Step-by-Step-3000-Book-Four-Unit-5-tapescript

Unit 5 Love and Help
Part I
A. Tape scripts
In the 1940s, the top seven problems for US schoolchildren were:
1 talking in class
2 chewing gum
3 making noise
4 running in the halls
5 cutting in line
6 dress code violations
7 littering
Today’s youngsters in US schools face a set of seven problems that are much more shocking:
1 drug abuse
2 alcohol abuse
3 teen pregnancy
4 suicide
5 rape
6 robbery
7 assault
B Tape scripts
Dogs that can retrieve cash from ATMs and empty washing machines help disabled people lead more independent lives, but can they also help change disruptive teenagers' behavior?
A unique TV experiment, "Dog House", follows five unruly youngsters as they're taught to become dog trainers. The idea is simple. Kids really like dogs. But
can the skills involved in training them patience, consistency, rewarding good behavior - give these teenagers the discipline they need in their own lives?
The teens involved were put forward by local schools in West Sussex, who had run out of ideas of how to deal with them.
Liam was typical - 14 years old, sullen, aggressive, foul mouthed and about to be permanently excluded from school. Allie, Rob and Ellie, had similar problems - they couldn't concentrate, they didn't like being told what to do and they had serious anger problems. Katrina was different. She was so shy that she had developed agoraphobia, she suffered from depression and had taken herself out of mainstream education.
Gradually, working with the dogs began to have an impact on the kids. But, in order to fully appreciate the significance of what they were doing, they needed to meet the disabled people who benefited from having these dogs.
The meetings had a profound impact on the teenagers. After meeting Eileen Hobson and her dog Sailor, Liam changed his ways and his unlikely friendship with severely disabled wheelchair user Eileen blossomed.
Two months into the course Liam began to connect to the dogs too - particularly a young yellow Labrador called Aero. The relationship flourished so much that the dog often knew instinctively what the teenager wanted him to do before he'd even asked. "He just knows,” says Liam.
Liam's school noticed a huge change in his whole outlook. His teacher Nick Brown said, “More than anything I see a confident and happy young man. It's been superb. "
Keys
1. Dogs that can retrieve cash from ATMs and empty washing machines help disabled
people lead independent lives, but can they also help change disruptive Teenagers’behavior?
2. Can the skills involved in training dogs —patience,consistency, rewarding good behavior — give these teenagers the discipline they need in their own lives?
3. Gradually, working with the dogs began to have an impact on the kids. But, in order to fully appreciate the significance of what they were doing, they needed to meet the disabled people who benefited from having these dogs.
4. Liam’s school noticed a huge change in his whole outlook. His teacher Nick Brown
said, “More than anything I see a confident and happy young man. It’s been superb.”
C
Tape scripts
A new food Policy study predicts malnutrition over the next 20 years aggressive action.
The International Food Policy Research Institute in Washington says international efforts to reduce the number of malnourished children in world have been awfully inadequate. It predicts that despite a 20 percent decline in the number of malnourished children by 2020, L32 million still be underfed. The cost of cutting child malnutrition in half by would be an extra 10 billion dollars a year. Twenty-five billion dollars now invested in developing countries annually to boost farm productivity secure clean water sources, develop world infrastructure, and I education and health. Ten billion dollars more is a scant amount.
Not all regions face equally bleak food futures. Latin America will visually eliminate child malnutrition by 2020, and China will cut it in half. But the Food Policy Organization says India will continue to have one third of the world's underfed children. And Africa will see an 18 percent increase unless action is taken.
Keys
1. Despite a 20% decline in the number of malnourished children in the world by 2020, 132 million will still be underfed.
2. The cost of cutting child malnutrition in half by 2020 would be an extra 10 billion dollars a year.
3. Twenty-five billion dollars are now invested in developing countries annually to boost farm productivity, secure clean water sources, develop world infrastructure, and improve education and health.
4. Latin America will virtually eliminate child malnutrition by 2020. China will cut child malnutrition in half.
5. India will continue to have one third of the world's underfed children by 2020. And Africa will see an 18% increase unless action is taken.
Part II Anti-AIDS campaign
A.
Tapescript
Predicting the future is risky business for a scientist. It is safe to say, however,
that the global AIDS epidemic will get much worse before it gets any better. Sadly, this modern plague will be with us for several generations, despite major scientific advances.
As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system. Accounting for more than 3 million deaths in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest microbe in the world, more lethal than even TB and malaria. There are 34 developing countries where the prevalence of this infection is 2 percent or greater. In Africa nearly a dozen countries have a rate higher than 10 percent, including four southern African nations in which a quarter of the people are infected. And the situation continues to worsen; more than 6 million new infections appeared in L999. This is like condemning 16,000 people each day to a slow and miserable death.
Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years after AIDS was recognized, the guilty agent – human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV - was identified. We now know more about HIV than about any other virus, and 14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in the US and Western Europe.
The epidemic continues to rage, however, in South America, Eastern Europe and sub-Saharan Africa. By the year 2025, AIDS will be by far the major killer of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing the public health gains of the past 50 years.
It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of AIDS. The magnitude of the pandemic could range from 100 million to t billion, depending largely on what happens in India and China. Four million people have already become HIV-positive in India, and infection is likely to reach several percent in a population of I billion.
An explosive AIDS epidemic in the US is unlikely. Instead, HIV infection will continue to fester in about 0. 5 percent of the population.
A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But constrained by economic reality, these therapeutic advances will have only limited benefit outside the US and Western Europe.
A vaccine is our only real hope to avert disaster unparalleled in medical history.
A large, concerted effort of research was launched three years ago in the US and hints
of promising strategies are emerging from experiments in monkeys. But even if an AIDS vaccine is developed before 2025, it will require an extraordinary effort of political will among our leaders to get to the people who need it most.
Keys
1.As of January 2000, the AIDS epidemic has claimed 15 million lives and left 40 million people living with a viral infection that slowly but relentlessly erodes the immune system.
2. Accounting for more than 3 million deaths in the past year alone, the AIDS virus has become the deadliest microbe in the world.
3. There are 34 developing countries where the prevalence of this infection is 2% or greater.
4. Fortunately, the AIDS story has not been all gloom and doom. Less than two years
after AIDS was recognized, the guilty agent—HIV—was identified.14 AIDS drugs have been developed and licensed in the US and Western Europe.
5. By the year 2025, AIDS will be the major killers of young Africans, decreasing life expectancy to as low as 40 years in some countries and single-handedly erasing the public heath gains of the past 50 years.
6. It is Asia, with its huge population at risk, that will have the biggest impact on the global spread of AIDS. The magnitude of the pandemic could range from 100 million to 1 billion, depending largely on what happens in India and China.
7. HIV infection will continue to fester in about 0.5% of the population in the US.
8. A cure for AIDS by the year 2025 is not inconceivable. But even if an AIDS vaccine is developed before 2025, it will require an extraordinary effort of political will among our leaders to get to the people who need it most.
B.
Tape scripts
Most students in the nation's public schools receive some form of sex education. But it's not always clear what schools are teaching or what educators, parents and children think about it. Kids are learning a lot more about sex than many people think, and parents want schools to teach them even more.
Sex education usually starts in elementary school as part of a health curriculum. By the l2th grade, 90 percent of all public school students have taken at least two sex education courses.
"A large majority are providing some information about HIY /AIDS. Most are talking about abstinence, providing messages about the importance of waiting to have sex."
Beginning in the 7th and 8th grades, over half of the 1, 500 junior high and high school students surveyed said they were taught how to deal with peer pressure to have sex, where to get and how to use contraception, how to talk to a partner about
safe sex, and where to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS. Although a third of the schools in the study focused exclusively on abstinence, the main message in about B0 percent of all sex education courses is this: young people should wait to have sex, but if they don't, they should use birth control and practice safe sex.
But even fear of HM AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases or getting pregnant doesn't always stop kids from having sex.
Well, our parents know this?
"I think many parents have no idea what's actually happening in the school.”
Parents should have the right to keep their children out of sex education classes that teach things that they don't agree with. Many schools do notify parents when their child starts sex education, but in most cases, schools don't need the parents' permission. Instead 40 percent of schools invited parents to attend sex education classes. A surprising 22 percent of schools did not notify parents at all. Still a clear majority of parents wanted to see more sex education in schools, not less. And they don't just want abstinence or the basics of human reproduction. Over 90 percent of parents want schools to cover HMAIDS and sexually transmitted diseases, rape, safe sex. Most said condoms and birth control needed to be discussed. They thought abortion was an appropriate topic, and thought that homosexuality should be included, too. Researchers say this surprising level of support for more sex education may be due to the fact that parents don't talk to their children about sex, so they want schools to do it. We have a third of the students surveyed cited parents as a source of information about sex. Sixty-one percent said that most of what they do know about sex they learned from their friends, followed by television, movies and magazines.
The message that educators should note is that there is a need for more sex education not less, and more practical approach to the dangers and risks of sexual behavior.
Keys
B1
1. By the 12th grade, 90% of all public school students have taken at least two sex education courses.
2. Beginning in the 7th and 8th grade, over half of the1,500 junior high and high school students surveyed said they were taught how to deal with peer pressure to have sex, where to get and how to use contraception, how to talk to a partner about safe sex, and where to get tested for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS.
3. Although a third of the schools in the study focused exclusively on abstinence, the main message in about 80% of all sex education courses is this: young people should wait to have sex, but if they don’t they should use birth control and practice safe sex.
4. 40% of school invited parents to attend sex education classes. But a surprising 22% of school did not notify parents at all.
5. One third of the students surveyed decided parents as a source of information about sex. 61% said that most of what they do know about sex they learned from their friends, followed by television, movies and magazines.
B2
1. When does sex education usually start in the US?
elementary school
2. What are some of the topics that most parents think are appropriate in a sex education class?
abstinence / basics of human reproduction / HIV / AIDS / sexually transmitted diseases / rape / safe sex / condoms / birth control / abortion /homosexuality
3. What is the attitude of most parents towards sex education?
want schools to teach more
4. Why is there a surprising level of support for more sex education according to the researchers?
parents / don’t talk about sex / want schools to do it
5. What is the important message that educators should know?
a need for more sex education / more practical approach to dangers and risk of sexual behavior
Part III
Tape scripts
Internet communication can be dangerous for adults, and children re even more vulnerable. Homayra Sellier and Parry Aftab work with an organization called" Innocence in Danger. “It’s a world citizen's movement to protect children from sexual abuse and pedophilia on the Internet.
"Pan1r, it would seem that in the United States there would be lots f laws protecting children against abuse on the Internet.”
Well, there are laws to protect children from abuse, online and offline; they apply equally in both places. The problem is that children use the Internet and far more often know more about it than their parents do. But, the things we usually use to teach our children how to stay safe in shopping malls, and on streets and in life, don't ordinarily apply online, because parents just don't understand it well enough to set the rules, for the pedophiles are using this technology and the fact that they can hide behind anonymity and pretend they're another child to lure our children in ways that we are not yet prepared to teach our children to avoid. "
One of the goals of UNESCO is to make sure all children have access to the Internet, and yet in doing this you want to make sure they have access safely. It sounds like a huge task to get companies and countries involved in doing this.
"It is a huge task, I do agree with you. It is a worldwide problem and that is the reason why our action has to be global and international. I think even though it's a very big task, we are little by little going to get there, with everybody's help. "
"What are some of the other dangers, I mean, we've talked a little bit or alluded to child pornography, how does that impact children?"
“Often the pedophiles use child pornography to desensitize our children. So, if they're setting a conversation up, and they send a photo to a ten-year-old of another ten-year-old engaged in sexual activity, thirteen-year-old now thinks that perhaps it's not so unusual and it's not so contraband for them to engage in sexual activity as well. And that's typically how it's used. "
“And is . . . is there one other aspect regarding hate ema il or hate websites?"
“I think the dangerous . . . the biggest danger obviously is not from information, but from people who want to hurt children. Uh, but there’re hate sites and bigotry and intolerance, there are sites where children can order guns, and poison, and drugs, and tobacco and alcohol, there’re sites that teach our children how to build bombs and unfortunately they are building bombs with this information, and there's a lot of misinformation and cults, and that is quite dangerous, I mean, in addition, we . . . our children may be exposed to information that parents would prefer they're not exposed to. Because of this, what we need to do is to arm parents with the tools they need to educate their children and keep them safe, and make sure that law enforcement does what they canto clean up the criminal activities online. "
"What are your specific tasks in the United States?"
“Three prongs are making sure that children are safe from predators; that we try to do what we can to control child pornography; we work closely with law enforcement; we get all of the Internet service providers and all of the Internet industry on board. And I should tell you that most of them are there already as part of . . . as committed members of the National Action Committee. We're also committed to helping schools and teachers and libraries to get the most out of the Internet by learning how-to use it and developing safety programs and education programs for parents so that parents will let their children be on the Internet and help
them deal with the risks they'll face day to day from predators, and from kooks and crackpots and misinformation and hate that they will face, so that we're here to empower the parents to help keep the children safe. "
Keys
Summary
Internet communication can be dangerous for adults, and children are even more vulnerable. According to Perry, the problem is that children use the Internet and far more often know more about it than their parents do. But, the things we usually use to teach our children how to stay safe in shopping malls, and on streets and in life, don't ordinarily apply online, because parents just don't understand it well enough to set the rules.
One of the goals of UNESCO is to make sure all children have access to the Internet, and yet in doing this we want to make sure they have access safely. It is a huge task. It is a worldwide problem and that is the reason why our action has to be global and international. And there is one other aspect regarding hate email or hate websites. The biggest danger obviously is not from information, but from people who want to hurt children.
What we need to do is to control child pornography, to make sure that law enforcement does what they can to clean up the criminal activities online, to help schools and teachers and libraries to get the most out of the Internet, and to arm parents with the tools they need to educate their children and keep them safe.
Part IV
Ken Schuler- a husband, a father, and an artist. He also saved another per son’s life in the most remarkable way. Schuler is the first known person to step forward and donate part of his liver to a stranger. It happened like this. He heard this man plead for his daughter's life.
"I'm hoping that there'd be somebody out there that would be kind enough to help my daughter.” (Claude Smallwood, Debbie Parker's father)
Thirty-nine-year-old Debbie Parker's liver had been destroyed by hepatitis C. The wife and mother of three needed a liver transplant. Without one, she would die within days. Because the list for a liver formal cadaver was so long, doctors suggested a new, experimental option living-donor liver transplant. That is, a living person can give Debbie apiece of his or her liver.
"They said they were looking for a B-positive donor, which ...that's what I am. And as soon as I heard that, I looked at my wife and said, 'I would do that in a heartbeat,' got up, and made the phone call. We met in the waiting room, and we were both having blood work done. And that was probably ... probably one of the best days in my life. "(Ken Schuler, liver donor)
“I tapped him on the shoulder, and I said, ' Are you Ken Schuler? ' And he goes, 'Yes, I am,' and I said, 'I'm Debbie Parker.' And we just embraced right there, and the whole waiting room started crying. "(Debbie Parker, liver recipient)
"I was trying to save somebody's life, and she was, you know, wanting me to save her life. And when somebody hugs you around the neck like that, it's ... it's ... it still gets to me, thinking about it. " ( Ken Schuler)But even at that point, they couldn't be sure if Ken would qualify as a donor. Earlier, Debbie's brother had come forward to be a donor, but he did not qualify medically.
“It is a highly risky it's a risky operation. " ( Dr Amadeo Marcos, Medical College of Virginia) Dr Amadeo Marcos did the first unrelated living-donor liver transplant a year ago and has done 27 since then. Most have been between husbands and wives.
"We were forced to do this technique, because we don't ... we ourselves did not have enough livers for our own list, and our patients were ... were dying.” (Dr Amadeo Marcos)
There are only a handful of centers in the United States offering living-donor liver transplants in adults. If more widely used, doctors say, it’s an option that can make a significant dent in the organ shortage. But, ethically, can you ask someone to undertake the risk of donating part of their liver?
"I think you can. I don't think it's unethical to have a wife volunteer to have a piece of her liver given to her child or to her husband. It's probably not even unethical to do it for friends. " ( Dr Arthur Caplan, Center for Bioethics)
"But you are operating on a healthy person who doesn't have anything wrong with him, and I think we should always remember that.” (Dr Thomas Heffron, Emory and Egleston-Scottish Rite Transplant Programs)
Ken Schuler says he was not concerned about the possible risk of dying or becoming disabled. One week after Ken gave part of his liver to Debbie, his liver regenerated, or grew back to its original size." He's my life preserver. He doesn't like me to call him a hero, so I call him my life preserver. “(Debbie Parker)“What does it feel like to be able to do that for another person like that?" (Cl,fN Reporter)
"Oh, this is the hard part. It's ... it's the best thing, you know, I’ve ever done. . . it gives you a feeling that you can't describe. And the more people, excuse me, the more
people we can get to . . . to do…this .. . They ...they don't understand what they're missing. ( KenSchuler)
Missing the chance to save another person’s life.
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