资料:《安全工程专业英语(部分翻译)》

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英语 安全工程专业翻译

英语 安全工程专业翻译

Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used for improving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. A comprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobylaccident,this term became well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus on the functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices,and also different ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented,discovered, or developed by a given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, suggests that a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safe ty management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that the various studies have shown to influence organization's safety culture. These include :organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion,level of risk at the workplace,workers' involvement in safety,and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ,for unionized companies in the USA,seniority is valued very highly,while training or individual’s skills and qualifications do not effect job security,employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the nationalsystems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create an effective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people,and which produces work systems that are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in the industry’s branch,and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy,management should show commitment to the following subjects :Health and safety are recognized as an integral part of business performance ;A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things;Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy;The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ;The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ,from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ;The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ;Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training,and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’ which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following:All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses.People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800,the plan should include :appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements, competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication;procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities;methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well.In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive 89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmental management systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

安全工程专业英语汉译英1-8

安全工程专业英语汉译英1-8

Unit One安全管理safety management 事故致因accident causation 不安全行为unsafe acts不安全状态unsafe conditions企业安全文化corporate safety culture安全政策safety policyUnit Two系统安全工程system safety engineering 危险辩识hazard identification/identified危险控制hazard control 安全评价safety evaluation危险分析hazard analysis安全准则safety criteria Unit Three安全人机工程safety ergonomics 工作效率work efficiency工作压力job stressors伤害率injury rate人机过程ergonomics process职业伤残work injuryUnit Four工伤保险injury insurance 人因失误human error风险评估risk assessment人机系统ergonomics system工业事故industrial system事故类型accident types Unit Five职业安全健康occupational health and safety职业安全健康管理体系occupational health and safety management system危险源分析hazard analysis 事故分析accident analysis风险管理risk management职业伤害occupational injury Unit Six工业卫生industrial hygiene 物理危害physical hazards 化学危害chemical hazards非电离辐射non-ionizing radiation生物危害biological hazards职业病occupational diseaseUnit Seven安全文化safety culture企业文化corporate culture 高危行业high-risk industry事故率accident rate应急预案emergency plan安全评审safety review Unit Eight安全激励safety motivation 自我激励self-motivation个人需求individual demand 社会需求social needs安全氛围safety atmosphere 生理需求physiological needs。

安全工程专业英语

安全工程专业英语

一、专业词汇翻译mine n. 矿山,矿井。

v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤coalfield n. 煤田strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向roadway n. 巷道mining district 采区coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面ventilation n. 通风bolt v. 打锚杆;n. 锚杆immediate roof 直接顶;floor 底板;gas,methane 瓦斯outcrop 露头,露出地面的岩层fault n. 断层occurrence 赋存coalfield 煤田air shaft风井surrounding rock 围岩Mine ventilation 矿山通风internal combustion engine 内燃机dilute冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释contaminant 污染物noxious 有害的exhaust shaft 出风井colliery 煤矿trap door 通风门moisture content 湿度rank 品级bituminous 烟煤anthracite 无烟煤igneous[地]火成的natural fracture原生裂隙cleat【地质】割理porosity 多孔性sorptive吸附的Permeability渗透性free gas游离状态瓦斯adsorbed gas吸附状态瓦斯voidage孔隙度adsorption isotherm吸附等温线Methane drainage 瓦斯抽放Borehole 钻孔★Accident Causation Models:事故致因模型★System safety:系统安全★Hazard analysis:危害分析★Hazard identification:危险源辨识★Ergonomics process 人机工程过程★Hazard Identification 危险源辨识★safety culture 安全文化★corporate culture 企业文化★Accident Investigation:事故调查★mine fire 矿井火灾二、句型翻译★1、Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors.Rasmussen和Jensen提出了一种技能—规范—知识的三级模型,用来描述不同类型的人为失误的来源。

资料:《安全工程专业英语》

资料:《安全工程专业英语》

Unit 1 safety management systemAccident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions – invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文:Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义,他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译

安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译

安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译Introduction《安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译》是一本专门针对安全工程专业的英语学习教材。

该教材主要围绕安全工程领域的基础理论、先进技术和相关实践进行了详细的介绍和解析,并提供了中英文对照的翻译。

本文档将对《安全工程专业英语第二版中英文翻译》的主要内容进行总结和梳理,以Markdown文本格式输出,方便学习者进行查阅和学习。

目录1.第一章:安全工程概述2.第二章:安全管理3.第三章:安全工程建设4.第四章:安全评价与风险管理5.第五章:安全监测与故障诊断6.第六章:安全仪器设备与技术7.第七章:安全应急管理8.第八章:安全生产与环境保护9.第九章:安全法规与标准10.第十章:安全知识与实务第一章:安全工程概述安全工程是一门跨学科的学科领域,它综合运用工程学、管理学、社会学等多个学科的理论和方法来保障人们的生命财产安全。

本章主要介绍了安全工程的定义、发展历程以及当代安全工程面临的挑战。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第二章:安全管理安全管理是安全工程的核心内容之一,它涉及到组织、计划、控制、协调和改进等方面的工作。

本章主要介绍了安全管理的基本原理和主要方法,包括风险管理、事故调查与分析、安全规划与组织等方面的内容。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第三章:安全工程建设安全工程建设是为了预防和减少事故发生而采取的一系列措施和技术手段。

本章主要介绍了安全工程建设的原则和方法,并详细介绍了建设过程中需要注意的事项和技术要点。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第四章:安全评价与风险管理安全评价与风险管理是对安全工程进行评估和控制的重要手段。

本章主要介绍了安全评价和风险管理的方法和技术,包括定量风险评估、风险控制策略、安全标准与规范等方面的内容。

同时提供了相关术语的中英文对照翻译。

第五章:安全监测与故障诊断安全监测与故障诊断是对安全工程运行状态进行监测和故障诊断的重要手段。

安全工程专业外语翻译

安全工程专业外语翻译

The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components.(译为“起主要作用”,不译“主要贡献者”。

)There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.(译为“完全掌握”,不译“毕业于”。

)The purpose of a driller is to holes.(译为“钻孔”)A single-point cutting tool is used to cut threads on engine lathes.(译为“车”)The major contributors in component technology have been the semi-conductor components.(译为“起主要作用”,不译“主要贡献者”。

)There are three steps which must be taken before we graduate from the integrated circuit technology.(译为“完全掌握”,不译“毕业于”。

)The iron ore used to make steel comes from open-pit and underground mines.(译为“炼钢”,不译“制造刚”。

)An insulator offers a very high resistance to the passage through which electric current goes.(译为“很大阻力”,不译“高阻力”)Mater can be changed into energy, and energy into mater.物质可以转换为能,能也可以转化为物质。

安全工程专业英语

安全工程专业英语

一、专业词汇翻译mine n. 矿山,矿井。

v. 采矿colliery n. 矿井coal mining 采煤coalfield n. 煤田strike n. 走向dip n. 倾向roadway n. 巷道mining district 采区coalface n. 采煤面working face工作面ventilation n. 通风bolt v. 打锚杆;n. 锚杆immediate roof 直接顶;floor 底板;gas,methane 瓦斯outcrop 露头,露出地面的岩层fault n. 断层occurrence 赋存coalfield 煤田air shaft风井surrounding rock 围岩Mine ventilation 矿山通风internal combustion engine 内燃机dilute冲淡, 变淡, 变弱, 稀释contaminant 污染物noxious 有害的exhaust shaft 出风井colliery 煤矿trap door 通风门moisture content 湿度rank 品级bituminous 烟煤anthracite 无烟煤igneous[地]火成的natural fracture原生裂隙cleat【地质】割理porosity 多孔性sorptive吸附的Permeability渗透性free gas游离状态瓦斯adsorbed gas吸附状态瓦斯voidage孔隙度adsorption isotherm吸附等温线Methane drainage 瓦斯抽放Borehole 钻孔★Accident Causation Models:事故致因模型★System safety:系统安全★Hazard analysis:危害分析★Hazard identification:危险源辨识★Ergonomics process 人机工程过程★Hazard Identification 危险源辨识★safety culture 安全文化★corporate culture 企业文化★Accident Investigation:事故调查★mine fire 矿井火灾二、句型翻译★1、Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors.Rasmussen和Jensen提出了一种技能—规范—知识的三级模型,用来描述不同类型的人为失误的来源。

资料:《安全工程专业英语(部分翻译)》

资料:《安全工程专业英语(部分翻译)》

Unit 1 safety man ageme nt system Accide nt causatio n models 事故致因理论Safety man ageme nt 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machi ne guard机械保护装置ingHouse-keep ing 工作场所管理Top man ageme高层管理人员ntHuma n errors 人因失误Accide nt-pro nen ess models 事故倾向模型Mun iti ons factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risk ing tak ing 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss preve nti on 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard con trol 危险控制Inten sive study 广泛研究Organi zati onal performa nee 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Shop-floor 生产区Seni ority资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Abse nteeism rate 缺勤率Power relatio ns 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level man ageme nt 低层管理者Busin ess performa nee 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety prin eiple 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Impleme nt pla n 执行计戈UHazard ide ntificati on 危险辨识Safety performa nee 安全性能译文:Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义,他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

安全工程专业外语翻译

安全工程专业外语翻译

Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。

安全工程专业英语翻译

安全工程专业英语翻译

Breath of fresh airWith no aspect of underground mine safety more fundamental than proper ventilation, various modern systems are being used to ensure airflow is safe for workersBY BREE FREEMANWhen it comes to underground mine workings, few things are more important than adequate ventilation. Every year enormous efforts are made to maintain and improve airflow to working areas. This is to dilute emissions below statutory limits, render the air harmless, carry away hazardous contaminants and provide necessary levels of oxygen for the miners. As a result, ventilation systems form a crucial pan of the design of any mine, the layout of which is determined by the orebody geology, legislation, available manpower, mining methods and the equipment used.Specific environmental issues such as virgin rock temperatures, spontaneous combustion and dust control further complicate theoretical ventilation systems. Moreover, whatever system is eventually planned will inevitably suffer from imperfect implementation and control because of the day-to-day complexities of the extraction operation.“V entilation in the modem mine is an essential prerequisite, perhaps even more so than in the past.Apart from the obvious biological aspect of preventing depletion of oxygen and the build-up of carbon dioxide in the air, the mine-ventilation system must be able to keep quantities of contaminants below harmful levels,”says Mike Beare, principal mining engineer for consultancy SRK.He explains: “A modern mine has many sources of harmful substances, including fumes from explosives, dust from broken rock and gases present in the rocks themselves. in addition to these, the modem approach to mining (including the use of diesel-engine trucks and loaders) results in large quantities of CO, nitrous fumes and diesel-particulate matter entering the mine airflow. While scrubbers are fitted, they do not remove all the contaminants and the ventilation system has to be designed to be able to dilute these to safe levels.”These issues demonstrate the need for expert design, observes SRK, which also signals the need for ventilation costs to be minimised in the same way as any other cost aspect As a result, various production scenarios need to be addressed at the outset.Central to all of these calculations is the simple fact that airflow is determined by temperature and pressure differences, air flows from high-pressure to low-pressure areas . In a mine, It is caused by pressure differences between the intake and exhaust openings. Airflow follows a square-law relationship between volume and pressure - in order to double the volume of air, four times the pressure must be exerted.CREATING THE PRESSUREThere are two main types of fan:●Axial: these are generally high-volume, low-pressure fans, either directlydriven by the motor shaft (with the motor inside the tube body) or remotely driven using belts (with the motor outside the tube body). These are generally adjustable for volume by setting the pitch of the adjustable blades on the rotor and, in some cases, motor speed can be tailored to adjust volume and pressure.●Centrifugal: these are generally high-pressure, low-volume fans that consist ofa multi-bladed, squirrel-cage wheel in which the leading edge of the fanblades curves toward the direction of rotation. These fans have low space requirements, low tip speeds and are relatively quiet.AUXILIARY VENTILATIONThe ventilation of dead-end workplaces is the most frequent and Important application of auxiliary ventilation. It is used for both development and exploration work, as well as for production headings with only one entrance. A major inconvenience with any method of auxiliary ventilation during development is the necessity of frequent extension. The auxiliary airstream must be delivered as dose to the face as possible so that it can sweep away any impurities that have been generated.The two main methods of ventilating the faces of dead-end workplaces are erecting line-brattice (air entering on one side of the brattice and returning In the other side) and the installation of a fan, coupled with ventilation tubing.The practice of redirecting the main ventilation system with smaller, local fans is used where a line brattice is not adequate. Tubing, often suspended from timbers or roof bolts (if approved), carries the air to, or away from, the working face (tubing is rigid for exhaust systems and collapsible for forcing systems). This auxiliary ventilation system allows continuous miners to operate without being obstructed by brattice constructions.In addition, booster fans can be located in long airways to boost the airflow volume. These fans can be free-standing and used without using bulkheads.CIRCULATION CONTROLSMine-ventilation systems present a unique challenge in that the workfaces are normally moving away from the source of fresh air.This requires continuous changes to the ventilation system. These controls are needed to distribute the air underground, so that each working section Is ventilated with an adequate supply of fresh air.The various devices work collectively to direct the movement of the air through the main Intakes to the working section and move out through the returns without short-circuiting, which occurs when air from the intake goes directly into the return.ELIMINATING DIESEL EMISSIONSAs Mr Bear commented above, reducing harmful diesel emissions is another vital aspect of improving underground working conditions. But, while diesel-engine manufacturers and machine OEMs should be acknowledged for their combined achievements. In reducing pollutants, there would always be a percentage of emissions that must be strictly monitored, diluted and vented to the surface. What isneeded is an alternative to diesel, and some people believe fuel cells could be the key.A 2003 study by the University of Nevada used data obtained from a survey sent to 173 US metal and non-metal underground mines. From a 61% return, the survey included 4,786 diesel units (totalling 478,200kW), collectively consuming about 68MI/y of diesel fuel.As of January 20, the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) enacted a regulation limiting total DPM (diesel particulate matter) emissions from diesel engines to an Interim 450Ngm of total carbon/cm' of ambient air, and suggested it would be reduced further to 160pgm in January 2008.Extensive use of diesel-powered mobile equipment has resulted in the development of mining methods such as drift and fill stoping, which, in most circumstances, require …dead-end‟auxiliary ventilation rather than 'through-flow' ventilation. Since it can be harder and more expensive to ventilate these stopes, and meet the DPM regulations, most mines will have to modify their operating practices.Mines can exploit increased ventilation to help meet the DPM criteria, but this involves considerable costs since fan power Is proportional to cubic-air quantity, and purchasing and installing fans is very expensive.So, perhaps the use of total emission-free machines in our coal mines Is closer than we think.在矿业安全的方面没有比合适的通风更重要,为了矿工的安全各种各样的先进系统被用于保证风流的通畅。

英语安全工程专业翻译

英语安全工程专业翻译

英语安全工程专业翻译 SANY标准化小组 #QS8QHH-HHGX8Q8-GNHHJ8-HHMHGN#Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environmentPetersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by otheractivities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is asmall-group process used for improving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. A comprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He statedthat corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence.Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures leadto accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying thetypical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobyl accident,this term became well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example,there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather thana trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuriesto people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus on the functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company.Different companies have different management practices,and alsodifferent ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizationalculture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented,discovered, or developed by agiven group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be consideredvalid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subsetof the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, suggeststhat a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safety management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that the various studies have shown to influenceorganization's safety culture. These include :organizationalresponsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion,level of risk at the workplace,workers' involvement in safety,and status of the safety officer and the safety committee. Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ,for unionized companies in the USA,seniority is valued very highly,while training or individual’s skills and qualifications do not effect job security,employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the national systems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA andin the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create an effective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people,and which produces work systemsthat are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in theindustry’s branch,and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy,management should show commitment to the following subjects :Health and safety are recognized as anintegral part of business performance ;A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things;Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy;The health and safety objectives are set and published at least byinternal notification ;The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ,from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ;The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ;Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training,and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’ which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following:All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort.It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses.People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800,the plan should include :appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements, competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication;procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities; methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well.In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmental management systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

英语安全工程专业翻译

英语安全工程专业翻译

英语安全工程专业翻译 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories arebased on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used for improving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. Acomprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobyl accident,this termbecame well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus on the functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices,and also different ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented,discovered, or developed by a given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, s uggests that a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safety management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that thevarious studies have shown to influence organization's safety culture. These include :organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion,level ofrisk at the workplace,workers' involvement in safety,and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ,for unionized companies in theUSA,seniority is valued very highly,while training or individual’s skills and qualificationsdo not effect job security,employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the national systems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create an effective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people,and which produces work systems that are technically effective andhave characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (ortechnical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in the industry’s branch,and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough reviewensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy,management should show commitment to the following subjects :Health and safetyare recognized as an integral part of business performance ;A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things;Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy;The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ;The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ,from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ;The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ;Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training,and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’ which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following:All injuries andoccupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses. People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800,the plan should include :appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements,competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication;procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities;methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well.In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive 89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmental management systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

安全工程专业外语翻译

安全工程专业外语翻译

Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。

《安全工程专业外语》考试复习资料 重点段落或者句子翻译

《安全工程专业外语》考试复习资料 重点段落或者句子翻译

UNIT 11 Accident causation models事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers’health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena, and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modern theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss.安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进作业人员的工作健康和安全。

在制定预防措施时,了解事故和其他有害事件的原因,以及它们如何发展是非常重要的。

事故理论的目的是刻画事故的现象,并解释导致事故发生的机制。

所有现代的理论都是基于事故的因果关系模型,改模型试图解释最终产生损失的事件序列。

In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century, it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents.在古代,事故被看作是上帝的行为,人们很少可以去防止它们。

英语安全工程专业翻译

英语安全工程专业翻译

Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environmentPetersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’soperation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used forimproving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. A comprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobyl accident,this term became well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus onthe functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices,and also different ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented,discovered, or developed by a given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, suggests that a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style andproficiency of, an organization’s health and saf ety management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that the various studies have shown to influence organization's safety culture. These include :organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion,level of risk at the workplace,workers' involvement in safety,and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ,for unionized companies in the USA,seniority is valued very highly,while training or individual’s skills andqualifications do not effect job security,employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the national systems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create aneffective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people,and which produces work systems that are technically effective and have characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (or technical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in theindustry’s branch,and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough review ensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy,management should show commitment to the following subjects :Health and safety are recognized as an integral part of business performance ;A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things;Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy;The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ;The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ,from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ;The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ;Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training,and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following:All injuries and occupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses.People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning ofthe safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800,the plan should include :appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements, competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication;procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities; methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well. In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive 89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmentalmanagement systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

安全工程专业英语

安全工程专业英语

危险控制hazard control危险分析hazard analysis直接原因direct causecorporate cause安全评审safety assessmentsocial needs生理需求physiological needsguard rail安全评价safety evaluation危险辨识hazard identification间接原因indirect cause高危行业high risk industry安全激励safety motivationoccupational disease建筑安全construction safety建筑事故construction accident系统安全工程system safety engineeringaccident investigation调查程序investigation procedure安全文化safety culture事故率accident rate自我激励self motivationaccident proneness高空作业working at high作业平台working platformemergency response plan个人需求ego needs安全氛围safety environment建筑工地construction site在狭小空间工作由于不知道在狭小空间工作的危险导致了很多工人的死亡。

经常这些被杀死的工人中不仅包括在狭小空间工作的工人,还包括这些没有装备好就试图去营救他们的人。

在这种地方工作需要技术熟练和经过培训的人以确保安全。

如果不能避免在狭小空间工作那么为了这项工作增加专家经常是安全的。

空气在狭小空间不宜吸入要么是因为有毒气体和烟气或者是缺少氧气。

没有足够的自然通风设备去保持空气适合吸入。

在某些情况下气体可能是易燃的,因此它可能也有着火或爆炸的危险。

工作空间可能是受限制的,使工人靠近接触其他危险如移动的机器,电流或蒸汽排气阀和蒸汽管子。

安全工程专业外语翻译

安全工程专业外语翻译

Unit 1Safety Management Systems安全管理体系1.Accident Causation Models1.事故致因理论The most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories are based on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment.安全管理系统最重要的目的是维护和促进工人们在工作时的健康和安全。

英语安全工程专业翻译

英语安全工程专业翻译

英语安全工程专业翻译集团标准化工作小组 #Q8QGGQT-GX8G08Q8-GNQGJ8-MHHGN#Unit1Safety Management Systems1. Accident Causation ModelsThe most important aim of safety management is to maintain and promote workers' health and safety at work. Understanding why and how accidents and other unwanted events develop is important when preventive activities are planned. Accident theories aim to clarify the accident phenomena,and to explain the mechanisms that lead to accidents. All modem theories arebased on accident causation models which try to explain the sequence of events that finally produce the loss. In ancient times, accidents were seen as an act of God and very little could be done to prevent them. In the beginning of the 20th century,it was believed that the poor physical conditions are the root causes of accidents. Safety practitioners concentrated on improving machine guarding, housekeeping and inspections. In most cases an accident is the result of two things :The human act, and the condition of the physical or social environment Petersen extended the causation theory from the individual acts and local conditions to the management system. He concluded that unsafe acts, unsafe conditions,and accidents are all symptoms of something wrong in the organizational management system. Furthermore, he stated that it is the top management who is responsible for building up such a system that can effectively control the hazards associated to the organization’s operation. The errors done by a single person can be intentional or unintentional. Rasmussen and Jensen have presented a three-level skill-rule-knowledge model for describing the origins of the different types of human errors. Nowadays,this model is one of the standard methods in the examination of human errors at work.Accident-proneness models suggest that some people are more likely to suffer anaccident than others. The first model was created in 1919,based on statistical examinations in a mumilions factory. This model dominated the safety thinking and research for almost 50 years, and it is still used in some organizations. As a result of this thinking, accident was blamed solely on employees rather than the work process or poor management practices. Since investigations to discover the underlying causal factors were felt unnecessary and/or too costly, a little attention was paid to how accidents actually happened. Employees* attitudes towards risks and risk taking have been studied, e. g. by Sulzer-Azaroff. According to her, employees often behave unsafely, even when they are fully aware of the risks involved. Many research results also show that the traditional promotion methods like campaigns, posters and safety slogans have seldom increased the use of safe work practices. When backed up by other activities such as training, these measures have been somewhat more effective. Experiences on some successful methods to change employee behavior and attitudes have been reported. One well-known method is a small-group process used for improving housekeeping in industrial workplaces. Acomprehensive model of accident causation has been presented by Reason who introduced the concept of organizational error. He stated that corporate culture is the starting-point of the accident sequence. Local conditions and human behavior are only contributing factors in the build-up of the undesired event. The latent organizational failures lead to accidents and incidents when penetrating system’s defenses and barriers. Gmoeneweg has developed Reason’s model by classifying the typical latent error types. His TRIPOD mode! calls the different errors as General Failure Types ( CFTs). The concept of organizational error is in conjunction with the fact that some organizations behave more safely than others. It is often said that these organizations have good safety culture. After the Chernobyl accident,this termbecame well-known also to the public.Loss prevention is a concept that is often used in the context of hazard control in process industry. Lees has pointed out that loss prevention differs from traditional safety approach in several ways. For example, there is more emphasis on foreseeing hazards and taking actions before accidents occur. Also, there is more emphasis on a systematic rather than a trial and error approach. This is also natural, since accidents in process industry can have catastrophic consequences. Besides the injuries to people, I he damage to plant and loss of profit are major concerns in loss prevention. The future research on the ultimate causes of accidents seems to focus on the functioning and management of the organization. The strategic management, leadership, motivation, and the personnel's visible and hidden values are some issues that are now under intensive study.2. Safety Management as an Organizational ActivitySafety management is one of the management activities of a company. Different companies have different management practices,and also different ways to control health and safety hazards. Organizational culture is a major component affecting organizational performance and behavior. One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said that organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions—invented,discovered, or developed by a given group as it leans to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration—that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems". The concept of safety culture is today under intensive study in industrialized countries. Booth & Lee have stated that an organization's safety culture is a subset of the overall organizational culture. This argument, in fact, s uggests that a company’s organizational culture also determines the maximum level of safety the company can reach. The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment to, and the style and proficiency of, an organization’s health and safety management. Furthermore, organizations with a positive safety culture are characterized by communications founded on mutual trust, by shared perceptions of the importance of safety, and by confidence in the efficacy of preventive measures. There have been many attempts to develop methods for measuring safety culture. Williamson el al. have summarized some of the factors that thevarious studies have shown to influence organization's safety culture. These include :organizational responsibility for safety, management attitudes towards safety, management activity in responding to health and safety problems, safety training and promotion,level ofrisk at the workplace,workers' involvement in safety,and status of the safety officer and the safety committee.Organizations behave differently in the different parts of the world. This causes visible differences also in safety activities, both in employee level and in the management level. Reasons for these differences are discussed in the following. The studies of Wobbe reveal that shop-floor workers in the USA are, in general, less trained and less adaptable than those in Germany or Japan. Wobbe claims that one reason for this is that, in the USA, companies providing further training for their staff can expect to lose these people to the competitors. This is not so common in Europe or in Japan. Furthermore ,for unionized companies in theUSA,seniority is valued very highly,while training or individual’s skills and qualificationsdo not effect job security,employment, and wage levels very much. Oxenburgh has studied the total costs of absence from work, and found that local culture and legislation has a strong effect on absenteeism rates. For example, the national systems for paying and receiving compensation explain the differences to some extent. Oxenburgh mentions Sweden as a high absenteeism country, and Australia as a low absenteeism country. In Sweden injuries and illnesses are paid by the state social security system, while in Australia, the employer pays all these costs, including illnesses not related to work. Comparison of accident statistics reveals that there are great national differences in accident frequencies and in the accident related absenteeism from work. Some of the differences can be explained by the different accident reporting systems. For example, in some countries only absenteeism lasting more than three working days is included in the statistics. The frequency of minor accidents varies a lot according to the possibility to arrange substitutive work to the injured worker. Placing the injured worker to another job or to training is a common practice for example in the USA and in the UK, while in the Scandinavian countries this is a rarely used procedureSome organizations are more aware of the importance of health and safety at work than others. Clear development stages can be found in the process of improving the management of safety. Waring has divided organizations to three classes according to their maturity and ability to create an effective safety management system. Waring calls the three organizational models as the mechanical model, the socio-technical model, and the human activity system approach. In the mechanical model, the structures and processes of an organization are well-defined and logical, but people as individuals, groups, and the whole organizations are not considered. The socio-technical model is an approach to work design which recognizes the interaction of technology' and people,and which produces work systems that are technically effective andhave characters that lead to high job satisfaction. A positive dimension in this model is that human factors are seen important, for example, in communication, training and emergency responses. The last model, the human activity system approach focuses on people, and points out the complexity of organizations. The strength of this approach is that both formal (ortechnical) paradigms and human aspects like motivation, learning, culture, and power relations are considered. Waring points out that although the human activity approach does not automatically guarantee success, it has proven to be beneficial to organizations in the long run.3. Safety Policy and PlanningA status review is the basis for a safety policy and the planning of safety activities. According to BS 8800 a status review should compare the company’s existing arrangements with the applicable legal requirements, organization's current safety guidelines, best practices in the industry’s branch,and the existing resources directed to safety activities. A thorough reviewensures that the safety policy and the activities are developed specifically according to the needs of the company.A safety policy is the management’s expression of the direction to be followed in the organization. According to Petersen, a safety policy should commit the management at all levels and it should indicate which tasks, responsibilities and decisions are left to lower-level management. Booth and Lee have stated that a safety policy should also include safety goals as well as quantified objectives and priorities. The standard BS 8800 suggests that in the safety policy,management should show commitment to the following subjects :Health and safetyare recognized as an integral part of business performance ;A high level of health and safety performance is a goal which is achieved by using the legal requirements as the minimum, and where the continual cost- effective improvement of performance is the way to do things;Adequate and appropriate resources are provided to implement the safety policy;The health and safety objectives are set and published at least by internal notification ;The management of health and safety is a prime responsibility of the management ,from the most senior executive to the supervisory level ;The policy is understood, implemented, and maintained at all levels in the organization ;Employees are involved and consulted in order to gain commitment to the policy and its implementation;The policy and the management system are reviewed periodically, and the compliance of the policy is audited on a regular basis;It is ensured that employees receive appropriate training,and are competent to carry out their duties and responsibilities.Some companies have developed so-called “safety principles’ which cover the key areas of the company’s safety policy. These principles are utilized as safety guidelines hat are easy to remember, and which are often placed on wall-boards and other public areas in the company. As an example, the DuPont company's safety principles are the following:All injuries andoccupational illnesses can be prevented. Management is responsible for safely. Safety is an individual’s responsibility and a condition of employment. Training is an essential element for safe workplaces. Audits must be conducted. All deficiencies must be corrected promptly.It is essential to investigate all injuries and incidents with injury potential. Off-the-job safety is an important part of the safety effort. It is good business to prevent injuries and illnesses. People are the most important element of the safety and occupational health program.The safety policy should be put into practice through careful planning of the safety activities. Planning means determination of the safety objectives and priorities, and preparation of the working program to achieve the goals. A company can have different objectives and priorities according to the nature of the typical hazards, and the current status of hazard control. However, some common elements to a safety activity planning can be found. According to BS 8800,the plan should include :appropriate and adequately resourced arrangements,competent personnel who have defined responsibilities, and effective channels of communication;procedures to set objectives, device and implement plans to meet the objectives ,and to monitor both the implementation and effectiveness of the plans;description of the hazard identification and assessment activities;methods and techniques for measuring safety performance, and in such way that absence of hazardous events is not seen as evidence that all is well.In the Member States of the European Union, the “framework” Directive 89/391 / EEC obligates the employer to prepare a safety program that defines how the effects of technology, work methods, working conditions, social relationships and work environment are controlled. According lo Walters, this directive was originally passed to harmonize the overall safety strategies within the Member States, and to establish a common approach to the management and organization of safety at work. Planning of the safety activities is often done within the framework of quality and environmental management systems.一单元安全管理体系1、事故致因模型安全管理的最重要的目的是维护和促进工人的健康和安全工作。

安全工程专业英语14单元翻译

安全工程专业英语14单元翻译

UNIT14静电火花点燃易燃液体1.2007年10月29日,下午1时左右,在爱荷华州,巴顿溶剂得梅因,化工物流配送中心发生了火灾和一系列爆炸。

初期火灾是由包装领域一个300加仑的便携式钢罐引起的,它被称为一个储箱,里面填充有乙酸乙酯易燃溶剂。

2.操作员把填充喷头中放置在储箱顶部的供油口并在喷嘴上悬挂了较重的钢铁,以将其固定到位。

打开阀开始填充过程之后,操作员走过房间去做其他的工作。

当储箱被灌时,他听到“啪”的一声,转身看到大火吞噬,而填充喷嘴倒在地板上排出乙酸乙酯。

在撤离之前,员工的企图用手持式灭火器将大火扑灭,但未能成功。

火势迅速蔓延到木结构仓库,引燃了大量的易燃和可燃液体。

3.一名员工受轻伤,一个消防队员被视为一个热相关的疾病。

大型羽状烟雾和飞升桶和杂物使得化工物流配送中心周边的商家撤离。

该中央仓库结构被破坏而且巴托FL5业务也显著中断了。

4.化学安全委员会(CSB)发布此案例研究强调需要有效的连接和接地,同时在处理易燃液体时,必须遵守防火保护措施。

乙酸乙酯易燃性:在美国国家防火协会(NFPA)30,易燃和可燃液体规范中规定的标准中说明乙酸乙酯是一种IB类易燃液体概述的标准。

此外,NFPA704,标准体系的材料应急的危害的鉴定,表明乙酸乙酯有“3”高架易燃危险等级。

根据乙酸乙酯被在事件发生时处理的条件下,CSB确定可燃蒸汽 - 空气混合物是在储箱填充开口附近形成的。

该储箱本体和填充喷嘴/软管组件中的金属组分,其中包括钢重量之间的静电放电(火花)可能引燃蒸汽 - 空气混合物。

粘接和接地:静电是在传输操作中液体流经管道,阀门,过滤器时产生的。

正确连接和接地确保静电不会积累和火花。

静电火花可以很容易地点燃了许多易燃和可燃液体的蒸气 - 空气混合物。

键合是电连接的过程中,通过布线或直接接触使电感性对象(例如,填充喷嘴钢罐)平衡它们各自的电势,以防止产生火花。

接地的导电物体(如油箱,储箱)连接到大地,从积累的静电,雷击,设备故障消散电力到地面,远离员工和设备。

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Unit 1 safety management systemAccident causation models 事故致因理论Safety management 安全管理Physical conditions 物质条件Machine guarding 机械保护装置House-keeping 工作场所管理Top management 高层管理人员Human errors 人因失误Accident-proneness models 事故倾向模型Munitions factory 军工厂Causal factors 起因Risking taking 冒险行为Corporate culture 企业文化Loss prevention 损失预防Process industry 制造工业Hazard control 危险控制Intensive study 广泛研究Organizational performance 企业绩效Mutual trust 相互信任Safety officer 安全官员Safety committee 安全委员会Shop-floor 生产区Unionized company 集团公司Seniority 资历、工龄Local culture 当地文化Absenteeism rate 缺勤率Power relations 权力关系Status review 状态审查Lower-level management 低层管理者Business performance 组织绩效Most senior executive 高级主管Supervisory level 监督层Safety principle 安全规则Wall-board 公告栏Implement plan 执行计划Hazard identification 危险辨识Safety performance 安全性能One comprehensive definition for an organizational culture has been presented by Schein who has said the organizational culture is “a pattern of basic assumptions –invented, discovered, or developed by a given group as it learns to cope with its problems of external adaptation and internal integration –that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, think, and feel in relation to those problems”译文:Schein给出了组织文化的广泛定义,他认为组织文化是由若干基本假设组成的一种模式,这些假设是由某个特定团体在处理外部适应问题与内部整合问题的过程中发明、发现或完善的。

由于以这种模式工作的有效性得到了认可,因此将它作为一种正确的方法传授给新成员,让他们以此来认识、思考和解决问题[指适应外部与整合内部的过程中的问题]。

The safety culture of an organization is the product of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies, and patterns of behavior that determine the commitment t o, and the style and proficiency of , an organization’s health and safety management.译文:组织的安全文化由以下几项内容组成:个人和群体的价值观、态度、观念、能力和行为方式。

这种行为方式决定了个人或团体对组织健康安全管理的责任,以及组织健康安全管理的形式和熟练程度。

Unit 2 System Safety EngineeringSystem safety engineering 系统安全工程By-product 附带产生的结果Engineering practice 工程实践Safety problem 安全问题Accelerating technology 快速发展的技术Safety effort 安全投入System’s life cycle 系统的生命周期System effectiveness 系统有效性Logical reasoning 逻辑推理Potential accident 潜在事故Accident cause 事故原因Logical programming 合理的规划System hazard 系统危害Safety input 安全投入Inherently safe system 本质安全系统Schedule delays 进度拖延Concept phase 初步计划阶段Safety criteria 安全标准Government regulations 政府管制System operation 系统运行System analysis 系统分析System design 系统设计Aid in 有助于Equipment specifications 设备说明Maintenance plans 维护计划Safety problems 安全问题Development phase 发展阶段Operation phase 运行阶段Performance reviews 绩效评估Disposal phase 处理阶段Intuitive process 直觉过程Make decisions 做决定Hazard control 危险控制Protective apparel 防护服Engineering solutions 工程方法/手段Protective devices 保护装置Warning devices 报警装置Incorrect interpretation 误解Hazardous material 危险物质Work area layout 工业区布局Educational solutions 教育方法/手段Training sessions 培训会议Safety promotion programs 安全促进项目Administrative solutions 行政方法/手段Personnel selection 人员选择Safety shoes 安全鞋Safety belt 安全带Safety glasses 防护眼镜Accident prevention 事故预防Technical system 技术系统Responsible official 负责人Hazard analysis is not an intuitive process. For an analysis to be meaningful, it must be logical, accurate, descriptive of the system, and based on valid assumptions. Its success largely depends on the skill and knowledge of those conducting the analysis. Anyone who has a thorough, working knowledge of both the system under consideration and the analysis technique to be used may perform a hazard analysis. In practice, the efforts of several persons with varying backgrounds are usually required to assure that meaningful and comprehensive hazard information is obtained.译文:危险分析过程不是凭直觉就能完成的。

对于一个有意义的分析,必须在有效的假设基础上对系统进行合理的、准确的描述。

它的成功主要取决于进行分析的人所具有的技能与知识。

只要对被研究的系统和用于分析的技术有全面的了解,任何人都可以进行危险分析。

在实践过程中,要想获得全面而有价值的危险信息,必须要一些具有不同知识背景的人共同努力才行。

System safety engineering is a relatively new approach to accident prevention. Its concepts and techniques have evolved from efforts to improve the safety of the complex technical systems that are common in today’s society. It is based on the ideas that accidents result from a number of interacting causes within a system, and that each cause and interaction can be logically identified, evaluated, and controlled. Through the logical application of scientific and management principles over the life cycle of a system, system safety engineering attempts to achieve an optimum degree of safety.译文:安全系统工程是一个相对较新的预防事故的方法。

它的概念和相关技术是在人们提高当今普遍存在的复杂技术系统安全性的各种努力过程中逐渐发展而来的。

它基于这样一个思想,即所有的事故都是系统内大量相互作用的原因造成的,理论上,各种原因及相互作用都能被识别、评估,并得到控制。

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