外文资料2
外文文献资料简介2
外文资料简介Diagenesis in North Sea HPHT clastic reservoirs—consequences for porosity and overpressureprediction作者: Osborne M. J./science/article/pii/S0264817298000439中译题名: 北海高压高温碎屑储层的成岩作用——对孔隙度和超压预测的结果文摘: 北海中部上侏罗统Fulmar组碎屑岩储集层在目前的埋藏深度上具有很高的孔隙度。
具有最高超压的储集层有最高的孔隙，具有很少的大石英胶结物和有效的次生孔隙。
在高压高温(HPHT)储层中的石英胶结作用受以下综合因素抑制：高的超压，有限的流体运动，存在早期颗粒包覆层胶结物，高的孔隙流体矿化度以及可能的石油运移。
次生孔隙度影响着储层性质，产生的孔隙度平均超过(4vol％)。
定量的孔隙度预测需要对Fulmar组的沉积模式加以改进，精确的热压模拟以及对油田充填和渗漏历史的详细了解。
理论计算表明，在Fulmar 组中发生的成岩反应(蒙脱石的伊利石作用和石英的胶结作用)不能形成大量超压，这是因为盖层的渗透率太高，而伴随反应增加的容积速度太小。
因此，当在北海中部模拟超高压产生时，成岩反应实际上可以忽略不计，尽管胶结作用将会影响岩石的渗透率和流体扩散的速度。
Upper Jurassic clastic reservoirs of the Fulmar formation in the Central North Sea possess anomalously high porosities for their present day depth of burial. Reservoirs with the highest overpressures have the highest porosities, possess less macroquartz cement, and have significant secondary porosity. Quartz cementation in HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature) reservoirs has been inhibited by a combination of factors: high overpressure, limited fluid movement, presence of early grain coating cements, high pore fluid salinity, and possibly petroleum migration. Secondary porosity has contributed to reservoir quality, with an average of 4vol% extra porosity created. Quantitative prediction of porosity would require an improved depositional model for the Fulmar, accurate thermal and pressure modelling, and detailed knowledge of field filling and leakage histories. Theoretical calculations indicate that diagenetic reactions occurring in the Fulmar formation (smectite illitisation and quartz cementation), did not generate significant overpressure, because seal permeabilities were too high and the rate of volume increase associated with the reactions too small. Therefore diagenetic reactions can effectively be ignored when modelling overpressure generation in the Central North Sea, although cementation will affect rock permeability and rates of fluid dissipation.Calcite scaling tendencies for North Sea HTHP wells：prediction,authentication,and application 作者: Jasinski R.中译题名: 北海高温高压的方解石结垢趋向/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00049198&soc=SPE&speAppName Cookie=ONEPETRO关键词: 北海;结垢;方解石;地层水;计算机应用;模拟模型;水化学;高温高压井文摘:北海油气开采过程中常遇到方解石结垢。
人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译2
人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译2.5万字符人员流失问题及对策外文文献翻译：Title: Employee Turnover Issues and StrategiesAbstract:Employee turnover is a significant concern for organizations as it increases costs and disrupts the workflow. This paper aims to explore the causes of employee turnover and propose strategies to reduce turnover rates. The study identified several factors contributing to turnover, including job dissatisfaction, lack of career growth opportunities, and poor management. To address these issues, organizations can implement various strategies, such as improving employee job satisfaction through fair compensation and recognition programs, providing employees with development opportunities, and enhancing management practices. Additionally, fostering a positive work environment and promoting work-life balance can also help reduce turnover rates. The findings suggest that a proactive approach should be taken by organizations to retain valuable employees and minimize turnover. Introduction:Employee turnover refers to the rate at which employees leave an organization and are replaced by new hires. High turnover rates pose challenges for organizations, including increased costs associated with recruitment and training, reduced productivity due to constant turnover, and potential loss of valuable employees. This paper aims to examine the causes of employee turnover and propose strategies that organizations can adopt to reduce turnover rates and retain valuable talent.Causes of Employee Turnover:There are various factors that contribute to employee turnover. One major factor is job dissatisfaction. When employees are dissatisfied with their job, they may seek better opportunities elsewhere. This dissatisfaction can arise from several sources, such as low compensation, lack of recognition, limited growth prospects, and poor work-life balance.Another significant factor is the lack of career growth opportunities. Employees who feel that their career is stagnating may be more likely to look for advancement opportunities in other organizations. This is especially true for early-career professionals who seek growth and development.Poor management practices also contribute to employee turnover. When employees have ineffective or unsupportive managers, they may become disengaged and unhappy in their roles. In such cases, employees are more likely to leave the organization in search of better management practices and a healthier work environment.Additionally, lack of work-life balance and high levels of stress can result in employee turnover. When employees feel overwhelmed with work and have minimal time for personal and family-related activities, their job satisfaction and overall well-being may be affected, leading to higher turnover rates.Strategies to Reduce Turnover:Organizations can adopt several strategies to reduce employee turnover rates. Firstly, they can focus on improving employee jobsatisfaction. This can be achieved through fair and competitive compensation packages, recognition and rewards programs, and fostering a positive work environment. Regularly seeking employee feedback and addressing their concerns can also contribute to higher job satisfaction.Providing employees with growth and development opportunities is another effective strategy. Organizations can offer training programs, mentorship opportunities, and clear career paths to help employees progress in their careers. This not only fulfills employee aspirations but also enhances employee engagement and loyalty.Enhancing management practices is crucial in reducing turnover rates. Organizations should invest in training programs for managers to improve their leadership skills, communication abilities, and ability to support and motivate employees. Regular performance evaluations and constructive feedback can also contribute to better managerial practices.Finally, promoting work-life balance is essential in retaining valuable employees. This can be achieved by offering flexible work schedules, remote work options, and providing support for personal and family-related commitments. Organizations should create a culture that values work-life balance and encourages employees to maintain a healthy work-life integration. Conclusion:Employee turnover is a significant challenge for organizations globally. Understanding the causes of turnover and implementing effective strategies can help organizations retain valuable talentand reduce turnover rates. By focusing on improving job satisfaction, providing growth opportunities, enhancing management practices, and promoting work-life balance, organizations can create a supportive work environment that fosters employee engagement and loyalty.。
通货膨胀会计外文资料翻译 (2)
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译题目:Inflation Accounting附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文通货膨胀会计自从我们开始认识我们周遭的事物, 我们常常从我们的祖父母那里听到关于他们那个时代的东西,尤其是黄金和酥油是非常便宜的.那时我们常常想为什么他们的那个时代的东西非常便宜,而我们的这个时代的东西开始变得昂贵. 因此, 这个问题使我们感到困惑.但是现在, 随着我们的知识的增加和认识, 我们已经知道了通货膨胀这中现象, 用一种外行的理解是国家定价的增长或货币的贬值是已知背后的最大的原因.现在出现的问题究竟是不是通货膨胀?在当今世界, 通货膨胀是一个全球性的现象. 在资本主义世界的今天,几乎没有任何国家不受通货膨胀幽灵般的困扰.不同的经济学家用不同的词语定义通货膨胀, Prof.Crowther 定义的通货膨胀是“随着国家币值的下降, 或者是价格的上涨.” Prof.Paul Einzig 说“通货膨胀是一个不平衡的状态,总体表现是购买力扩张的原因或者是价格水平增长的影响.”两个定义都强调了物价上涨.通货膨胀的最基本的因素不是需求的增加就是供应的减少.通货膨胀对企业的影响通货膨胀对企业的影响可以分为两部分理解1.影响成本和收益2.影响资产和负债至于通货膨胀对成本和收益的影响是忧虑的, 肯定的, 两者都将上升. 但是他们的结果是否表现出超常的利润是被公司旧的价格的可用的期初存货的多少和被公司受理的工资的需求的多少决定的.在货币资产和负债中, 一个公司将失去被债权人和取得在真实项目中的被债务人.如果我们说其他的资产如建筑物, 土地和其他证券, 则公司将在货币方面有持有收益,但是在实质情况中还是有一定的影响, 因此,在价格方面的增长是一方面, 货币币值的下降是另一方面.通货膨胀会计及其意义通货膨胀影响产出和资产价格上涨的形式. 因为财务会计通常是以历史成本为记帐原则, 因此他们不考虑资产和产出价格上涨的影响. 这样的结果很可能会导致利润上的虚增, 资产价格的低估以及误导企业的决策.因此, 在以历史成本为记帐原则编制的财务报表通常被证明是历史事实的一种陈述, 并不能反映企业当前的商业价值. 这就剥夺了如管理者, 股东以及债权人等的报表使用者去获取正确的财务信息从而做出正确的经营决策的权力.因此,这就导致了对通货膨胀会计的需要. 通货膨胀会计是一个会计制度范围的术语描述, 设计并去纠正当通货膨胀存在时历史成本会计产生的上升的问题.通货膨胀会计的意义是从固有的历史成本会计制度的限制中产生的.以下是历史成本会计的局限性:1.历史成本会计不考虑, 因受通货膨胀影响, 从资产的货币价值上升产生的未实现的持有性收益.2.折旧费用的目标是在资产的使用寿命期间摊销其成本, 并在将来为其更换储备. 但是, 他并没有考虑到受通货膨胀影响的结果可能导致折旧费用不足的替换成本.3.根据历史成本会计, 以旧的价格获得的存货实现的收益是按当年的价格计算的. 在通货膨胀期间, 由于持有收益和经营收益的最大化, 可能导致利润上的虚增.4.从历史收益上,不容易去预测未来盈利.通货膨胀会计的历史在过去的几年中, 通货膨胀会计已经被作为一种补充运用在英国和美国的财务报表中, 关于在通货膨胀期间调整财务账目的方法已经争论了50多年的时间.早在1900年代初, 美国和英国的会计师就以经讨论过通货膨胀对财务报表的影响, 开始于指标的数据理论和购买力. Irving Fisher 在1911年出版的书《The Purchasing Power of Money》被Henry W.Sweeney 在1936年出版的关于恒定购买力会计的书中《Stabilized Accounting》作为起源. Sweeney的这一模型通过美国注册会计师协会为他们的研究性学习(ARS6)报告《the Financial Effects of Price-Level Changes》所应用, 后来又被应用到会计准则委员会(美国), 金融标准委员会(美国),会计标准指导委员会(英国). Sweeney主张用涵盖在国民生产总值之上的价格指标.在1979年3月,美国财务会计准则委员会(FASB)写了恒定美元会计, 当中主张使用消费价格指数为所有的城市消费者(CPI-U)去调整帐目, 因为其可在每月计算一次.在大萧条期间, 一些公司重述他们的财务报表, 以反映通货膨胀. 在过去50年的时间里, 标准制定组织应经鼓励企业用价格水平调整的方法去补充以成本为基础的财务报表. 在20世纪70年代的高通货膨胀时期, 当美国证券交易委员会(SEC)发行ASR190时, 财务会计准则委员会(FASB)正在审查关于价格水平调整报表的草案, 这需要美国大约1000家最大的公司提供基于替换成本的补充信息. 财务会计准则委员会撤回了草案.然而为了迎合通货膨胀会计的需要, 国际会计准则委员会(IASB)推出了世界闻名的会计准则IAS29.通货膨胀会计的方法为了衡量通货膨胀对财务报表的影响,使用的技术如下:当前购买力法(CPP)根据这一价格变动调整帐目的方法, 在财务报表中所有的项目都被重述在一个固定的货币单位的项目里, 也即一般购买力.为了衡量价格水平的变化, 并用一般物价指数把这一变化纳入到财务报表当中去, 这就意味着我们的目标很可能是一个晴雨表. 该指数被用于转换在资产负债表和利润表中各个项目的价值. 这个方法考虑了账户一般货币购买力的变化以及忽略了给定项目价格的实际上升或下降. 在当前的购买力下, 购买力法(CPP)涉及了历史数据的翻新.为了这一目标, 在这一时期的最后时刻, 历史数据被转换成了购买力的价格. 被要求的两个指标数据: 一个显示在期末的一般价格水平上, 另一个反映相同的数据在交易日.这种方法下的利润一段时间内在净资产价值方面上是增长的, 在当前购买力的项目中所有的价格是被估计出来的.现行成本会计(CCA)的方法现行成本会计是对当前购买力法的替代方法. 现行成本会计方法相当于在盈利中现行的收益与被消耗资源的现行成本.一般物价水平的变动通过指标数据去衡量. 具体价格发生变化, 如没有任何价格变动的特定资产的价格发生变化. 可以根据这一方法去解决, 资产按照当前的成本估价, 即资产被替换时的成本.通货膨胀会计的局限性虽然通货膨胀会计是一种更实际的做法,并能反映公司真实地财务情况, 但是有些限制不允许它成为一个普及的会计系统. 以下是他的限制:1.价格水平的变化是一个持续的过程.2.这个系统使计算变得乏味, 因为有太多的转换和计算.3.该系统没有被税务机关给予优惠.结论:在地球上的每一个人都受到通货膨胀的影响, 一些人表现出积极,但是大部分人表现的消极, 因为通货膨胀导致了一般购买力的侵蚀.历史成本会计没有考虑帐户中资产价值的变化, 由于通货膨胀影响的资产负债表和利润表, 不能真实的反映企业的价值及所需要的有效的决策信息.通货膨胀会计已经剔除了这个缺陷, 通过根据一般或具体价格水平的方法去调整数据.尽管对财务报表提出了正确的方法, 但是通货膨胀会计由于某些限制仍然没有得到广泛的普及. 但是随着在这一领域更多的研究和会计软件的开发, 毫无疑问, 调整后的通货膨胀会计就是财务会计的未来.附件2：外文原文Inflation Accounting/Faculty_Column/FC1103/fc1103.htmlSince we started understanding things around us, we all used to listen from our Grandparents about the things and articles especially Gold & Ghee being cheaper in their times.That time we used to think that why the things were cheaper in our Grandparent’ time and why had they started becoming costlier. So this question would keep us puzzled.But now as we have grown in our knowledge and understanding, we have come to know about the phenomenon of Inflation which in layman’s language is known as the state of rising pricing or the falling value of maney was the greatest reason behind this.Now emerges the question that what exactly is the Inflation?Inflation is a global phenomenon in present day times. There is hardly any country in the capitalist world today which is not afficted by spectre of inflation.Different economists have defined inflation in different words like Prof.Crowther has defined inflation “as a state in which the value of money is falling, ie, prices are tising.” In the words of Prof.Paul Einzig, “Inflation is that state of disequilibrium in which an expansion of purchasing power tend s to cause or is the effect of an increase of price level.” Both the definition have emphasized on the rising prices of the goods.The basic factors behind the inflation are either the rising demand or the shortening of supply due to any reason.Effect of Inflation on BusinessThe impact of inflation on business can be bifurcated into two parts like1.Impact on costs and revenue2.Impact on assets and liabilitiesAs far as impact of inflation on costs and revenues is concerned, definitely both will rise but whether they result into extraordinary profits will be determined by that how much opening stock was available at old prices with the company and how much later the demand for increasing wages is entertained by the company.In case of monetary assets and liabilities, accompany will lose of being creditor and gain in case of being debtor in real terms.If we talk about other assets like building, land and other securities, the company will be having holding gains in monetary terms but may have neutral impact in real terms due to the rise in prices on the one hand but fall in value of money on the other.Inflation Accounting and its significanceThe impact of inflation comes in the form of rising prices of output and assets. As the financial accounts are kept on Historical cost basis, so they don’t take into consideration the impact of rise in the prices of assets and output. This may sometimes result into the overstated profits, under priced assets and misleading picture of Business etc.So, the financial statements prepared under historical accounting are generally proved to be statements of historical facts and do not reflect the current worth of business. This deprives the users of accounts like management, shareholders, and creditors etc. to have a right picture of business to make appropriate decisions.Hence, this leads towards the need for Inflation Accounting. Inflation accounting is a term describing a range of accounting systems designed to correct problems arising from historical cost accounting in the presence of inflation.The significance of inflation accounting emerges from the inherent limitations of the historical cost accounting system.Following are the limitations of historical accounting:1.Historical accounts do not consider the unrealized holding gains arising from the rise in themonetary value of the assets due to inflation.2.The objective of charging depreciation is to spread the cost of the asset over its useful life andmake reserve for its replacement in the future. But it does not take into account the impact of inflation over the replacement cost which may result into the inadequate charge of depreciation.3.Under historical accounting, inventories acquired at old prices are marched against revenuesexpressed at current prices. In the period of inflation, this may lead to the overstatement of profits due mixing up of holding gains and operating gains.4.Future earnings are not easily projected from historical earnings.History of Inflation AccountingIn the last few years, inflation accounting has been adopted as a supplementary financial statement in the United States and the United Kingdom. This comes after more than 50 years of debate about methods of adjusting financial accounts for inflation.Accountants in the United Kingdom and the United States have discussed the effect of inflation on financial statements since the early 1900s, beginning with index number theory and purchasing power. Irving Fisher’s 1911 book the Purchasing Power Accounting. This model by Sweeney was used by The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants for their 1936 research study(ARS6) Reporting the Financial Effects of Price-Level Changes, and later used by the Accounting Principles Board (USA), The Financial Standards Board (USA), and the Accounting Standards Steering Committee (UK). Sweeney advocated using a price index that covers everything in the gross national product. In March 1979, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) wrote Constant Dollar Accounting, which advocated using the Consumer Price Index for Al Urban Consumers (CPI-U) to adjust accounts because it is calculate every month.During the Great Depression, some corporations restated their financial statements to reflect inflation. At times during the past 50 years standard-setting organizations have encouraged companies to supplement cost-based financial statements with price-level adjusted statements. During a period of high inflation in the 1970s, the FASB was reviewing a draft proposal for price-level adjusted statements when the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) issued ASR 190, which required approximately 1,000 of the largest US corporations to provide supplemental information based on replacement cost. The FASB withdrew the draft proposal.Still to cater to the needs of an Inflation Accounting, the IASB came out with Accounting Standard known as IAS29.Techniques of Inflation AccountingTo measure the impact of inflation on financial statements, following are the techniques used: Current Purchasing Power (CPP) MethodUnder this method of adjusting accounts to price changes, all items in the financial statements are restated in terms of a constant unit of money ie in terms of general purchasing power. For measuring changes in the price level and incorporating the changes in the financial statements we use General Price Index, which may be considered to be a barometer meant for the purpose. The index is used to convert the values of various items in the Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account. This method takes into account the changes in the general purchasing power of money and ignores the actual rise or fall in the price of the given item. CPP method involves the refurnishing of historical figures at current purchasing power. For this purpose, historical figures are converted into value of purchasing power at the end of the period. Two index numbers are required: one showing the general price level at the end of the period and the other reflecting the same at the date of the transaction.Profit under this method is an increase in the value of the net asset over a period, all valuations being made in terms of current purchasing power.Current Cost Accounting (CCA) MethodThe Current Cost Accounting is an alternative to the Current Purchasing Power Method. The CCA method matches current revenues with the current cost of the resources which are consumed in earning them.Changes in the general price level are measured by Index Numbers. Specific price change occurs if price of a particular asset change without any general price change. Under this method, asset are valued at current cost which is the cost at which asset can be replaced as on a date.While the Current Purchasing Power (CPP) method is known as the General Price Level approach, the Current Cost Accounting (CCA) method is known as Specific Price Level approach or Replacement Cost Accounting.Limitations of Inflation AccountingThough Inflation Accounting is more practical approach for the true reflection of financial status of the company, there are certain limitations which are not allowing this to be a popular system of accounting. Following are the limitations:1.Change in the price level is a continuous process.2.This system makes the calculations a tedious task because of too many conversions andcalculations.3.This system has not been given preference by tax authorities.ConclusionEvery person on this earth has been affected by Inflation, some positively but most of the people negatively because the Inflation leads to the erosion of general purchasing power. The Inflation spares none and it equally influences the Businesses like the people.Historical cost accounting does not take into account the change in the rise in the value of assets and its impact on Balance Sheet and P&L Account due to inflation and does not reflect the real worth of the business which is very required for effective decision making.Inflation Accounting has removed this drawback by providing methods for adjusting the figure accounting to General or Specific Price levels.Despite a right method of presenting financial statements, Inflation Accounting is still not widely prevalent due to certain limitations. But with more research and development of accounting software in this field, there is no doubt that Inflation adjusted accounting is the future of Financial Accounting.。
外文史2
16．(1)18世纪70至80年代，在德国发生的一场文学运动。
(2)要求个性解放，崇尚天才和叛逆，推崇自然和自我。
(3)代表作家有席勒和歌德。
17．(1)荒诞派戏剧是20世纪50年代兴起于法国，60年代后流行于欧美其他国家的一个反传统戏剧流派。
(2)它没有完整连贯的情节，没有戏剧冲突，舞台形象支离破碎，人物语言颠三倒四,它表现的世界是荒诞的，人生是痛苦的，人与人的关系是无法沟通的。
(3)代表作家有尤奈斯库、贝克特、品特和阿尔比等。
18．(1)是日本民族创造的一种形式最短小的诗歌形体。
(2)由“五、七、五”句式共17个音组成，含蓄、凝炼，追求一种淡雅、静寂和隽秀的意境。
(3)代表作家是被尊为“俳圣”的松尾芭蕉。
四、简答题19．(1)答尔丢夫是17世纪宗教伪善者的化身，表里不一，将自己装扮成虔诚的教士。
实际上却是贪食贪睡贪财贪色的恶棍。
(2)恶行败露时，立刻露出狰狞面目，利用法律，串通官府，企图置他人于死地。
(3)他的行为向世人昭示了这种伪善者与法律、宗教、官府、宫廷联系密切，是伪善社会的产物，具有极大的欺骗性和危害性。
20．(1)个人的悲剧：对美好生活的追求使苔丝始终不向环境和命运低头，但她又相信人的一生是由命运安排的。
(2)时代的悲剧：资本主义大工业侵入宗法制乡村，宗法制农民纷纷破产，道德秩序与生活秩序一样产生了混乱。
苔丝内心的纯洁与所处环境的冲突形成了悲剧的因素,不合理的社会制度毁灭了苔丝。
21．(1)“军规”本身就是一种高度抽象和集中，象征着冥冥中统治世界的神秘力量，变化无常，莫测高深；(2)作为一条军规,它是强制性的；它运用了自相矛盾的推理逻辑，在似是而非中包藏着祸心；(3)它的本质在于它是一个放之四海而皆准的圈套，是一种永远无法摆脱的困境，是现代西方人对世界的一种感受。
22．堂·吉诃德是个满脑子骑士幻想而又具有人文主义思想特征的可笑而又可敬的矛盾复杂形象。
(1)他是个满脑子骑士幻想的不切买际的幻想家的典型。
建筑外文翻译2
多层住宅楼结构设计的故事引言设计和建造在塞勒姆，泰米尔纳德邦州，印度是本文描述。
设计是交由证明第二次检查的作者。
该建筑是一幢公寓的泰米尔纳德邦房屋委员会给的建议。
这是一个钢筋混凝土框架建设。
这样做是在技术，哥印拜陀，印度，巴黎圣日尔曼学院作为高级论文设计的世平的一部分，在马萨诸塞州伍斯特，01609巴黎圣日耳曼技术，哥印拜陀，印度，学院在印度项目中心的7周内学生作为一个住宅项目。
学生姓名弗雷德里克嘉莉，亚伯拉罕松柏目和安东尼。
这是他们完成在巴黎圣日尔曼学院项目的技术，哥印拜陀，印度，中心在1998年。
这是对BSCE在土木与环境工程学士学位世平要求的一部分。
世平派出20名学生到印度计划在PSG技术学校，哥印拜陀，学院计划在美国拉惹博士，主席，中欧和东欧处圣日耳曼技术学院赞助。
拉惹古玛教授担任顾问的校园，而体育Jayachandran教授，担任过外的世平校园顾问。
学生们做了文献调查，问题的定义，没有一个完整的结构分析和4层住宅大楼在设计钢筋混凝土。
他们遵循国际清算银行在印度的代码456 - 1978和使用脑梗死- 1999和风能/加拿大代码使用1995年的地震荷载和ANSI标准检查1995。
分析和设计的地砖，梁，梁，柱和基脚已完成利用钢筋混凝土结构设计与分析理论，STAAD 进行第三软件，它使用有限元。
对板设计，梁，柱和基脚外出使用该软件进行钢筋混凝土设计套件。
图纸完成使用自动加元。
为了防止这些软件被滥用，极限状态设计是专门用来作为手工计算方法来验证从STAAD进行输出，三和RC设计套件。
估计和工料测量做是为了计算数量和建筑和制造规范移仍维持在H/500，在理论设计的改编，由 C.K. Wang和 C.G. Salmon的教科书钢筋混凝土设计和JGMcGrager，钢筋混凝土设计和S.Rajasekaran，有限元方法。
学生已完成结构设计和图纸和技术报告，并提出了结果的陈述，之前的资深教授和其他教师和大学生的心理服务技术的观众，以及在世平。
外文资料原文及译文
外文资料原文及译文南通大学法政与管理学院2009年06月HOW DO THE CHINESE PERCEIVE HARMONIOUSCORPORATE CULTURE:An Empirical Study on Dimensions of Harmonious Corporate CultureLianke SONG，Hao YANG，Lan YANGABSTRACT The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China points out creating harmonious culture is an important task for building socialist harmonious society. Building harmonious culture needs all companies to create harmonious culture, because a company is a basic social unit. Henceforth, many Chinese companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture. Scholars must study basic theories for harmonious corporate culture. This study tried to answer two questions: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind and how do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture? Firstly, this paper analyzed background of harmonious corporate culture from Chinese traditional culture and era needs. Secondly, authors designed an open-ended questionnaire and sent them to employees in Jiangsu and Shanghai. 329 questionnaires were collected and 291 questionnaires were valid, representing a response rate of 88.45%. Thirdly, this study explored dimensions of harmonious corporate culture and identified different viewpoints from different group. Finally, this paper discussed the results and pointed out limitations of this study and future research. The results of this paper were on basis of defining, measuring, analyzing, and creating harmonious corporate culture.1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND QUESTIONSThe Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China puts forward building socialist harmonious societies and the sixth plenary session of the 16th central committee of the communist party of China points out creating harmonious culture is an important task for building socialist harmonious society. Building harmonious culture needs all companies to create harmonious culture, because a company is a basic social unit[1].Why do Chinese corporations advocate harmonious corporate culture? Maybe Chinese traditional culture and era needs are responsible.Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years. Its origins are often traced back to the Book of Changs (yi jing), which introduced some of the most fundamental terms of Chinese philosophy. Its first flowering is generally considered to have been in about the 6th century BC, but it draws on an oral tradition that goes back to Neolithic times.The Tao Te Ching (dao de jing) of Lao Tzu (lao zi) and the Analects (lun yu)of Confucius (kong zi) both appeared around the 6th century BC, around the time of early Buddhist philosophy.Confucianism focuses on the fields of ethics and politics, emphasizing personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditionalism, and sincerity. Confucianism and legalism are responsible for creating the world’s first meritocracy. Confucianism was and continues to be a major influence on Chinese culture. Harmonious culture is meant to respect the tradition of established virtue under Confucius upon "harmony with differences" while exploring extensively our cultural resources and cultural ideas or beliefs.The Chinese schools of philosophy, except during the Qin Dynasty, can be both critical and tolerant of one another. Despite the debates and competition, they generally have cooperated and shared ideas, which they would usually incorporate with their own.Harmony was a central concept in Chinese ancient philosophy. Confucian, Taoist, Buddhist and Legalist that are the major Chinese traditions all prize “harmony” as an ultimate value, but they disagree on how to achieve it. Confucians in particular emphasize the single-character term for “harmony” (he), which appears in all of Confucianism’s “Four Books and Five Classics” (si shu wu jing). The most forceful articulation of identification of personal and communal harmony comes from the Doctrine of the Mean (zhong yong), which defines harmony as a state of equilibriumw here pleasure, anger, sorrow and joy are moderated and restrained, claiming “all things in the universe to attain the way”.During the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy began to integrate the concepts of Western philosophy. Chinese philosophy attempted to incorporate democracy, republicanism and industrialism. Mao Zedong added Marxism, Stalinism and other communist thoughts. The government of the People’s Republic of China initiates Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.The theoretical bases of harmonious socialist society are Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thoughts, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and the important thought of "Three Represents" (That is, the CPC must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.).Six main characteristics of a harmonious society are democracy and the rule of law, fairness and justice, integrity and fraternity, vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature. The principles observed in building a harmonious socialist society are as the following: people oriented; development in a scientific way; in-depth reform and opening up; democracy and the rule of law; properly handling the relationships between reform, development and stability; and the participation of the whole society under the leadership of the Party.The authors tried to define harmonious corporate culture: harmonious corporate culture is the corporate culture that adheres to people-oriented principle and considers harmony as a core concept, by managing in good faith and scientific administration to achieve harmony among enterprises, society and nature, and eventually make enterprises develop harmoniously and healthily.Chinese traditional culture is the basis of harmonious corporate culture. Era need is the direction of harmonious corporate culture. “Harmonious Corporate Culture” is a new identification and is different from any existent conceptions. What is harmonious corporate culture? This study wants to answer this question by analyzing Chinese viewpoints from open-ended questionnaires.Question 1: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind?Harmonious corporate culture is a new and special conception for Chinese. General views of Chinese can be found by searching dimensions of harmonious corporate culture. In fact, different people have different ideas. Maybe there are differences among different groups, which can be classified by sex, age, education and position. This study will find and explain those differences.Question 2: How do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture?Today, many Chinese companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture. Understanding conception and characters of harmonious corporate culture are very important. This paper will answer two questions which are the basis of this field.2. METHODS2.1 Sample and ProcedureThe empirical analysis was carried out in Jiangsu and Shanghai. J iangsu’s economic and social development has always been taking the lead in China. Shanghai is China’s chief industrial and commercial centre and one of its leading centres of higher education and scientific research. They both lie in center of China’s eas t coast. We can know what modern Chinese are thinking and hoping by studying employees in Jiangsu and Shanghai.Questionnaires couldn’t be counted because we used both paper version and computer version. From January 2007 to January 2008, authors sent questionnaires to employees who worked in Jiangsu and Shanghai. 329 questionnaires were returned and 291 questionnaires were valid, representing a response rate of 88.45%.Table 1 summarizes the key statistics for the sample used in the study.Table 1 Characteristics of the sample2.2 MeasuresThe authors designed an open-ended questionnaire based on the purpose of the study. This scale only used one question to collect information for answering question 1 of this study. This question is “Please use ten words or ten sentences to describe harmonious corporate culture”.3. RESULTSThis research found out that there were some similar viewpoints about harmonious corporate culture from collected questionnaires. The authors classify these viewpoints into 15 dimensions after holding 10 study group meetings. Some dimensions were identified based on China’s traditional culture and present policies. Table 2 lists 15 dimensions in English and Chinese because of some dimensions with Chinese characteristics.Table 2 Dimension and frequency of harmonious corporate cultureThis s tudy calculated dimensions’ frequencies from different groups to know different people’s ideal harmonious corporate culture. Table 3 shows statistics for male’s and female’s viewpoints on harmonious corporate culture.Table3 Frequency and order of harmonious corporate culture from female and male4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION4.1 ResultsSome companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture and some companies boast that they possess harmonious corporate culture after the central government calls on all society to create harmonious culture. But what is harmonious corporate culture? Some scholars wanted toexplain it, but nobody has answered this question by empirical study. The authors answered question 1 of this study by analyzing collected data. A lot of standpoints were found, but some standpoints could be integrated as one because they possess same meaning but are described with different words. The study group held 10 meetings to discuss harmonious corporate culture dimensions based on questionnaires. Finally, 15 dimensions were identified. They are People oriented, steady development, scientific administration, vitality, stability and order, fraternity and concord, unity and cooperation, fairness and impartiality, democratic participation, managing in good faith, pursuing excellence, social responsibility, energy conservation and environmental protection, incorporating things of diverse nature, and common development and win-win situation. The result answered question 1: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind?Dimensions were arranged on frequency. People oriented ranked first. People oriented in China has three sources: Max’s study of humanity; “People first” descending from Chinese history and new anthropocentric[2]. The Chinese like speaking “people oriented” relating to Chinese traditional culture. The genesis of people oriented is traceable to the Western Zhou Dynasty and people oriented became the core thought of Confucianism which influenced the Chinese deeply. Many archaism were concerned with people oriented, such as “The pe ople are the most important element in a state; next are the gods of land and grain; least is the ruler himself[3].”(min wei gui, she ji ci zhi, jun wei qing) Many scholars also considered people oriented is the core and basis of harmonious corporate culture[4][5].This paper compared different groups’ viewpoints to answer question 2 -- how do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture?People oriented, unity and cooperation, vitality, and fraternity and concord were ranked from 1 to 4 by female and male. The same results made the authors surprised. But they are different in fifth dimension. The fifth of female is democratic participation and the fifth of male is stability and order. Female status was lower than male in ancient China. Female had to comply with the three obedience and the four virtues (san cong si de) in past. The three obediences (obey her father before marriage, her husband when married, and her sons in widowhood) and the four virtues (morality, proper speech, modest manner and diligent work) of women in ancient China, which were spiritual fetters of wifely submission and virtue imposed on women in feudal society. Female status is improving after female deputy attended the first National Congress of the Communist Party ofChina. Today, Chinese female think much of the rights of women, so democratic participation is the fifth dimension. The ancient belief “Men’s work centers around outside, women’s work centers around the home[6]”(nü zheng wei hu nei, nan zheng wei hu wai) which c ame from The Book of Changes (yi jing). Man had to work hard in society to earn money and get honour for his family. Today, both man and woman work in government, company, school, hospital and so on, but man always plays a major role and assumes primary responsibility in society and at home for traditional culture. The change is fast and the competition is fierce in modern society, so man is facing great pressure. This is the reason why man hopes to live and work in a more stable environment, so stability and order is the fifth dimension.People oriented, unity and cooperation, and vitality were ranked from 1 to 3 by Managerial employee and Nonmanagerial employee. Scientific administration and democratic participation were ordered as the fourth dimension by managerial employee. Managerial employee looks deeper and thinks further than nonmanagerial employee because managerial employee is at higher level and holds more responsibility in organization. Managerial employee cares about management questions. Fraternity and concord was ordered as the fourth dimension by nonmanagerial employee. Nonmanagerial employee concerns less about enterprises’ overall operation and management state than managerial employee does. They understand harmonious corporate culture from their own specific the work and life. Nonmanagerial employee does specific task and needs direct corporation. They believe that the staffs’ civilized language and behaviours, mutual understanding, the warm atmosphere of interpersonal relationships in the enterprise are very important aspects of harmonious corporate culture. Nonmanagerial employee cares about good relationship. Generally speaking, the differences of the harmonious corporate culture dimensions understanding between managerial employee and nonmanagerial employee are closely related to their location in the organizational structure and their working content in the enterprise.People oriented was ordered as first dimension and unity and cooperation was ordered as the second dimension by all persons whatever their education background is Vitality was ordered as the third dimension by all responders except persons who got a master or doctor degree. The responders whose highest education qualification over master degree ordered scientific administration as the second dimension too. The person holding advanced academic degree has more opportunity to be promoted to managerial position, so they think scientific administration is very important in aharmonious environment. Compared with other groups，the relatively higher education group who get undergraduate degree, are more interested in stability and order, fairness and impartiality dimensions. People in this group are the middle and high-level managers in the enterprise, that is, not only they are familiar with the overall state of the enterprise, but also they understand deeply internal staffs’ living conditions characteristics. Therefore, they put more attention on stability and order, fairness and impartiality dimensions.All groups ordered people oriented, unity and cooperation, and vitality as most important three dimensions. The same results showed what core contents for harmonious corporate culture are.4.2 Limitations and Future ResearchThis study was just an exploratory study. The authors searc hed harmonious corporate culture’s dimensions by open-ended questionnaire. But the validity of these results need to be proved by more studies. The authors will design close-ended questionnaire based on this study and collect new data. Dimensions of harmonious corporate culture will be confirmed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.This paper only discussed what harmonious corporate culture is. In the future, how to create harmonious corporate culture should be studied.The authors compared viewpoints from different sex, position and education. Age, birthplace, nationality and work experience influence individual thought too. Different opinions from different groups should be identified in future study.China should act as not only the defender of Chinese culture but an explorer and promoter of the new harmonious culture. Harmony is the social theme for present China. Studying basic theory of harmonious corporate culture will contribute to our society.REFERENCES[1] Lianke SONG, Dongtao, YANG, Hao YANG. Why do companies create harmonious cultures? Comparing the influence of different corporate cultures on employees. Enterprise Management and Change in a Transitional Economy. 2008. p595-603.[2] LU Wanglin. On theoretic s ource of “human oriented” -- analyzing the scientific factor of “scientific development view” from one point of view. Hebei Academic Journal, 26 (5), 2006,p228-230.[3] Mencius. The Mencius. Warring States time.[4] Liangbo CHENG, Lincheng JING. An search on creating harmonious corporate culture. Group Economy, (17), 2007, p294-295.[5] Xiangkui GENG. Extracting kernel of Confucianism to create harmonious corporate culture. Theoretical Research, (3), 2007, p47-48.[6] The Book of Changes.中国人如何认识和谐企业文化？——关于和谐企业文化维度的实证研究宋联可杨浩杨兰摘要党的十六届六中全会指明建设和谐文化是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要任务。
外文原文 (2)
附件2：外文原文（复印件）Performance of RC frames with hybrid reinforcement under reversed cyclic loadingM. Nehdi and A. SaidDept, of Civil & Env. Eng., The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada, N6A 5B9Received." 5 May 2004; accepted." 13 October 2004ABSTRACTThe use of FRP as reinforcement in concrete structures has been growing rapidly.A potential application of FRP reinforcement is in reinforced concrete (RC) frames. However, due to FRP's predominantly elastic behaviour, FRP-RC members exhibit low ductility and energy dissipation. Hybrid steel-FRP reinforcement can be a viable solution to the lack of ductility of FRP-RC members. Using two layers of reinforcement in a section, FRP rebars can be placed in the outer layer and steel rebars in the inner layer away from the effects of carbonation and chloride intrusion. Combined with the use of FRP stirrups, this approach can enhance the corrosion resistance of RC members.However, current design standards and detailing criteria for FRP-RC structures do not provide detailed seismic provisions. In particular, the design and detailing of beam-column joints is a key issue in seismic design. During recent earthquakes, many structural collapses were initiated or caused by beam-column joint failures. Thus, research is needed to gain a better understanding of the behaviour of FRP and hybrid FRP-steel-RC under seismic loading. In this study, three full-scale beam-column joint specimens reinforced with steel, GFRP and a hybrid GFRP-steel configuration, respectively were tested in order to investigate their performance in the event of an earthquake.1.INTRODUCTIONCorrosion of reinforcing steel has been the primary cause of deterioration of reinforced (RC) structures, requiring substantial annual repair costs around the world. Furthermore, modem equipments that employ magnetic interferometers, such as in hospitals, require a nonmagnetic environment with no metallic reinforcement. This has led to an increasing interest in fibrereinforced polymers (FRP) reinforcement, which is inherently nonmagnetic and resistant to corrosion [1].Measurement devices for structural health monitoring purposes. However, FRP materials often exhibit weaker bond to concrete and lower ductility compared to that of conventional steel reinforcement. The bond of FRP to concrete can be improved by means of mechanical anchorages such as surface deformations and sand coating, but its lower ductility remains a major concern, especially in structures subjected to seismic and/or impact loading.Brown and Bartholomew [2] observed that FRP-RC beams behaved in a similar manner to that of steel-RC beams.However, in the design process, two criteria that are not usually problematic in thecase of steel reinforcement can govern the design in the case of FRP reinforcement: deflection and ductility. Most FRP materials usually have a significantly lower modulus of elasticity compared to that of steel (except for some new CFRP products) and thus, often generate higher deflections, Furthermore, the predominantly elastic behaviour of FRP results in little warning before a usually sudden and brittle failure. Satisfying deflection and ductility requirements is a challenge in designing FRP-RC structures. Thus, it is recommended that flexural design of FRP-reinforced slabs and beams should aim at over-reinforced sections in order to achieve a concrete compression failure, which usually allows FRP-RC flexural members to exhibit some plastic behaviour before failure [3, 4].In recent years, there has been a growing interest to investigate the performance of mixed steel-FRP as well as steel-free FRP-RC structures. However, research in this area has been generally limited to some beam and column testing.Most of the newly adopted specifications for the design of FRP-reinforced concrete [4-8] are not comprehensive, often do not include detailed seismic provisions, and do not cover hybrid FRP-steel RC systems. Therefore, research is needed to investigate the performance of FlIP and hybrid FRP-steelreinforced concrete frames under reversed cyclic loading in order to form the basis for future design code provisions for FRP-reinforced concrete in seismic zones. In this study, fullscale steel-reinforced, steel-free GFRP-reinforced, and hybrid GFRP-steel-reinforced beam-column joints were tested under reversed cyclic loading; Their behaviour including load-storey drift envelope relationship and energy dissipation were compared and discussed.2. SCOPE OF PREVIOUS WORKThe use of FRP as reinforcement in RC beams was investigated by various researchers. Different permutations of FlIP and steel as longitudinal and transverse reinforcement,respectively were studied [9-11]. Although transverse reinforcement is usually closer to the concrete surface and is therefore more vulnerable to corrosion, limited investigations have been performed on the use of FRP stirrups. The use of FlIP stirrups has been hindered by their limited availability and the fact that a 60% strength reduction factor at bends for various types of FRP is recommended [6]. Also, bending FRP bars to make stirrups typically needs to be performed in production plants with special care and equipment. The use of FRP NEFMAC (New Fiber Composite Material for Reinforcing Concrete) grids can provide a solution to such a problem; a four-ceU unit taken from a NEFMAC grid provides a three-branched stirrup as shown in Fig.Grira and Saatcioglu [12] investigated the use of both steel grids and CFRP grids as stirrups for confinement of concrete columns having longitudinal steel reinforcement. Several grid configurations were used and column specimens were tested under cyclic loading. They concluded that the performance of columns reinforced with CFRP stirrups was comparable to that of columns reinforced with steel stirrups. They also argued that the use of grids whether made of steel or CFRP provides ease of construction and a near-uniform distribution of the confinement pressure along the column, without congesting the reinforcement cage. They reported that the NEFMAC gridbased stirrups failed at their nodes, which is usually thecommon weakness of FRP stirrups. Fukuyama et al. [13] tested a half-scale three-storey AFRP-reinforced concrete frame under quasi-static loading. RA11S aramid-bars were used for the longitudinal reinforcement of columns, RA7S bars were used as flexural reinforcement for beams and slabs, while RA5 bars were used as shear reinforcement. RA11S, RA7S and RA5 are braided bars with cross-sectional areas of 90, 45 and 23 mm 2, respectively. It was argued that frame deformations governed the design. The frame remained elastic up to a drift angle of 1/50 rad, and no substantial decrease in strength took place after rupture of some main beam rebars owing to the high degree of structural indeterminacy of the frame. It was also noted that the rehabilitation of such a frame was easier than that of conventional RC flames since residual deformations were smaller. However, the flame was not tested to collapse and its behaviour under excessive deformations was not reported. Limited research has been performed on hybrid FRP-steel reinforced concrete. Aiello and Ombres [14] tested 6 beams with different configurations of longitudinal reinforcement including steel only, AFRP only, and hybrid AFRP-steel beams, all with steel stirrups. For some of the hybrid specimens, steel was placed with a larger concrete cover to provide extra protection against corrosion. Experimental results showed that such a hybrid system can have lower service deflection and higher ductility at failure than that of the AFRP steel-flee system. Leung and Balendran [15] tested seven RC beams under four point bending. Concrete strength and reinforcement ratios for both steel and GFRP were varied to produce under-reinforced and over-reinforced sections. Steel rebars were placed at 30 mm higher concrete cover compared to that for GFRP rebars. The study showed that for hybrid beams, steel contributed more effectively to the overall behaviour up to yield. Afterwards, the stiffness of yielded steel dropped drastically and the GFRP rebars started to contribute more efficiently to the section resistance. For high strength concrete beams, the increased flexural capacity resulted in shifting the flexural failure into a shear failure.Some research focused on providing ductility to FRP rebars that are manufactured by filament winding or pultrusion. For instance, Tamuzs and Tepfers [16] investigated the properties of a hybrid FRP rod. They used multiple fibre types along with braiding fibre strands around a soft porous core to achieve a more ductile behaviour. The hybrid rods they produced could provide a ductile behaviour, but the difference between the moduli of different fibre strands seemed to cause uneven load transfer, while the compression of the core material caused a reduction of cross-section. A similar study was performed by Bakis et al. [17] who developed pseudo- ductile FRP rods using different types of fibres. The rods behaved in a pseudo-ductile manner when tested under tension, but premature failure took place due to local stress concentrations. Another study performed by Harris et al. [18] developed a ductile hybrid FRP rebar through braiding of various fibres followed by a pultrusion process. Belarbi et al. [19] were also successful in developing composite reinforcing rebars with a relatively more stable stress-strain behaviour in tension and better load-deflection behaviour under four-point bending. However, such rebars are still in early experimental stages and there is not enough data on their field performance, especially under seismic loading.3. EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMBeam-column joints can be isolated from plane frames at the points of contraflexure. The beam of the current test unit is taken to the mid-span of the bay, while the column is taken from the mid-height of one storey to the mid-height of the next storey.3.1 Steel-reinforced specimen (J1)3.2 GFRP-reinforced specimen (J4)3.3 Hybrid-reinforced specimen (J5)3.4 Test setup and procedure5. DISCUSSIONThe use of FRP as reinforcement in concrete structures has been increasing in popularity, yet various design guidelines and provisions still need to be developed for its safe implementation in large-scale field applications. For instance, the ACI 440.1R-01 identified a wide variety of research issues pertaining to FRP that need to be addressed, some of which are as simple as establishing the statistical variation of the tensile capacity of FRP rebars. Moreover, the contribution of FRP transverse reinforcement to the shear capacity of RC elements needs to be properly evaluated. The lower bond strength of FRP to concrete compared to that of steel imposes difficulties in design, for instance in satisfying rebar development length such as in the case of beam reinforcement anchorage in exterior joints, for which using FRP would require additional embedded length compared to when steel rebars are used. Also the difficulty of manufacturing bends in FRP makes it difficult to adopt this material in reinforcing structurally complicated configurations and needs to be addressed.A major drawback of steel-free FRP-RC systems is their low energy dissipation under earthquake loading, as demonstrated by the performance of the tested FRP-reinforced joint specimen (J4). The energy input from ground motion is equal to the sum of potential, kinematic, damping and hysteretic energy components [22]. The potential and kinematic energy components vanish after the static equilibrium of the structure is reached, while the damping and hysteretic energy components are responsible for energy dissipation. The hysteretic component becomes the major contributor to energy dissipation when significant inelastic deformations take place. Hence, an FRP-reinforced frame may have to be designed with a high damping component so that when added to its relatively limited hysteretic Component, it can dissipate the energy input during an earthquake. Design guidelines for framed RC buildings by the Architecture Institute of Japan, as outlined by Kobayashi et al. [23], entail ensuring seismic performance by overcoming the ductility deficiency of FRP-RC frames. The study recommended the use of the capacity spectrum method. Performance demand and capacity spectra were evaluated and a performance point, where the demand and capacity spectra meet and members are still below their flexural capacity, was defined as the safety limit. This performance-based design approach was successfully applied to the analysis of a 9-floor FRP-RC frame. The study also pointed out the cruciality of damping in FRP-RC structures and recommended the use of vibration control devices.The use of hybrid steel-FRP RC systems could address many of the drawbacks ofsteel-free RC systems. Steel reinforcement can be used in lateral load resisting structural members, which are not usually exposed to aggressive media, while FRP reinforcement can be used in the envelope of the structure to enhance durability. Alternatively, a hybrid reinforcement configuration can make use of the corrodible steel at a thick concrete cover, while the more durable FRP stays at a minimum cover. Thus, the structure can benefit from using such a hybrid reinforcement system to provide both durability (using FRP) and post-peak reserve strength (using steel).The present study focussed only on comparing the behaviour of FRP, hybrid steel-FRP, and steel-reinforced beam-column joints. Full-scale tests on entire FRP and hybrid-reinforced frames need to be performed to assess the progress of failure globally. The results can be used to calibrate numerical models that can be used to simulate the behaviour of multi-storey FRP and hybrid-reinforced frames with high degrees of redundancy, and accordingly predict the progress of failure. Moreover, passive energy dissipation devices can provide a source of energy dissipation for FRP-reinforced frames, which needs further focussed research. Overall, research efforts are still needed to address many questions and uncertainties, and to develop adequate design provisions dedicated to steel-free and hybrid RC systems, before their widespread use in demanding large-scale structural applications becomes feasible and safe in seismic areas.6. CONCLUSIONSAn effort was made to investigate the performance of GFRP and hybrid steel-GFRP-reinforced beam-column joints and to compare their behaviour to that of standard steel-reinforced beam-column joints under reversed quasi- static (cyclic) loading.,the following conclusions can be drawn:The GFRP-reinforced beam-column joint showed very low plasticity features when tested under reversed cyclic loading. This resulted in lower energy dissipation compared to that of the steel and hybrid reinforced specimens.The hybrid GFRP-steel-reinforced beam-colunm joint showed lower stiffness than that of the conventional steel- reinforced beam-column joint, but exhibited higher stiffness than that of the GFRP-reinforced specimen.The GFRP and hybrid-reinforced specimens showed satisfactory drift capacity, assuming a minimum drift requirement of 3% (0.03 rad) as recommended in the literature for ductile RC flame buildings [24].A hybrid RC system could be tailored to provide a range of performance requirements such as durability, stiffness, strength, ductility, etc. A designer may adapt the reinforcement configuration of the hybrid system to accommodate a balance between such design criteria.This study was only focussed on the level of the subassemblage. A more global concept should be adopted in the design of moment-resisting frames. Thorough dynamic analysis of GFRP and hybrid-RC structures should be performed to better assess their capacity in meeting seismic resistance requirements.Design code provisions for the seismic design of RC structures, which have been developed for ductile steel reinforcement, need to be re-evaluated for FRP-RC structures.。
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Total concentrations and fractions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sewage sludge from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plantsAbstractHeavy metals are one of the important factors that affect the final disposal of sewage sludge. In this paper, the metal mobility and bioavailability of heavy metals in sewage sludge were studied by using Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure to get more information for the reasonable disposal of sludge. Sewage sludge was collected from five municipal wastewater treatment plants and three industrial wastewater treatment plants. The sludge was examined for and the total concentrations and different chemical fractions of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn. The total metal concentrations of heavy metals in sludge varied greatly. The contents of Zn and Cu were the highest, followed by then Cr, Ni and Pb and the content of Cd was the least. There was no significant difference in total metal concentration between municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants. Fractions extracted by the BCR sequential procedure were acid soluble/exchangeable, reducible and oxidizable fraction. Sludge pH was found to have profound effect on the chemical fractions of heavy metals. Acidic sludges had higher proportion of the acid soluble/exchangeable fractions than in neutral sludge. In neutral sludges, Pb and Cr were principally distributed in between the oxidizable fraction and the residual fraction; Cu was in the oxidizable fraction; Cd mainly in the residual fraction in municipal wastewater treatment plants and had high percentage of acid soluble/exchangeable and reducible fractions in industrial wastewater treatment plants; Ni and Zn had higher percentage in the acid soluble/exchangeable and the oxidizable fraction.Keywords: Sewage sludge; Sequential extraction; Fraction; Heavy metals; Wastewater treatment plan1. IntroductionSewage sludge contains many organic contaminants (such as PCBs and PAHs), heavy metals and pathogens. Non-hazardous treatments of sewage sludges can degrade parts of the organic pollutants, effectively kill some pathogens, but heavy metals present in sludge cannot be removed by com-mon treatment technologies such as composting, aerobic or anaerobic digestion . So the sludge disposal may result in secondary environmental pollution if treated improperly. Among the different ways of sewage sludge disposal, land application is low cost and high effective and has been used widely . However, application of sewage sludge may result in heavy metal accumulation in cultivated soils. This fact has received more and more concern in recent years. Detailed information on heavy metals present in sewage is necessary before their land application. The threshold values of toxic limits heavy metals in sludge have been set in many countries for their safe disposal to agricultural fields and to reduce their potential risk hazard on agricultural ecological system. Some studies have shown that the available fraction of heavy metals mainly decided the mobility, bioavailability or phytotoxicity of heavy metals in soils . Therefore, the quantification of different chemical fractions of heavy metals in sewage is necessary for information on metal mobility, as well as on their bioavailability or phyto-toxicity. On the other hand, the source of heavy metals in wastewa-ter, whether domestic or industrial, also has profound effects on the total content as well as chemical fractions of heavy metals in sludge. For example, industrial effluents are the predominant source of Cd, Hg, Cr and Ni, while Cu and Zn are mainly of domestic origin, and the major source of Pb may be both surface runoff and domestic wastewater.In China, mainly the domestic wastewater and partly industrial wastewater and surface runoff are used in municipal wastew-ater treatment plants. Wastewater treatment plants are run by the large scale corporations to treat their effluents before their ultimate discharge into environment. So there might be some differences in total content and chemical fractions of heavy metals in selective sewage sludge samples. In the present paper, sewage sludge collected from five municipal wastewater treatment plants and three industrialwastewater treatment plants of petrochemical, brew and paper industry was examined for the total concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn and chemical fractions of heavy metals to get a preliminary assessment for the land application of sewage sludge.2. Materials and methods2.1. Collection of sewage sludge samplesWet anaerobic sludge samples were obtained from selec-tive wastewater treatment plants listed in Table 1 . The sam-ples were air-dried, passed through a sieve having openings of 2 mm diameter and stored in dry glass bottles at room tem-perature. Sludge pH was measured in 1:2.5 sludge and water suspensions. Organic carbon of the sludge samples was deter-mined by ashing at 360℃for 2 h. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) values were determined following the procedure out-lined by Grauer . Total contents of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) were determined by ICP-MS . Some properties of sludges from the selective wastew-ater plants are presented in Table 2 .2.2. The sequential extraction test and determination of heavy metalsSequential extraction was performed using the three-step procedure recommended by Community Bureau of Refer-ence , in which metals are divided into acid soluble/exchangeable, reducible-fraction and oxidizable-fraction .Step one : A half-gram aliquot of sludge was taken in a 50 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube and 20 mL volume of acetic acid (0.11 mol/L) was added to it. The contents were shaken for 16 h (overnight) at ambient temperature (20℃) on an end-over-end mechanical shaker operating at 40 rpm. The extract was separated from the solid residue by centrifugation(4000 rpm), decanted into a polyethylene containerand stored at 4℃untill analysis.Step two : The residue from Step one was slurried with a portion of a 20 mL volume of 0.1 mol/L hydroxylam-monium chloride . The extraction procedure described above was followed.Step three: The residue from Step one was dispersed in 5 mL volume of hydrogen peroxide (8.8 mol/L) and digested at room temperature for 1 h with occasional shaking. A second 5-mL aliquot of hydrogen peroxide was continued by heating the tube to 85℃in a water bath for 1 h. The contents were evaporated to a small volume (1–2 mL). Twenty-five milliliter of ammonium acetate was adde to the cool and moist residue,shaken, centrifuged and the extract separated as described for Step one.Step four: One milliliter each of HNO3 , HClO4 and HF were added to 0.1 g dry sludge samples taken in poly beakers. The contents were heated on a hot plate and evaporated to near dryness. After cooling, the residues were dissolved in 1% HNO3. The resultant solu-tions were subsequently used to determine the heavy metals.A blank was also run at the same time and no detectable contamination was found when aliquots of the sequential ex-traction reagents were processed and analyzed with the sam-ples. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in different fractions and the resultant solutions of Step four were determined by ICP-MS .2.3. Calculation and statistical analysisThe summation of three fractions was subtracted from the total content to get the content of the residual fraction. All statistical analyses were carried out on the Statistical Package for Social Science .3. Results and discussion3.1. Physicochemical properties of sludge from selective wastewater plantsThe data contained in Table 2 show that the properties of sludge from selectivewastewater plants varied widely. The ranges were from 250 to 560 kg−1 for organic carbon, 4 to 26 kg−1 for total N, 0.8 to 19.3 g kg−1 for total P and 2.0 to 12.6 g kg−1 for total K. Their contents are similar to or above them in farmyard manure. In China, the mean contents of soil were 10–40 g kg−1 for organic matter, 1.0–2.0 g kg−1 for to-tal N, 0.44 to 0.85 g kg−1 for total P and about 16 g/kg for total K, respectively . Comparing the contents of sludge with those of soils, the former had higher contents of organic carbon, total N and total P, but lower content of the total K. A survey in 2000 showed that 70–80% of the total cultivated land was lack of enough nutrients and insufficient application of organic fertilizer and excessive utilization of chemical fertilizers had caused the deterioration of farmland quality, the cultivated horizon became thinner and water retention ability decreased . The pH value of sewage sludge varies from 4.4 to 7.7. The CEC values varied from 17.6 to 89.6 cmol kg−1. This sewage sludge has a good manure value.3.2. Total content of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sewage sludgeThe total contents of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sludge presented in Table 3 showed a wide variation of the concen-tration of heavy metals. In general, these sludge samples had higher contents of Cu and Zn but relatively lower contents of Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd. Similar wide variation in the concentra-tion ranges of heavy metals have been reported by Alvarez et al. and S ˇcanˇcar et al . However, the total con-centration of Cr, Ni and Pb in sludges reported by S ˇcanˇcar et al. and for Cr and Pb observed by Alvarez et al. were much higher than the results of present investigation. On the other hand, the concentrations of Zn and Cu noted in this investi-gation were higher than the results of these workers. Statis-tical analysis showed that there was no significant difference in total concentration of metals between municipal and in-dustrial wastewater treatment plants. It appears that if the discharged standard of industrial wastewater of China were enforced strictly, the metal content in sludge could be effec-tively reduced. The source of municipal wastewater treatment plants includes industrial effluents, domestic wastewater andsurface runoff, so the control of heavy metals in wastewater source of municipal wastewater treatment plants was harder than that of industrial wastewater treat ment plants.“Discharge standards of pollutants for municipal wastew-ater treatment pla nt ” was issued in 2002 and enforced in 2003 in China . A comparison of metal concentrations in sludge with their permissible values, the concentrations of Cr, Ni and Cu in S3 and Cd and Zn in S5 were beyond the permitted values restricting their use in agriculture. Metal concentrations in other six sludge samples were below the permitted values so these could be safely used in agriculture. Soil contamination due to heavy metals was a serious problem in China, for example, concentrations of heavy metals in 36,000 ha sampled from 300,000 ha basic agricultural protecting cropland in 2000 were found to be beyond the permissible limit values of state standards for cropland . A strict enforcement of state standards should be observed to limit the indiscriminate application of sludge in cropland.3.3. Extractable contents of Cd, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni and Zn in sewage sludgeDifferent chemical fractions of heavy metals represented as percent of their total concentrations in sludge shown in Fig. 1 revealed that the distribution of the metal fractions varied widely for different metals. The percentage of F1 frac-tion of almost all metals in S5 and S6 was higher than other sludge samples owing to the acidic nature of these two sludge samples. Merrington et al. stressed the importance of pH onthe availability of metals in sludge . The content of F1 fraction of Cr in S1, S2, S4 and S7 and of Pb in S1, S2, S4, S7 and S8 were below the detection limit of ICP-MS, therefore, these were not taken into consideration during sta-tistical analysis and not shown in Fig. 1. Chromium, Cu and Pb were found to be principally distributed in the F3 and residual fractions in all sludge samples. Nickel had higher percentage of F1 (5.6–46.7%) but lower percentage of F2 fraction (1.6–11.4%). The percentage of F1, F2 and F3 for Zn was all above 10%. Cadmium was principally distributed in the F3 and residual fractions in S1 and S4, and in F1 andF2 fraction in S5, S6, S7 and S8.Among different chemical frac-tions of heavy metals in sludge, F1 fraction represented a form of high mobility and potential bioavailiability. The per-centage of F1 for Cd in S6, S7 and S8 was much higher in S1, S2, S3 and S4. This showed that the mobility and bioavailability of Cd in sludge from in-dustrial wastewater treatment plants were much higher than from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Because the per-mitted value of Cd in the discharge standard was very below , the higher percentage of F1 fraction of Cd in acidic sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plant and sludge from industrial wastewater treatment plants may cause poten-tial phyto-toxicity after agricultural application. There is no significant difference in the percentage ofF1 for other metals. The percentage ofF1 for Ni and Zn ranged from 9.6 to 51.1 and 10.0 to 51.1, respectively. So the mobility and bioavail-ability of Ni and Zn in sludge was higher as compared to other heavy metals. These results are in corroboration to the findings of S `ean`ear et al. Attention should be, therefore, paid to the mobility of Ni and Zn in sludges from municipal treatment plants and Cd in sludges from industrial wastewater treatment plants after their application.4. ConclusionsSewage sludge collected from eight sewage treatment plants has high organic carbon, and is rich in nutrient like N and P, so they can be used as good organic fertilizers. But the impact caused by heavy metals after their agricultural application of sludge should be assessed. Total concentration of Cr, Ni and Cu in S3 and Cd and Zn in S5 exceeded the permitted values of GB 18918-2002, so S3 and S5 can not be used in agriculture due to high metal concentration. Total metal concentrations in sludge from three industrial wastew-ater treatment plants failed to show any significant difference against those from municipal wastewater treatment plants. Extractable fractions of different heavy metals varied greatly. In acidic sludge , the percentage of F1 fraction of most heavy metals was higher than that in neutral sludge. In neutral sludge, Pb and Cr were principally distributed in the oxidizable and residual fractions. Cu was mainly in the oxidizable fraction. Cadmium was principally in theresidual fraction in municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge while in industrial wastewater treatment plant sludge high percent-age of acid soluble/exchangeable and reducible fractions was noted. Nickel and Zn had higher percentage in the acid soluble/exchangeable and the oxidizable fractions. In China, a statewide survey for compilation of data on the production of sludge, their heavy metal composition and speciation should be carried out for their environmentally safe disposal.。
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Humor Illustration Design,a Summary of Illustrations, Designs, and ProjectsJochen GasserBahnhofstraBe 10, 39040 Vahm (Bz), Italyinfo@j ochengasser•comAbstract. This paper summarizes my work as an illustrative designer; itcovers details of my inspiration, ideas，final works，and specific projects thatI have worked on throughout my career. This paper is organized in parts;Humor Illustration Design as a Solution Mechanism for Various Problemsdescribes my view on how humor functions in the world today and how italleviates issues. Illustration as a Tool is where I explain the workings behindand the outcome of an ongoing project and the goals Fm aiming for as adesigner in terms of reaching my audience. I then show how I incorporate mywork into marketing strategies in Humor Illustration Design as MarketingStrategy. Finally I focus on the project that I will present in Las Vegas in July.Keywords: Humor Illustration Design, Humor, Andreas Hofer, Humanity,Emotional Connection, Gondola.Humor Illustration Design as a Solution Mechanism forVarious ProblemsIn a powerful and function-oriented world, it is more important than ever not to come short on emotions and humanity when it comes to design and illustration. The motto “Sex sells’’，is an evident example of how humor functions in our society; at first the directness of this motto seems crude and grabs our attention, then it eases and brings about a laugh. Humor is a concept that can be used to reach audiences within seconds, and draws them in through amusement and emotional connection. Illustration is a way to depict humor; it is an ideal means of expression as themes can be apprehended and understood with no specific boundary. In other words, illustration allows individual opinions and views on certain themes through imagination.2Illustration as a ToolSince the beginning of my career as a freelance illustrator in 2(X)8，I have been interested in innovative ways to apply the concept of “Humor Illustration Design”. I worked together with a historian named Norbert Parschalk on my first project. It was based on the idea of historical story telling through a new style. The main idea was toA. Marcus (Ed.): DUXU/HCII 2013, Part III, LNCS 8014, pp. $13-gl9]2Q13.© Springer-Vcrlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013514 J. Gassercreate 44comics ,\ in which history and humor were combined, without questioning the significance and plausibility of a given storied contents.The first story I transformed into a comic was the biography of “Andreas Hof er ”，a local freedom fighter and hero in the South Tirol (a small region of Italy, far north in the Alps)(Fig. 1 shows an exerpt from the book). In this region of Italy - in my homeland the status and importance of Andreas Hofer can be compared to that of Abraham Lincoln in the USA. I designed the illustrations and NorbertParschalk helped me formulate the texts.§aci)5m in 5er ^fcmmeFig. l. Exerpt from the Andreas Hofer bookBut there were consequences that came with animating this historical figure and things went through the roof when the storybook was first published and released; as quoted, one cannot make “Serious historical figures into comical her oes •” However the book was soon accepted and became a best seller. It also serves as an educational tool for many middleschool students and a number of others in general.The concept of this project was simple and came down to one question and goal: How could I get people from each age group who were historically ‘uninterested ’，to want to experience and learn history? The solution lay in the combination of texts and matching cartoons and comicstrips; I recreated each story based on tms combination, with the intention of finding a way to give people no option but to learn the history; they would have to read the texts in order to understand the illustrations they were looking. And this worked!I designed the humorous elements of my story books with the purpose of “reward- ing ’，the reader ，who had been ‘‘f or ced ’’ to do something undesireable (i.e. to read) in order to understand the story. Tnis concept takes after the motto: “You can learn and also laugh!”. I didn ’t want to undermine or question the seriousness of the biographies however, and so, I only chose scenes that are either proven or unverifiable. This is how the subtitle of my book series, “An IIlustraded History ”，was founded. Based on this subtitle ，my books can be considered “subjective history ” rather than as “joke ” or “satire ”.My work focuses on and is demonstrated through the concept of “humanity ”， which is thecentral theme and a crucial building block in the thoughts and proceduresDo* 蚊der TWAt W 41b «Mt » n «>» »«T «|cn «V » vhJ U4C\^c vAn H «jl njn vv^sU iiMPQ «r*«v tft)uafl Sto- dm »n iW 3030#«»Un|ycr 〇«*«««. At*-1 f VT4** Vhjtrr^ dm IM drv I M t M rw ».tlrhMn njtKk. «cf «vi O CIIMM ml UN MM «tna# viw Nan %e r^ rtn rv tr^e ftmnU * i t m l aMMvrfirMorfr m^sroe.Humor Illustration Design, a Summary of Illustrations, Designs, and Projects 515that go into my ideas, texts and illustrations- In these re-created stories, my intention is for heroes to be seen as humans that have strengths and weaknesses! With this method, which is not always met with sympathy or understanding, I aim to convey these characters not as dismantled or lesser heroes, but rather as heroic figures to whom readers of any age group can relate. The simplicity of the combination of the illustrations and texts, allows readers to have a better understanding of these heroes and the things that led them to the honorable and heroic decisions they made.Every product, every service and every action is, when it comes down to it, based on “humanity” and can be communicated as just that. Consider times when you have viewed a situation or experience，a conversation, or an emotion，from another person or friend’s perspective. You probably discovered the different possibilities of meaning or intention and were able to feel what might be felt “under one’s skin” rather than only seeing the what’s on the surface.This concept plays an important role in my approach of communicating humor; in my illustrations, heroic figures become happily-seen and read about companions because people see that these figures once existed in the real world and therefore feel that they can relate and connect to the heioe’s achievements，struggles，enjoyments，etc. on a more personal level. Thus, these humorous illustrations and texts allow the “gray and serious every day life”of the reader to be forgotten for a short time and bring a smile to his or her face. Tve come to see this as the best medicine for anything and everything!In describing my experience with readers Tve shown my take on the importance of being able to relate to a person or a character in order for success. For a story to succeed, it9s important that the readers can relate to its contents. For busines^s (in my case), this type of connection is equally important. In my opinion when it comes to design，possibility is created through the simple method of studying one’s customers; learn about their products and services, and know, understand and then focus precisely on their weaknesses. Here is a phrase that I believe to be quite relevant: "Only a person who can laugh about oneself，shows one’s ‘true colors’ and thus one’s true greatness^. I have learned to follow this method: get to know customers on a deeper level and gain their interest by working with not only what you think they are looking for, but also what they believe they will benefit from.Something that I find important in my work and that sets my ideas apart from a great deal of illustrators like myself, i^s that I disagree with the idea that maintaining the 'character9 of a product is a 4'no go^, a popular idea in the general efficiency- oriented business philosophy. In fact, on a maybe slightly emotional level, I think that maintaining the character of a product is a “must do” and that putting an emphasis on the difference of a product and distinguishing it from competing products while simultaneously maintaining success, is an actual possibility.As an example of Humor Illustration Design and my method, Fd like to describe the evolution of the design that is currently on my car. In this case the product was the vehicle and the client or customer was myself. I wa^s looking for a different way to show my illustrations and decided that I wanted to print a design on a large object. I had to begin by asking myself what this ‘objec t’，w it h which I would like to show off and promote my work could be, I chose my car! This seemed like a good idea, since everyone sharing the road with my car would of course also see my work. But what difficulty did I find when it came to putting a print on my car...? Well, due to the specific model the Materia Daihatsu which has a high vertical 4snout\ thousands of flies and insects would encounter a fatal end every summer, smooshing and splattering against the front of my car.This led me to establish an animated illustrations of a 'gentle9-looking, oversized flyswatter that is stretched across the hood of the car, counting it^s 'victims9 in a very unfazed516 J. Gassermanner. I found the backside of my car to be the ideal advertising surface for the targeted onlooker, which is, of course, whoever drives behind me.Every car has a ‘rear’ part. Mine however，is decorated with a “Buttf’ace” with the phrase u Please don^t rear me in the butt v (translated from Italian). This phrase, to many people, has a double meaning... and i^s another example of where humor and illustration work well together in portraying a certain meaning. In this case, one of the two interpretations of the phrase serves as a request to watch out for the back of my car.The quickly successful effects of this advertising method were due to and achieved by numerous photographs (especially of the 'rear') and resulted in an additional 'side- effect9: Being stopped by the police has become a very rare occurrence since the installation of the design on my car, in fact, police encounters have since only ended with a friendly goodbye. And this Td like to assume, happens because even Policemen and other figures of authority are, when it comes down to it, also just 6t human,\ This is further proof of a common appreciation for humor that can have a positive influence on anyone.3Humor as a Marketing StrategySo far in my career cus an designer the fact that humor functions independently from product or service has become clear to me. When properly combined with “customary”marketing strategies，a product can become a popular item or idea，and thus can lead to an emotional connection with the customer. My illustrated characters create a sense of connection and understanding for my clients and allow them to dive into a somewhat realistic comic world that really doesn’t seem too unbelievable.1 have displayed my illustrations and work in various ways，from simple T-shirt designs to interior designs of entire facilities. The range of possibilities seems to be endless. As an example, I have incorporated my work in restaurants where humorous details have found their place on anything from beer barrels to napkins and from bathroom walls to garden furniture.Another example of a ‘Humor Illustration Design’ project that has come about in last few years in an entertainment performance based project called, in German, 44die Zupprmandor^, which combines music and drawing. In a performance, a projection appears on a large screen in tront of an audience. Before their eyes appears an illustration, which I draw live, accompanied by a matching and timely coordinated song, which is written by a local song-writer (Markus Dorfman). This is a new type of live- performance that leads the audience on a journey of discovery with it9s captivating creation process. The “Zuppimandor”entered into the Austrian television talent- show, 'die groBe Chance' (in English, The Big Chance), similar to the show 4x- f act or’，and even made it to the semi-finals!Regardless of whether it comes to marketing, entertainment，or simply amusement，my personal desire for challenge remains to be the driving force of Humor Illustration Design, especially when it comes to opportunities in which one would not expect work like mine to appear. And with this, I would like to introduce my project-in- process.4Project in Las VegasIn searching for a perfect project for the Las Vegas event, I came across and interesting object in Las Vega^s which is currently being established. This object is called The HighHumor Illustration Design, a Summary of Illustrations, Designs, and Projects 517Roller Observation Wheel, an enormous ferriswheel at Caesar’s Palace on the Las Vegas strip. This is the world's largest observation wheel at 550 feet，with large round cabins, or gondolas，that each fit up to 40 people and allow for a 360 degree view of the city. One regular ride on this ferriswheel ride lasts 30 minutes, but a gondola can also be booked for groups and parties for much longer rides.This is not the average for a Humor Illustration Design project. I think thatI found this object appealing for this very reason; trying to find a way to connect my work with and object like the High Roller Observation Wheel would be a completely new and interesting undertaking. So I set to thinking about ideas that could combine my humor and illustration with this object. In my opinion the most stand-out aspect of this object is the large scale gondola. So I started to think of ways to transform these gondola's into my own version of gondolas with my Humor Illustration Design. In accordance with Las Vegas5attempt to become a more family-friendly destination, my idea of illustrating a variety of themed gondolas was established. I will elaborate on my first idea, which is the 4wedding-gondola1. In this gondola, a couple can exchange their "I do\s'5 in a heavenly setting above La^s Vegas9 famous strip. This idea is simple and maybe a little less than exciting for this city, given its well-known wedding and marriage possibilities. However my personal focus and challenge lies in the execution of my idea. Since my illustrations take place within a gondola, the surface space and portrayal of my ideas are confined to the inside and facade of the gondola, a small area.This illustration is a 3-D comic strip that tells the stories of a couple in love and concludes with a happy ending upon exiting the gondola; a funny depiction of love, as all of us have at one time or another experienced it, that will show the path towards finding k true' love with amusing images of both past, unsuccessful relationships and a future of happiness. With few written words, the illustrations will communicate the story of the comic strip, which allows for an international understanding as well as an opportunity for self-reflection for the observer who is looKing at ‘Gondola number 9’ (based on cloud number 9).The facade of the round gondola resembles a 4Cloud # 9' on which a welcoming ‘Amor’sits and greets guests. The couple enters their Cloud # 9 through the，entrance of the gondola, which looks like Heaven\s gate. Upon arrival, the illustration expands left and right and tells both of the character\s stories on the way to their final happiness, which they simultaneously find on the opposite side of the gondola. The illustration symbolizes both the helplessness the main characters experienced when it came to falling in love and the love they each find as it comes to their wedding day. This comic strip resembles relationship situations in which love must first be stumbled upon before becoming a possibility!This illustrations incorporates many details, like depictions of blind love, high flying emotions, hesitations towards the <4I do\s'\ the heavy back pack of loneliness, which all resemble experiences faced on the path towards finding true love. As the motto goes，“Everything happens for a r eas on’’，t he two characters travel on their own, with butterflies in their stomachs, on the path to each other. (Figure 2. Shows an example of my illustrations).518 J. GasserFig. 2. Example of my 'Love5 illustrationsThe ride in the wedding gondola shows a funny and emotionally exciting romance, a happiness and love that is shadowed by the less happy past. At the end of the ride and at the exit of the gondola，the illustration suggests a ‘typical’ situation where the wife is in the lead，dragging the husband behind her. In summary of this project，Humor Illustration Design transforms the function of a transportation device and creates an experience, as we see in this wedding-ride that is full of amusing highs and lows (laughing, crying, suffering and loving).Themed gondolas of this type are by no means a must have unsuccessfully securing this project, however, the individual elements of my illustrations can shine a new light on the overall awareness and experience of the High Roller Observation Wheel.Regardless of the theme, whether it is a wedding-gondola, a football-gondola, or a casino-gondola, there is no limit when it comes to imagination and production of these illustrations. My illustrations act as an imaginative High Roller Observation Wheel for those who observe my project. In seeing each imaginary gondola, they experience different ‘gondola rides’，which becomes their own experience，and strengthen the appeal to i re-enter, the ferris wheel on a different gondola in order see yet another comic world.To summarize what Tve written, projects like the ferriswheel project can probably be viewed as luxury items since they are sure to succeed just as well without illustration design. However, illustrations like mine provide humor and character to an object and allow for yet another aspect of the object and experience to be engrained in ones memory, which is of course very important for every designers work.Like so often in life, the most important thing is not ‘what’ but ‘how’. Humorous，illustrated designs are no ground stone for success, but are a great addition to any project and enhance the memories that one will have in walking away from an experience with almost anything. My illustrations offer customers and observers a a chance to smile or laugh for a moment and also creat a connection to an object or a place by shining a positive and humorous light on whatever it is.。
外文翻译2(气敏传感器)
英文文献Semiconductor Gas SensorsResearch and development of gas sensors have shown great advances during the past decade. Semiconductor gas sensors mainly using SnO2 elements have been prevailing as detectors or alarms for leakage of LP (Liquefied Propane) gas and town gas, in addition to other applications. Gas sensors based on MOSFET, first proposed in 1975, have attracted interests of many researchers of many researchers, and have been developed to a point of commercialization as a hydrogen detectors. Solid electrolytes, represented by stabilized zirconia, have proven to be very promising sensors materials for oxygen, SO2,etc. This paper aims at reviewing briefly recent advances and trends in semiconductors gas sensors which were developed in a recent few years.Semiconductors gas sensors detect gases from a change in electrical resistance of an element made with a semi conductive metal oxide, typically SnO2 sensor. Although sensors utilizing γ-Fe2O3 or α-Fe2O3 have been put into practical use, SnO2 sensor still has an overwhelming market share. The production of semiconductor gas sensors has grown into a large industry: more than 5 million pieces were production in 1983.Most of them have been used in domestic homes as detectors or alarms for gas leakage. Field statistic has shown that gas alarms are quite effective to prevent an outbreak of gas leakage accident; the accident rate. Anyway semiconductors have been so far given much credit as an important device for home security and the installation rate of gas alarms is increasing year after year. Several years ago a problem arose about SnO2 gas sensor when it was adopted at places like kitchens of underground restaurants where various inflammable gases came out into atmosphere from fuels and cooking very frequently during working time. In such a dirty atmosphere, the gas sensor tended to given an alarm at an inflammable gas concentration which was lowered gradually with an elapse of operation time. It has been pointed out that the problem was contributed by electric resistance of the sensor element due to its sintering at unexpectedly high working temperatures. The problem has been solved after revisions were made to the sensor element.半导体气敏传感器在过去的十年间，气敏传感器的研究和发展已经有了很大的进步。
外文资料
外文资料computer networkThe definition of computer networkComputer network refers to the geographical position of having individual functions, different sets of computer and peripheral equipment, communication lines through the link in the network operating system, network management software and network communications protocol management and coordination, resource sharing and messaging computer system.On the computer network of the most simple definition is: a number of mutually connected to share resources for the purpose, a collection of autonomous computers.The simplest computer network is only two computers and connect them to a link, that is, two nodes and a link. Because there is no third computer, and there is no exchange problems.The largest computer network is the Internet. It consists of a lot of interconnected computer networks formed through many routers. So the Internet is also known as "network of networks."In addition, media from a network point of view, the computer network can be viewed by multiple computers through a specific device and software to connect up a new media.Development of computer networkThe first generation of online computer networks --- remote terminal stage.Second-generation computer --- computer network stage.Third-generation computer network computer network interconnection stage.Fourth-generation computer networks --- the Internet and information highway stage.1, the first phase of 50 years can be traced back to the 20th century. Then people began to develop independently of each other's computer technology and communication technology combine to complete the data communication and computer communication network research, for the computer network and prepared the technical preparation, laid the theoretical foundation.Second, the generation packet switching:60 years of the 20th century, the Soviet Union during the Cold War, the U.S. Department of Defense Advanced Research Planning Agency-led proposal to develop a new ARPA network against attacks from the former Soviet Union's nuclear threat. Because at that time, the traditional circuit-switched telecommunications network has been extending in all directions while, but during the war, once the communication circuit is a switch or link the bombing, then we must interrupt the communication circuit, such as to immediately switch to bypass the circuit, but also must re-dial a connection, it will be delayed for some time.The new network must meet some basic requirements:1, not to call, but for data transfer between computers.2, can connect different types of computer.3, all nodes are equally important, and this greatly enhanced network survivability.4, computer communications, there must be circuitous route. When the link or node is destroyed, the circuitous route ongoing communication can automatically find the right route.5, the network structure should be as simple as possible, but very reliable transmission of data.According to these requirements, a group of experts to design a new computer using the packet switching network. Moreover, the use of circuit switching to the transmission of computer data, the lines are often very low transmission rate. Because computer data is a burst mode to appear in the transmission line, For example, when users read the information on the terminal screen or keyboard input and edit a file or when the computer under processing and the results are not yet returned, valuable lines of communication resources will be wasted.Store and forward packet switching technology is used. To send a message to one by one into the "group" in the network transmission. The first group is important to control information, so the characteristics of packet switching is based on the tag.Packet switched network nodes by the number of switches and links connecting these switches form. Conceptually, a node switch is a small computer, but the host is for users of information processing, the node switches to packet switching. Each node has a two-port switch, one group is on the computer connected to the lower speed link. One group is in the high-speed link and the network switch is connected to other nodes. Note that, since the switch node is a computer, input and output ports that there is no direct connection between its process is: first, the received packet into the cache, a temporary node switch is a short packet, while not the long message, short packet buffer memory in switches (ie, memory) instead of stored in the disk, which guarantees a high exchange rate. Then look forwarding to identify to a destination address from the port forwarding, then the exchange of bodies and handed the packet out the appropriate port forwarding. Between each node switches have regular exchange of routing information, but it is to carry out routing, when a certain link of communication is too big or interrupted, the switch node to run the routing protocol to automatically find another path forward group. Communication line utilization rate of resources to improve: When grouped in a link, the other segment of the communication link is not being currently occupied by the two sides to communicate, even this link, this link only if the group is occupied only when sending In the idle time between packet transmission, the link can send a packet by the other host. Shows using store and forward packet switching is essentially used in the process of data communication bandwidth dynamic allocation strategy.Third, the Internet ageInternet infrastructure has undergone three stages of evolution, these three stages overlap in time there.1, from a single network ARPAnet to the development of the Internet: U.S. Department of Defense in 1969 founded the first ARPAnet packet switching network is only a single packet switching network to connect all its hosts are directly connected to the nearest switch node, it scale up quickly to mid-70s, it was recognized that using only a single network can not meet all the communication problems. Then began to study a lot of ARPA network interconnect technology, which led to the subsequent emergence of the Internet. 1983 TCP / IP protocol known as the ARPAnet standard protocols. In the same year, ARPAnet into two networks, a pilot study with the research network ARPAnet, the other is the military's computer network MILnet. 1990, ARPAnet officially announced the completion of the task by trial closure.2, the establishment of the tertiary structure of the Internet: In 1985, the United States National Science Foundation NSF recognized the importance of scientific research computer network. In 1986,NSF computer centers around the six large computer network NSFnet, it is a three network,sub-backbone, regional network, campus network. It replaces the ARPAnet as the main part of the internet. 1991, NSF and the U.S. government recognized that the Internet will not be limited to universities and research institutions, thus supporting local network access, many companies have joined the network dramatically increase the amount of information the U.S. government decided to turn the Internet's backbone network to private company, and began a unit on Internet access charges.3, the formation of multi-level structure of the Internet: In 1993, the U.S. government-funded NSFnet on gradually a number of commercial Internet backbone substitution, This is also called Internet backbone providers, supporting ISP. Taking into account the possible commercialization of the Internet a lot of ISP, in order to run different ISP interconnection between networks, created in 1994, the network access point NAP 4 4 telecom companies were operating, Beginning of this century, the United States NAP reached a dozen. NAP is the most senior of the access point, it is mainly a different ISP to provide switching equipment, is that they communicate with each other. Now the Internet has been very difficult to give a very fine network structure of its description, but can be divided into five access levels: network access point NAP, a number of countries operated backbone, regional ISP, local ISP, the campus network, business or home PC, Internet users.The functions of computer networkThe main function of the performance of the computer network resource sharing in hardware, software, resource sharing and information exchange between the three aspects of the user.(1) hardware resource sharing. In the context of the entire network can provide processing resources, storage resources, input and output resources, the sharing of expensive equipment, allowing users to save investment, but also easy to manage and share the load balanced.(2) software resources sharing. Allows Internet users to get remote access to all major databases, can be the network file transfer services, remote process management services and remote file access service, thus avoiding duplication of software development on the duplication of storage and data resources, but also easy to focus on management.(3) information exchange between users. Distributed computer network users around the powerful means of communication. Users can send email through computer networks, publishing news ande-commerce activities.The composition and classification of computer networkMore simply by a computer network is more than one computer (or other computer network equipment) and software through the transmission medium physical (or logical) connection with the composition. The composition is basically the whole computer network, including: computer, network operating systems, transmission media (which can be tangible or intangible, such as wireless network transmission medium is air) and the corresponding four-part applications. Although a variety of network types of classification standards, but from the geographical area is divided into a common network we all recognized criteria for the classification. By this standard can be divided into a variety of network types LAN, MAN, WAN and the Internet of four. Generally only a small local area network within the region, metropolitan area networking is different, but at this point to note here is that the network division is not strictly geographic distinction, can only be a qualitative concept. The following are brief details of these computer network.1, LAN (Local Area Network; LAN)Usually we often "LAN" means local area network, this is our most common, most widely used kind of network. Now the entire local area network computer network technology with the development and fullapplication and popularity of almost every unit has its own local area network, and some even have their own small home LAN. Obviously, the so-called local area network, that is localized within the network area it covered a smaller range. LAN configuration in the number of computers without much restrictions, little can be only two, and more up to several hundred. In general in the enterprise LAN, the number of stations to 200 units in dozens of times around. In the network the geographical distances involved in general can be a few meters to 10 kilometers. LAN are generally located within a building or a unit, there is no routing problems, the application does not include the network layer.This network is characterized by: connecting narrow, less the number of users, configuration is easy, high speed connection. Currently the fastest rate of LAN today's 10G Ethernet to be considered a. IEEE 802 standards committee defined a variety of major LAN network: Ethernet (Ethernet), Token Ring (Token Ring), Fiber Distributed Interface Network (FDDI), Asynchronous Transfer Mode network (ATM) and the latest wireless local area network (WLAN).2, MAN (Metropolitan Area Network; MAN)This network is generally in a city, but not in the same geographical district within the computer Internet. The network connection can be 10-100 km distance, which is used in IEEE802.6 standard. MAN and LAN extension of the range compared to longer, more number of computers connected in the geographical scope can be said to extend LAN network. In a large city or urban areas, a MAN network is usually connected to multiple LAN networks. Government agencies such as the connection LAN, the hospital's LAN, Telecom, LAN, the LAN, etc. companies. Since the introduction of fiber-optic connection to MAN in the high-speed LAN interconnection possible.MAN uses ATM technology to do more backbone. ATM is used for data, voice, video and multimedia applications, high-speed network transmission method. ATM includes an interface and a protocol that can be a conventional transmission channel, bit rate change and changes in the traffic to switch between. ATM also includes hardware, software and protocol standards in line with the ATM media. ATM backbone to provide a scalable infrastructure to be able to adapt to different size, speed and address of the Network. ATM's biggest drawback is the cost too high, it is generally in the MAN government applications, such as postal services, banks and hospitals.3, the WAN (Wide Area Network; WAN)This network is also known as remote network, the coverage ratio of MAN (MAN) wider, which is generally between different cities in the LAN or MAN network interconnection, geographic range from a few hundred kilometers to several thousand kilometers. Because of distance, information decay more serious, so this is generally to be leased-line network through the IMP (Interface Information Processing) protocol and the line connected to form network structure to solve the problem through the path. This MAN is because many users are connected, the total export of limited bandwidth, so the user's terminal connection rates generally lower, usually 9.6Kbps-45Mbps.4, the Internet (Internet)Internet has its English word "Internet" of harmonics, also known as "Internet." Internet applications such development today, it is our every day dealings with a network, whether from the geographical area, or from the network in terms of its size are the largest in a network is that we often say that the "Web" , "WWW" and "World Wide Web" and so it is called. From the geographical scope, it can be a global computer's Internet, this network is characterized by the greatest uncertainty, the entire network of computers all the time as people access the network in constant change. When you connect to the Internet when your computer can be part of the Internet, but once when you disconnect the Internet connection, your computer is not part of the Internet was. But its advantage is very clear is that largeamount of information, dissemination, regardless of where you are, as long as the Alliance on the Internet you can send to any available Internet users to your letters and advertising. Because of the complexity of this network, so this network of technology is very complex.5, wireless networkWith the laptop (Cnotebook compnter) and personal digital assistants (Personal Digital Assistant, PDA) such as the increasing popularity of portable computers and development of people on the road often receive phone calls, send faxes and e-mail read on-line information and log on to the remote machinery. However, in the car or the plane is not possible with the unit through the cable medium connected to the network, this time the wireless network may be interested. Although the wireless network and mobile communications are often linked, but the two concepts are not the same. For example, when the portable computer PCMCIA card access through the phone jack, it becomes part of cable network. . On the other hand, some connected via the wireless network location of the computer may then be fixed, if not easy to connect by cable through the building the wireless network between two buildings will be connected to the computer.Wireless networks, especially wireless LANs have many advantages, such as easy to install and use. But the wireless LAN is also much to be desired: If it's data transfer rate generally low, much lower than the wired LAN; other wireless LAN is also relatively high error rate, but also more serious mutual interference between sites. Users of wireless networks have different ways of realization. Some foreign universities in their campus to install a number of antennas, allowing students to sit under the tree view libraries. This situation is directly between two computers through a wireless LAN to communicate digitally implemented. Another possible way is to use a traditional analog modem to communicate through the cellular telephone system. Present in many cities abroad have been able to provide cellular digital packet data (Cellular Digital Packet Data, CDPD) business, which can be directly set up a wireless LAN CDPD system. Wireless network is currently a research focus at home and abroad, the research of wireless networks is a huge market demand-driven. Characteristics of the wireless network is to enable users at any time, anywhere access to computer networks, and this feature make it a powerful application. At present there have been many products based on wireless networks, such as personal communications system (Personal CommunicationS ystem, PCS) phones, wireless data terminals, portable video phone, personal digital assistants (PDA), etc. The development of wireless networks rely on wireless communication technology support. Current wireless communication systems are: low-power cordless telephone system, analog cellular systems, digital cellular systems, mobile satellite systems, wireless LAN and wireless WA N so.Network architecture computer networkTo get two computers to communicate, to make them use the same rules for information exchange. We provided in the computer information network for the format and how to send and receive information set of rules known as Internet Protocol (network protocol) or communications protocol (communication protocol).To reduce the complexity of network protocol design, network designers do not design a single, large of an agreement to all forms of communication for the whole of the provisions of the details, instead of using the communication problem into many small problems, then to each small question design method of a separate agreement. This allows each protocol design, analysis, coding and testing are relatively easy. Hierarchical model (layering model) is a network protocol for the development of the design method. In essence, the hierarchical model describes the communication problem is divided into several small problems (called level) approach, each corresponding to a layer of small problems.1, protocol layerTo reduce the complexity of network design, most network stratified design. The so-called hierarchical design method, that is the flow of information process in accordance with the network's overall function is decomposed into functional layers one by one, the same function on different machines using the same protocol layer, the same machine by adjacent functional layers messaging interface. In order to facilitate understanding of the concept of interfaces and protocols, we first postal system as an example to explain. When ordinary people to write, have a contract, that is, the format and content of the letter. First, we must use both knew how to write the language and style, starts with the other titles, the last is dated and so on. In this way, the other received the letter, we can understand the contents of the letter, know who wrote it, when so written. Of course, there may be some other special terms, such as letters of the code, the secret spying and writing. Written the letter, the letter must be packaged and sent by post, so the return and the post office should also have agreed that this is the wording of the provisions of the envelope and stamp. Send a letter must be written in the Chinese recipient address, name, and then write the return address and name. Post office received the letter, the first for letters of sorting and classification, and delivery of the transport department for transport, such as air mail delivery of civil aviation, surface mail by rail or road transport departments, such as when written. Of course, there may be some other special terms, such as letters of the code, the secret spying and writing. Written the letter, the letter must be packaged and sent by post, so the return and the post office should also have agreed that this is the wording of the provisions of the envelope and stamp. Send a letter must be written in the Chinese recipient address, name, and then write the return address and name. Then, post offices and transport sectors have agreed, such as arrival location, time, format, etc. parcels. Correspondence delivered to the destination for the opposite process, the final letter sent to the recipients, the recipient can read in accordance with the format of the letter agreement. . Throughout the process, mainly related to the three subsystems, namely, the user subsystem, postal and transport subsystem subsystem. That agreements are to reach the letter sent from a source point to a certain purpose designed with this objective, which means that they are due to the flow of information generated. These conventions can be divided into equal inter-agency agreement, as agreed between users, the agreement between the Post Office and the agreement between the transport sector, and the agreement between different agencies, such as the agreement between the user and post offices, post offices and agreement between the transport sector. Although the two users, two post offices, two transport sector branches A and B in two places, but they all correspond to the same institutions, belong to one subsystem; the same office location of different institutions are not in a subsystem, and the relationship between them is the relationship between service and being served. Obviously, these two conventions are different, the former agreement within the department, which is the agreement between the different departments.In the computer network environment, the two computers to communicate between two processes in the process and the process is very similar to postal communications. User process corresponds to the user, the computer to communicate with the process (can also be a special communication processor〕corresponding post office, communication facilities corresponding to the transport sector. In order to reduce the complexity of computer network design, often divided by function, the computer network layer for several different functions. Network communication between the rules of the same layer is the layer protocol used, such as the first N level set of communication rules, the agreement is the first N layers. The same computer for communication between different functional layer called the interface, rules (interface), in the first N layers and (N + 1) layer as the interface between the N/ (N + 1) layer interfaces. Overall, the agreement is between the different machines the same level of communication agreement, the interface is the same machine communication between adjacent layers agreement. Different networks, hierarchical number, name and function of each layer and the protocols are different. However, all the networks, the purpose of each layer to its upper layer is to provide a service. Agreement is different from the procedures hierarchical modular design concept. In program design, the module can be independent of each other, any assembly or in parallel, while the level is necessarily divided from top to bottom, it is according to the flow of data streams generated. Composed of different computers on the same level as other physical processes (peer process). Not necessarily on the other process is the same procedure, but its function must be exactly the same, and use the same protocol. Hierarchical design method to the entire network communication functions into a collection of vertical levels, the lower layer in the communication process will lower the upper hidden implementation details. But the level of division should first determine the level of collection and the task should be completed on each floor. Logic combination function should be separated and have sufficient levels to enable small-to easily handle each floor. Same level can not be too difficult to avoid the burden of processing overhead. Computer network architecture is hierarchical network model and the precise definition of functions of each. Description of the network architecture must include enough information to make realization of those functions for each layer of hardware design or programming, and consistent with relevant agreements. However, we should note that the details of network protocols are not the contents of network architecture, because they are hidden inside the machine to the outside that is not visible.2, type of serviceService (service) This very common term in computer networks is undoubtedly a very important concept. In the network architecture, service is adjacent to its upper layers of the network to provide a set of operations, is adjacent to the interface between two layers. As the network hierarchy one-way dependency, making the network the interface between adjacent layers is one-way: the lower the service provider, the upper is the service user. Expressed in the form of service primitive (primitive), such as library functions or system calls. In order to better discuss the network services, we first explain some terminology. In the network, each layer at least one entity (entity). Entities can be software entities (such as a process) can also be a hardware entity (such as a network card). On different machines on the same floor of the entity, called on other entities (peerentity). N layer service entity to achieve by the use of N + 1 level, while the N layer will have to use N-1 layer of the services provided. N layer to the N +1 layer entities may provide several types of services, such as fast or slow and expensive communications and cheap communication. N +1 layer entities N layer through a service access point (Service Access Point, SAP) to use the services provided by N layers. N layer N + 1 layer of SAP is the N layer can access the service areas. Each SAP has a unique address. IDU by the service data unit (Service Data Unit, SDU), and some control information component. To send SDU, N layer entity SDU can be divided into paragraphs, each with a header after a period as a separate protocol data unit (Protocol Data Unit, PDU) sent, such as "group" is the PDU. PDU header is used to perform them with the level of the same physical layer protocol used to identify which PDU contains data, which contains control information, and provide serial number and other counts. In the network, the lower to the upper services fall into two categories: connection-oriented service (connection-oriented service), and connectionless service (connectionless service). Connection-oriented service is the telephone system service mode of abstraction. Each time a complete data transfer must go through to establish a connection, data transmission and terminates the connection of three processes. In the data transmission process, thedata packets do not carry the destination address, but use the hyphen. Connection is essentially similar to a pipe, one end of the sender put the data in the pipe, remove the data receiver at the other end. Characterized by the received data and send the data sender in the content and order are identical. Connectionless service is the postal system in the abstract service model. Each packet with the complete destination address, each packet transmitted in the system independently. Connectionless service can not guarantee the order of packet arrival,reason is that different packets may take a different path to destination, So the first message sent is not necessarily first. Connectionless services are generally not on the error message to restore and re-transmission. In other words, no connection service does not guarantee the reliability of packet transmission. In the computer network, by confirming the general reliability and retransmission (acknowledgement and retransmission) mechanism to achieve. Most connection-oriented services support the recognition of retransmission, but the confirmation and retransmission to the additional delay. The reliability of some of the less demanding connection-oriented services (such as a digital telephone network) do not support retransmission; because phone users would rather hear the murmur of conversation with, not like the delay caused by waiting for confirmation. Most connectionless service does not support the recognition of retransmission, it is often no reliable connection transport service is not high.Title: Computer NetworkAuthor: Lei Chen A, edPublishing House: University Press of Xi'an Electronic Science and TechnologyPublication Date: 2003-10-1 Words: 479,000 edition: 2 Pages: 315Price: ¥ 25.00 paper: offset paper ISBN: 9787560605586。
外文2
ABSTRACT:Small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are playing an increasingly important role in the Chinese socialist market economy.摘要：中小型规模企业（中小企业）正发挥着越来越重要的作用，在中国社会主义市场经济。
Despite their importance to the Chinese economy, little is known about Chinese SMEs activities in internationalization markets.尽管它对于中国经济十分重要的，但中国中小企业在国际化市场活动却很少被知道。
Why and how do they internationalize? Do they behave in similar ways with SMEs from developed western economies?怎么样才能使得他们国际化？他们的行为方式与西方发达国家中小企业是否存在同样的方式？Or are they unique type of firm with different approach to internationalization?又或者是有独特类型的公司对于国际化有不同的做法吗？This thesis aims to study why and how Chinese SMEs go international and assess whether they conform to extant theories of internationalization.本文目的是研究中国中小企业为什么以及如何去国际评估它们是否符合国际化的现存理论。
It begins with an overview of the extant research in the discipline and is followed by a theoretical review of firm internationalization.它首先概述了现有的学科研究，其次是企业国际化理论述评。
外文资料带翻译
HarmonicsService reliability and quality of power have become growing concerns for many facility managers, especially with the increasing sensitivity of electronic equipment and automated controls. There are several types of voltage fluctuations that can cause problems, including surges and spikes, sags, harmonic distortion, and momentary disruptions. Harmonics can cause sensitive equipment to malfunction and other problems, including overheating of transformers and wiring, nuisance breaker trips, and reduced power factor.What Are Harmonics?Harmonics are voltage and current frequencies riding on top of the normal sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms. Usually these harmonic frequencies are in multiples of the fundamental frequency, which is 60 hertz (Hz) in the US and Canada. The most common source of harmonic distortion is electronic equipment using switch-mode power supplies, such as computers, adjustable-speed drives, and high-efficiency electronic light ballasts.Harmonics are created by these “switching loads” (also called“nonlinear loads,” because current does not vary smoothly with voltage as it does with simple resistive and reactive loads): Each time the current is switched on and off, a current pulse is created. The resulting pulsed waveform is made up of a spectrum of harmonic frequencies, including the 60 Hz fundamental and multiples of it. This voltage distortion typically results from distortion in the current reacting with system impedance. (Impedance is a measure of the total opposition—resistance, capacitance, and inductance—to the flow of an alternating current.) The higher-frequency waveforms, collectively referred to as total harmonic distortion (THD), perform no useful work and can be a significant nuisance.Harmonic waveforms are characterized by their amplitude and harmonic number. In the U.S. and Canada, the third harmonic is 180 Hz—or 3 x 60 Hz—and the fifth harmonic is 300 Hz (5 x 60 Hz). The third harmonic (and multiples of it) is the largest problem in circuits with single-phase loads such as computers and fax machines. Figure 1 shows how the 60-Hz alternating current (AC) voltage waveform changes when harmonics are added.The Problem with HarmonicsAny distribution circuit serving modern electronic devices will contain some degree of harmonic frequencies. The harmonics do not always cause problems, but the greater the power drawn by these modern devices or other nonlinear loads, the greater the level of voltage distortion. Potential problems (or symptoms of problems) attributed to harmonics include:■Malfunction of sensitive equipment■Random tripping of circuit breakers■Flickering lights■Very high neutral currents■Overheated phase conductors, panels, and transformers■Premature failure of transformers and uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs)■Reduced power factor■Reduced system capacity (because harmonics create additional heat, transformers and other distribution equipment cannot carry full rated load)Identifying the ProblemWithout obvious symptoms such as nuisance breaker trips or overheated transformers, how do you determine whether harmonic current or voltages are a cause for concern? Here are several suggestions for simple, inexpensive measurements that a facility manager or staff electrician could take, starting at the outlet and moving upstream:■Measure the peak and root mean square (RMS) voltage at a sample of receptacles. The “crest factor” is the ratio of peak to RMS voltage. For a perfectly sinusoidal voltage, the crest factor will be 1.4. Low crest factor is a clear indicator of the presence of harmonics. Note that these measurements must be performed with a “true RMS” meter—one that doesn’t assume a perfectly sinusoidal waveform.■Inspect distribution panels. Remove panel covers and visually inspect components for signs of overheating, including discolored or receded insulation or discoloration of terminal screws. If you see any of these symptoms, check that connections are tight (since loose connections could also cause overheating), and compare currents in all conductors to their ratings.■Measure phase and neutral currents at the transformer secondary with clamp-on current probes. If no harmonics are being generated, the neutral current of a three-phase distribution system carries only the imbalance of the phase currents. In a well-balanced three-phase distribution system, phase currents will be very similar, and current in the neutral conductor should be much lower than phase current and far below its rated current capacity. If phase currents are similar and neutral current exceeds their imbalance by a wide margin, harmonics are present. If neutral current is above 70 percent of the conductor’s rated capacity, you need to mitigate the problem.■Compare transformer temperature and loading with nameplate temperature rise and capacity ratings. Even lightly loaded transformers can overheat if harmonic current is high. A transformer that is near or over its rated temperature rise but is loaded well below its rated capacity is a clear sign that harmonics are at work. (Many transformers have built-in temperature gauges. If yours does not, infrared thermography can be used to detect overheating.)In addition to these simple measurements, many power-monitoring devices are now commercially available from a variety of manufacturers to measure and record harmonic levels. These instruments provide detailed information on THD, as well as on the intensity of individual harmonic frequencies. After taking the appropriate measurements to determine whether you have high levels of harmonics and, if so, to find the source, you will be well-positioned to choose the best solution.Solutions to Harmonics ProblemsThe best way to deal with harmonics problems is through prevention: choosing equipment and installation practices that minimize the level of harmonics in any one circuit or portion of a facility. Many power quality problems, including those resulting from harmonics, occur when new equipment is haphazardly added to older systems. However, even within existing facilities, the problems can often be solved with simple solutions such as fixing poor or nonexistent grounding on individual equipment or the facility as a whole, moving a few loads between branch circuits, or adding additional circuits to help isolate the sensitive equipment from what iscausing the harmonic distortion. If the problems cannot be solved by these simple measures, there are two basic choices: to reinforce the distribution system to withstand the harmonics or to install devices to attenuate or remove the harmonics. Reinforcing the distribution system means installing double-size neutral wires or installing separate neutral wires for each phase, and/or installing oversized or Krated transformers, which allow for more heat dissipation. There are also harmonic-rated circuit breakers and panels, which are designed to prevent overheating due to harmonics. This option is generally more suited to new facilities, because the costs of retrofitting an existing facility in this way could be significant. Strategies for attenuating harmonics, from cheap to more expensive, include passive harmonic filters, isolation transformers, harmonic mitigating transformers (HMTs), the Harmonic Suppression System (HSS) from Harmonics Ltd., and active filters(Table 1).Passive filters (also called traps) include devices that provide low-impedance paths to divert harmonics to ground and devices that create a higher-impedance path to discourage the flow of harmonics. Both of these devices, by necessity, change the impedance characteristics of the circuits into which they are inserted. Another weakness of passive harmonic technologies is that, as their name implies, they cannot adapt to changes in the electrical systems in which they operate. This means that changes to the electrical system (for example, the addition or removal of power factor–correction capacitors or the addition of more nonlinear loads) could cause them to be overloaded or to create “resonances” that could actuall y amplify, rather than diminish, harmonics.Active harmonic filters, in contrast, continuously adjust their behavior in response to the harmonic current content of the monitored circuit, and they will not cause resonance. Like an automatic transmission in a car, active filters are designed to accommodate a full range of expected operating conditions upon installation, without requiring further adjustments by the operator.Isolation transformers are filtering devices that segregate harmonics in the circuit in which they are created, protecting upstream equipment from the effects of harmonics. These transformers do not remove the problem in the circuit generating the harmonics, but they can prevent the harmonics from affecting more sensitive equipment elsewhere within the facility.Harmonic mitigating transformers actually do relieve problematic harmonics. HMTs can be quite cost-effective in the right application, because they can both improve reliability and reduce energy costs. The right application includes transformers that are heavily or moderately loaded and where high levels of harmonic currents are present. In addition, HMTs are very effective in supporting critical loads that are backed up by a UPS. UPSs and backup generators tend to have high impedance, which results in high voltage distortion under nonlinear loading. Because of this, equipment that operates flawlessly when supplied by utility power may malfunction when the backup system engages during a utility outage. Note that some of these power systems have output filters (either passive or active) to control harmonic levels. The presence or absence of such filters should be determined before adding an HMT.The Harmonics Ltd. Harmonic Suppression System is a unique solution for single-phase loads that is designed to suppress the third harmonic. An HSS is generally more expensive than an HMT, but it is designed to attenuate the harmonics problems throughout the entire distribution system, not just upstream of the transformer. The types of facilities that present the best opportunities for HSS installation are those that place a very high premium on power qualityand reliability, such as server farms, radio and television broadcast studios, and hospitals.Economic EvaluationEvaluating the life-cycle costs and effectiveness of harmonics mitigation technologies can be very challenging—beyond the expertise of most industrial facility managers. After performing the proper measurement and analysis of the harmonics problem, this type of evaluation requires an analysis of the costs of the harmonics problem (downtime of sensitive equipment, reduced power factor, energy losses or potential energy savings) and the costs of the solutions. A good place to start in performing this type of analysis is to ask your local utility or electricity provider for assistance. Many utilities offer their own power quality mitigation services or can refer you to outside power quality service providers.Additional ResourcesInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE),Standard 519-1992, “IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Power Systems” (1992), available atRelationship between harmonics and symmetrical componentsAbstract New terminology is introduced to make clear the relationship between harmonics and symmetrical components. Three-phase sets are classified in terms of symmetrical sets and asymmetrical sets. Subclasses are introduced with the names symmetrical balanced sets, symmetrical unbalanced sets, asymmetrical balanced sets and asymmetrical unbalanced sets to show that a threephase set can resolve to either one, two or three symmetrical component sets. The results from four case studies show that these subclasses and their resolution to symmetrical component sets improve understanding of harmonic analysis of systems having balanced and unbalanced harmonic sources and loads.Keywords asymmetrical sets; harmonic flows; harmonic sources; symmetrical component sets; symmetrical setsAny periodic wave shape can be broken down into or analysed as a fundamentalwave and a series of harmonics.Three-phase harmonic analysis requires a clear understanding of the relationship between symmetrical component injections from harmonic sources (e.g. adjustable speed drives, ASDs) and their relationship to harmonic flows (symmetrical components) arising from the application of a harmonic source to a linear system.Alimited number of references contain brief information concerning harmonics and symmetrical components. Reference 1, provides a paragraph on this topic and uses the heading ‘Relationship between Harmo nics and Symmetrical Components’.It includes a table that is supported by a brief explanatory paragraph. The table expresses harmonics in terms of positive, negative and zero sequences. It states that these sequences are for harmonics in balanced three-phase systems. The heading refers to symmetrical components while the content refers to balanced three-phase systems. Herein lies the anomaly. Classically, symmetrical components (especially ero sequence) are only applied in unbalanced systems. The following questions rose after reading the Ref. 1 paragraph.(a)Do symmetrical components (especially zero sequence), in the classical sense,apply in balanced as well as unbalanced non-sinusoidal systems and is this abreak from tradition?(b)What do the terms, symmetrical, asymmetrical, balanced, unbalanced andsymmetrical components mean?(c)What are the conditions under which a system must operate so that harmonicsresolve to positive, negative and zero sequences and is the table given inRef. 1 correct?The terminology used is found inadequate for describing non-sinusoidal systems.There is thus a need to introduce a three-phase terminology that will show the relationship and make the comparison between injections (currents) and harmonic flows (voltages and currents) meaningful.References 3 provides the basis for the solution by providing defi nitions for ‘threephase sets’, ‘symmetrical sets’and ‘symmetrical component sets’.The purpose of this paper is to introduce an approach to harmonic analysisbased on the classification of three-phase sets and to make to comparison between injections from harmonic sources and corresponding harmonic flows quantifiable by expressing the results in terms of the number of symmetrical component sets found.Harmonic flows and their resolution to symmetrical components depends upon the magnitudes and phase sequences of the injections from a harmonic source, on the system’s sequence impedances, on three- and four-wire connections and on whether the custom er’s linear load on the system is balanced or unbalanced. Therefore, what is injected in terms of symmetrical component sets by a harmonic source is not necessarily received by the system, i.e. the harmonic flows may resolve to one, two or three symmetrical component sets and this depends upon the type of three-phase set found. Therefore, any three-phase harmonic may be partially made up of any of the symmetrical component sets.Four case studies are reported and they show a novel method for teaching the flow of power system harmonics. It is important to u se case studies as part of one’s teaching as they link learning to concepts and improve understanding. They show how the method of symmetrical components can be extended to a system’s response to harmonic flows. When taught as a group, the four case studies improve cognitive skills by showing that the symmetrical component responses under unbalanced situations are different to the balanced state.IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER ELECTRONICS VOL.19,NO.3,MAY2004谐波服务的可靠性和电能质量已成为越来越多设施经理的关注，尤其是随着电子设备和自动化控制灵敏度提高了很多。
外文专业资料
外文专业资料FLOATING-PINION TORQUE SPLITTERDesigned-in looseness at the right locations helps to distribute torques more evenly.Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OhioA gear-drive mechanism helps to apportion torques nearly equally along twoparallel drive paths from an input bevelgear to an output bull gear. A mechanismof this type could be used, for example,as part of a redundant drive train betweenthe engine and the rotor of a helicopter.The principal advantage of this torquesplitting mechanism is that it weighs lessthan comparably rated existing torquesplitting mechanisms.The input torque is supplied to a bevelgear (see figure) from a bevel pinion (not shown) connected to the engine or other source. Overall, the torque is transmittedfrom the bevel gear through a torquesplitting pinion to two torque-splittinggears, then from the two torque-splittinggears through the associated two bullpinions to the bull gear, then to the output shaft. The purpose of the torque-splitting feature is to distribute the loads as nearly equally as possible to all gear teeth in thetwo parallel load paths to keep the loadon each tooth as nearly equal as possible, thereby prolonging the life of the geartrain.In a redundant drive mechanism ofthe same basic configuration but withoutexplicit provision for torque splitting, the slightest deviation from precision in machining could cause the entire load tobe transmitted along one of the two pathswhile the gear and pinion in the otherpath rotate freely. To provide explicitlyfor torque splitting components made to manufacturing tolerances, elastic deformations, and other deviations from thenominal precise gearing geometry, it is necessary to incorporate a low-springrate member at one or more critical locationsin the mechanism.In this mechanism, the resultant loadon the torque-splitting pinion is zerowhen the torque is identical on the leftand right members. If there is a differencein torque, the resultant load will displacethe torque-splitting pinion until theloads are again in balance, thereby ensuring equal loads in each path.This work was done by Harold W.Melles of United Technologies Corp. ForLewis Research Center.Splined connections permit small angular excursions of a shaft, the bevel gear on its upper end, andthe torque-splitting pinion on its lower end. These small excursions are essential for equalization oftorques in the presence of machining tolerances and other geometric imperfection of the drive train. DESIGNS AND OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF TYPICAL PUMPSThese pumps are used to transfer liquids and supply hydraulic power.1. WITH BUT TWO MOVING PARTS, the rotors that turn in the same direction, thisrotary pump has reduced friction to a minimum. The rotors rotate against flexible syntheticrubber cushions that allow sand, grit and other abrasives toflow freely through thepump without damage. It is a positive displacement pump that develops a constant pressureand will deliver a uniform flow at any given speed. The pump is reversible and canbe driven by a gasoline engine or electric motor. The rubber cushions withstand theaction of oil, kerosene, and gasoline, and the pump operates at any angle. It has been usedin circulating water systems, cutting tool coolant oil systems and general applications.2. PUMPING ACTION is produced bythe meshing of the idler and rotor teeth inthis rotary pump. The idler is pinmountedto the head and the rotor operatesin either direction. This pump willnot splash, foam, churn or cause pounding.Liquids of any viscosity that do notcontain grit can be transferred by thispump which is made of iron and bronze.3. BASED on the swinging vane principle,this pump maintains its volumetricefficiency automatically. The action ofthe buckets, fitted loosely into recesses inthe rotor, compensates for wear. In operation,the tip of the bucket is in light contactwith the casing wall. Liquids aremoved by sucking and pushing actionsand are not churned or foamed.4. HIGH-PRESSURE, high-volume pumps of the axial piston, constant displacementtype are rated at 3,500 psi for continuous duty operation; higher pressure is permissiblefor intermittent operation. A pressure-balanced piston shoe lubricates thecam plate and prevents direct contact between the shoe and cam plate. The use of thepressure balanced system removes the need for thrust bearings. The two-piece shaftabsorbs deflection and minimizes bearing wear. The pump and electric driving motorare connected by a flexible coupling. The revolving cylinder barrel causes the axialreciprocation of the pumping pistons. These pumps only pump hydraulic fluids5. THE GEAR SHAFTS of this hydraulic gear pump are mounted on tapered roller bearings that accurately positionthegears, decrease end play, and reduce wear to a minimum. This heavy-duty gear pump can be used at pressures up to 1,000 psi. These pumps were made with either single- or double-end shafts and can be foot- or flange-mounted. The drive shaft entrance packing is made from oil-resistant material, and thegear shafts are made from hardened molybdenum steel. 6. THIS HIGH-PRESSURE hydraulic pump has twin pistonsthat build pressures from 100 to 4,000 psi at speeds from 600 to1,200 rpm. This pump can be operated continuously at 900 rpm and 2,500 psi with 1.37 gpm delivered. Because it can be mounted at any angle, and because it is used with small oil lines, small diameter rams and compact valves, the pump is suitable for installation in new equipment. This pump containsa pressure adjusting valve that is factory set to bypass at a predeterminedpressure.7. This pump is characterized by its pedestal mounting. The only non-critical fit is between the pedestal casting and the casing.Positive alignment is obtained because the sealed ball bearingsand the shaft are supported in the single casting. The fivevaned,open, bronze impeller will move liquids that contain a high volume of solids. The pump is not for use with corrosive liquids. The five models of this pump, with ratings up to 500 gpm, are identical except for impeller and casing sizes.8. USED TO TRANSFER, meter, or proportion liquids of high or low viscosity, this pump is a positive displacement gear pump. It is made of stainless steel with a stainless steel armored, automatic take-up, shaft seal of the single-gland type.Automatic wear control compensates for normal wear and maintains volumetric efficiency. This pump will handle 5 to 300 gph without churning or foaming. It needs no lubrication and operates against high or low pressure。
机械手外文文献翻译2
This is a application of Application Ser. No. 10/799,595, filed on Mar. 15, 2004 now U.S. Pat. No.这是一个应用程序的应用系列号10/799,595，2004 年 3 月15 日美国英保通™技术现在提交。
7,081,700 号。
领域的发明本发明涉及机械手等装配一个微小的对象，例如微型机械组件或单位使用放大镜观察设备如光镜、电镜，或扫描隧道显微镜的分钟部分装配装置或执行诊断、治疗、研究、生物生产、或类似的实际操作，紧凑的机械手装置，例如分钟组织、细胞或生命体和操纵仪器使用机械手分钟对象的基因。
发明背景技术控制的操纵成员轮流使用一般大小轴承和技术的微小的工作，工作装置上执行必要的过程，通过旋转臂一般大小臂或工具沿着拱式指南（例如，日本专利号7-256575)。
在像这些描述的常规仪器上，如果远端的末端不是位于轴承的旋转轴上或拱式指导，远端的出视野的末端移动或深度的姿势控制操作显微镜的重点。
这就需要再次确定显微镜和远端的末端的位置。
正如上文所述，操纵这操作一个微小的对象时的姿态在远端的末端控制，操作的目标对象往往移出显微镜的视野。
其中有三个旋转自由度的常规机械手，特别是因为对应于各自的自由度的旋转轴不配合对方做不相交于一点，远端的末端往往搬出视野或深度聚焦显微镜的应付姿势控制操作。
在这种情况下，在显微镜和远端的末端必须位于再次，此操作需要较长的时间。
本发明的概要它是目前发明提供紧凑的机械手装置解决了上述问题，并操纵微小的目标对象，如机械手的对象和一分钟对象操作器具或类似使用机械手。
为了达到上述目的，根据目前的发明，那里提供机械臂组成：操作的目标对象，操作的成员正在驱动和控制的多元化的自由旋转轴；在穿越的自由旋转轴的所有多元化和操纵远端部分的交集附近放操作的成员。
根据这项安排，机械手有多元化的（通常为三) 自由旋转轴相交于一点，和操纵成员（末端) 的操作手法的目标对象的远端部分位于附近的交叉的机制。
外文资料及译文
外文资料及译文一、外文资料：二、译文：以质量和安全系统为主港口行业：对于大多数希腊港口的经验证据摘要：质量是一个复杂和主观的概念，在任何给定的时间真的（表达和暗示）合并所有涉及其中的人的需要。
在过去的二十几年，安全性变得越来越重要，在某种程度上，他们被认为与质量是同义的或完全一样的。
本文的目的是双重的，a.探讨在港口行业中，当代质量和安全/安全系统集成的问题和b.在希腊主要港口中，渗透实证评估质量和安全国际标准。
方法：回顾文献和调查的结果是基于希腊的12个主要港口中10个高层管理的半结构化访谈。
结果：定性分析提供证据的质量和安全标准的相关关系；调查的好处是，看出希腊主要港口质量和安全上的动机和缺点。
结论：综合质量和安全管理系统在港口有几个优点。
调查表示,安全与环境问题是大多数希腊港口优先考虑的；ISO 9001认证变得越来越感兴趣是显而易见的。
关键词：港口行业质量安全安全性希腊调查1、介绍质量是一个相对于社会和市场驱动的概念，相关的利益（隐含和表达）需要港口运营和管理。
这个调查是对于全世界的研究者为了展示质量和安全在海上运输和特别有很长的历史或者变得“holy grail”的港口。
港口就海上运输链而言是一个很重要的部分。
最近研究人员们调查国际安全和环境管理的兼容问题，大家所熟知的质量保证如ISO9000。
这项对于质量和安全的工作，连同海事公约，有很多优势和有希望增加港口的竞争。
虽然在过去的十年里有很大的改变，但现实充满了问题，毫无疑问，在接下来一段时间，质量和安全的相关关系要进一步考虑。
的确，对于港口质量和安全问题的讨论近几年来在全世界从未这么激烈过。
这个研究背后的动机包括理论和实践：在理论角度，这个动机倾向于一个综合港口的保证，包括质量、安全和需求。
全球化从根本让竞争激烈，改变了质量、安全、安全性的格局。
在过去二十年里，国家，欧盟和国际层面介绍海上工业的特定的计划、标准和规定。
在一个相当实用的角度，多年以来在港口方面积累大量经验，可以启发当前工作在质量和安全性上的优缺点和适用性。
外文翻译 2
附件1：外文资料翻译译文WCDMA系统Ahmed Hassan2.1背景GSM系统最初设计是提供语音和低速率的数据业务。
用户数据速率的无线接口使用单个物理信道，即一个时隙一个TDMA帧，最初速率是9.6 kbps.在第二期GSM系统中，两种新业务通过允许MS占用多个时隙来提高用户数据速率，就是所谓的2.5G。
这两种业务是高速电路交换数据（HSCSD）和通用分组无线服务（GPRS）。
为了在GSM网络上获得更高的数据访问，HSCSD允许个人占用多个连续时隙，而不是限制在GSM TDMA标准中每个用户只占用特定的时隙。
HSCSD为了数据传输放松了GSM标准中原先指定的差错编码控制算法，使可用的应用数据速率达到14.4kbps。
HSCSD让用户通过占用四个连续时隙使传输速率达到57.6kbps。
相比之下，GPRS在无线端口上使用分组连接，仅仅当信息传送时，用户占用一个或多个通信信道。
HSCSD是一种理想的实时互动网络会议，而GPRS 是非实时性的网络应用，包括检索电子邮件、传真、不对称网络浏览。
当GSM 无线信道的八个时隙都分给GPRS时，用户的最高速率可以达到171.2kbps(八个时隙乘以21.4kbps).另一个增加用户数据速率的方法是采用更高层次的调制方案:增强型数据速率GSM演进技术（EDGE）。
EDGE的加强GSM数据速率的背后驱动力是提高调制方法。
EDGE可以根据不同的信道条件在两种调制方式中转换。
EDGE在质量差信道使用GMSK调制方式，在质量好的信道使用8-PSK调制方式。
这是通过借助链路适配功能允许MS和BS根据需要选择这两种不同的调制方式。
因此，调制方式的选择应根据无线链路的质量来提供更高的速率。
EDGE在单一的GSM信道为一个独立专用用户提供高达384kbps的数据速率。
这些选择为通过GSM技术接入网络和支持各种创新手机提供了重大的改善。
然而，所有这些选择对多媒体和巨大的速率依然有限制，这导致了3G系统的改革。
外文的参考文献资料
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A new hyperchaotic system and its circuit implementationNiu Yujun a ,Wang Xingyuan a,*,Wang Mingjun a ,Zhang Huaguang baSchool of Electronic &Information Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China b College of Information Science and Engineering,Northeastern University,Shenyang 110004,Chinaa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 22April 2009Received in revised form 4December 2009Accepted 4December 2009Available online 6December 2009Keywords:HyperchaosDynamical analysisBifurcationLyapunov exponentCircuit implementationa b s t r a c tIn this paper,a new hyperchaotic system is presented by adding a nonlinear controller tothe three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system.The generated hyperchaotic systemundergoes hyperchaos,chaos,and some different periodic orbits with control parameterschanged.The complex dynamic behaviors are verified by means of Lyapunov exponentspectrum,bifurcation analysis,phase portraits and circuit realization.The Multisim resultsof the hyperchaotic circuit were well agreed with the simulation results.Ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionHyperchaos was firstly reported by Rössler in 1979[1],and the first circuit implementation of hyperchaos was realized by Matsumoto et al.[2].Hyperchaotic system is usually defined as a chaotic system with more than one positive Lyapunov exponent,indicating that the chaotic dynamics of the system are expanded in more than one direction giving rise to a more complex attractor.Hyperchaos has been studied with increasing interest in recent years,in the fields of nonlinear circuits [3],secure communications [4,5],lasers [6],Colpitts oscillators [7],control [8–11],and synchronization [12–15].Due to its great potential in technological applications,the generation of hyperchaos has become a focal topic for research recently [16–20],in particular purposefully designing a hyperchaotic system from an originally chaotic but non-hyperchaotic system with some simple feedback control techniques,is a theoretically very attractive task.For example,several four-dimensional hyperchaotic systems [16–20]have been found in this way,based on some well-known three-dimensional chaotic system such as on the Chen system [21],the Lüsystem [22],the generalized Lorenz system [23],a unified chaotic system [24],and so on.This,however,is technically challenging,due to its very complicated hyperchaotic behavior and the lack of a general fun-damental theory.This Letter presents a new hyperchaotic system,which is generated by driving the three-dimensional autonomous cha-otic system [25]with a nonlinear controller.The generated hyperchaotic system is not only demonstrated by Lyapunov exponent spectrum,bifurcation analysis,phase portraits but also verified with circuit realization.The Multisim results of the hyperchaotic circuit show very good agreement with the simulation results.For this three-dimensional autonomous cha-otic system,we give some discussions on how to build the control law so that hyperchaoticity be observed.It may be the inspiration to the formation and perfection of the general control law.1007-5704/$-see front matter Ó2009Elsevier B.V.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/sns.2009.12.005*Corresponding author.E-mail address:wangxy@ (W.Xingyuan).Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3518–3524Contents lists available at ScienceDirectCommun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulatjournal homepage:www.else v i e r.c o m /l o c a t e /c n s n s2.Design of new hyperchaotic systemQi et al.introduced a new three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system [25],which is described as _x¼a ðy Àx Þþyz _y ¼cx Ày Àxz _z ¼xy Àbz 8><>:;ð1Þwhere x ,y ,z are state variables and a ,b ,c are system parameters.When a =35,b =8/3,c =55,system (1)exhibits a chaotic behavior with a positive Lyapunov exponent.The corresponding chaotic attractor is depicted in Fig.1.More detailed complex dynamics of system (1)can be seen in Ref.[25].We know that,in order to obtain hyperchaos,two important requisites are as follows:(1)The minimal dimension of the phase space that embeds a hyperchaotic attractor should be at least four,whichrequires the minimum number of coupled first-order autonomous ordinary differential equations to be four.(2)The number of terms in the coupled equations giving rise to instability should be at least two,of which at least oneshould have a nonlinear function [1].Now,by introducing a simple dynamic feedback control term w to the second equation of system (1),the new dynamic system is obtained:_x ¼a ðy Àx Þþyz _y ¼cx Ày Àxz þw _z ¼xy Àbz _w ¼Àxz þrw 8>>><>>>:;ð2Þwhere r is a control parameter,determining the chaotic attractor and bifurcations of system (2).Obviously,the chaotic sys-tem (2)is a four-dimensional dynamical system,which has four Lyapunov exponents.It will be shown that this new system can be hyperchaotic with some suitably chosen control parameter r .To ensure system (2)be dissipative,it is required thatr V ¼@_x þ@_y þ@_z þ@_w ¼Àa À1Àb þr ¼r À38:667<0:ð3ÞTherefore,theoretically the largest value of r is 38.667.Choose r near zero so that the previous dissipative structure can be maintained most,according to the method presented by Ramasubramanian and Sriram [26],we obtain when r =1.3,the Lyapunov exponents:k 1=1.4164,k 2=0.5318,k 3=0,k 4=À39.1015.It is obvious that system (2)exhibits a hyperchaotic behavior.The projections of the hyperchaotic attractor are shown in Fig.2.3.Bifurcation analysisDue to the lack of systematic methodology for purposefully designing a hyperchaotic system to date,the following inves-tigation relies on a combination of mathematical analysis and numerical simulations.In system (2),when parameter r varies,several simulations are carried out,and the outcome of chaotic attractors and careful bifurcation analysis is summarized.Assume the Lyapunov exponents of system (2)are k 1,k 2,k 3and k 4.We found that:(1)For periodic orbits,k 1,k 2,k 3<0,k 4=0.Fig.1.The projections of attractor system (1).N.Yujun et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3518–35243519(2)For chaotic attractor,k 1>0,k 2,k 3<0,k 4=0.(3)For hyperchaotic attractor,k 1,k 2>0,k 3<0,k 4=0.According to the method presented by Ramasubramanian and Sriram [26],we obtain the Lyapunov exponents spectrum of system (2)in Fig.3.As r varies,the stability of the system (2)is summarized as follows:(1)When À11.19<r 6À10.64,À7.356r 6À7.21or À7.196r 6À4.05is satisfied,k 1,k 2,k 3<0,k 4=0,the new sys-tem (2)undergoes periodic orbits.(2)When À126r 6À11.19,À10.64<r <À7.35,À7.21<r <À7.19or À4.05<r 60.41is satisfied,k 1>0,k 2,k 3<0,k 4=0,the new system (2)is chaotic.(3)When 0.41<r 63is satisfied,k 1,k 2>0,k 3<0,k 4=0,the new system (2)is hyperchaotic.The phase portraits of the system (2)with different r are also shown in Fig.4.Fig.2.When r =1.3,the projections of attractor of system (2).Fig.3.Lyapunov exponents spectrum for À126r 63.3520N.Yujun et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3518–35244.Circuit design of the hyperchaotic systemConsidering the voltage restraint of practical electronic components,letx ¼10x 0;y ¼10y 0;z ¼10z 0;w ¼10w 0:ð4ÞBecause the replacement of system variables does not influence system states and properties,we letx ¼x 0;y ¼y 0;z ¼z 0;w ¼w 0:ð5Þthen in the new coordinate system,the reduced hyperchaotic system (2)will be described as_x ¼a ðy Àx Þþ10yz _y ¼cx Ày À10xz þw _z ¼10xy Àbz _w ¼À10xz þrw 8>>><>>>::ð6ÞThe designed circuit diagram of system (6)is shown in Fig.5.In Fig.5,the voltages of C 1,C 2,C 3,C 4are used as x ,y ,z and w ,respectively.The operational amplifiers and associated cir-cuitry perform the basic operations of addition,subtraction,and integration.The nonlinear terms of system (6)are imple-mented with the analog multipliers.The corresponding circuit equation can be described as_x ¼R 4R 1R 5C 1y ÀR 4R 7R 3R 6R 5C 1x þR 4R 2R 5C 1yz _y ¼R 11R 8R 12C 2x ÀR 11R 14R 15R 13R 12C 2y ÀR 11R 7R 9R 6R 12C 2xz þR 11R 10R 12C 2w _z ¼R 18R 16R 19C 3xy ÀR 18R 21R 17R 20R 19C 3z _w ¼ÀR 23R 7226244xz þR 2327244ÀR 23R 262825244 w 8>>>>>><>>>>>>::ð7ÞWe choose R 1=R 3=4k X ,R 2=R 4=14k X ,R 5=R 12=R 19=R 24=100k X ,R 6=R 7=10k X ,R 8=4k X ,R 10=220k X ,R 9=R 11=22k X ,R 13=20k X ,R 14=10k X ,R 15=110k X ,R 16=R 17=R 18=10k X ,R 20=60k X ,R 21=16k X ,R 22=R 23=R 25=R 26=10k X ,R 27=25k X ,C 1=C 2=C 3=C 4=1l F .The parameter variable r of system (6)is changed by adjusting the resistor R 28,and obey the followingrelations:Fig.4.Phase portraits of the system (2)for different r.N.Yujun et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3518–35243521r ¼R 23R 27R 24C 4ÀR 23R 26R 28R 25R 24C 4¼4À100R 28;ð6:25k X 6R 286100k X Þ:ð8ÞThus,the circuit Eq.(7)is equivalent to system (6)with a =35,b =8/3,c =55,À126r 63.The supplies of all active devices are ±40V and the initial voltages of C 1,C 2,C 3,C 4are random.With Multisim 7.0,we obtain the experiment observations of system (6)as Figs.6and 7.From Figs.6and 7,it can be seen that chaos and hyperchaos can be obtained by simply changing the value of R 28.As com-pared with Fig.4(a)and (b),a good qualitative agreement between the numerical simulation and the Multisim results of the hyperchaotic circuit is confirmed.5.DiscussionIt is technically challenging to construct a new hyperchaotic system based on the three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system,due to hyperchaos complicated chaotic behavior and the lack of a general fundamental theory.At present,generally,one can firstly construct a fourth-order autonomous system by introducing an additional control term,and then hypercha-otic dynamic in the fourth-dimensional autonomous system is confirmed by a combination of mathematical analysis and numerical simulations.In this paper,based on the system (1),a new hyperchaotic system is generated by using nonlinear feedback control.In this design,for the system (1),we grope the characteristic on how to build the control law so that hyperchaos be observed.It is that hyperchaos is easily generated from the system (1),if the designed control term contains the term of the differential equation which the control term is added to.A more detailed interpretation about the hint is as below:In the paper,for the system (1),we have done the transformation,as follows:_x ¼a ðy Àx Þþyz _y ¼cx Ày Àxz _z ¼xy Àbz 8><>:)_x ¼a ðy Àx Þþyz _y ¼cx Ày Àxz þw _z ¼xy Àbz _w ¼Àxz þrw 8>>><>>>::ð9ÞFig.5.Circuit diagram for system (6).3522N.Yujun et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15(2010)3518–3524In the transformation(9),the control term w is added to the second differential equation and is designed as_w¼Àxzþrw.It can be seen that the control term w contains the term xz of the second differential equation.Based on the system(1),according to the above characteristic of building the control law,we have designed two new control terms w1and w2,corresponding two new hyperchaotic systems are gained:_x¼aðyÀxÞþyz_y¼cxÀyÀxzþw1_z¼xyÀbz_w 1¼À63xþr1w18 >>>< >>> :;ð10Þand Fig.6.The experiment observations of system(6)with R28=6.45161(k X)(r=À11.5),chaotic.Fig.7.The experiment observations of system(6)with R28=40(k X)(r=1.5),hyperchaotic.N.Yujun et al./Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat15(2010)3518–35243523_x¼aðyÀxÞþyz_y¼cxÀyÀxzþw2 _z¼xyÀbz_w 2¼ÀxÀxzþr2w28>>><>>>::ð11ÞFrom system(10)and system(11),it can be seen that the control terms w1and w2are add to the second differential equa-tion,respectively.The control term w1contains the term x of the second differential equation and w2contains a mixture of the terms x and xz of the second differential equation.According to the method presented by Ramasubramanian and Sriram[26],we compute the Lyapunov exponents spec-trums of two new systems,respectively.We obtain that whenÀ0.7<r161.8is satisfied,k1,k2>0,k3<0,k4=0,the new sys-tem(10)is hyperchaotic,and the new system(11)is hyperchaotic,when0.5<r263.4.On the other hand,the characteristic of building the control law is seen in literatures[13,14,27–29],too.For this character-istic,we have no corresponding theory prove.But,it may be the inspiration to the formation and perfection of the general con-trol law.We will further study the control law on generating hyperchaos from three-dimensional autonomous chaotic system.6.ConclusionThis paper has introduced a novel four-dimensional continuous autonomous hyperchaotic system.The complex dynamics have also been explored in detail,including various periodic,chaotic and hyperchaotic motions,by means of Lyapunov expo-nent spectrum and bifurcation diagrams.Moreover,it is implemented via a designed circuit and tested experimentally with Multisim.The Multisim results of the hyperchaotic circuit were well agreed with the simulation results.For the system(1)in this paper,we give some hints on how to build the control law so that hyperchaoticity be generated.It may be the inspiration to the formation and perfection of the general control law.Since the new hyperchaotic system has more complex dynamical behaviors than the normal chaotic 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