UnitBritishLiterature(英国文学)必备学习
英国文学知识简介
英国文学知识简介(English Literature)一、中古时期英语文学（Old and Medieval English Literature）1．考核知识点和考核要求：1) 英国中古时期主要的文学作品（《贝奥武甫》，《高文爵士与绿色骑士》）2) 主要的作家、作家概况及其代表作品2．英国中古时期的主要作家杰弗里?乔叟Geoffrey Chaucer（首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰?德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
）二、英国文艺复兴时期文学（The Renaissance Period）1．考核知识点和考核要求：1) 主要作家的创作思想、艺术特色、代表作品及其语言风格2) 名词解释：十四行诗，文艺复兴，无韵诗2. 英国文艺复兴时期主要作家：埃德蒙?斯宾塞Edmund Spenser （后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
）托马斯?莫尔Thomas More (欧洲早期空想社会主义的创始人，以其名著《乌托邦》而著名)克里斯托夫?马洛C hristopher Marlowe （代表作《浮士德博士的悲剧》根据德国民间故事书写成;完善了无韵体诗。
）威廉?莎士比亚William Shakespeare （英国著名剧作家、诗人，著有“四大悲剧”）弗朗西斯?培根Francis Bacon （哲学家、散文家；在论述探究知识的著作中提出了知识就是力量这一著名论断；近代唯物主义哲学的奠基人和近代实验科学的先驱。
）约翰?邓恩John Donne （“玄学派”诗人）约翰?弥尔顿John Milton（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》）三、英国新古典主义时期文学（The Neoclassical Period）1．考核知识点和考核要求：1) 主要作家及其主要作品、作品的艺术特色及其文学流派。
2) 启蒙运动产生的背景。
2．英国新古典主义时期文学主要作家：约翰?德莱顿John Dryden（批评家和戏剧家；在英国被封为第一位“桂冠诗人”；最先提出“玄学诗人”一词；他创造的"英语偶句诗体",成为英国诗歌的主要形式之一。
高二英语 Unit 5 The British Esles 知识精讲教案
高二英语Unit 5 The British Esles 知识精讲教案高二英语Unit The British Esles 知识精讲教案一本周教育内容：Unit The British Isles二重点难点：1 单元分析及学习建议2 本单元重要生词和短语的用法3 阅读材料的难点句解释及重点结构的总结三知识总结与归纳：（一）单元分析及学习建议：1 中心话题：不列颠群岛：英国的教育化及生活；不列颠群岛的地理概况；名人笔下的英国城市。
2 材料：听力：了解英国的教育化及生活。
阅读：The British Isles：不列颠群岛的地理概况：位置，气候，化，历史；语言等。
England, England：著名作家笔下的Salisbur：郊区风景；古迹，城市风貌；市民生活，贸易。
Ireland—The Island in the est：介绍爱尔兰的地理概况。
3 交际：讨论“英语，汉语学习的难易”；“地理的学习方式”；“小国，岛国与大国发展速度的利弊”练习表达“同意”与“不同意”的方法。
4 语言学习：词汇：利用构词知识和上下语境掌握新单词。
语法：学会理解含有名词性从句（主语，表语，宾语和同位语）并学会在写作中使用这种表达方式，在应试复习中掌握名词性从句的连词的运用。
学习建议：认真阅读The British Isles，通过阅读2，3段学会用流利的英语描述一个地方的地理概况—地理位置，气候等。
对于语法学习，尽可能多地接触有关名词性从句的例句，特别是中的例句。
同时注意区分同位语从句和定语从句（注意连词that引导的从句在从句中的成分或与从句的关系）。
（二）本单元重要生词和短语的用法：1 nsist f：由……组成，相当于be ade up f，但是注意nsist f没有被动语态和进行时态。
The Grup f Eight（G8）nsists f the eight rihest untries in the rldThe fat that Great Britain is ade up f three untries is still unnn t anThe ittee nsists f ten ebers2 in general：一般地，大体上。
《英国文学简史》重点笔记(完整版)
英国文学简史完全版A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures（1）The Venerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction 1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages.（2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur. （3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer. II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. （3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical Background II. The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare –Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion.Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” –Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist.（3）Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Li fe: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissancesecularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris – knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV.English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate （2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of “humour”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into therevolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential things to be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.IV.John Bunyan1. life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and calledthemselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry.（2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to his poems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper. （2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writi ngs in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as aliterary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances –fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.（2）Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays. Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace （5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models （7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love forfreedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature –all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer （3）Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poemsa.loved beauty;b.seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams. V. Novelists of the Romantic Age.1. Water Scott. Novelist and poet。
british literature unit4-文档资料
Literal trends
The novel neoclassicism sentimentalism pre-romanticism
Heroic couplet The graveyard group Gothic novel
9
Terms
1. Neoclassicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, bander Pope, John Dryden and Samuel Johnson were major exponents of the neoclassical school.
6
the great enlighteners
Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers are:
Alexander Pope Joseph Addison Sir Richard Steele Jonathan Swift Samuel Richardson Daniel Defoe Henry Fielding Samuel Johnson
conservative Tories came into being. However another party also existed, the Jacobites, who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne. 3. the rapid development of social life
It found its artistic models in the classical literature of the ancient Greek and Roman writers like Homer, Virgil, Horace, etc. and in the contemporary French writers such as Voltaire and Diderot. It put the stress on the classical artistic ideal of order, logic, proportion, restrained emotion, accuracy, good taste and decorum.
British literature 1英国文学
V. Romanticism
* William Wordsworth: ―Lyrical Ballads‖
* Samuel Coleridge: ―The Ancient Mariner‖
* George Gordon Byron: ―Don Juan‖
* Percy Bysshe Shelley: ―Prometheus Unbound‖ * John Keats: ―Ode to a Nightingale‖
* Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels * Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe * Henry Fielding: Tom Jones * William Blake: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell * Sentimentalism: Oliver Goldsmith: ―The Deserted Village‖ Thomas Gray: ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard‖
* other forms: natural science philosophy history law graphic novels/comic books films, videos and broadcast have carved out a niche which often parallels the functionality of prose fiction. iii. Expectation of you 1. To get acknowledged with the history and framework of British literature. 2. To view literature from a literary perspective and accomplish one mid-term essay. 3. To fulfill the assignment after class.
英美国家概况Unit 6 British Literature (英国文学)
一、本单元重点内容
1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗的名字，同时也是此诗中的英雄的名字)}
2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟的《坎特伯雷故事集》)
1). British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells
2). Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11th C.的盎格鲁˙撒克逊的英语) literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD)
2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24)
---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”
7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯)
8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特)
9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森)
10. Modernism (现代主义)
Unit 6 British Literature
British LiteratureEarly writing:The major literature competition is the annual Booker Prize.Much early British writing was concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the Book of Kells.One of the oldest of these early “Old English”literary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.One work from Norman Conquest times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, who was the first court poet to write in English.主要文学竞争在于一年一度的布克文学奖。
大多早期的英国作品关心基督教:盎格鲁-撒克逊人制作精美插图版本的圣经:其中最著名的是凯尔斯书。
这些早期的最古老的古英语文学作品之一是长诗来自盎格鲁-撒克逊时代叫做贝奥武夫。
今天被广泛中学和大学学生学习研究的是由诺曼征服时期杰弗里·乔叟写的《坎特伯雷故事集》---是第一个由法院诗人用英语写的。
Early than 10661.Concerned with Christianity.2.Little read by people outside university.3.Written in “old English”.From 1066 to 11381.Written in royal court became French.2.Words in French or Latin.From 1138 to 14701.Works of history but invented material to fill the board gaps in the history records.2.King Arthur’s story became popular.Beowulf《北奥武夫》The Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》History of the Kings of Britain 《英国列王史》Le Morte D’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》Elizabethan DramaThere was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th century which is known as “The Renaissance”.Christopher Marlowe’s most famous play is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the story of a man who sold his soul to the devil in return for power.William Shakespeare is probably the best-known literary figure in the world.Thetragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest.在欧洲的15世纪到16世纪有一个文化和精神百花齐放的时代那就是著名的“文艺复兴”。
Unit_6_British_Literature
哈姆雷特
• 《哈姆雷特（Hamlet）》是由威廉· 莎士比 亚创作于1599年至1602年间的一部悲剧作 品。戏剧讲述了叔叔克劳狄斯谋害了哈姆 雷特的父亲，篡取了王位，并娶了国王的 遗孀乔特鲁德；哈姆雷特王子因此为父王 向叔叔复仇。
• 奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老 的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。因为两人年纪相 差太多，婚事未被准许。两人只好私下成 婚。奥赛罗手下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古， 一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元老告密， 不料却促成了两人的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛 罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯 西奥与苔丝狄梦娜关系不同寻常，并伪造 了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在 愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。当他得知真相
. Christopher Marlowe(15641593 )克里斯托弗· 马洛
His style is thought to have been a great influence on Shakespeare. Most famous play: The Tragical
History of Dr. Faustus.
《凯尔斯书》
• 《凯尔斯书》是爱尔兰中世纪手抄本中 最精美的一部，其美丽的插图作品、彩色 装饰字母代表了中世纪爱尔兰凯尔特美术 的最高成就。《凯尔斯书》手抄本出现在8 世纪。现藏爱尔兰都柏林，三一学院图书 馆。
夫》
• One of the oldest of these early “Old English” literary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf. • 这些早期的最古老的古英语文学作品之一 是长诗来自盎格鲁-撒克逊时代叫做贝奥武 夫。
的时代那就是著名的“文艺复兴”。
教师招聘考试英语学科必背英国文学知识点
英国文学 中古时期 骑士 G eoffrey Chaucer 乔叟 t he father of English Poetry T he Canterbury Tales 《坎特伯雷故事集》 B eowulf 贝奥武夫 T he first English national epic 第一部英国民族史诗 文艺复兴时期 R enaissance 16th--17th T omas More 托马斯.莫尔 社会主义空想主义创始人 U topia 《乌托邦） F rancis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 英国唯物主义的第一个创始人 O f Study / Of Truth E dmund Spenser 斯宾塞 The Poet's Poet T he faerie of Queen 《仙后》 t he the creator of Spenserian Stanza C hristopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛 U niversity Wits 大学才子派 T he tragic History of Doctor Faustus 戏剧先驱 W illiam Shakespear莎士比亚 F our great comedies 哈罗李白 F our great tragedies 商人夜夜喜 t he Merchant of Venice t ragicomedy （悲喜剧） R omeo and Juliet 革命复辟时期 R evolution Restoration J ohn Milton 约翰,弥尔顿 P aradise Lost 《失乐园》 P aradise Regained 《复乐园》 力士参孙 J ohn Bunyun 约翰.班杨 T he Pilgrim's progress t he most famous allegory J ohn Donne 约翰.邓恩 S ongs and Sonnets 《歌谣与十四行诗》 T he Flea 跳蚤之歌 P 启蒙时期Age of Enlightenment N eoclassicism 新古典主义 尊崇理性 S entimentalism 感伤主义 尊崇感性 D aniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 R obinson Crusoe 《鲁滨逊漂流记》 J onathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特 G ulliver's Travels 《格列佛游记》N ovel is the dominant form 浪漫主义时期R omanticism18-19th W illiam Wordsworth 华兹华斯 t he Prelude 《序曲》C oleridge 柯勒律治 K ubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》B yron 拜伦 D on Juan 《唐璜》J ohn Keats 济慈 O de to a Nightingale 《夜莺颂》 P .B. Shelly雪莱O de to the West Wind P rometheus Unbound《解放了的普罗米修斯》J ane AustenP ride and PrejudiceS ense and Sensibility 《理智与情感》t he Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》B eginning: The publication of the Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》 e nding: The death of Walter Scot批判现实主义 C ritical Realism 19世纪40年代及50年代早期W illiam Makepeace Thackeray 萨克雷 V anity Fair 《名利场》C harles Dickens 查尔斯.狄更斯 A Tale of Two Cities 《双城记》O liver Twist 《雾都孤儿》D avid Copperfield 《大卫科波菲尔》B ronte Sisters E mily 艾米丽 W uthering Height 《呼啸山庄》C harlotte 夏洛特 J ane Eyre 《简爱》A nne 安妮 A gnes Grey 《艾格妮斯 格雷》R obert Browning罗伯特勃朗宁 M y Last Duchess 《最后的公爵夫人》 J oseph Conard 约瑟夫康拉德 H eart of Darkness 《黑暗的心. L ord Jim现代主义 1890s—1950s 意识流 A literary techniqueT omas Hardy托马斯 哈代 T ess of thed' Urbervilles 《德伯家的苔丝》 G .B. Shaw 乔治 萧伯纳 M rs. Warren's Profession M ajor Barbara 《芭芭拉上校》P ygmalion 《卖花女》。
英国文学史第一章知识点
一.English literature:poetry诗歌、Novel小说、Drama戏剧and Essay散文。
a)中世纪：the English Medieval Age：the old English Literature 古英语时期the Middle English Literature 中古英语时期Anglo-Saxon ages 央格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》，<Beowulf> 别认为是英国的民族史诗。
The good specimens标本of pagan异教poetry 诗歌are Beowulf,the greatest of Germanic epics日耳曼史诗. 讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔，与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
national epic 民族史诗of the English people/of theAnglo-Saxons; Denmark story; alliteration 头韵体, A lot of metaphors 隐喻and understatements保守的陈述are used in the poem.Epic:long narrative poems叙事诗thatrecord the adventures orheroic deeds of a hero enacted制定in vast landscapes风景.The style of epic is grand宏伟的and elevated严肃的.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:The epic presents an all-round picture of the tribal society史诗提出了一种全面的图像部落的社会。
.We can see the social conditions and customs of that period我们可以看到那个时期的社会条件和习俗。
英国文学史第一章知识点
英国文学史第一章知识点一.English literature:poetry诗歌、Novel小说、Drama戏剧and Essay散文。
a)中世纪：the English Medieval Age：the old English Literature 古英语时期the Middle English Literature 中古英语时期Anglo-Saxon ages 央格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》，别认为是英国的民族史诗。
The good specimens标本of pagan异教poetry 诗歌are Beowulf,the greatest of Germanic epics日耳曼史诗. 讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔，与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
national epic 民族史诗of the English people/of theAnglo-Saxons; Denmark story; alliteration 头韵体, A lot of metaphors 隐喻and understatements保守的陈述are used in the poem.Epic:long narrative poems叙事诗thatrecord the adventures orheroic deeds of a hero enacted制定in vast landscapes风景.The style of epic is grand宏伟的and elevated严肃的.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:The epic presents an all-round picture of the tribal society史诗提出了一种全面的图像部落的社会。
.We can see the social conditions and customs of that period我们可以看到那个时期的社会条件和习俗。
Literary terms of British Literature(英国文学常识汇总,考研必背)
Literary terms of British Literature1. Humanism: It‟s an important thought in Renaissance of the 16th century. Its may concern was in man and the fought for emancipation of man. Typically, renaissance humanism assumed the dignity and central position of human beings in the universe, emphasized the importance in education of studying classical imaginative and philosophical literature, and insisted on the primacy。
Many humanists also stressed the need for a rounded development of an individual…s diverse powers。
2. The Enlightenment: The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time .The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrated reasons or rationality, equality and science.3. The Renaissance: The Renaissance marks a transition from the medieval to the modern world. The English Renaissance refers to the period between 16th and mid-17th century. It first started in Italy. The Renaissance means rebirth of revival of classical arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Humanism is the core of Renaissance. The humanists hold their chief interest in man and bravely fight for the freedom of individuals. The literary giants in this period are Shakespeare, Spenser, Bacon, Donne and Milton.4. Romanticism: It is a movement that flourished in literature during most of the nineteenth century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. It sees the individual as the very center of all life and all experiences. It also places the individual at the center of art. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Nature is the dominant subject matter for most romantic poets, such as Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats.1) Subordinates form to content;2) Encourages freedom of treatment;3) Emphasizes imagination, emotion and introspection;4) Celebrates nature, the common man, and freedom of spirit;5) Tries to find a solution, a way out, for the human race faced with the breaking down of the old order.5. Realism:The attempt in literature and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. Realistic writing often depicts the everyday life and speech of ordinary life. This has led, sometimes, to an emphasis on sordid details.1) takes an interest in the details rather than the “story”;2) Attempts to reflect reality faithfully and recreate familiar everydayaspects of life;3) Prefers a straight-forward and matter-of-fact manner of narration;4) focus on common people, especially social underlings and theirsufferings;5) Adopts a critical tone, exposing social ills and criticizing socialinjustice.6. Modernism:1) is marked by a strong and conscious break with the traditional form and techniques of expression, being richly experimental;2) Employs a distinctive kind of imagination, one that insists on having its general frame of reference within itself;3) Implies a historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, loss and despair;4) Rejects traditional values, assumptions as well as rhetoric;5) Elevates the individual and the inner being over the social being;6) Prefers the subconscious, unconscious to the self-conscious.。
British Literature英国文学名词解释,整理背诵
British Literature英国文学名词解释，背诵第一章：Old and Medieval British Literature(中古时期英国文学)Alliteration (头韵): It is the repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry. In 0ld English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.Ваllаd (民谣): It is a relatively short narrative poem, written to be sung, with a simple and dramatic action. The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural, or a combination of these. Two characteristics of the ballad are incremental repetition and the ballad stanza. Incremental repetition repeats one or more lines with small but significant variations that advance the action. The ballad stanza has four lines; commonly, the first and third lines contain four feet or accents, the second and fourth lines contain three feet. Ballads often open abruptly, present brief description and use concise dialogue.Old English period (the Anglo-Saxon period): 1) The Old English period, extended from the invasion of Celtic England by Germanic tribes (the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes) in the first half of the fifth century to the conquest of England in 1066 by the Norman French under the leadership of William the Conqueror. 2)Only after they had been converted to Christianity in the seventh century did the Anglo-Saxons, whose earlier literature had been oral, begin to develop a written literature.Consonance (假韵): It refers to the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a group of words. Sometimes the term refers to the repetition of consonant sounds in the middle or at the end of words. Sometimes the term is used for slant rhyme (or partial rhyme)in which initial and final consonants are the same but the vowels different: litter/ letter , green/groan.Couplet (两行诗): It refers to the two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme. A heroic couplet is an iambic r pentameter couplet.Epic (史诗): Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes,Imagery (意象) : Words or phrases that create pictures or images in the readers‘mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell and hearing.Kenning (隐喻表达法): In old English poetry, an elaborate phrase that descries persons, thing or events in a metaphorical and indirect way.Legend (传奇): A song or narrative handed down from the past. Legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain.Ottava Rima ( 八行体): A form of eight-line stanza, the rhyme scheme is abababcc.Romance (罗曼史/骑士文学): Any imagination literature that is set in an idealized world and deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters. Originally, the term referred to a medieval tale dealing with the loves and adventures of kings, queens, knights and ladies, and including unlikely or supernatural happenings. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) is the best of medieval romances. John Keats‘The Eve of St. Agnes (圣爱格尼斯节前夕) is one of the greatest metrical romances ever written.Simile (明喻): A comparison made between two things through the use of a specific word of comparison, such as like, as, than or resemble, and the comparison must be between two essentially unlike things.Understatement (含蓄): It is a figure of speech in literature writing. It deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect usually is ironic.Middle English period: The four and a half centuries between the Norman Conquest in 1066, which effected radical changes in the language, life, and culture of England, and about 1500, when the standard literary language had become recognizably modern English, that is, similar to the language we speak and write today.Arthurian legend: It is a group of tales (in several languages) that developed in the Middle Ages concerning Arthur, semi-historical king of the Britons and his knights. The legend is a complex weaving of ancient Celtic mythology with later traditions around a core of possible historical authenticity.第二章：British Literature of the Renaissance Period （文艺复兴时期英国文学）Allegory (寓言): A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings: a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.Aphorism (格言): A concise, pointed statement expressing a wise or clever observation about life.Blank verse (无韵体诗): Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetries, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.Comedy (喜剧): In general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy ,amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.Essay (散文): A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point of view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are: the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the readers about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tune. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style and serious in tone.Foreshadowing (预兆): The use of hints or clues in a narrative lo suggest what will happen later. Writers use foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense. Sometimes foreshadowing also prepares the reader for the ending of the story.Humanism ( 人文主义): Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life , but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.Paradox(似非而是): A statement or expression so surprisingly self-contradictory as to provoke us into seeking another sense or context in which it would be true.Morality Play (道德剧) : An outgrowth of Miracle Plays. Morality Play was popular in the 15th and 16th centuries. In it, virtues and vices were personified.Meter (格律) : A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry. The analysis of the meter is called scansion.Miracle Play (奇迹剧) : A popular religious drama of medieval England. Miracle Plays were based on stories of the saints or sacred history.Narrative poem (叙述诗): A Narrative poem refers w a poem that tells a story. It may consist of a series of incidents, as in Homer's The Iliad and The Odysseus, and John Milton's Paradise Lost.Pastoral (牧歌): A type of poem that deals in an idealized way with shepherds and rustic life. Two pastoral poems are Christopher Marlow's The Passionate Shepherd to His Lover and Sir Walter Raleigh's The Nymph’s Reply to the Shepherd.Ralegh’s poem might be called anti-pastoral because of its realistic tone.Poetry (诗歌): The most distinctive characteristics of poetry are form and music. Poetry is concerned with not only what is said but how it is said. Poetry evokes emotions rather than express facts. Poetry means having a poetic experience. Imagination is also an essential quality of poetry. Poetry often leads us to new perceptions, new feelings and experiences of which we have not previously been aware.Quatrain (四行诗): Usually a stanza or poem of four lines. A quatrain can also be any group of four lines unified by a rhyme scheme. Quatrains usually follow an abab, abba or abcb rhyme scheme.Renaissance (文艺复兴): The term originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The real mainstream of English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.Soliloquy (独白): In drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone on stage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience, as if thinking aloud.Sonnet (十四行诗): A fourteen-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter.A sonnet generally expresses a single theme or idea.Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节):A nine-line stanza with the flowing rhyme scheme: ababbcbcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.Stanza (诗节):It’s a structural divi sion of a poem, consisting of a series of verse line which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.Terza rima (三行体): An Italian verse form consisting of a series of thee-line stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza.Tragedy (悲剧): In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.Trochee (抑扬格):A metrical foot used in formal poetry. It consists of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one.University Wits (大学才子):University Wits refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from cither Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called" University Wis". Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, Jhon Lyly and Christopher Marlowe were among them. They paved the way, to some extent, for the coming of Shakespeare.Utopia (乌托邦): It is written in a conversation form between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager. It is divided into two books. The first book contains a long discussion on the social conditions of England. The second book describes in detail an ideal communist society, Utopia.Francis Bacon: Francis Bacon (1561-1626), was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, lawyer, jurist, author and pioneer of the scientific method. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. Although his political career ended in disgrace, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution. His essays are famous for its brief and wise quotations and the most widely-read works are his essays “Of Studies”, “Of Truth” and “Of Death”.第三章：The 17th Century -The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪资产阶级革命和王朝复辟时期)Assonance (押韵): The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.Carpe Diem (及时行乐):A tradition dating back to classical Greek and Latin poetry and particularly popular among English Cavalier poets. Carpe Diem means literally “seize the day”, that is, “live for today”.Didactic literature (教诲文学):Didactic literature is said to be didactic if it deliberately teaches some moral lessons. The use of literature for such teaching is one of its traditional justifications.Elegy (挽歌): A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.Genre (体裁):A literary species or form, e. g·, tragedy, epic, comedy, novel, essay, biography and lyric poem.Metaphor (暗喻): A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resemble in making the comparison.Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) : The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing-together of dissimilar ideas.Conceit (奇想): Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor; a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things. Conceit is extensively employed in John Donne's poetry.Paradise Lost: Paradise Lost is an epic poem in blank verse by the 17th-century English poetJohn Milton:The poem concerns the Christian story of “the Fall of Man”: the temptation of Adam and Eve by the fallen angel Satan and their expulsion from the Garden of Eden. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to " justify the ways of God to men and elucidate the conflict between God's eternal foresight and free will.blank verse: Blank verse is a type of poetry, distinguished by having a regular meter, but no rhyme. In English, the meter most commonly used with blank verse has been iambic pentameter (as used in Shakespearean plays). The first known use of blank verse in the English language was by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Christopher Marlowe was the first English author to make full use of the potential of blank verse, and also established it as the dominant verse form for English drama in the age of Elizabeth I and James I. The major achievements in English blank verse were made by William Shakespeare, who wrote much of the content of his plays in unrhymed iambic pentameter, and Milton, whose Paradise Lost was written in blank verse.第四章: The 18th Century- -The Age of Enlightenment in England (18世纪英国启蒙运动阶段)Aside (旁白): In drama, line spoken by a character in an undertone or directly to the audience. An aside is meant to be heard by the other characters onstage.Classicism (古典主义运动): A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and the places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its once for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.Enlightenment Movement (启蒙运动):Enlightenment is an intellectual movement that originates in Europe and comes to America in the 18th century. It stresses the power of human reason, the importance of methods and discoveries instead of God. Its purpose is to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrates reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocates universal education.Denouement (结局): The outcome of a plot. The denouement is that part of a play, short story, novel, or narrative poem in which conflicts are resolved or unraveled, and mysteries and secrets connected with the plot are explained.Epistolary novel (书信体小说): An epistolary novel is a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clipping and other documents are sometimes used. The epistolary novel's reliance on subjective points of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.Farce (闹剧):A type of comedy based on a ridiculous situation, often with stereotyped characters. The humor in a farce is largely slapstick--that is, it often involves crude physical action. The characters in a farce are often the butts of practical jokes.Fiction (小说) : Prose narrative based on imagination, usually a novel or a short story.Gothic Romance (哥特小说): A type of novel that flourished in the lat-18th and early-19th century in England. Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles.The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌): The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentations or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as themes. Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Witten in a Country Churchyard is his most representative work.Mock epic (讽刺史诗): A comic literary form that treats a trivial subject in the grand, heroic style of the epic. A mock epic is also referred to as a mock heroic poem.Neoclassicism (新古典主义): A revival in the 17th and 18th centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neoclassical school.Novel (小说): A book-length fictional prose narrative, having many characters and often a complex plot.Pre-romanticism (前浪漫主义): It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic Novel”. The term arose from t he fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.Refrain (叠句): A word phrase, line or group of lines repeated regularly in a poem, usually at the end of each stanza. Refrains are often used in ballads and narrative poems to create a songlike rhythm and to help build suspense. Refrains can also serve to emphasize a particular idea.Satire (讽刺): A kind of writing that holds up to ridicule or contempt the weaknesses and wrong doings of individuals, groups, intuitions, or humanity in general. The aim of satirists is to set a moral standard for society, and they attempt to persuade the readers to see their points of view through the force of laughter.Sentimentalism (感伤主义): Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. It is a pejorative term to describe false orsuperficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. In literature, it denotes " pathetic indulgence”.Theme (主题): The general idea or insight about life that a writer wishes to express in a literary work. All the elements of a literary work- plot, setting, characterization, and figurative language---contribute to the development of its theme.English Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century in England, there sprang into life a progressive intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The enlighteners held the common faith in human rationality, eternal justice and natural equality. The great enlighteners in Britain were those great writers like Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson.British neoclassicism: In English literature, the stylistic trend between the Restoration and the advent of romanticism at the beginning of the 19th century is referred to as neoclassicism. The term " neoclassicism” is derived from the convictions of the leading poet-critics of the age that literary theory and practice should follow the models established by Greek and Latin writers. These critics held that writers should emphasize types rather than individual characteristics; adhere to " nature " by aspiring to order and regularity; and strictly observe the unities of time, place, and action in dramatic composition. Major British neoclassicists are John Dryden, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson."A Modest Proposal":"A Modest Proposal" is a famous satire written by Jonathan Swift. Assuming the cool tone of an impartial outsider, the author suggests that children of the poor Irish people be sold at one year old as food for the English nobles, Written with much conciseness and terseness, the " proposal" is by far the most consummate artistic expression of Swift’s indignation toward the terrible oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the English ruling class.Picaresque novel: 1) Derived from the Spanish word picara, meaning " rogue" or " rascal”, the term generally refers to a basically realistic and often satiric work of fiction chronicling the career of an engaging, lower-class rogue-hero, who takes to the road for a series of loose, episodic adventures, sometimes in the company of a sidekick. 2) Well-known examples of the picaresque novel are Cervantes Don Quixote (1605) and Henry Fielding's Tom Jones (1749).第五章The Age of Romanticism (浪漫主义时期的英国文学)Byronic hero (拜伦式的英雄) :Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, he would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Canto (篇/章): A section or division of a long poem. In English poetry , Alexander Pope's The Rape of the Lock (《夺发记》)and Byron's Don Juan (《唐璜》) are divided into cantos.Fable (寓言): A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters. It illustrates a moral.Lake Poets (湖畔派诗人); Romantic poets such poets as Willian Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District came to be known as the Lake School or Lake poets.Lyric (抒情诗): Lyric is a poem, usually a short one, which expresses a speaker’s personal thought and feelings. The elegy, ode, and Bonnet are all forms of the lyric.Ode (颂歌) : Usually a lyric poem of moderate length, with a serious subject, an elevated style, and an elaborate stanza pattern. The ode often praises people, the arts of music and poetry, natural scenes, or abstract concepts, The Romantic poets used the ode to explore either personal or general problems; they often started with a meditation on something in nature ,as Keats' Ode to a Nightingale or Shelley's Ode to the West Wind.Romanticism (浪漫主义): A movement that flourished in literature, philosophy, music, and art in Western culture during most of the 19th century, beginning as a revolt against classicism. Romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty. The English Romantic period is an age of poetry.tercet: Tercet refers to a unit of three verse lines, usually rhyming either with each other or with neighboring lines and three-line stanzas of terza rima and of the villanelle are known as tercets.Charles Lamb: Charles Lamb (1775- -1834) was an English essayist, best known for his Essays of Elia and children's book Tales from Shakespeare, which he produced with his sister, Mary Lamb. Lamb has been referred to as the most lovable figure in English literature, and his influence on the English essay form surely cannot be overestimated.第六章The Victorian Period- English Critical Realism (维多利亚时期英国批判现实主义文学)Allusion (暗指/典故): A reference to a person, a pace, an event or a literary work that a writer expects the readers to recognize and respond to. An allusion may be drawn from history, geography, literature or religion.Antagonist (反面人物): A person or force opposing the protagonist in a narrative; a rival of the hero or heroine.Character (角色):In appreciating a short story, characters are indispensable elements. Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.Critical Realism (批判现实主义): The Critical Realism of the I9h century flourished in the 1840s and in the beginning of the 1850s. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find way to eradicate social evils. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.Dramatic Monologue (戏剧独白): A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker's personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem. Robert Browning's My Last Duchess is a typical example.Flashback (倒叙): A scene in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem that interrupts the action to show an event that happened earlier.Narration (叙述) : Like description, narration is a part of conversation and writing. Narration is the major technique used in expository writing, such as autobiography Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection from observation and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological. Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur.Narrator (陈述者) : One who narrates or tells a story. A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all. Narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.Psychological Novel (心里小说):It refers to a kind of novels that dwell on a complex psychological development and present much of the narration through the inner workings of a character's mind. Thackeray's characterization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.Point of view (叙述角度): The perspective from which the story is told. The most obvious point of view is probably the first person or "I". The omniscient narrator knows everything, may reveal the motivations, thoughts and feelings of the characters, and gives the reader information. With a limited omniscient narrator, the material is presented from the point of view of a character, in the third person. The objective point of view presents the action and the characters' speech, without comment or emotion. The reader has to interpret them and uncover their meanings. A narrator may be trustworthy or untrustworthy, involved or uninvolved.Plot (情节): Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. It is the sequence of events or actions in a short story, novel, play or narrative poem. For the readers, the plot is the underlying patter in a work of fiction, the structural element that gives it unity and order. For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. Conflict, a struggle of some kind, is the most important element of plot.Protagonist (正面人物): It refers to the hero or central character who is often hindered by some opposing force either human or animal in accomplishing his or her objectives.Bildungsroman (成长小说): Bildungsroman defines a genre of the novel which focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood, and in which characters' change is thus extremely important. In a Bildungsroman, the goal is maturity. Charles Dickens' David Copperfield is a classic Bildungsroman.Victorian period: 1) Chronologically the Victorian period roughly coincides with the reign of Queen Victoria who ruled over England from 1836 to 1901. The period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history. 2) In this period, class struggle was very tense. As a result, a new literary trend- critical realism appeared. The criticism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The critical realists described with much vividness and great artistic skill the chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalist system from a democratic view point. In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. The Victorian age also produced a host of great prose writers. The poetry of this period was mainly characterized by experiments with new styles and new ways of expression. 3) Victorian literature as a product of its age, naturally took on its quality of magnitude and diversity. It was many-sided and complex, and reflected both romantically and realistically the great changes that were going on in people's life and thought.第七章：The 20th Century British Literature (20世纪英国文学)Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement (唯美主义): It began to prevail in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. The theory of " art for art's sake" was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.Black comedy or Black humor (黑色幽默): It is mostly employed to describe baleful, naive, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco call a" tragic fare”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.。
英国文学史笔记
英国文学史笔记I. The Old English Period (also called The Anglo-Saxon Period;5th century — 11th century; beginning of English civilization)1.Two great influences on the shaping of Old English literatureA. Teutonic — Germanic Anglo-Saxon invasionB. Judaeo — Jewish — ChristianSt. Augustine — missionaries — the conversion of the English people to Christianity 2. The literature in this period2 divisions: pagan and ChristianityA. Pagan poetry by the Anglo-Saxons — oral sagasB. Christian poetry under teaching of the monks3. The Characteristics of Old English PoetryA. strong stressesB. alliterationC. Christian coloring4. The greatest epic —The Song of BeowulfA. “England’s national epic”B. an unknown scribeC. the beginning of the 20th centuryD. 3182 lines — 2 parts with an interpolation between the twoE. pagan in spirit and matter the interpolation — ChristianF. unique as a hybrid of fact with legendG. testimony to a universal tradition5. A few things that merit attentionA. pagan story — Christian overlayB. the use of “kennings”形象化复合词C. alliteration in versificationD. an oral traditionE. the narrator — a minstrelF. its digressive manner of narrationG. an elevated toneII. Medieval Literature: A Brief IntroductionThe year of 1066: the beginning of the Middle English or Anglo-Norman Period The Normans’ conquestThe 3 chief effects of the conquesta. the bringing of Roman civilization to Englandb. the growth of nationality — the strong centralized governmentc. the new language and literature1、Some occurrences of historic magnitudeA. the establishment of the feudal systemB. the 1381 Peasant UprisingC. the completion of the Domesday BookD. the Launching of the CrusadesE. the signing of the Magna CarterF. the war with France or the Hundr ed Years’ War2. The literature in this periodA. romance: a. theme b. style c. representative workB. ballad： a. theme b. style c. representative work4. Two persons in literary sceneA. John Wycliffe (1320-1384): a scholar his contribution: the translation of the Bible from the sonorous Latin Vulgate Version into Middle EnglishB. William Langland (1332-the end of 14th century): a reformerhis contribution: a poem to attack evil in both Church and stateI. Geoffrey Chaucer-- The Canterbury Tales“The father of English poetry”; one of the greatest narrative poets of EnglandII. The Pre-Elizabethan Period:A Brief IntroductionFrom 1400 to 1557; Some events of great magnitudeA. the ReformationB. the Renaissance：the beauty of the human form; the importance of human life and human values; to live for his own sake;Thomas More(1478-1535)：the wisest and noblest person ；first and foremost a humanist at heart；his famous work — UtopiaThe Elizabethan Age (1558-1625)III. Three sub-periods in the Elizabethan ageThe first sub-period stretches over 2 decades:Beginning with the printing of Tottel’s Miscellany (1557), concluding with thepubl ication of Edmund Spenser’s The Shepheards Calendar (1579)The second sub-period covers some two decades:from 1580 through 1599;a period of intense literary activity in which the greatest Elizabethan writers made their presence feltThe third sub-period spans over some three decades: from 1599 to 1625 the literary outcomes of this sub-period were tremendousIV. The Literature in the Elizabethan Age1. English poetry:Sonnet: a type of poem containing 14 lines, each of 10 syllables and in iambic pentameter, in 3 principal rhyming patterns.the first pattern:It is divided structurally into an octave (first 8 lines), rhymed “abba, abba” , and a sestet (last 6 lines), typically rhymed “cdecde” or some variant thereof.the second pattern:It is structurally into 3 quatrains and a couplet, rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”. the third pattern:It is harder to write and richer in rhyme “abab bcbc cdcd ee”.Blank verse: verse written in rhymeless iambic pentameter or a line of 10 syllables in 5 iambs, a rhythmic unit of 2 syllables with unstressed followed by the stressed syllables.e.g.: I saw three ships come sailing by.A. Thomas Wyatt (1503-1542)a. one of the main contributors to Tottel’s Miscellanyb. introduced the sonnet into EnglandB. Earl of Surrey (1517-1547)a. another contributor to Tottel’s Miscellanyb. brought the blank verse into English poetryC. Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)first work: The shepheards Calendar masterpiece: The Faerie Queenethe Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体is a popular stanzaic form for dreamy and meditative works. It is a 9-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter (6-foot line). The rhyme scheme is “abab bcbc c”.2. English drama:Christopher Marlowe(1564-1593) the greatest playwright before the rise of Shakespeare; the greatest of the pioneers of English dramaWilliam Shakespeare (1564-1616)a. the greatest of all English authorsb. one of the first founder s of realismc. a master hand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relationsd. his productions of 37 plays, 2 narrative poems and 154 sonnets Shakespeare’s playsThree major periodsA. the first period (1590-1600): the period of historical plays and comedies (22 in total)9 historical plays:King Henry VI (Part I, II and III) (1590-1591) 《亨利六世》（上、中、下）The Life and Death of King Richard III (1592) 《查理三世》The Life and Death of Richard II (1595) 《查理二世》The Life and Death of King John (1596) 《约翰王》King Henry IV (Part I and II) (1597) 《亨利四世》The Life of King Henry V (1598) 《亨利五世》10 comedies:The Comedy of Errors (1592) 《错误的戏剧》The Taming of the Shrew (1593) 《驯悍记》The Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594) 《维洛那二绅士》Love’s Labor’ Lost (1594) 《爱的徒劳》A Midsummer Night’s Dream (1595) 《仲夏夜之梦》The Merchant of Venice (1596) 《威尼斯商人》Much Ado About Nothing (1598) 《无事生非》The Merry Wives of Windsor (1598)《温莎的风流娘儿们》As You Like It (1599) 《皆大欢喜》Twelfth Night or What You Will (1600) 《第十二夜》3 tragediesTitus Andronicus (1593) 《泰特斯·安德洛尼克斯》Romeo and Juliet (1594) 《罗密欧与朱丽叶》The Life and Death of Julius Caesar (1599) 《裘力斯·凯撒》b. the theme of historical plays: To stress the importance to build up an efficient and centralized statec. the feature of romantic comedies:Love is the central motive of action which leads to a happy ending.B. the second period (1601-1608): the period of tragedies (11 in total)7 tragediesHamlet, Prince of Denmark (1601)《哈姆雷特》Othello, the Moore of Venice (1604) 《奥赛罗》King Lear (1605) 《李尔王》The Tragedy of Macbeth (1605) 《麦克白》Antony and Cleopatra (1606) 《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉》The Tragedy of Coriolanus (1607) 《科利奥兰纳斯》Timon of Athens (1607) 《雅典的泰门》4 comediesTroilus and Cressida (1602)《特罗伊罗斯与克瑞西达》All’s Well That Ends Well (1602) 《终成眷属》Measure for Measure (1604) 《一报还一报》Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1608) 《泰尔亲王佩力克里斯》C. the third period (1069-1612): the period of tragicomedies (4 in total)3 tragicomediesCymbeline, King of Britain (1609) 《辛柏林》The Winter’s Tale (1610) 《冬天的故事》The Tempest (1612) 《暴风雨》1 historical play The Life of King Henry VIII (1612) 《亨利八世》3. English EssayEssay is a form of literature, and belongs to prose writing.Francis Bacon (1561-1626)a. “th e wisest, brightest, meanest of mankind”b. 3 classes of Bacon’s works:The philosophical works:Advancement of Learning (1605) Novum Organum (1620 The 17th Century: the Period of Revolution and RestorationJohn Donne(1573-1631) the leading figure of “Metaphysical School” or “Metaphysical Poetry”Metaphysical poetryA. The poetic images involve an element of contrast.B. The ideas, together with the metrical pattern and grammar, is somewhat distorted.C. There is a fusion of strong feelings and deep thought.D. The quality of intellect is a distinctive feature.III. John Milton(1608-1674) the third greatest English poet after Chaucer and ShakespeareHis life can be roughly divided into 3 phases:1. the early phase of reading and lyric writing (1620-1638)A. Allegro《快乐者》, describing happinessB. Denseroso《幽思者》, describing meditationC. Lycidas《利西达斯》, praising a dear friend who had been drownedD. Comus《科玛斯》或《假面剧》, presenting a masque or play2. the middle phase of service in the Puritan Revolution and pamphleteering for itA. Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio (or In Defense of the British People)《为英国人民声辩》B. Defensio Secunda (or More in Defense of the British People)《再为英国人民声辩》The first person who defended the action of murdering the king, and the forerunner of the French scholars of the Enlightenment in the 18th century.3. The last — the greatest — phase of epic writing (1660-1674)A. Paradise Lost《失乐园》, the most wonderful epic since BeowulfB. Paradise Regained《复乐园》C. Samon Agonistes《力士参孙》Paradise Lost — the great epicIV. John Bunyan (1628-1688)He and Milton, representing the extreme of English life in the 17th century, wrote the two works that stand for the mighty Puritan spiritThe Pilgrim’s Progress《天路历程》— his masterpieceThe Pilgrim Progress is a religious book telling us how a person moves from this world to another.The 18th Century: the Age of Enlightenment Enlightenment: an expression of struggle of the progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalismIII. Poetry1. NeoclassicismA. The basic features of neoclassicismB. The dominant neoclassic form was the heroic coupletC. Neoclassic poetry tends to produce the effect of an artificially trimmed beauty, beautiful but often lifeless.D. Alexander Pope (1688-1744)a. a leading figure of neoclassicismb. the most important English poet of the 18th centuryc. his well-known works:Essay on Criticism (1711), 《论批评》The Rape of the Lock (1712), 《秀发劫》the translation of Iliad (1715-1720),The Dunciad (1743), 《群愚史诗》Essay on Man (1733), 《论人》An Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735), 《致阿巴思诺特医生书》2. Pre-romanticism (in the late 18th century)A. changing modes in poetryreject: reason →accept: feelingssociety →natureimitation →innovationcity →countrysideTouching on matters of the heart like love, death, and loyalty, and fresh and emotional in tone and mood, the poems contributed a good deal toward reviving interest in and restoring feeling to poetryB. William Blake (1757-1827)a. the most independent and the most original of the romantic poets of the 18th centuryb. his simple poetic form: in quatrain (4 lines) and ordinary languagec. rich and profound content in his poemsd. rhetorical figures in his poems: metaphors, symbolismC. Robert Burns (1759-1796)The poems of Burns were written in Scottish on varieties of subjects. Mainly about: political poems, satirical poems and lyrics1.) Burns is one of the most famous English poets of the peasant in the world.,2) He obtains the characteristics from all the songs of Scottish.3). As a poet of the laboring people , he pours out the sentiment of the people4/ In his poetry, he sings his hometown and his people , love and friendship , elegant, nature , sympathy5) His vivid Scottish dialects advanced the colloquial language in the language of his poems.6) He creates a symphonic meter of his own, and many of his poems has been set to songs.a. the greatest of Scottish poetsb. Love, humor, pathos, the response to nature — all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems.c. The great poet drew his inspiration from the treasury of Scotch folklore.d. In his poems Burns glorified a natural man —a healthy, joyous and clever Scotch peasant.IV. NovelIt was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.Henry Fielding (1707-1754)1. As a novelist as well as a playwright, Fielding was a keen, critical observer of life and an eloquent, outspoken satirist.2. Fielding is remembered for his contribution to the perfection of the craft of fiction.3. Fielding’s ideas cover a wide range of subjects relating to fiction.C. its formal featuresHe emphasizes sequential movement, priority, and probability.D. the qualifications of a novelistHe deems it necessary for a writer to have four basic qualities:a. native giftb. adequate learningc. rich experience with lifed. a kind heart Fielding’s wor ksHis first novel: Joseph Andrews—the first realistic novel in English fictionHis best work: Amelia5. Fielding’s contributions to English fictionA. coherent plot constructionBeginning — development — climax —endingB. more humane and convincing characterizationC. vivid dialogueD. authorial point of view and authorial intrusionThe Romantic PeriodRomanticism as a literary movement / trend prevailed in England during the period of 1798-1832, beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads (1798)in collaboration with S. T. Coleridge, ending with Walter Scott’s death (1832).The Age of Wordsworth was decidedly an age of poetry.The glory of the age is in the poetry of Scott, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley, Keats, Moore, and Southey.Scott’s prose works have attained a very wide reading.The novels of Jane Austen have slowly won a secure place in the history of English literature.The novel was already beginning to establish itself as the favorite literary form of the 19th century.The drama was the only great literary form that was not adequately represented.II. 1. An expression of feelings of individuals“spontaneous overflow of powerful emotion”2. The emphasis on spontaneityA. free from rulesB. artistic independenceC. the impulse of Individualism3. Interest in natureA living nature is the primary poetic subject.4. The glorification of commonplaceSubject: simple rustic life; outcasts; peasants, etcIII. Great writers in this periodWilliam Wordsworth (1770-1850)English poet, who was a most accomplishment and influential poet on the succeeding English poet.Some of Wordsworth’s principal poemsLines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey (1798) 《丁登寺》The Prelude (1805-1806) 《序曲》The Excursion (1814) 《漫游》Walter Scott (1771-1832)1. He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel which aims to reconstruct a society of the past and to look at the society as a whole from the outside.2. The characteristics of his writingA. His susceptibility to the charms of natural scenery showed itself conspicuouslyin his poems and novels.B. He infused into the novel of a new element by weaving pleasing story about historical characters, thus creating the historical novel.C. His historical novels cover a period, ranging from the Middle Ages up to,and including, the 18th century.D. St. Ronan’s Well (1823) is the only contemporary novel among the works of Scott; it is a satire on the idle aristocratic society of his time.E. His novels give a panorama of feudal society from its early stages to its downfall.F. His novels were written from a definite class standpoint.Scott was greatly interested in the fate of the people, of the patriarchal peasants in particular, portraying the decay of their mode of life by the onslaught of industrial capitalism.K. Scott is the first writer in any language to make scene essential to action. So the place is well-chosen. It seems that the action results in the natural environment.L. Scott is the first novelist to recreate the past. It changes our concept of history by making history a natural record in which living men and women play their part.M. Scott’s historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century.Jane Austen (1775-1817)Jane Austen completed six novels:Sense and Sensibility (1811) 《理智与情感》Pride and Prejudice (1813) 《傲慢与偏见》Mansfield Park (1814) 《曼斯菲尔德庄园》Emma (1815) 《爱玛》Northanger Abbey (1818) 《诺桑觉寺》Persuasion (1818) 《劝告》Austen’s masterpiece —Pride and Prejudice1. subject matter: love and marriage; middle class and upper class2. theme:Maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.3. different views of marriageA. to marry for material wealth and social position:Charlotte — Mr. CollinsB. to marry for passion (from impulse and beauty): Lydia — WickhamC. to marry for true love (with a considera tion of the partner’s character and economic status): Elizabeth — Darcy Jane — BingleyIV. The Satanic PoetsThe Satanic School is a separate group formed from the older ones, or the Lakers, by some young romantics. The representatives are Byron, Shelley and Keats.The label is good for the rebellious Byron and Shelley, but it’s not quite appropriate for the quiet Keats.The three young poets shared a lot in commonA. George Gorden Byron (1788-1824)a hero of his own type —the Byronic hero —handsome, chivalrous, energetic, pathetic, lonely, remorseful over a sin, gloomy and misanthropic, sexually free, and capable of generous acts and magnanimityByron’s major poems:first important work —Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812-1818)《恰尔德哈罗尔德游记》masterpiece —Don Juan (1819-1826)《唐璜》B. Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)Shelley’s major works:a. Ode to the West Wind (1819) 《西风颂》b. Prometheus Unbound (1820) 《解放了的普罗米修斯》C. John Keats (1795-1821)Keats’ major works:a. one of his masterworks —Ode to a Nightingale (1819) 《夜莺颂》b. a famous poem — Ode on a Grecian Urn (1820)《希腊古瓮颂》c. one of his best odes — To Autumn (1819)《秋风颂》d. his most beautiful work —The Eve of St. Agnes (1820) 《圣阿格尼斯之夜》Major characteristics of Romanticism1. Romanticism was a rebellion against the objectivity of rationalism.2. For romantics, the feelings, intuitions and emotions were more important than reason and common sense.3. Romantics did not think of the world as a ticking watch made by God. They thought of the world as a living, breathing being.4. They emphasized individualism, placing the individual against the group, against authority.5. They affirmed the inner life of the self, and wanted each person to be free to develop and express his own inner thoughts.6. They cherished strong interest in the past, especially the medieval.7. They were attracted by the wild, the irregular, the indefinite, the remote, the mysterious, and the strange.8. They were interested in variety.IV. Some Characteristics of Realism1. Realism can be defined as the depiction of life as most people live and know it. Concerned with the actual, the average, the ordinary, and the typical;Concerned with showing the reader precisely how ordinary life is lived;Dealt with man as he is in everyday life — average man;Dealt with factories and slums, workmen, bosses, corrupt politicians, petty criminals, and social outcasts.2. There is a strong inclination to equate literature with life and to value literature for its true-to-life qualities.Less concerned with their own subjective responses;More concerned with the objective world outside their psyches;Concerned with bringing people closer to life through literature;Dealt with the social problems of real persons in real places in the present;Their settings, plots, and characters are ordinary and believable;Trying to bring literature closer to life, to have it truly represent life;The term “artificial” becomes a word of reproach;The term “graphic” becomes a word of praise.3. The “ring of real speech” is a common test for successful dialogue.the characters must be life-life and recognized in real life;they must be fully developed with multi-dimensions just as human beings are in real life; their actions must be consistent with their personalities; their speech must be consistent with their positions in life; dialogue in fiction should serve to develop the main purpose of the novel; the writer should not intrude himself on his novels; dialogue should be relevant.4. High value is placed on scientific detachment and objectivity. both writers and scientists had a lot to do with the scientificDetachment and objectivity: the scientist gathers data, conducts his experiment, and there comes out this conclusion; the writer gathers his dada, and his writing is his experiment;like a scientist, a writer doesn’t need to be involved in his experiment; he approaches it very objectively; in essence, there is a kind of detachment;the writer doesn’t emerge in the material.Victorian NovelsIts three major phases of growthThe early phase (from the 1830s to the middle of the century)A representative author: Charles Dickens (1812-1870)The mid or High Victorian phase (the 1870s)A representative author: George Eliot (1819-1880)The later phase (from the late 1880s onward):a representative author: Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)Some Victorian NovelistsCharles Dickens (1812-1870)Dickens’ writing career: 3 stagesA. the first stage: the period of youthful optimism (1833-1841)a. Pickwick Papers, 1836 《匹克威克外传》b. Oliver Twist, 1837-1838 《雾都孤儿》c. Nicholas Nickleby, 1838-1839 《尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝》d. The Old Curiosity Shop, 1840-1841 《老古玩店》e. Barnaby Rudge, 1841 《巴纳比·拉奇》B、the second stage: the period of excitement and irritation (1842-1850)a. Dombey and Son, 1847-1848 《董贝父子》b. David Copperfield, 1849-1850 《大卫·科波菲尔》his semi-autobiography;C. the third stage: the period of steadily intensifying pessimism (1851-1870)a. Bleak House, 1852-1853 《凄凉院》b. Hard Times, 1854 《艰难时世》c. Little Dorrit, 1855-1857 《小杜丽》d. A Tale of Two Cities, 1859 《双城记》e. Great Expectation, 1860-1861 《远大前程》f. Our Mutual Friend, 1864-1865 《我们共同的朋友》g. Edwin Drood, 1870 《艾德温德鲁特》William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) one of the two outstanding early Victorian novelists, second only to DickensThackeray’s major works:A. The Book of Snobs, 1847 《势利人脸谱》B. Pendennis, 1848 《彭登尼斯》C. Vanity Fair, 1847-1848《名利场》his masterpieceD. Henry Esmond, 1852 《亨利·埃斯蒙德》E. The Newcomes, 1853-1855 《纽克姆一家》Charlotte Bronte(1816-1855)Her impressive novelsA. The Professor, 1857 《教授》her first novel, but published after her deathB. Jane Eyre, 1847 《简爱》C. Shirley, 1849 《雪莉》D. Villette, 1853 《维莱特》3. The relationship between her life and her writingA. Most of her novels are autobiographical.B. She turns to literature because she finds the work as a governess and teacher unbearable.C. She tries to relieve her loneliness and sadness of her life through writing with imagination.D. however, the pain still remains. All of her novels reveal her pain she feels in life. In short, there is an aching heart behind the world of imagination.Her masterpiece — Jane EyreA. Subject matter:women’s struggle for self-realization and their strong desire for love,independence and equalityB. Characters of the poor, plain-looking heroineC. Jane Eyre is the first governess heroine and a completely new woman image inEnglish novels.George Eliot (1819-1880)She is considered to be the most pre- eminent novelist in the mid-Victorian period. Her major works:A. Adam Bede, 1859 《亚当·比德》B. The Mill on the Floss, 1859-1869《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》C. Silas Marner, 1861 《织工马南传》D. Middlemarch, 1871-1872 《米德尔马奇》Thomas Hardy (1840-1928)a.Novels of Character and Environment （性格和环境小说）Under the Greenwood Tree, 1872 《绿荫下》Far from the Madding Ground, 1874《远离尘嚣》The Return of the Native, 1878 《还乡》The Mayor of Casterbridge, 1886 《卡斯特桥市长》The Woodlanders, 1887 《林地居民》Wessex Tales, 1888 《威塞克斯故事》Tess of the D’urbervilles, 1891 《德伯家的苔丝》Jude the Obscure, 1896 《无名的裘德》b. Romances and Fantasies 罗曼史和幻想A Pair of Blue Eyes, 1873 《一双蓝眼睛》The Trumpet Major, 1880 《号兵长》Two on a Tower, 1882 《塔上二人》A Group of Noble Dames, 1891《一群贵妇人》The Well-Beloved, 1892 《意中人》c. Novels of Ingenuity 爱情阴谋故事Desperate Remedies, 1891 《非常手段》A Laodicean, 1881 《一个冷淡的女人》a dozen minor novels, eg.:A Changed Man, 1913《一个改变了的男人》The Waiting Supper and Other Tales, 1913《晚餐及其他故事》B. his post-Victorian poetryFor the last three decades of his life, Hardy turned to poetry and became one of the major Victorian poets. His famous verse work include:a. Poems of Past and Present, 1902 《过去和现在的诗集》b. The Dynasts, 1904-1908 《列王》5. his writing featuresA. His stance on the nature of life and the cosmos is determinist in nature.B. Hardy’s stories are always moving and bewitchingC. Hardy places emphasis on the deeper psychology of his characterD. Hardy’s language posse sses a silent power and charm.His masterpieceTess of the D’urbervilles — A Pure WomanA. its main plot:It centers on the tragic occurrences of its heroine Tess’ life: seduced →abandoned →driven to murder →hangedB. its heroine — Tessa. She is a paragon of innocence. poor, pretty, happy by nature, good-heartedb. She is a towering figure among her kind. simplicity, nobility, devotion and sensitivityc. What she asks of life is simple enough. to be loved and happyC. The spirit of determinist defeatism soaks all the way through the whole of the story.chances, coincidencesD. The novel holds up a mirror for the spirit of the time.The pastoral life: on its way out of modern civilization: moved in life: cold and indifferent man’s ethical being: dwindles humans: powerless people: struggle in vain to survive Tess’ tragedy: a foregone conclusion.The Aesthetic Movement1. The end of the 19th century is a period of struggle between realistic and anti-realistic trends in art and literature. Realistic writers, like Thomas Hardy, created a truthful picture of contemporary England; Anti-realistic writers, like Oscar Wilde, led the readers away from the burning issues of social reality.2. In the latter part of the Victorian period Britain enjoyed an unprecedented material expansion.3. National ideals dimmed, the middle class grew, and along with it the influence of its values, its standards of materialism and its cultural philistinism.4. A visible disparity appeared between the artist's ideal and the unaesthetic taste of the public, and the moral aesthetic of the period became too demanding for those intellectually sensitive people.5. The extreme cultural milieu eventually provoked a reaction.6. The initial signs of a movement away from the dominant stifling constraint began to show up and evolved into the Aesthetic Movement, the exact opposite in nature to the heavily didactic tendency of the early and High Victorian period.The Aesthetic Movement:a movement which blossomed during the 1880s, heavily influenced by the Pre-Raphaelites, in which the adoption of sentimental archaism as the ideal of beauty was carried to extravagant lengths and often accompanied by affectation of speech and manner and eccentricity of dress. It represents both the perplexed reaction on the part of the thinking minds to the humdrum and dishonest civilization of the Victorian period andAn attempt to escape from it. It has a very famous theory of “art for art’s sake”.Art For Art’s Sake:A phrase associated with the aesthetic doctrine that art is self-sufficient and need serve no moral or political purpose. The phrase became current in France in the first half of the 19th century.7. The Aesthetic Movement, after raging across the country for over four decades, began to taper off in the late 1880s and died out altogether in the early 1890s.8. The movement has left a permanent imprint upon English life in general and upon artistic creation in particular.A. The idea of beauty took root in social life.B. Art and form have ceased to be always second to morality.Oscar Wilde (1856-1900)1. He excelled in a variety of genres as a critic of literature and of society, and also asa novelist, poet and dramatist.2. His novel, The Portrait of Dorian Gray,created a sensation when published in。
英国文学简完全笔记
英国文学简史完全笔记A Concise History of British LiteratureChapter 1 English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodI.Introduction1. The historical background（1）Before the Germanic invasion（2）During the Germanic invasiona. immigration;b. Christianity;c. heptarchy.d. social classes structure: hide-hundred; eoldermen （lord）– thane - middle class （freemen）- lower class （slave or bondmen: theow）;e. social organization: clan or tribes.f. military Organization;g. Church function: spirit, civil service, education;h. economy: coins, trade, slavery;i. feasts and festival: Halloween, Easter; j. legal system.2. The Overview of the culture（1）The mixture of pagan and Christian spirit.（2）Literature: a. poetry: two types; b. prose: two figures.II.Beowulf.1. A general introduction.2. The content.3. The literary features.（1）the use of alliteration（2）the use of metaphors and understatements（3）the mixture of pagan and Christian elementsIII.The Old English Prose1.What is prose?2.figures（1）The V enerable Bede（2）Alfred the GreatChapter 2 English Literature of the Late Medieval Ages I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.（1）The year 1066: Norman Conquest.（2）The social situations soon after the conquest.A. Norman nobles and serfs;B. restoration of the church.（3）The 11th century.A. the crusade and knights.B. dominance of French and Latin;（4）The 12th century.A. the centralized government;B. kings and the church （Henry II and Thomas）;（5）The 13th century.A. The legend of Robin Hood;B. Magna Carta （1215）;C. the beginning of the ParliamentD. English and Latin: official languages （the end）（6）The 14th century.a. the House of Lords and the House of Commons—conflict between the Parliament and Kings;b. the rise of towns.c. the change of Church.d. the role of women.e. the Hundred Years' War—starting.f. the development of the trade: London.g. the Black Death.h. the Peasants' Revolt—1381.i. The translation of Bible by Wycliff.（7）The 15th century.a. The Peasants Revolt （1453）b. The War of Roses between Lancasters and Yorks.c. the printing-press—William Caxton.d. the starting of Tudor Monarchy（1485）2. The Overview of Literature.（1）the stories from the Celtic lands of Wales and Brittany—great myths of the Middle Ages. （2）Geoffrye of Monmouth—Historia Regum Britanniae—King Authur.（3）Wace—Le Roman de Brut.（4）The romance.（5）the second half of the 14th century: Langland, Gawin poet, Chaucer.II.Sir Gawin and Green Knight.1. a general introduction.2. the plot.III.William Langland.1. Life2. Piers the PlowmanIV.Chaucer1. Life2. Literary Career: three periods（1）French period（2）Italian period（3）master period3. The Canterbury TalesA. The Framework;B. The General Prologue;C. The Tale Proper.4. His Contribution.（1）He introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types.（2）He is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.（3）The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.V. Popular Ballads.VI.Thomas Malory and English ProseVII.The beginning of English Drama.1. Miracle Plays.Miracle play or mystery play is a form of medieval drama that came from dramatization of the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church. It developed from the 10th to the 16th century, reaching its height in the 15th century. The simple lyric character of the early texts was enlarged by the addition of dialogue and dramatic action. Eventually the performance was moved to the churchyard and the marketplace.2. Morality Plays.A morality play is a play enforcing a moral truth or lesson by means of the speech and action of characters which are personified abstractions – figures representing vices and virtues, qualities of the human mind, or abstract conceptions in general.3. Interlude.The interlude, which grew out of the morality, was intended, as its name implies, to be used more as a filler than as the main part of an entertainment. As its best it was short, witty, simple in plot, suited for the diversion of guests at a banquet, or for the relaxation of the audience between the divisions of a serious play. It was essentially an indoors performance, and generally of an aristocratic nature.英国文学简史完全笔记2007-7-2713:56页面功能【字体：大中小】【打印】【关闭】Chapter 3 English Literature in the Renaissance I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1485-1660）Printing press—readership—growth of middle class—trade-education for laypeople-centralization of power-intellectual life-exploration-new impetus and direction of literature.Humanism-study of the literature of classical antiquity and reformed education.Literary style-modeled on the ancients.The effect of humanism-the dissemination of the cultivated, clear, and sensible attitude of its classically educated adherents.1. poetryThe first tendency by Sidney and Spenser: ornate, florid, highly figured style.The second tendency by Donne: metaphysical style—complexity and ingenuity.The third tendency by Johnson: reaction——Classically pure and restrained style.The fourth tendency by Milton: central Christian and Biblical tradition.2. Dramaa. the native tradition and classical examples.b. the drama stands highest in popular estimation: Marlowe – Shakespeare – Jonson.3. Prosea. translation of Bible;b. More;c. Bacon.II.English poetry.1. Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard （courtly makers）（1）Wyatt: introducing sonnets.（2）Howard: introducing sonnets and writing the first blank verse.2. Sir Philip Sidney—poet, critic, prose writer（1）Life:a. English gentleman;b. brilliant and fascinating personality;c. courtier.（2）worksa. Arcadia: pastoral romance;b. Astrophel and Stella （108）: sonnet sequence to Penelope Dvereux—platonic devotion. Petrarchan conceits and original feelings-moving to creativeness—building of a narrative story; theme-love originality-act of writing.c. Defense of Poesy: an apology for imaginative literature—beginning of literary criticism.3. Edmund Spenser（1）life: Cambridge - Sidney's friend - “Areopagus” – Ireland - Westminster Abbey.（2）worksa. The Shepherds Calendar: the budding of English poetry in Renaissance.b. Amoretti and Epithalamion: sonnet sequencec. Faerie Queene:l The general end——A romantic and allegorical epic—steps to virtue.l 12 books and 12 virtues: Holiness, temperance, justice and courtesy.l Two-level function: part of the story and part of allegory （symbolic meaning）l Many allusions to classical writers.l Themes: puritanism, nationalism, humanism and Renaissance Neoclassicism—a Christian humanist. （3）Spenserian Stanza.III.English Prose1. Thomas More（1）Life: “Renaissance man”, scholar, statesman, theorist, prose writer, diplomat, patron of artsa. learned Greek at Canterbury College, Oxford;b. studies law at Lincoln Inn;c. Lord Chancellor;d. beheaded.（2）Utopia: the first English science fiction.Written in Latin, two parts, the second—place of nowhere.A philosophical mariner （Raphael Hythloday）tells his voyages in which he discovers a land-Utopia.a. The part one is organized as dialogue with mariner depicting his philosophy.b. The part two is a description of the island kingdom where gold and silver are worn by criminal, religious freedom is total and no one owns anything.c. the nature of the book: attacking the chief political and social evils of his time.d. the book and the Republic: an attempt to describe the Republic in a new way, but it possesses an modern character and the resemblance is in externals.e. it played a key role in the Humanist awakening of the 16th century which moved away from the Medieval otherworldliness towards Renaissance secularism.f. the Utopia（3）the significance.a. it was the first champion of national ideas and national languages; it created a national prose, equally adapted to handling scientific and artistic material.b. a elegant Latin scholar and the father of English prose: he composed works in English, translated from Latin into English biography, wrote History of Richard III.2. Francis Bacon: writer, philosopher and statesman（1）life: Cambridge - humanism in Paris –knighted - Lord Chancellor –bribery - focusing on philosophy and literature.（2）philosophical ideas: advancement of science—people:servants and interpreters of nature—method: a child before nature—facts and observations: experimental.（3）“Essays”: 57.a. he was a master of numerous and varied styles.b. his method is to weigh and balance maters, indicating the ideal course of action and the practical one, pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each, but leaving the reader to make the final decisions. （arguments）IV.English Drama1. A general survey.（1）Everyman marks the beginning of modern drama.（2）two influences.a. the classics: classical in form and English in content;b. native or popular drama.（3）the University Wits.2. Christopher Marlowe: greatest playwright before Shakespeare and most gifted of the Wits.（1）Life: first interested in classical poetry—then in drama.（2）Major worksa. Tamburlaine;b. The Jew of Malta;c. The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.（3）The significance of his plays.V. William Shakespeare1. Life（1）1564, Stratford-on-Avon;（2）Grammar School;（3）Queen visit to Castle;（4）marriage to Anne Hathaway;（5）London, the Globe Theatre: small part and proprietor;（6）the 1st Folio, Quarto;（7）Retired, son—Hamnet; H. 1616.2. Dramatic career3. Major plays-men-centered.（1）Romeo and Juliet——tragic love and fate（2）The Merchant of Venice.Good over evil.Anti-Semitism.（3）Henry IV.National unity.Falstaff.（4）Julius CaesarRepublicanism vs. dictatorship.（5）HamletRevengeGood/evil.（6）OthelloDiabolic characterjealousygap between appearance and reality.（7）King LearFilial ingratitude（8）MacbethAmbition vs. fate.（9）Antony and Cleopatra.Passion vs. reason（10）The TempestReconciliation; reality and illusion.3. Non-dramatic poetry（1）Venus and Adonis; The Rape of Lucrece.（2）Sonnets:a. theme: fair, true, kind.b. two major parts: a handsome young man of noble birth; a lady in dark complexion.c. the form: three quatrains and a couplet.d. the rhyme scheme: abab, cdcd, efef, gg.VI.Ben Jonson1. life: poet, dramatist, a Latin and Greek scholar, the “literary king” （Sons of Ben）2.contribution:（1）the idea of “humour”.（2）an advocate of classical drama and a forerunner of classicism in English literature.3. Major plays（1）Everyone in His Humour—“humour”; three unities.（2）V olpone the FoxChapter 4 English Literature of the 17th Century I.A Historical BackgroundII.The Overview of the Literature （1640-1688）1. The revolution period（1）The metaphysical poets;（2）The Cavalier poets.（3）Milton: the literary and philosophical heritage of the Renaissance merged with Protestant political and moral conviction2. The restoration period.（1）The restoration of Charles II ushered in a literature characterized by reason, moderation, good taste, deft management, and simplicity. （school of Ben Jonson）（2）The ideals of impartial investigation and scientific experimentation promoted by the newly founded Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge （1662）were influential in the development of clear and simple prose as an instrument of rational communication.（3）The great philosophical and political treatises of the time emphasize rationalism.（4）The restoration drama.（5）The Age of Dryden.III.John Milton1. Life: educated at Cambridge—visiting the continent—involved into the revolution—persecuted—writing epics.2. Literary career.（1）The 1st period was up to 1641, during which time he is to be seen chiefly as a son of the humanists and Elizabethans, although his Puritanism is not absent. L'Allegre and IL Pens eroso （1632）are his early masterpieces, in which we find Milton a true offspring of the Renaissance, a scholar of exquisite taste and rare culture. Next came Comus, a masque. The greatest of early creations was Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate, Edward King.（2）The second period is from 1641 to 1654, when the Puritan was in such complete ascendancy that he wrote almost no poetry. In 1641, he began a long period of pamphleteering for the puritan cause. For some 15 years, the Puritan in him alone ruled his writing. He sacrificed his poetic ambition to the call of the liberty for which Puritans were fighting.（3）The third period is from 1655 to 1671, when humanist and Puritan have been fused into an exalted entity. This period is the greatest in his literary life, epics and some famous sonnets. The three long poems are the fruit of the long contest within Milton of Renaissance tradition and his Puritan faith. They form the greatest accomplishments of any English poet except Shakespeare. In Milton alone, it would seem, Puritanism could not extinguish the lover of beauty. In these works we find humanism and Puritanism merged in magnificence.3. Major Works（1）Paradise Losta. the plot.b. characters.c. theme: justify the ways of God to man.（2）Paradise Regained.（3）Samson Agonistes.4. Features of Milton's works.（1）Milton is one of the very few truly great English writers who is also a prominent figure in politics, and who is both a great poet and an important prose writer. The two most essential thingsto be remembered about him are his Puritanism and his republicanism.（2）Milton wrote many different types of poetry. He is especially a great master of blank verse. He learned much from Shakespeare and first used blank verse in non-dramatic works.（3）Milton is a great stylist. He is famous for his grand style noted for its dignity and polish, which is the result of his life-long classical and biblical study.（4）Milton has always been admired for his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression. IV.John Bunyan1. life:（1）puritan age;（2）poor family;（3）parliamentary army;（4）Baptist society, preacher;（5）prison, writing the book.2. The Pilgrim Progress（1）The allegory in dream form.（2）the plot.（3）the theme.V. Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poets.1. Metaphysical PoetsThe term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to designate the works of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. Pressured by the harsh, uncomfortable and curious age, the metaphysical poets sought to shatter myths and replace them with new philosophies, new sciences, new words and new poetry. They tried to break away from the conventional fashion of Elizabethan love poetry, and favoured in poetry for a more colloquial language and tone, a tightness of expression and the single-minded working out of a theme or argument.2. Cavalier PoetsThe other group prevailing in this period was that of Cavalier poets. They were often courtiers who stood on the side of the king, and called themselves “sons” of Ben Jonson. The Cavalier poets wrote light poetry, polished and elegant, amorous and gay, but often superficial. Most of their verses were short songs, pretty madrigals, love fancies characterized by lightness of heart and of morals. Cavalier poems have the limpidity of the Elizabethan lyric without its imaginative flights. They are lighter and neater but less fresh than the Elizabethan's.VI.John Dryden.1. Life:（1）the representative of classicism in the Restoration.（2）poet, dramatist, critic, prose writer, satirist.（3）changeable in attitude.（4）Literary career—four decades.（5）Poet Laureate2. His influences.（1）He established the heroic couplet as the fashion for satiric, didactic, and descriptive poetry. （2）He developed a direct and concise prose style.（3）He developed the art of literary criticism in his essays and in the numerous prefaces to hispoems.Chapter 5 English Literature of the 18th Century I.Introduction1. The Historical Background.2. The literary overview.（1）The Enlightenment.（2）The rise of English novels.When the literary historian seeks to assign to each age its favourite form of literature, he finds no difficulty in dealing with our own time. As the Middle Ages delighted in long romantic narrative poems, the Elizabethans in drama, the Englishman of the reigns of Anne and the early Georges in didactic and satirical verse, so the public of our day is enamored of the novel. Almost all types of literary production continue to appear, but whether we judge from the lists of publishers, the statistics of public libraries, or general conversation, we find abundant evidence of the enormous preponderance of this kind of literary entertainment in popular favour.（3）Neo-classicism: a revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance, and harmony in literature. John Dryden and Alexander Pope were major exponents of the neo-classical school.（4）Satiric literature.（5）SentimentalismII.Neo-classicism. （a general description）1. Alexander Pope（1）Life:a.Catholic family;b.ill health;c.taught himself by reading and translating;d.friend of Addison, Steele and Swift.（2）three groups of poems:e.An Essay on Criticism （manifesto of neo-classicism）;f. The Rape of Lock;g.Translation of two epics.（3）His contribution:h.the heroic couplet—finish, elegance, wit, pointedness;i.satire.（4）weakness: lack of imagination.2. Addison and Steele（1）Richard Steele: poet, playwright, essayist, publisher of newspaper.（2）Joseph Addison: studies at Oxford, secretary of state, created a literary periodical “Spectator” （with Steele, 1711）（3）Spectator Club.（4）The significance of their essays.a. Their writings in “The Tatler”, and “The Spectator” provide a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie.b. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.c. In their hands, the English essay completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story telling, they ushered in the dawn of the modern novel.3. Samuel Johnson—poet, critic, essayist, lexicographer, editor.（1）Life:a.studies at Oxford;b.made a living by writing and translating;c.the great cham of literature.（2）works: poem （The Vanity of Human Wishes, London）; criticism （The Lives of great Poets）; preface.（3）The champion of neoclassical ideas.III.Literature of Satire: Jonathan Swift.1.Life:（1）born in Ireland;（2）studies at Trinity College;（3）worked as a secretary;（4）the chief editor of The Examiner;（5）the Dean of St. Patrick's in Dublin.2. Works: The Battle of Books, A Tale of a Tub, A Modest Proposal, Gulliver's Travels.3. Gulliver's Travels.Part I. Satire—the Whig and the Tories, Anglican Church and Catholic Church.Part II. Satire—the legal system; condemnation of war.Part III. Satire—ridiculous scientific experiment.Part IV. Satire—mankind.IV.English Novels of Realistic tradition.1. The Rise of novels.（1）Early forms: folk tale – fables – myths – epic – poetry – romances – fabliaux – novelle - imaginative nature of their material. （imaginative narrative）（2）The rise of the novela.picaresque novel in Spain and England （16th century）: Of or relating to a genre of prose fiction that originated in Spain and depicts in realistic detail the adventures of a roguish hero, often with satiric or humorous effects.b.Sidney: Arcadia.c. Addison and Steele: The Spectator.（plot and characterization and realism）（3）novel and drama （17the century）2. Daniel Defoe—novelist, poet, pamphleteer, publisher, merchant, journalist.）（1）Life:a.business career;b.writing career;c.interested in politics.（2）Robinson Cusoe.a. the story.b. the significance of the character.c. the features of his novels.d. the style of language.3. Henry Fielding—novelist.（1）Life:a.unsuccessful dramatic career;b.legal career; writing career.（2）works.（3）Tom Jones.a.the plot;b.characters: Tom, Blifil, Sophia;c.significance.（4）the theory of realism.（5）the style of language.V. Writers of Sentimentalism.1. Introduction2. Samuel Richardson—novelist, moralist （One who is unduly concerned with the morals of others.）（1）Life:a.printer book seller;b.letter writer.（2）Pamela, Virtue Rewarded.a.the storyb.the significancePamela was a new thing in these ways:a）It discarded the “improbable and marvelous” accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.b）Its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction.c）It described not only the sayings and doings of characters but their also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.3. Oliver Goldsmith—poet and novelist.A. Life:a.born in Ireland;b.a singer and tale-teller, a life of vagabondage;c.bookseller;d.the Literary Club;e.a miserable life;f. the most lovable character in English literature.B. The Vicar of Wakefield.a.story;b.the signicance.VI.English Drama of the 18th century1. The decline of the drama2. Richard Brinsley SheridenA. life.B. works: Rivals, The School for Scandals.C. significance of his plays.a. The Rivals and The School for Scandal are generally regarded as important links between themasterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as true classics in English comedy.b. In his plays, morality is the constant theme. He is much concerned with the current moral issues and lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.c. Sheridan's greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability and inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man.d. His plots are well-organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.Chapter 6 English Literature of the Romantic Age I.Introduction1. Historical Background2. Literary Overview: RomanticismCharacteristics of Romanticism:（1）The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings（2）The creation of a world of imagination（3）The return to nature for material（4）Sympathy with the humble and glorification of the commonplace（5）Emphasis upon the expression of individual genius（6）The return to Milton and the Elizabethans for literary models（7）The interest in old stories and medieval romances（8）A sense of melancholy and loneliness（9）The rebellious spiritII.Pre-Romantics1. Robert Burns（1）Life: French Revolution（2）Features of poetrya. Burns is chiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialect.b. His poems are usually devoid of artificial ornament and have a great charm of simplicity.c. His poems are especially appreciated for their musical effect.d. His political and satirical poems are noted for his passionate love for freedom and fiery sentiments of hatred against tyranny.（3）Significance of his poetryHis poetry marks an epoch in the history of English literature. They suggested that the spirit of the Romantic revival was embodied in this obscure ploughman. Love, humour, pathos, the response to nature – all the poetic qualities that touch the human heart are in his poems, which marked the sunrise of another day – the day of Romanticism.2. William Blake（1）life: French Revolution（2）works.l Songs of Innocencel Songs of Experience（3）featuresa. sympathy with the French Revolutionb. hatred for 18th century conformity and social institutionc. attitude of revolt against authorityd. strong protest against restrictive codes（4）his influenceBlake is often regarded as a symbolist and mystic, and he has exerted a great influence on twentieth century writers. His peculiarities of thought and imaginative vision have in many ways proved far more congenial to the 20th century than they were to the 19th.III.Romantic Poets of the first generation1. Introduction2. William Wordsworth: representative poet, chief spokesman of Romantic poetry（1）Life:a.love nature;b.Cambridge;c.tour to France;d.French revolution;e.Dorathy;f. The Lake District;g.friend of Coleridge;h.conservative after revolution.（2）works:a. the Lyrical Ballads （preface）: significanceb. The Prelude: a biographical poem.c. the other poems（3）Features of his poems.a.ThemeA constant theme of his poetry was the growth of the human spirit through the natural description with expressions of inward states of mind.b.characteristics of style.His poems are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, and a passionate love of nature.3. Samuel Taylor Coleridge: poet and critic（1）Life:a.Cambridge;b.friend with Southey and Wordsworth;c.taking opium.（2）works.l The fall of Robespierrel The Rime of the Ancient Marinerl Kubla Khanl Biographia Literaria（3）Biographia Literaria.（4）His criticismHe was one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language. In both poetry and criticism, his work is outstanding, but it is typical of him that his critical work is very scattered and disorganized.IV.Romantic Poets of the Second Generation.1. Introduction2. George Gordon Byron（1）Life:a.Cambridge, published poems and reviews;b.a tour of Europe and the East;c.left England;d.friend with Shelley;e.worked in Greece: national hero;f. radical and sympathetic with French Revolution.（2）Works.l Don Juanl When We Two Partedl She Walks in Beauty（3）Byronic Hero.Byron introduced into English poetry a new style of character, which as often been referred to as “Byronic Hero” of “satanic spirit”. People imagined that they saw something of Byron himself in these strange figures of rebels, pirates, and desperate adventurers.（4）Poetic style: loose, fluent and vivid3. Percy Bysshe Shelley: poet and critic（1）Life:a.aristocratic family;b.rebellious heart;c.Oxford;d.Irish national liberation Movement;e.disciple of William Godwin;f. marriage with Harriet, and Marry;g.left England and wandered in EUrope, died in Italy;h.radical and sympathetic with the French revolution;i. Friend with Byron（2）works: two types – violent reformer and wanderer（3）Characteristics of poems.a.pursuit of a better society;b.radian beauty;c. superb artistry: imagination.（4）Defense of Poetry.4. John Keats.（1）Life:a.from a poor family;b.Cockney School;c.friend with Byron and Shelley;d.attacked by the conservatives and died in Italy.（2）works.（3）Characteristics of poems。
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美式论文、报告写作技巧编者按：美式教育地特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用,因此,报告便成了常见地考核学生学习成果地方式,比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文<含毕业论文）等.研究生presentation 及seminar 地机会更是占很大地比重,有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例.如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好地成绩,是本文提供给有志留学地有心人参考地目地. 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯,在启发式地教育环境下,写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生,虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强,但是表达能力由於自小培养,加上英语能力地优势,常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹地利基.反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作地训练,因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦,其实论文、报告地写作要领其实不难,只要把握技巧就可水到渠成.通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries>,本文(Texts>以及参考资料(References>三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下：(一> 篇首：封面(Title>序言(Preface>谢词(Acknowledge>提要(Summary>目录(Tables and Appendixes>(二> 本文：引言(Introduction>主体,含篇(Part>、章(Chapter>、节(Section> 、以及注释 (Footnotes>(三>参考资料：参考书目(References or Bibliography>附录资料(Appendix>.进行论文或报告写作之前,先要确定想要表达地主题,主题确定后,将其具体表达,即为题目.题目可以提供研究者：一.研究地方向二.研究地范围三.资料搜集地范围四.预期研究成果通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究,建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用.构思为确定写作大纲或Proposal 地先前步骤, 大纲是论文、报告地骨干, Proposal 是研究地架构、流程及范围地说明书.如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前地必要准备工作.好地论文或研究报告,要基于在完整、详实地资料上,而参考资料除了和教授商借之外,最主要地来源就是图书馆了,一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构地报告、科技或商业方面地杂志,及会议性质地资料.此外现代地电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料,在国外可利用学校地电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要地资料.当一切准备就绪,即可开始着手写报告,一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告,及小报告如 Seminar 式地报告.就算是小报告,也至少应含(一>TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期(二>Summary：即主要地结论(三>Introduction：包括理论背景及内容(四>Technical Sections：是论文地主体,为最重要地部份应再细分为几个片断.(五>Conclusions：即扼要地结论(六>Appendixes：复杂公式地导引及叁考资料和电脑程式地报表可附加在此项美式报告地撰写通常要打字,两行式,行间若有未拼完地字要以音节来连接.写报告通常需要用到电脑,如有计算数字统计图表地需求,也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS,统计分析软体如SAS,也是不可或缺地,电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界地重要工具,文书处理更是最基本地要求,因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎地工具.此外在英文语法、文法上地润饰与修改,如能请老美帮忙会比较好.论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation>,用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战,通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟,若是论文囗试则至少一小时.投影机及麦克风地使用对讲演地效果有很大帮助,正式讲演前多预习几次,时间宜控制适中,上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念,需留意听众地反应,切中主题,避免太多数字地导引.Unit 6British Literature (英国文学>一、本单元重点内容1. Beowulf {贝奥武夫(一首古英文史诗地名字,同时也是此诗中地英雄地名字>}2. The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》>3. Stories about King Arthur (关于亚瑟王和他地骑士们地故事>4. William Shakespeare (威廉·莎士比亚>5. the Romance writers in the 19th century (19世纪浪漫派作家>6. The Brontes (布朗特三姐妹>7. Charles Dickens (查理·狄更斯>8. Sir Walter Scott (瓦尔特·司各特>9. Robert Louis Stevenson (罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森>10. Modernism (现代主义>11. Postmodernism (后现代主义>12. Joseph Conrad (约瑟夫·康拉德>13. Virginia Woolf (维吉尼亚·吴尔夫>14. wrence (D.H.·劳伦斯>15. E.M Foster (EM·福斯特>二、本单元重、难点辅导1. early writing1>. British literature concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons’ illustrated versions of the bible: the most famous--- the Book of Kells2>. Beowulf --- a long poem, one of the oldest of these early “Old English”(AD 6th C. —AD 11thC.地盎格鲁˙撒克逊地英语> literary works (古英语文学作品指8th C. AD—11th C. AD>3>. Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400>The most important work in Middle English (中古英语：11th C. AD—15th C. AD> Literature. It’s made up of a series of stories told by 31 pilgrims to entertain eac h other on their way to the Christian Church at Canterbury in south-east England. It’s quite noticeable for its diversity, not only in the range of social status among the pilgrims, but also in style of the stories they tell.杰弗里·乔叟地《坎特伯雷故事集》是中古英语文学中最重要地作品.故事讲述了31个朝圣者结伴到英格兰东南部地坎特伯雷去朝圣.途中,每个人讲一个故事,来缓解旅途地劳顿. 值得注意地是,这部故事集体现地多样性,这些朝圣者来自不同地阶层,几乎涵盖了当时地所有社会阶层,他们讲故事地风格也各不相同. (中古英语：指11世纪到15世纪地英语>4>. the stories of King Arthur and his knightsKing Arthur was the King of England in the 5th Century and was the central figure of many legends. History of the Kings of Britain published in 1138 well established King Arthur in literary form. The book invented material to fill the broad gaps in the historical record. The stories of King Arthur’s court, his knights and th eir famous round table and the search for the Holy Grail were mainly based on a very few vague “facts”. The ruined castle at Tintagel in Cornwall mentioned in the legends of King Arthur is now a popular tourist destination.2. Elizabethan Drama (伊丽莎白一世:1533.9.7—1603.5.24>---a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during 15th and16th C. which is known as “The Renaissance”--- drama: the most successful and long-lasting expressions of this development--- the 1st professional theatre opened in London in 1576--- thegreattrio (the best of the famous playwrights>1> Christopher Marlowe (克里斯托弗·马洛>—the earliest of the trio Dr Faustus《浮士德博士》2> William Shakespeare (1564--1616>— an English dramatist and poet in the Elizabethan age. He is generally regarded as the greatest playwright in English literature. His plays fall into three categories: tragedies (Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, etc.>, comedies (Merchant of Venice, The Dreams of the Midsummer Nigh t, etc.> and history plays (Henry VI, Charles II etc. >威廉·莎士比亚是伊丽莎白时期地英国剧作家和诗人.他通常被认为是英国文学中最伟大地剧作家.他地作品分为三类：悲剧、喜剧和历史剧,悲剧有《哈姆莱特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等,喜剧有《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》等,历史剧有《亨利6世》《查理二世》等.3> Ben Jonson3. the 19th C. literatureRoughly the first third of the 19th century makes up English literature’s romantic period. Writers of romantic literature are more concerned with imagination and feeling than with the power of reason.粗略地讲,19世纪地前30几年构成英国文学地浪漫主义时期.浪漫派作家更多地关注人类地想象力和情感,而不是理性地力量.A volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge is regarded as the romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” Keats, Byron and Shelley, the three great poets, brought Romantic Movement to its height. The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel.威廉·华兹华斯和塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治合编地《抒情歌谣集》被认为是浪漫派诗歌地“独立宣言”.济慈,拜伦和雪莱这三位伟大地诗人把浪漫主义运动推向高潮.浪漫主义地精神在小说中也有体现.The Romantics saw themselves as free spirits, emphasizing nature, originality, the emotional and personal, rather than the “rational” in their work. This was a change fr om the emphasis on imitating classical (meaning Ancient Greek and Roman> conventions and forms.---novels1>. Jane Austen—6 novels Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma2>. Bronte sisters—daughters of the vicar of a village church in Yorkshire. Though poor, they were educated and respectable. They all died young, but were remembered long after their death for their contribution to English literature. —Charlotte (Jane Eyre>, Emily (WutheringHeights> and Ann.她们是约克郡一个乡村教会地牧师地女儿,分别叫夏洛特,爱M莉和安.虽然很穷,但她们都受过良好地教育,非常受人尊敬.她们很年轻就去世了,但是因为她们对英国文学地贡献,在她们去世后那么久都没有被人遗忘.夏洛特地名篇是《简爱》,爱M莉地名篇是《呼啸山庄》.为了书出版,她们都得用男性化地笔名.3>. Elizabeth Gaskell (盖斯凯尔,a woman writer> (friend of Charlotte。