. No matterwhere I go, I’msuretofindthingsnew and interes ting.
•②The place, with its streets, its housesand its parks, wears an indescr ibable air of the south. Every cornerbringsme into
acquain tancewith some new interes t.
•译句比较:
• 1. The jewelswere worth a small fortune.
•原译:这些珠宝价值连城.
•改译:这些珠宝颇值一些钱.
• 2. Her voice rose and fell with emotion.
•原译:她慷慨陈辞,声音抑扬顿挫.
•改译:她的嗓音时高时低,充满了激情.
• 3. When Joshuawas two years old he was impossi ble, a typical “Terribl eTwo”. He was destruc tive, stubbor n, and violent.
•原译:乔舒亚两岁时变得异常调皮,是个典型的”第二号可怕人物”.他固执,爱动武,常常损坏东西.
•改译: 乔舒亚两岁时变得异常调皮,是个不折不扣的淘气”两岁魔王”.他固执,爱动武,常常损坏东西.(“Terribl eTwo”,心理学术语,用来概括
两岁儿童的心里和行为特征,其中的two指年龄.)
• 4. The maxim was that when a married couplesaw red, lawyers saw green.
•原译:俗话说,夫妻俩吵得脸红而赤的时候,正是律师挣钱的好机会. •改译:俗话说,夫妇吵得脸红耳赤之时,便是律师招财进宝之日.
• 5. Time was a swiftly flowing river that had no shore, no boundar ies. Its seasons were not
•winter, spring, fall or summer, but birthda ys and joys and trouble s and pain.
•原译:岁月似急速流动的江河.一年四季似乎不是春、夏、秋、冬,而是生日、乐趣、烦恼和痛苦.
•改译:岁月似无边无涯的急流.一年四季似乎不是春、夏、秋、冬春的更迭,而是由生日的欢悦、生活的乐趣、烦恼和痛苦所交织而成的.。