15 pragmatics
【VIP专享】Pragmatics语言学
Nice to see you all back againChapter One Introduction1. the origin of pragmatics1) about the term “pragmatics”语用学The term "Pragmatics" was first used by Charles William Morris" Foundations of the Theory of Sign"( 1938) .Semiotics syntax semantics users2) the establishmentPragmatics, as a comparatively new and independent discipline of linguistics, appeared in1970s with the publication of "Journal of Pragmatics" in Hetherlands in1977. Before that time the study of pragmatics was limited in the field of linguistic philosophy.3) The three stages in the development of pragmatics:the first stage is from the late 1930s to late 1940s----Pierce, Morris and Carnap considered pragmatics to be a branch of semiology符号学and all the studies were within the domain of philosophy;The second stage is from the beginning of 1950s to late 1960s----Austin, Searle and Grice made studied on speech act and implicature theory, and their achievements sustained the basic theory of pragmatics. The studies were still within the domain of philosophy then;The third stage is after 1970s----the biggest three events happened and pragmatics became an independent discipline.a) In 1977 Mey and Haberland started the Journal of Pragmatics in Holand.b) In 1983 Levinson and Leech published their respectiveworks Pragmatics and Principle of Pragmatics, which set up the theoretic system of pragmatics.c) the set-up of the International Pragmatics Association in 1986 in Belgium.2. What is PragmaticsSome definitions of Pragmatics:1) Pragmatics is the study of all those aspects of meaning not captured in a semantic theory.2) Pragmatics is the study of the relations betweenlanguage and context that are basic to an account of lang understanding.3) Pragmatics is the study of linguistic acts and the contextsin which they are performed.4) Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise howspeakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication.5) Pragmatics is the study of language use and linguistic communication.6) Pragmatics can be defined as the study of howutterances have meanings in situations.What do we find in common in the above definitions of Pragmatics？meaning contextBriefly speaking, pragmatics refers to the study language in use, or the meaning in context, or the use of language in communication, or the relationship between linguistic elements and the contexts or situations in which they are used.Language use----language systemthe distinguishing feature of language use from language system is:“One can mean more than one says”Examples:（1）只可意会，不可言传，言有尽而意无尽，词不达意，不知从何说起。
PRAGMATICS
Why pragmatics?
Semantically, the two sentences are ambiguous both lexically and logically Occam’s razor/ eraser (Ziff, 1960) = entities are not to be multiplied beyond necessity “nine” is ambiguous?
Pragmatics as Interdisciplinary
Sociolinguistics, Pcysholinguistics, Discourse Analysis Functional perspective Influence of verbal messages to people Linguistics and Philosophy Implicature Presupposition Speech acts Deixis
Why pragmatics?
Illustrations 1. John has had nine girlfriends. 1.1 John has had at least nine girlfriends. 1.2 John has had exactly nine girlfriends.
Why pragmatics?
3. wh-traces/variables Who do you love t?
Why pragmatics?
Types of Overt NPs 1. Lexical anaphors The composers admires themselves/each other. 2. Pronouns He is Italian enough to understand the culture, and yet foreign enough to see its peculiarities.
Pragmatics
Pragmatics VS. Semantics
It would be impossible to give an adequate description of meaning if the context of language use was left unconsidered. But once the notion of context was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics. 语义学和语用学的区别就在于在意义 的研究中是否考虑到了语境Context的因素。 P433
Eg. You left the Classes of Illocutionary Acts
(1) Verdictives 评判行为类：对某事或行为做出判 决或评价，诸如仲裁、判决、估价等； (2) Exercitives 施权行为类：实施权力、影响等，诸 如任命、选举、命令、敦促等； (3) Commissives承诺行为类：承担义务、履行允诺， 诸如答应、许诺等； (4) Behabitives 表态行为类：表明态度、褒贬等， 诸如道歉、赞扬、祝贺、憎恶等； (5) Expositives 论理行为类：在辩论或会话中作辩 白、说理、让步等。
P445
I advise you to stop smoking． I do . I appoint you Consul/`kɑnsəl/ .(我任命你为 执政官。) I congratulate you.（我祝贺你。） I welcome you.（我欢迎你。）
施为语句虽然不像陈述语句有真假之分，但却有 适当或者不适当之差别。如果某人不是被指定给 一艘船命名的人，同时还没有其他参加命名典礼 的人在场，也没有船台、香槟酒等，那么即使他 说出： I name this ship Elizabeth. 也不能完成给船命名这一行为。要成功地给 一艘船命名需要满足一些条件。否则，所说出的 有关命名的施为语句是无效的。奥斯汀认为施为 语句必须满足某些条件才能成功地实施某种行为。 他把这种条件称作“合适条件”(felicity conditions)，凡是不能满足适合条件的施为语句 都是不适当的。
普通语言学_pragmatics
3. Deixis, reference, anaphora
Anaphora
• When we establish a referent (Can I borrow your book?) and subsequently refer to the same object (Yeah, it’s on the table), we have a particular kind of referential relationship between book and it. The second (and any subsequent) referring expression is an example of anaphora and the first mention is called the antecedent. Thus, book is the antecedent and it is the anaphoric expression.
Context
• Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. ( Yule,1996:3) • Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterance have meanings in situations.( Leech,1983:x) • Pragmatics, as a topic in linguistics, is the study of the use of context to make inferences about meaning.( Fasold,1993:119, from Schiffrin) • Pragmatics is the study of the conditions of human language uses as these are determined by the context of society.( Mey,1993:42) • Pragmatics is concerned with the interpretation of linguistic meaning in context.
pragmatics英语解释
Pragmatics is a subfield of linguistics that studies how context and social factors contribute to meaning in language. It looks at how language is used in real-life situations and how it can be interpreted beyond its literal or grammatical meaning. Pragmatics also examines howmunicative acts are performed and understood, including the role of speaker intentions, assumptions, and presuppositions inmunication.1. Definition of PragmaticsPragmatics is the study of how context influences the interpretation of language. It focuses on the use of language inmunication, taking into account the speaker's intentions, the context of the conversation, and the social and cultural factors that may impact meaning. Unlike semantics, which deals with the literal meaning of words and sentences, pragmatics looks at the implied or inferred meaning of language in use.2. Key Concepts in Pragmaticsa. Speech ActsOne of the central concepts in pragmatics is speech acts, whichrefers to the actions performed by speakers through their utterances. These actions can include making requests, giving orders, making promises, or expressing opinions. Speech acts are not just about the words themselves, but also the intentions and effects behind them.b. Grice's MaximsGrice's conversational maxims are another important concept in pragmatics. These maxims, proposed by philosopher H.P. Grice, outline the principles that guide cooperativemunication. They include the maxims of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner, which suggest that speakers should be informative, truthful, relevant, and clear in theirmunication.c. ImplicatureImplicature refers to the inferred meaning that arises from an utterance, beyond its literal meaning. The study of implicature is central to the understanding of how context and pragmatic principles affect the interpretation of language. For example, when someone says "It's cold in here," the implicature might be a request to close a window or turn up the heat.3. Applications of PragmaticsPragmatics has implications for various areas of language use, including language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis.a. Language TeachingIn language teaching, an understanding of pragmatics is crucial for learners to effectively use language in real-world situations. Teaching pragmatics involves helping learners understand the appropriate use of language in different contexts and how to interpret the implied meanings and intentions inmunication.b. Cross-Cultural CommunicationPragmatics also plays a significant role in cross-culturalmunication. Different languages and cultures may have varying pragmatic norms and conventions, leading to potential misunderstandings or mimunications. By understanding the pragmatic differences between languages, individuals can navigate cross-cultural interactions more effectively.c. Discourse AnalysisIn discourse analysis, pragmatics is used to examine how language is used to achievemunicative goals in different contexts. This includes studying the patterns of interaction, power dynamics, and politeness strategies in discourse, as well as how context influences the interpretation of language in specific settings.4. Challenges and Controversies in PragmaticsDespite its importance, pragmatics also faces several challenges and controversies in its study. These include issues related to the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning, the difficulty of establishing universal pragmatic principles, and the role of pragmatics in language processing and understanding.a. Cultural and Context-Specific NatureOne challenge in pragmatics is the recognition of the cultural and context-specific nature of pragmatic meaning. Differentcultures may have unique norms and conventions formunication, leading to variations in pragmatic interpretation. This makes it difficult to establish universal rules for pragmatic understanding.b. Universal Pragmatic PrinciplesAnother controversial issue is the search for universal pragmatic principles. While some scholars argue for the existence of cross-linguistic and cross-cultural pragmatic principles, others emphasize the diversity and variability of pragmatic norms across languages and cultures. This ongoing debate reflects theplexity of studying pragmatics on a global scale.c. Pragmatics and Language ProcessingThe relationship between pragmatics and language processing is another area of contention. Some researchers argue that pragmatics is an essentialponent of language understanding, while others m本人nt本人n that it is secondary to the processing of grammatical and semantic information. Resolving this issue has implications for the study ofmunication disorders and the development of natural language processing systems.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, pragmatics offers valuable insights into theplex nature of language use and interpretation. By examining the role of context, social factors, and speaker intentions inmunication, pragmatics enhances our understanding of how language works in the real world. Despite the challenges and controversies it faces, the study of pragmatics continues to be an important and dynamic field within linguistics, with implications for language teaching, cross-culturalmunication, and discourse analysis. As we strive to better understand the multifaceted nature of language andmunication, pragmatics rem本人ns a crucial area of investigation.。
语言学Pragmatics语用学
Fresh salad refers to the customer who ordered fresh salad.
Teacher: You can borrow my Shakespeare. Waiter: the ham sandwich left without paying. Nurse: The hernia（疝气）in room 5 wants to talk to the
A: Can I look at your Chomsky?
B: Sure, it’s on the shelf over there.
Chomsky refers to the book written by Chomsky. Waiter 1: Where’s the fresh salad sitting?
Person
Person
deixis
deixis
• You’ll have to bring
it
back
tomorrow Temporal deixis
because she isn’t Person deixis
Spatial deixis
Temporal deixis
here today.
All the deictic expressions have to be interpreted in terms of which person, place or time the speaker has in mind. We make a broad distinction between what is marked as close to the speaker(this, here, now) and what is distant(that, there, then), we can also indicate whether movement is away from the speaker’s location(go) or toward the speakers location(come).
语用学Pragmatics An Introduction
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Chapter 1:Defining Pragmatics
Preliminaries Pragmatics: definition and delimitation What use is pragmatics?
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Preliminaries
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Dynamic communication perspective: Pragmatics is the study of the expression of relative distance. (Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate. (Levinson, 1983:24)
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The complementarity by Leech
Semanticism (pragmatics inside semantics) Pragmaticism (semantics inside pragmatics) Complementarism (complementary but independent)
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Definitions
Speaker’s perspective: Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. (George Yule, 1996:3) Pragmatics is the study of how people use language for successful communication. (Kempson, 1977:84)
语用学 pragmatics
语用学pragmatics语用学：语用学(pragmatics)是对人类有目的的行为所作的研究(广义)，对有目的的语言活动的研究(狭义)。
源起符号学(semiotics)。
符号学：符号学是系统地研究语言符号和非语言符号的学科。
有三个分支--符号关系学、语义学、语用学。
符号关系学(syntactics)研究符号之间的形式关系。
语义学(semantics)研究符号与符号所代表的事物之间的关系。
语用学(pragmatics)研究符号与符号解释者之间的关系。
语用学与语义学的联系和区别：语用学和语义学都是符号学的分支。
语义学主要指狭义的语义学，即逻辑语义学，它研究句子和词语本身的意义，研究命题的真值条件(truth conditions)。
语用学研究言语使用上的意义，研究传递语言信息的适宜条件(felicity conditions)。
语义学揭示的意义是二元关系的句子意义(sentence meaning)，解决"Whatdoes Xmean?"的问题。
语用学揭示的是三元关系的说话人意义(Speaker meaning)，解决"What did you mean by X?"的问题。
语境(context)：最狭义的语境是指语言的上下文。
语境还必须包括语言外的因素。
语境因素包括语言知识、语言外知识；语言知识包括对所使用的语言的掌握、对语言交际上文的了解；语言外知识包括背景知识、情景知识、相互知识，背景知识包括百科全书式的知识(常识)、特定文化的社会规范、特定文化的会话规则，情景知识包括交际的时间、地点、交际的主题、交际的正是程度、交际参与者的相互关系。
语境是一个动态的、发展的概念。
交际本身就是一个动态的过程，在交际过程中，语境也随之而变。
有些语境因素相对来说比较稳定，例如背景知识、交际的时间、地点等，但有些因素却会变化，特别重要的是相互知识这一因素，它在交际过程中不断扩大，原来不为双方所共有的知识完全可能在交际过程中变为相互知识，成为进一步交际的基础。
《语用学Pragmatics》课件 第五周
6.2.3 Anaphora (照应、回指) (Anaphoric reference)
The process where a word or phrase refers back to another word or phrase which was used earlier in a text or conversation is called anaphora.
Examples of referential and attributive uses
a. There’s a man waiting for you.
b. He wants to marry a woman with lots of money.
a. Premier Chou met the Pope in Rome in 1949.
In technical terms, the second or subsequent expression is the anaphor and the initial expression is the antecedent.
In most of our talk and writing, we have to keep track of who or what we are talking about for more than one sentence at a time, we use anaphoric reference.
It appears between language and culture. That is, there is a convention that certain referring expressions wil be used to identify certain entities on a regular basis.
语言学资料Pragmatics解析
analyzing the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication
users.
Some Basic Notions in Pragmatics
Pragmatics, Semantics
Semantics---- is the study of the literal meaning of a sentence (without taking context into consideration).
E.g. It is cold in here. You have left the door wide open. Morning !
*** the most important part = the illocutionary acts
E.g. ---- (the telephone rings) ----H: That’s the phone. (a) ----W: I’m in the bathroom. (b) ----H: Okay. (c)
Austin’s New Model of Speech Acts
a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking:
Locutionary act----an act of saying something, i.e. an act of making a meaningful utterance (conveying the literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology).
语用学课件_Pragmatics_
Number No number category : (Piraha, Kawi) Singular-plural: (Chinese, West Dani ) Singular-dual-paucal-plural: （Yimas, Murik, Meryam Mir）
Person 1 2 3
2.1 Deictic vs non-deictic usages
Deictic usage : what the deictic expression refers to depend on the specific context it occurs. non-deictic usage: non-deictic expression is an expression for which you don’t need context to understand it since it doesn’t refer to anything in particular, on the contrary, it is used in a general sense.
a. He came here one hour ago. b. You can’t lose what you never had.= c. One can’t lose what one /he never had. a, which contains deictic expressions, is context dependent. In isolation, the sentence doesn’t convey much information because we have no idea about who came to what place at what time .He, here, and one hour ago being deictic items. While in b, the second-person pronouns are non-deictic expressions. you can be replaced with one.
语言学--Pragmatics ppt课件
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ppt课件
• Speech acts is a term derived from the work of the philosopher J. L. Austin (1962) and now used to refer to a theory which analyzes the role of utterances in relation to the behavior of the speaker and the hearer in interpersonal communication. It aims to answer the question “What do we do when using language?”
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ppt课件
6.2.3 Anaphora
• You need to know: definition of anaphora, antecedent, anaphor indirect anaphora and direct anaphora
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ppt课件
6.2.4 Presupposition
• a. Can I look at your Shakespeare? • b. Sure, it’s on the shelf over there. • You need to know • inference: process • reference: the act
9ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
ppt课件
6.2.2 Deixis
• You need to know: definition of deixis five types of deixis
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ppt课件
definition of deixis
英语语用学pragmatics
context
For example, “ It is cold in here.” from semantics, it simply expresses the semantic proposition of “the low temperature in a certain place”. They do not consider the following factors as “who speaks it to whom , when, where, why etc. In other words , they do not include context in the study of meanings
Definitions of Pragmatics
Definition 1: Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. 语用学是对在一种语言的结构中被语法化 或被编码的那些语言和语境之间的关系 的研究。
Austin’s new model
Later,he gave up his distinction between constatives and performatives and set up his new model-a speaker might be performing 3 acts at the same time when speaking: locutionary act言内行 为,illocutionary act言外行为 and perlocutionary言后行为.
pragmatics语用学-PPT
Non-detachability
• John is a genius( a mental prodigy; an enormous intellect; a big brain; an exceptionally clever human being).
conversation, in which implicated messages are frequently involved.
• In daily conversations people do not usually say things but tend to imply them. The word “implicature” is used to refer to the extra meaning that is not explicitly expressed in the utterance. In making a conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate; otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. This general principle is called the cooperative principle : “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.”
Pragmatics
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I promise to love you!
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I’ll bring you this book.
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The illocutionary point of expressive is to express the psychological state specified in the propositional content such as apologizing, thanking, c o n g r a t u l a t i n g , w e l co m i n g e t c .
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Semanticists take meaning to be an inherent property of language, pragmaticists regard meaning as something that is realized in the course of communication.
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I fire you!
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Principles of Conversation The co-operative principle
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In making conversation, Grice holds that there is a general principle which all participants are expected to observe. Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
pragmatics
• What is pragmatics?
• The scope of pragmatics • The typical pragmatic theories
• 我国的语用学研究
What is pragmatics?
• Pragmatics can be defined in various ways.
• A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. • The modern usage of the term pragmatics is attributable to the philosopher Charles Morris(1938), who was concerned to outline the general shape of a science of signs, or semiotics.
语言学导论第6章Pragmatics
Speech act theories:
Austin’s model of speech acts Searle’s classification of speech acts Indirect speech acts
E.g.,
cultural background, situation (time, place, manner, etc.) the relationship between the speaker and the hearer …
Pragmatics vs. Semantics
Semantics: (no context) the study of the literal meaning of a sentence
How these linguistic objects are used?
Pragmatics: language use in context
Roughly: the study of how to do things with words
Generally: the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication
Indirect speech acts
Principle of conversation 会话原则
To converse with each other, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.
普通语言学 8-Pragmatics
语用学
1. 语用学的定义：不同的视角
1) Speaker
Pragmatics is the study of speaker meaning. (Yule, 1996:3)
Pragmatics is a theory which seeks to characterise how speakers use the sentences of a language to effect successful communication. (Kempson, 1975:84)
Carnap (1942)：order of degree of abstractness: syntax is the most and pragmatics is the least abstract, with semantics lying somewhere in between. Syntax provides input to semantics, which provides input to pragmatics.
Jef Verschueren (1999): Adaptability theory
5. 为什么研究语用学？
Humpty Dumpty:
“When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean -neither more nor less.”
4) Social interaction
Pragmatics is the study of the ability of language users to pair sentences with the contexts in which they would be appropriate.(Levinson, 1983:24)
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Utterance meaning is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication (context). For example, (6) My bag is heavy.
1) grammatical analysis SVC 2) semantic analysis BAG (BE HEAVY) 3) pragmatic analysis The utterance meaning of sentence (6) varies with the context in which it uttered and the purpose for which the speaker utters it.
The meaning of language was considered as something intrinsic, and inherent, i.e., a property attached to language itself. Therefore, meanings of words, meanings of sentences were all studied in an isolated manner, detached from the context in which they were used. For example,
The shared knowledge is of two types: the knowledge of the language they use, and the knowledge about the world (the general knowledge about the world and the specific knowledge about the situation in which linguistic communication is taking place). Context determines the speaker's use of language and also the hearer's interpretation of what is said to him.
This is the spirit in which traditional phonology studied the sounds of language, traditional syntax studied the structure of sentences, and traditional semantics studied meaning.
Most utterances are complete sentences in terms of syntax, but some utterances are not, and some cannot even be restored to complete sentences. For example, (7) Good morning! (8) Hi! (ge used Linguistic knowledge K. of what has been said before in the communication Encyclopedic K. Context Background K. Social canons of a specific society Conversational customs of a specific society Extralinguistic knowledge Situational K. time, and place topic formality level relations between the communicators K. of each other, which is a prerequisite for pragmatic inference
1. Definition
Pragmatics can be defined in various ways. A general definition is that it is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication. The process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, so pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study.
3. Context
The notion of context is essential to the pragmatic study of language. Context is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.
Try to think of contexts in which the following sentences can be used for other purposes than just stating facts: (1) The room is messy. (2) I can't work under untidy circumstances. (3) It would be good if she had a green skirt on.
For example, (1) A: How's he? B: A couple of pills will cure him. (2) A: How's he? B: He will be hospitalized. (3) A: How's he? B: An ambulance must be sent for at once.
2. Pragmatics vs. Semantics
As pragmatics and semantics are both linguistic studies of meaning, then how are they related, and how do they differ? The publication of Saussure's work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked the beginning of modern linguistics and at the same time laid down the key note for modern linguistic studies. (1) The dog is barking. Semanticists would take the definition, "a domesticated, canine mammal, etc.", of the word "dog" as its meaning happily. And they would also happily explain the meaning of sentence (1) as the predication "DOG (BARK)".
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(4) A: You speak beautiful English. B: Thank you. I had very good teachers in the university. (B: No, no. My English is very poor.) (5) John is a fine friend.
What is Pragmatics?
Lecture One on Pragmatics
Language should be studied as a selfcontained, intrinsic system; any extra-linguistic factor was to be kept out of consideration in any serious study of language.
Once the notion of context was taken into consideration, semantics spilled over into pragmatics. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is being carried out in the area of pragmatics.
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5. Speech Act Theory
Speech act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language. It is a philosophical explanation of the nature of linguistic communication, proposed first by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 50's of the 20th century. Its aim is to answer the question "What do we do when using language?" Constatives were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable; Performatives were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and were not verifiable. For example,