英语教学术语选摘(一百)

英语教学术语选摘（一百）
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【discourse analysis】Discourse analysis is the study of how stretches of language used in communication assume meaning, purpose and unity for their users:the quality of COHERENCE.There is now a general consensus that coherence does not derive solely from the linguistic forms and propositional content of a text, though these may contribute to it.Coherence derives from an interaction of text with given participants, and is thus not an absolute property,but relative to context.Context includes participants蒺knowledge and perception of paralanguage,other texts,the situation,the culture,the world in general and the role,intentions and relationships of participants. Early attempts to find linguistic rules operating across sentence boundaries,or to create TEXT GRAMMARs specifying rules for generating possible sequences of propositions,have generally been replaced or supplemented by theories and techniques allowing the examination of text in context. Prominent among such theories and techniques are functional analysis,pragmatic theories of speech acts (see SPEECH ACT THEORY)and conversational principles,conversation analysis,SCHEMA THEORY,GENRE theory and critical discourse analysis.
Bibliography
Brown,G.and Yule,G.(1983).Discourse Analysis.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press. Cook,G.(1989).Discourse.Oxford:Oxford University Press.*
(1994).Discourse and Literature.Oxford: Oxford University Press. Coulthard,M.(1985).An Introduction to Discourse Analysis.London:Longman.* (An Excerpt from Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics:A Handbook for Language Teaching,Keith Johnson&Helen Johnson,p.99-101,1998)
【discourse intonation】Discourse intonation is the study of INTONATION in relation to its contribution to those areas of language use associated with DISCOURSE ANALYSIS.Discourse intonation is concerned with topics such as the contribution of intonation to the expression of speech acts(see SPEECH ACT THEORY);the relationship between units of discourse(like the MOVE)and intonation patterns; how,in general,intonation plays a part in the expression of use rather than usage(see USE/ USAGE;see Coulthard,1977;Brazil et al.,1980). Bibliography
Brazil,D.C.,Coulthard,R.M.and Johns,C.M.
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(1980).Discourse Intonation and Language Teaching. London:Longman.
Coulthard,R.M.(1977).Introduction to Discourse Analysis.London:Longman.
(An Excerpt from Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics:A Handbook for Language Teaching,Keith Johnson&Helen Johnson,p.102, 1998)
【discrete-point vs integrative testing】Following Lado(1961),discrete-point testing assumes that language knowledge can be divided into a number of independent facts:elements of grammar,vocabulary,spelling and punctuation, pronunciation,intonation and stress.These can be tested by pure items(usually multiple-choice recognition tasks).Integrative testing argues that any realistic language use requires the coordination of many kinds of knowledge in one linguistic event,and so uses items which combine those kinds of knowledge,like comprehension tasks,dictation, speaking and listening.Discrete-point testing risks ignoring the systematic relationship between language elements;integrative testing risks ignoring accuracy of linguistic detail.(See also LANGUAGE TESTING.)
Bibliography
Hughes,A.(1989).Testing for Language Teachers.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1617.
Lado,R.(1961).Language Testing.Harlow: Longman.
(An Excerpt from Encyclopedic Dictionary of Applied Linguistics:A Handbook for Language Teaching,Keith Johnson&Helen Johnson,p.102, 1998)
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