2011年中国农业大学考博微生物试题和英语

合集下载

农学博士英语试题及答案

农学博士英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. Which of the following is a common agricultural practice?A. MonocultureB. PolycultureC. Both A and BD. None of the above2. The term "photosynthesis" refers to the process by which plants:A. Convert sunlight into energyB. Break down organic compoundsC. Absorb waterD. Release oxygen3. In agriculture, the use of "fertilizers" is primarily for:A. Soil structure improvementB. Pest controlC. Enhancing plant growthD. Harvesting crops4. What is the main purpose of crop rotation?A. To increase crop yieldB. To reduce soil erosionC. To prevent pest infestationD. All of the above5. The "Green Revolution" in agriculture is associated with:A. The use of high-yielding varietiesB. The application of organic farmingC. The reduction of chemical fertilizersD. The promotion of sustainable practices6. What is the role of "pesticides" in agriculture?A. To increase crop yieldB. To protect crops from pestsC. To improve soil fertilityD. To enhance crop quality7. "Organic farming" is characterized by:A. The use of chemical fertilizersB. The avoidance of synthetic chemicalsC. The reliance on monocultureD. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)8. The term "biotechnology" in agriculture refers to:A. The use of traditional farming methodsB. The application of modern scientific techniquesC. The cultivation of wild plantsD. The breeding of livestock9. "Sustainable agriculture" aims to:A. Maximize short-term profitsB. Ensure long-term productivityC. Increase the use of machineryD. Expand the scale of farming10. "Conservation tillage" is a method that:A. Involves deep plowing of soilB. Reduces soil disturbanceC. Increases the use of waterD. Requires more fertilizers二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）1. The process by which plants absorb water and nutrients from the soil is known as __________.2. A system of farming that mimics natural ecosystems is called __________.3. The use of genetically modified seeds in agriculture can lead to __________.4. The practice of leaving land fallow for a period is known as __________.5. The main component of natural gas used as a fertilizer is __________.6. The technique of grafting involves joining two different plants to form a __________.7. The term "drought-resistant" refers to plants that can survive with __________.8. The process of converting solar energy into chemical energy in plants is __________.9. The use of manure as a fertilizer is an example of__________.10. The practice of planting different crops in the samefield at the same time is known as __________.三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）1. Explain the concept of integrated pest management (IPM) in agriculture.2. Describe the benefits of using compost in agricultural practices.3. What are the potential environmental impacts of using chemical fertilizers?4. Discuss the importance of biodiversity in agricultural ecosystems.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）1. Discuss the role of biotechnology in modern agriculture and its potential implications for food security.2. Analyze the challenges and opportunities presented by the adoption of precision farming techniques.五、翻译题（每题5分，共10分）1. Translate the following sentence into English: “土壤侵蚀是农业生产中一个严重的问题，需要采取有效措施来防止。

中国农业大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析

中国农业大学考博英语真题常考疑难句及解析1.Unless they succeed，theyield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes inlegumes that equip those plants to enterinto a symbiosis with nitrogen fixersare identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found，becomes possible.(4)除非他们能取得成功，不然的话，绿色革命的产量收益将在很大程度上损失殆尽，即使豆科植物中使这些植物有条件进入到与固氮细菌共生关系的基因可被辨识出来和分离开来的话，且即使这些基因综合体(gene complex)，一旦被发现之后，其移植得以成为可能的话。

需要各大院校历年考博英语真题及其解析请加扣扣七七二六七八五三七或二八九零零六四三五一，也可以拨打全国免费咨询电话四零零六六八六九七八享受考博辅导体验。

难句类型：复杂修饰、插入语解释：主句比较简单，而后面跟着的由and连接的两个表示让步的条件状语从句就相对复杂，第一个从句是用一个修饰主语的定语从句that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers把主谓隔开;第二个从句则运用了插入语once they are found把主谓隔开。

意群训练：Unless they succeed，the yield gains of the Green Revolution will be largely lost even if the genes in legumes that equip those plants to enter into a symbiosis with nitrogen fixers are identified and isolated，and even if the transfer of those gene complexes，once they are found，becomes possible.2.It is one of nature’s great ironies that the availabilityof nitrogen in the soil frequently sets an upper limit on plant growth even though the plants’leaves are bathed in a sea of nitrogen gas.(3+)下述情形真可谓是自然界的一个莫大讽刺：土壤中所能获得的氮肥量往往对植物的生长构成了一个上限，虽然植物的叶子被沐浴在一片氮气的海洋中。

2004-2012中国农业大学食品科学考博真题

的原理。 5、果蔬的无氧呼吸及可能在哪些情况下发生。 6、以香蕉为例， 7、国际果蔬加工业发展趋势。
1、你对我国十一五食品领域的研究有什么想法及建议？ 2、食品科学的定义是什么？食品科学包括哪些学科？这些学科
之间的关系？ 3、食品添加剂有哪些种类？它们的作用是什么？ 4、你对转基因食品食品的安全性及前景有什么看法？ 5、现代食品加工的新技术，原理及应用实例（举例三个以上）
2005 年中国农业大学博士入学考试——食品科学以番茄为例，说明呼吸跃迁型果蔬发生冷害的可能症状。在实际生产
中如何避免冷害的发生。 1、果蔬内源乙烯合成关键因子，影响内源乙烯合成的因素。 2、常见果蔬加工制品分哪几类，详细说明各以什么原理进行保藏。 3、 HACCP 的基本原理，HACCP 和 GMP、SSOP 相互关系。 4、列举果蔬加工中三种分离技术和三种非热杀菌技术，它们各自
国食品安全现状有和评价及建议。
2007 年中国农业大学博士入学考试——食品科学（回忆版）
1．食品科学的定义及主要内容？ 2．食品按来源分有哪几种？营养成分怎样及其作用？ 3．食品中的污染源有哪些？其危害及其防止措施？ 4．举一种水果，说明其果脯制作的加工工艺，以举猪肉为例，说明香肠的加工工艺。 5．食品加工技术有哪些，请说明其原理？ 6．食品加工中分离纯化技术在加工中的利用形式有哪些？超临界萃取的技术原理？ 7．什么是 HACCP ？举一例说明 HACCP 的过程。 8．什么是功能性食品，功能食品开发的阶段有哪些及其基本内容？ 9．食品科学在我国社会主义小康社会中的地位和意义？ 10．现行我国将出台的有关食品安全的法律是什么？谈谈你对食品安全的看法及意义。 11．豆腐加工原理及工艺。加工过程中如何利用现代高新技术？

中国农业大学考博生化试题

2002年一、名词解释：（20分）1.同源蛋白质(homologous protein)2. 构型(configuration)3.构象(conformation)4. 钙调蛋白(calmodulin, CAM or CaM)5.逆转座子(retrotransposon)二、以动物细胞或植物细胞为例说明细胞中的膜结构及其功能。

（12分）三、在研究位置基因的功能时往往采用推定的该基因所编码的氨基酸序列与已知功能的蛋白质的氨基酸序列比较来推断，你认为这种比较应采用什么原则？为什么？（12分）四、真核基因在原核细胞中表达的蛋白质常常失去生物活性，为什么？举例说明。

五、简述信号肽的结构特点、功能和从蛋白质产物中切除的机理。

（12分）六、分子筛、离子交换和亲和层析是三种分离、醇化蛋白质的方法，你如何根据所要分离、纯化的蛋白质的性质选择使用。

（12分）七、酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）的基本原理是什么？如何用此方法检测样品中的抗原和抗体？（12分）八、某一个蛋白，SDS凝胶电泳表明其分子量位于16900于37100标准带之间，当用巯基乙醇和碘乙酸处理该蛋白后经SDS凝胶电泳分析仍得到一条带，但分子量接近标准带13370处，请推断此蛋白质的结构？为什么第二次用前要加碘乙酸？2003年一、简要解释下列名词（每词5分，共30分）1、寡糖与多糖2、端粒酶3、酮体4、生糖氨基酸与生酮氨基酸5、终止子和终止因子6、分子伴侣（molecular chaperone）二、以下问答题任选7题回答（每题10分，共70分）：1、简述关于生物膜运输的分子机制的几种主要假设以及他们间的相互关系。

2、蛋白质磷酸化和去磷酸化的生物学意义是什么？3、请解释酶促反应的前馈和反馈（feedforward 和feedback）及其意义。

4、什么机制保证了DNA复制的准确性？5、神经和肌肉等细胞活动的直接供能者是ATP。

然而，ATP在细胞中含量很低，在哺乳动物肌肉中仅3 - 8mmol / kg。

中国农科院历年考博试题

二．问答题：
1 举例说明两种植物转基因的方法。
2 Phagmid和cosmid作为载体的特点。
3 AFLF原理及其应用。
4 双元载体的概念及构建原理。
5 Southern吸印杂交的原理及应用。
1995年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题同98年
1994年中国农科院博士入学基因工程概论试题
6．双元载体的概念及其构件原理
7． AFLP的原理及其应用.
8． PLASMID和COSMID作为载体的特点.
9．试述RFLP
10．试述转座子标签法克隆目基因
11．试述定位克隆技术
12．试述RNA编辑.
13．试述YAC
14．试述染色体步移
15．试述基因芯片
我想基因工程原理无非就是这些基本原理，2004年的论述题是获得一个克隆怎么研究功能，
6、Ti质粒 7、T-DNA 8、同功tRNA 9、反义tRNA 10、有义链 11、α互补 12、基因 13、cDNA 14、染色体步查
二．简答题
1、举两种植物基因转移的方法?简述其原理。
2、Southern印迹的基本原理，这种方法有何应用。
3、噬菌体与cos作载体有何区别？
4、AFLP的原理及其应用
简答：1. RNAi（RNA干涉）的工作机理和作用。
2. 双脱氧测序法的原理。
3. 基因芯片的种类和工作原理。
4. PCR的工作原理。
问答：1. 研究DNA与蛋白质相互作用的方法有几种。
2. 如何提高外源基因片段在原核细胞中的表达量。
3 叙述功能基因组学的内容与意义。
名词：脉冲电场电泳法

农业微生物学试题库及答案

《微生物学》试题Ⅰ本试题一共2道大题，共2页，满分100分。

考试时间120分钟。

注：1.答题前，请准确、清楚地填各项，涂改及模糊不清者、试卷作废。

2.试卷若有雷同以零分计。

一、名词解释(6×5)：1. Colony2. Virus3. Biogeochemical cycle4. Medium5. Tansduction6. Mycorhiza二、问答题(70分)1.What are the major differences between gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria？(5分)2.Distinguish between (a) phototrophs and chemotrophs, (b) Lithotrophs and organotrophs. (4分)3.Yeast can grow both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. What is the difference in energy production? (8分)4.Draw a typical bacteria growth curve. Explain each phase. (8分)In what circumstance, filtration and pasteurization methods are useful? (6分)5.To determine the viable counts of a soil sample, which method is the best? List the procedures.(10分)6.The donor bacterial cell in a transformation is probably dead. Explain why. (2分)7.What are the roles of a cloning vector, restriction enzymes, and DNA ligase in molecular cloning? (6分)8.What does the term “antagonism” means? Explain the usefulness in biological control. (4分)9.Explain the following terms in Rhizobium-legume symbiosis: infection, host specificity, effectiveness, competitiveness. How to evaluate the symbiotic effectiveness in green-house? (10分)10.List the taxonomic hierarchy of classification. (7分)《微生物学》试题Ⅱ本试题一共2道大题，共2页，满分100分。

2011年10月中科院考博英语真题

中国科学院博士研究生入学考试英语试题（2011年10月）考生须知：一、本试卷由试卷一（PAPER ONE）和试卷二（PAPER TWO）两部分组成。

试卷一为客观题，答卷使用标准化机读答题纸；试卷二为主观题，答卷使用非机读答题纸。

二、请考生一律用HB或2B铅笔填涂标准化机读大题纸，画线不得过细或过短。

修改时请用橡皮擦拭干净。

若因填涂不符合要求而导致计算机无法识别，责任由考生自负。

请保持机读答题纸清洁、无折皱。

答题纸切忌折叠。

三、全部考试时间总计180分钟，满分为100分。

时间及分值分布如下：试卷一：I 词汇15分钟10分II 完形填空15分钟15分III 阅读80分钟40分小计110分钟65分试卷二：IV 英译汉30分钟15分V 写作40分钟20分小计70分钟35分GRADUATE UNIVERSITY , CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORPH. D PROGRAMMEOctober 2011PAPER ONEPART I VOCABULARY（15 minutes，10 points，0.5 point each）Directions：Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. In swimming it is necessary to the movement of the arms and legs.A. coordinateB. harmonizeC. collaborateD. mediate2. Beijing’s private cars will be banned from the roads for one day a week during a six-month trial period.A. incidentallyB. occasionallyC. randomlyD. alternately3. Joe puts too much on pills from the drugstore and does not listen to his doctor.A. applianceB. defianceC. relianceD. compliance4. Among 169 cases, the smokers 85.79%, and the ratio between males and females is 3.7 to 1.A. answer forB. account forC. take upD. sum up5. inflation, driven by rising food and oil costs, is striking hardest at the world’s very poor, who are forced to spend 60 to 80 percent of their income on food.A. SurgingB. SproutingC. SpillingD. Spinning6. Because the workers were new and inexperienced, the manager had to watch them and their work closely.A. attendB. demandC. analyzeD. supervise7. The department store guards were nearly by the crowds of shoppers waiting forthe sale to begin.A. overflowedB. overthrownC. overturnedD. overwhelmed8. All bad things are interconnected, and any one of them is to be the cause of any other.A. subjectB. inferiorC. liableD. vulnerable9. Teachers have the authority to discipline pupils their position as a teacher.A. by way ofB. by virtue ofC. in light ofD. in spite of10. You can then eliminate all the genuinely suitable applicants without having to interview an enormous number of people in person.A. ofB. thatC. forD. but11. Debt and the destruction of war have brought major economic setbacks, damage to social services and human suffering.A. apart fromB. as good asC. except forD. rather than12. On the whole it’s a good book; and it would be unwise to those small defects.A. dwell onB. identify withC. persist inD. hack into13. The main objective reason is that some developed countries from the basic principle of anti-dumping and take the Anti-dumping Law as a tool for trade protection.A. deriveB. deviateC. refrainD. exempt14. While big corporations global business news, small companies are charging into overseas markets at a faster pace.A. overtakeB. occupyC. dominateD. reflect15. He used to his parents to help with the expenses.A. count onB. take inC. look intoD. get over16. I was embarrassed when the test paper my teacher spoke about turned out to be mine. I had forgotten to put my name on it.A. markedB. brandedC. anonymousD. fictitious17. We our voice depending on the circumstances, particularly in relationship to background noise.A. improveB. modulateC. rectifyD. temper18. I’m far from certain that this group is going to be able to what is necessary to gain complete control.A. carry outB. tear downC. break outD. close down19. I was lucky because I had turned my back on , pursuing instead common-sense reality.A. illustrationB. illusionC. imaginationD. imitation20. Excessive in sweets and canned drinks and the lack of availability of fresh fruit and vegetables in the house can teach poor eating patterns.A. aspirationB. intoleranceC. exposureD. indulgence PART II CLOZE TEST（15 minutes，15 points）Directions：For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Adolescents are taking longer to become fully productive members of society, Read Larson, professor of human development, University of Illinois, Champaign, told the World Future Society, Bethesda, Md. “What we expect of young people is 21 , ”he argued. They must go to school for 12 years or longer without any 22 that their education will mean career success or relevance when they become adults. 23 , they do so without financial rewards, accept an identity 24 by society, and delay starting a family, all of 25 keeps adolescents in a kind of indeterminate state for years.Larson says that “There should be way stations along the climb 26 adulthood that allow young people to rest, gather themselves, and consider 27 . ”The success of government, business, and private life in the next 50 years 28 it.Education, literacy, and versatile interpersonal skills 29 the list of necessary preparations for adulthood. Young people negotiating the complex worlds of home, work, and school 30 use these skills in order to do so 31 and competently. “The adolescent who is able to 32 in only one world is increasingly 33 for adult life,” he warns.As the time spent on the road to adulthood increases, so 34 the danger that more youths will by the wayside. New and increased opportunities and initiatives will keep more youngsters focused, 35 a smarter, more-versatile generation able to cope with the emerging global, high-tech world.21. A. aggressive B. original C. rigid D. extraordinary22. A. qualification B. guarantee C. probability D. recognition23. A. However B. Subsequently C. Furthermore D. Therefore24. A. denied B. defined C. questioned D. neglected25. A. these B. that C. what D. which26. A. into B. to C. on D. for27. A. temptations B. occasions C. alternatives D. inclinations28. A. depends on B. results in C. longs for D. copes with29. A. top B. cover C. hold D. rate30. A. could B. must C. ought D. shall31. A. temporarily B. smoothly C. instantly D. periodically32. A. operate B. engage C. tackle D. function33. A. ill-prepared B. ill-mannered C. ill-informed D. ill-advised34. A. did B. does C. is D. was35. A. created B. create C. creating D. to create PART III READING COMPREHENSIONSection A ( 60 minutes，30points )Directions：Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneEveryone has been trying to understand Michael Jackson’s death this summer. While medics are still picking at his slender corpse, cultural authorities argue like vultures over his reputation. Should he be remembered as a great singer, a man possibly sexually attracted to children, an emblematic black artist who tried to bleach his face white, the Fred Astaire ( a major founder of stage dance ) of the 1980s, the first to master the MTV pop video, or a troubled victim of a domineering father? His difficult journey from unhappy childhood, to weird quasi-adulthood has been told and re-told frequently and annoyingly across the world.Yet Jackson’s current crisis is an extreme version of a process that will happen to us all. For, as Jean-Paul Sartre ( French existentialist philosopher ) put it, at death we become prey to the “Other”—our identity dissipating into the sum total of what is thought about us. While we are alive, Sartre explained, we can resist this pressure: we can defy the opinionsthat other people try to project onto us. We can’t erase our pasts, but we can always overturn future expectations. It’s a struggle Sartre saw as central to our existence as moral beings: we must do more than act out the roles others have scripted for us.This is the existential condition of humanity—we are the artists of our own lives, although with the anguish that comes from being condemned to be free. Given the weight of expectations heaped on his shoulders, it’s something Michael Jackson felt more crushingly than most: a burden reflected in his lifelong modifications of his own appearance. The human body, Ludwig Wittgenstein (an Austrian-British philosopher) once declared, is the best picture we have of the human soul. And Jackson’s body in his last days legibly expressed something very revealing.Death, of course, takes everything away. The back catalogue of Jackson’s songs is now the complete catalogue. Yet, according to Sartre, death is not the final chord of a melody that suddenly resolves and makes sense of what went before. Instead, it merely begins an endless new argument over meanings from which the core—the real person—is perpetually absent. Michael Jackson is no longer with us. Instead, “Michael Jackson” is becoming the sum of what others hope to make of him.36. Paragraph 1 mainly tells that people have been trying to .A. define Jackson as a personB. speculate on Jackson’s deathC. stain Jackson’s reputationD. question Jackson as a celebrity37. According to Sartre, everybody at his death will surely .A. draw attention far and wideB. suffer immense defamationC. be the center of people’s talkD. be put under others’ judgment38. Sartre held that, as a moral being, one should NOT .A. do simply as others expectB. conceal one’s shameful pastC. always defy others’ opinionsD. retreat from various pressures39. As claimed by Wittgenstein, Jackson’s dead body revealed that he .A. had worked too hard in pleasing his fansB. had fallen victim to public opinionC. had been an extremely sentimental guyD. had experienced both joys and sorrows40. In the last paragraph, the “back catalogue” refers to Jackson’s .A. albums released at his deathB. MTV videos of his dancingC. music he had recorded beforeD. songs sung in his childhood41. It can be concluded that today what we hear about Michael Jackson may NOT be .A. invented storiesB. variable storiesC. biased storiesD. factual storiesPassage TwoMost graduate programs in American universities produce a product for which there is no market ( candidates for teaching positions that do not exist ) and develop skills for which there is diminishing demand ( research in subfields within subfields and publications in journals read by no one other than a few like-minded colleagues ), all at a rapidly rising cost.Widespread hiring freezes and layoffs have brought these problems into sharp relief now. But our graduate system has been in crisis for decades, and the seeds of this crisis go as far back as the formation of modern universities. Kant, in his 1798 work “The Conflict of the Faculties,” wrote that universities should “handle the entire content of learning by mass production, so to speak, by a division of labor, so that for every branch of the sciences there would be a public teacher or professor appointed as its trustee.”Unfortunately this mass-production university model has led to separation where there ought to be collaboration and to ever-increasing specialization. In my own department, for example, we have 10 faculty members, working in eight subfields, with little overlap. And as departments fragment, research and publication become more and more about less and less.The emphasis on narrow scholarship also encourages an educational system that has become a process of cloning. Faculty members cultivate those students whose futures they envision as identical to their own pasts, even though their tenures will stand in the way of these students having futures as full professors.The dirty secret of higher education is that without underpaid graduate students to help in laboratories and with teaching, universities couldn’t conduct research or even instruct their growing undergraduate populations. That’s one of the main reasons we still encourage people to enroll in doctoral programs. It is simply cheaper to provide graduate students with modest stipends and teaching assistants with as little as $ 5,000 a course—with no benefits—than it is to hire full-time professors.The other obstacle to change is that colleges and universities are self-regulating or, in academic terms, governed by peer review. While trustees and administrations theoretically have some oversight responsibility, in practice, departments operate independently. To complicate matters further, once a faculty member has been granted tenure, he is functionally autonomous. Many academics who cry out for the regulation of financial markets vehemently oppose it in their own departments.42. According to Paragraph 1, it seems to be NOT worthwhile to attend an American graduate program at a high cost if one wants to .A. pursue a teaching careerB. do business in the futureC. become a prolific writerD. engage in administrative work43. Kant is quoted because .A. he pointed out why crises would arise in modern universitiesB. he proposed some idea of what a modern university should doC. he used to help relieve the problems universities had sufferedD. he found how to cope with conflicts among the faculties44. The boldfaced phrase “less and less” (in Paragraph 3) refers to .A. diminishing governmental supportB. publications in decreasing numberC. theories with growing intelligibilityD. increasingly specialized knowledge45. According to the author, in today’s educational system, it’s difficult to .A. attend courses of one’s own choiceB. get a scholarship in a desired specialtyC. produce students with new horizonsD. ask teachers to stay long in their jobs46. Enrollments in doctoral programs are promoted by universities mainly because they need .A. the cheap labor of the studentsB. to show high academic standardC. to attract enough full-time professorsD. the talented hands to help with research47. The author thinks it’s bad for faculty members to be .A. free from the supervision of the trusteesB. involved in any profit-making activitiesC. subject to peer view on all academic mattersD. restricted to the work in their own departmentsPassage ThreeNext week, the European Parliament will debate stringent regulation of a number of effective pesticides. If this regulation is passed, the consequences will be devastating.In the 1960s, widespread use of the potent and safe insecticide DDT led to eradication of many insect-borne diseases in Europe and North America. But based on no scientific evidence of human health effects, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT, and its European counterparts followed suit. Subsequently, more than 1 million people died each year from malaria—but not in America or Europe. Rather, most of the victims were children and women in Africa and Asia.Today, even while acknowledging that indoor spraying of small amounts of DDT would help prevent many deaths and millions of illnesses, nongovernmental organizations continue—with great success—to pressure African governments not to allow its use. In order to stave off such pressure, African public health officials cave, and their children die needlessly. Yet, rather than learning the tragic lesson of the DDT ban, the European Union wants to extend this unscientific ban to other effective insecticides, including pyrethroids and organophosphates—further undercutting anti-malarial efforts.The currently debated regulation would engender a paradigm shift in the regulation of chemicals, from a risk-based approach—based on real world exposures from agricultural applications—to a hazard-based standard, derived from laboratory tests and having little or no basis in reality as far as human health is concerned. Of course, this is fine with anti-chemical zealots. Their concern is bringing down chemical companies in the name of “the environment”—tough luck if African children have to be sacrificed to their agenda, as was the case with DDT ( which is still banned in the EU and not under consideration in the current debate ).Most poignantly, the fight against malaria and other insect-borne tropical diseases would take another hit, with resulting illness, disability and death disproportionally affecting children under five and pregnant women.And what, after all, is the “danger” of these chemicals being debated? In fact, there is no evidence to support the contention that insecticides pose a health threat to humans. Even DDT, one of the most studied chemicals of all time, has been conclusively shown to be safe for humans at all conceivable levels of exposure sufficient to control malaria and save millions of lives.48. When the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency banned DDT in the 1960s, in Europe .A. the governments questioned the ban’s effectsB. the environmental authorities also banned itC. researchers paid more attention to the chemicalD. the general public showed support for the ban49. Some nongovernmental organizations believe that DDT .A. is somewhat good for illness preventionB. threatens the health of African childrenC. will regain popularity in EuropeD. can soon become a political issue50. According to the author, the “hazard-based standard”.A. can cause an increase in research expensesB. may lead to some environmental damageC. will be applied widely by researchersD. must be avoided in regulating chemicals51. The author believes that the real intent of those supporting the regulation is to .A. help cure insect-born tropical diseasesB. promote environmental protectionC. stop the chemical companies’ businessD. protect African children against insects52. After the debate, the European Parliament will .A. consider DDT’s positive usesB. continue to keep DDT illegalC. remove some restrictions on DDT useD. study DDT’s impact on human health53. According to the author, the fight against malaria would .A. suffer another severe setbackB. achieve another great successC. bring another round of problemsD. produce another threat to people’s healthPassage FourIn the post Cold War world few articles have influenced how Western policymakers view the world more than Samuel Huntington’s 1993 article, “The Clash of Civilizations.”Suggesting that the world was returning to a civilization dominated world where future conflicts would originate from clashes between ‘civilizations,’ the theory has been broadly criticized for oversimplification, ignoring local conflicts and for incorrectly predicting what has happened in the decade since its publication. The claim made by many that September the 11th has vindicated Huntington is simply not supported by the evidence.Huntington’s thesis outlines a future where the “great divisions among humankind and the dominating source of conflict will be cultural.”He divides the world’s cultures into seven current civilizations, Western, Latin American, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu and Slavic-Orthodox. In addition he judged Africa only as a possible civilization depending on how far one viewed the development of an African consciousness had developed. These civilizations seem to be defined primarily by religion with a number of ad hoc exceptions.Huntington predicts conflicts occurring between states from different civilizations for control of international institutions and for economic and military power. He views thismix of conflicts as normal by asserting that nation-states are a new phenomenon in a world dominated for most of its history by conflicts between civilizations. This is a dubious statement as the inter-civilizational conflict driven mainly by geo-political factors rather than cultural differences is an equally if not more persuasive way to view much of history.The theory at least differentiates between non-Western civilizations rather than grouping them together. He also explains how the West presents pro-Western idea. However, his escape from a Eurocentric bias is only temporary. He completely fails to account for local cultures even though one can argue they collectively comprise a separate civilization. The article also predicts future conflicts will be started by non-Western civilizations reacting to Western power and values ignoring the equally plausible situation where Western states use their military superiority to maintain their superior positions. The policy prescriptions he suggests to counter this perceived threat equate to increasing the power of the West to forestall any loss of the West’s pre-eminence. Thus he suggests the Latin American and Orthodox-Slavic civilizations be drawn further into the Western orbit and the maintenance of Western military superiority.54. As stated in the passage, Huntington’s article .A. advocated the interdependence of different culturesB. proposed a return of the world to its former stateC. depicted the world in the post Cold War periodD. stressed cultural aspects of international conflicts55. According to the claim mentioned, an occurrence like 9•11 was what Huntington had .A. describedB. forecastedC. criticizedD. ignored56. Huntington’s seven current civilizations excluded Africa because he deemed it as failing to .A. meet the criteria for being a civilizationB. possess a uniform culture as its ownC. reach a high level of developmentD. develop a mature cultural awareness57. Huntington clearly held that .A. the world should be viewed without a Eurocentric biasB. the West seeks to promote a common cultureC. policymakers should take local conflicts seriouslyD. non-Western cultures should quickly react to the West58. Huntington proposed some measures to be taken against a perceived threat to .A. Latin-American countriesB. non-Western civilizationsC. the West’s pre-eminenceD. the Orthodox-Slavic world59. According to the author, Huntington’s theory is quite .A. provocativeB. ambiguousC. questionableD. high-soundingPassage FiveThe multibillion-dollar international pharmaceutical industry has been accused of manipulating the results of drug trials for financial gain and withholding information that could expose patients to possible harm.The stranglehold the industry has on research is causing increasing alarm in medical circles as evidence emerges of biased results, under-reporting and selective publication driven by a market worth more than 10 billion pounds in Britain alone.The industry has sponsored the trials of new drugs which have held out great promise for patients with cancer, heart disease, mental health problems and other illnesses.But the tests on the same drugs in independent trials paid for by non-profit organizations—governments, medical institutions or charities—have yielded very different results.The drugs for abnormal heart rhythm introduced in the late 1970s were killing more Americans every year by 1990 than the Vietnam War.Yet early evidence suggesting the drugs were lethal, which might have saved thousands of lives, went unpublished.Expensive cancer drugs introduced in the past 10 years and claiming to offer majorbenefits have increasingly been questioned.Evidence published in the Journal of the American Medical Association showed that 38 per cent of independent studies of the drugs reached unfavorable conclusions about them, compared with 5 per cent of the studies paid for by the pharmaceutical industry.In the latest case, the researchers commissioned by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence to develop guidelines for the prescribing of anti-depressant drugs to children say they were refused access to the unpublished trials of the drugs held by the pharmaceutical companies.Published evidence suggested that the anti-depressant drugs were safe and effective for children.But when they obtained the unpublished evidence by contacting individual researchers who had worked on the trials and other sources, a different picture emerged—one of an increase in suicidal thoughts and attempted suicide. Only one of the drugs, Prozac, emerged as safe.Anti-depressant drugs, though not recommended for children, were widely prescribed in Britain until last year, when the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency issued a warning to doctors, prohibiting their use.This followed the safety concerns raised by campaigners and taken up in two BBC TV Panorama broadcasts which brought the biggest response in the program’s history.Writing in the Lancet medical magazine, the researchers say: “On the basis of published evidence alone, we could have considered at least tentatively recommending use of these drugs for children and young people with depression.”60. The international pharmaceutical industry has been criticized for .A. controlling the drug market for its own profitB. overlooking its yield of destructive medicineC. neglecting research on the ill-effects of drugsD. covering up the adverse results of drug trials61. The phrase“independent trials”(in Paragraph 4) in this context means “conducting the trials without .”A. any financial involvementB. any governmental fundsC. the public’s awarenessD. the authority’s guidance62. What was true about the drugs for abnormal heart rhythm?A. They killed lots of American soldiers in the Vietnam War.B. They were known to be harmful at the early stage of its use.C. They were illegally used due to their unpublished results.D. They claimed to save thousands of lives but did it in vain.63. According to the passage, the unfavorable conclusions about drugs were kept a secret from .A. the general publicB. the drug companiesC. the researchersD. the authorities64. The information unpublished about the anti-depressant drugs showed that .A. all but one drug were hazardousB. only a few were good to childrenC. many of them could curb suicideD. different drugs had varied results65. It can be inferred that, 2 years ago, to the doctors prescribing anti-depressant drugs, the published evidence about the drugs would seem to be very .A. destructiveB. misleadingC. instructiveD. encouragingSection B（20 minutes，10 points）Directions：In each of the following passage, five sentences have been removed from the original text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks（numbered 66 to 75）. For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneHistorically, the spread, prevalence, and very existence of contagious disease have wholly depended on the growth and concentration of human populations. 66 Andthough the last century has witnessed substantial worldwide success in combating many past scourges—such as polio and smallpox—infectious diseases still claim more lives than any other group of diseases. The prevailing demographic trends continue to create a crowded human “medium” that both invites and is vulnerable to infection.The share of humanity living in cities with more than 1 million people has surged from less than 5 percent in 1900 to nearly 40 percent today, creating the ideal setting for the resurgence of old infectious diseases as well as the development of new ones. 67 Overcrowding—the increased proximity of susceptible individuals—is a principal risk factor for the incidence and spread of all major infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, dengue fever, malaria, and acute respiratory illnesses, which are unable to spread and survive in low population densities. 68Aside from sheer growth and increasing density, the urbanization under way in developing nations is often accompanied by deteriorating health indicators and increased exposure to disease risk factors.Access to clean water, good hygiene, and adequate housing are sorely lacking in developing nations. As a result, waterborne infections such as cholera and other diarrheal diseases account for 90 percent of all infectious diseases in developing countries—and 40 percent of all deaths in some nations. 69In both industrial and developing nations, the incidences of a wide range of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis, diarrheal diseases, and HIV/AIDS, are considerably higher in urban slums—where poverty and compromised health define the way of life—than in the rest of the city. 70A. Key disease carriers, such as insects and rats, thrive in crowded urban settings, further facilitating spread.B. The unprecedented population densities in fourteenth-century Europe, for example, led to the plague outbreak that claimed the lives of one fourth of the population.C. Although these infections are easily preventable if adequate water and sanitation are available, the vast majority of the world’s population are lifelong victims.D. While new global markets have created unprecedented economic opportunities and growth, the health risks of our increasingly interconnected and fast-paced world continue to grow.E. Pathogens can more readily establish in large populations, since all infectious diseases。

中国农业科学院博士微生物免疫考题

中国农业科学院博士微生物免疫考题病毒学2001年微生物学与免疫学：一名词解释（3分X10个）抗原漂移持续性感染慢病毒感染流氏细胞术亚病毒朊病毒缺陷性干扰颗粒（注考题均为英文给出，先翻译后解释）二简答：1。

负链RNA病毒复制过程（5分）2。

内源性抗原和外源性抗原递呈过程（5分）3。

沙门氏菌的鉴定流程（10分）三问答1。

有些疾病一定要用基因工程疫苗来预防，试举2到3例并解释原因。

2。

PRRSV能引起免疫抑制，试设计试验证明之。

2002年中国农业大学博士研究生入学考试试题预防兽医学专业：微生物学与免疫学一．名词解释：1.Spike（线突，）2.表型混合3.RFLP4.感染性cDNA5.超抗原6.核酸疫苗7.免疫识别8.Blocking-ELISA二．问答：1．写出病毒属于哪一科：鸡CA V，IBDV，ILTV，兔病毒出血症病毒，鸭瘟病毒。

2．PRRSV的结构特点3．APC有哪些？各自有什么功能？4．从分子水平阐述抗体结构多样性？5．鉴定病毒的依据有哪些？三．论述1．构建基因工程活载体疫苗的设计方法？2．分子生物学技术在动物病毒学流行病研究中的应用。

从免疫应答的分子及细胞学角度说一说弱毒活疫苗与灭活疫苗的差异传染病试题可能与中国农大相同2003.微生物与免疫一名词1回复突变 2 Piron 3 Infectious nucleio acid 4 MAC 5 Cytokine 10 合胞体二简述题1 缺损病毒有哪些形式有何生物学意义？2 微RNA病毒科有几个属，各写出一种兽医上重要的动物病毒3 病毒的持续性感染有哪些类型？各有何特点？4 动脉炎病毒科的成员有哪些？举例说明结构蛋白的组成三问答1 简述各种分子生物学诊断技术的原理并举例说明在动物病毒病诊断中的应用2 设计检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体的阻断ELLISA（要求写明技术路线基本过程结果表示方法）2003年中国农业大学考博试题微生物试题1 名词解释：prion 感染性核酸回复突变CTL MAC 合胞体溶原化重组抗体cytokine2 简答：缺损病毒微RNA病毒属共有几个科，各种的代表病毒动脉炎病毒属蛋白特性内源性抗原胞内菌相关的细胞内免疫抗体产生的动力学3 论述阻断ELISA的原理，技术路线，操作，判定分子生物学诊断技术外源性抗原的加工过程2004年兽医微生物博士研究生入学考试试题1.革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁外膜的分子结构2.与真核生物相比较，细菌染色体的结构有哪些特点？3.以质粒作为克隆载体和表达载体各具备哪些基本特征？4.简述酵母菌子囊孢子的形成过程5.从细菌镜下形态和菌落特征鉴定细菌注意哪些形状6.以培养鸡胚成纤维原代细胞为例，简述其所需主要材料和操作过程7.简述病毒在细胞内的增殖过程8.谈谈你对朊病毒的特征有哪些了解？9.简述存在于新城疫囊膜的结构蛋白种类和功能10.简述冠状病毒形态和基因组结构的共同特点2005年兽医微生物博士研究生入学考试试题一、试述细菌脂多糖的组成及功能二、以培养鸡胚成纤维原代细胞为例，叙述细胞培养需要的主要材料、操作过程、结果观察及在操作过程中的注意事项三、谈谈你对疯牛病在病原学上有哪些了解？四、简述增强和减弱细菌毒力的几种方法五、何为细菌转化？转化发生的条件和发生的机理六、你对16SrRNA细菌分类方法有哪些了解？为什么说16SrRNA可以作为生物进化的“分子尺”八、简述炭疽杆菌形态（在病料中和培养物中）及培养特性九、将可疑新城疫病毒通过尿囊腔接种鸡胚5枚，其中1枚在24小时死亡，其余均在48-72小时死亡。

中国农业大学博士入学考试英语试题

Part I Listening Comprehension(30questions,20points)Section A(20questions,10points)Directions:In this part,you will hear short conversations between two people.After each conversation,you will hear a question about the conversation.The conversation and questions will not be repeated.After you hear a question,read the four possible answers in your testbook and choose the best answer.Then,on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and draw a line crossing the letter that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.Example:You will hear:You will read:A)2hoursB)3hoursC)4hoursD)5hours1.A)He will be in the line for a long time.B)He has had experience coming to a line and waiting for a long time.C)He will not line up and wait.D)He doesn’t mind getting up early because lines don’t bother him.2.A)She isn’t knowledgeable about where things are on campus.B)The people outside are very good to ask.C)The man should not ask the registration office.D)The registration is outside of the building.3.A)Do a better job of guessing what she is expecting.B)Go talk to the professor and find out what her expectations are.C)Keep trying to work harder.D)Complain to the dean about professor Merrington’s strict marking.4.A)He didn’t pay for it as expected.B)He bought a Horizon.C)He paid a lot for it.D)He didn’t pay that much although you might think he had..5.A)Come to the cafeteria early to get a place.B)Start cooking instead of eating out.C)Move out of the campus housing.D)Stop complaining.6.A)She is a great outdoor type.B)It is unusual for her to go mountain climbing.C)Shania prefers mountain climbing.D)Shania doesn’t really like the outdoor.7.A)Go in a couple of weeks later.B)Come as soon as he finished his case.C)Not go and work on his assignment.D)Come as soon as he is not so far behind.8.A)Who is begging the professor for money.B)What is bothering the professor.C)Why the professor is so upset.D)Who is giving the professor trouble.9.A)She doesn’t want to play here.B)He should decide where to play.C)He should call someone else.D)She would have to be there to decide.10.A)She is late for something.B)She was bored.C)She thinks they shouldn’t wait.D)She thinks more should be achieved.11.A)He is too busy to go.B)He is late for her assignment.C)He would like to go but is afraid she cannot play well.D)He will go as soon as the assignment is finished.12.A)She thinks there is no chance of it happening.B)She thinks it’s quite possible under the circumstancesC)She is ambivalent.D)She would rather just help nurses.13.A)The man’s hand will get cold.B)The man needs to wear gloves.C)The man should hold the skis himself.D)The man should wear thinner gloves.14.A)Marge’s proofreading costs a lot.B)It will take one day for Marge to get back.C)Marge could do it but it will mean more delay.D)Marge may or may not do it.15.A)He thinks the woman should practice more.B)He thinks she hasn’t practiced enough.C)He thinks the woman is now perfect at the new program.D)He thinks she practiced a lot so it’s now paying off.16.A)Look after if she is paid.B)Call Maggie to look after the dog.C)Not look after the dog.D)Look after the dog.17.A)The location of the computer.B)The new schedule.C)How to find a new home.D)The address of the website.18.A)She can go any day,but Friday is the best time.B)She can’t go any day.C)She can only go on Friday.D)She can go any day except Friday.19.A)Go to the Reeds Hotel pool.B)Arrange for a party at Reeds Hotel.C)Remind her to get things ready quickly.D)Confirm bookings at Reeds Hotel.20.A)Bill’s email is on the internet.B)Bill’s number is listed on the internet.C)Bill’s number might be on the listing on the internet.D)Bill may have moved.Section B(10questions,10points)Directions:In this section,you will hear3short passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions.Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A,B,C,and D,and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage1Questions21to23are based on the passage you’ve just heard.21.A)In ancient China.B)In ancient Egypt.C)In ancient Greece.D)In ancient Rome.22.A)In ancient Egypt only members of the royal family were allowed to useumbrellas.B)By the late16th century the English people began to use umbrellas.C)The umbrella changed much in style in the18th century.D)The umbrella was initially used as a sunshade.23.A)When and how the umbrella was invented.B)The making of the umbrella.C)The history of the use of the umbrella.D)The different uses of the umbrella.Passage2Questions24to27are based on the passage you’ve just heard.24.A)Both the players and the spectators are protected.B)The players have to catch beetles in their cars.C)The ball is extremely big.D)The players have to catch the ball while driving.25.A)Dangerous.B)Exciting but dangerous.C)Protective.D)Popular.26.A)He thinks the game will be as popular as football.B)He thinks the game will be more popular than football.C)He doesn’t think the game will be more popular than football.D)He doesn’t think the game will be popular at all.27.A)Americans are only interested in new things.B)The game is popular both in America and Europe.C)Football is no longer very popular in America.D)The game can be dangerous for both the players and the spectators.Passage3Questions28to30are based on the passage you’ve just heard.28.A)Scientists and comets.B)The origin of comets.C)Place of comets in the solar system.D)Man’s study of comets.29.A)In1760B.C.B)In1770B.C.C)In1780B.C.D)In1750B.C.30.A)The word‘comet’comes form Greek.B)People used to think that comets brought bad news as well as good news.C)Edward Halley died in1758.D)Halley’s Comet will reappear in2062.Part II.Vocabulary(25questions,25points)Section ADirections:There15incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence.Then mark the corresponding letter in theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the center.31.The first thing to do in seeking a position is to determine exactly what you want to do,not______a vagueobjective but with a definite goal.A)in any term B)in terms of C)in high terms D)in set terms32.Energy shortage,soaring inflation,rampant unemployment and threat of war have made adults Americansnervous,and that sense of pervasive worry has been______the nations’youth.A)went on to D)keep up with C)passed on to D)hold on to33.The idea of trying to cheat the income tax authorities______his principles,he had a strong sense of civicresponsibility.A)went against B)fought against C)leaned against D)over against34.If anyone can think of a better course of action,I______suggestions.A)would like to B)am delighted to C)am in open D)am open to35.With technological developments,some labor-intensive industries have______high-tech industries.A)given up B)stepped aside C)stood along D)yielded to36.You are looking bit______this morning;you must have had too much alcohol last night.A)blank B)fragile C)blue D)dizzy37.As she is______to eggs,she cannot eat one without breaking into a rash.A)partial B)accustomed C)allergic D)relevant38.She still looks weak though her fever______after she took some medicine.A)educed B)caught C)got off D)came down39.Relations between the two countries began to______in1965.A)deteriorate B)cease C)accelerate D)stimulate40.Economic activity has been organized on the______of cheap and abundant oil from the beginning of the20thcentury until early the21st century.A)gist B)notion C)rationale D)premise41.Owing to a/an______lack of lower-income housing,the municipal government is embarrassed by theimpressing housing issue.A)acute B)stressful C)demanding D)urgent42.The idea that machines could be made to fly seemed______two hundred years ago.A)original B)eccentric C)terrific D)splendid43.The policy______it necessary for the town’s safety to arrest most speeders.A)narrated B)elaborated C)deemed D)commended44.If you do something on_____,you do it because you suddenly want to,although you haven’t planned to.A)impulse B)pulse C)impromptu D)imminence45.If______numbers provide any proof,America’s universities and colleges are the envy of the world,for theUnited States’3,500institutions were flooded with407,530students from193different countries last year.A)definite B)strong C)fundamental D)sheerSection BDirections:Choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the sentence if it is substituted for the underlined word or phrase.46.Shortage of land and funding are blamed for the city’s inadequate green space.A)complained about B)are liable for C)accused of D)are damned as47.The hostess didn’t know what to do,as she hadn’t got enough food to go round so many people.A)give service to B)cater for C)be enough for D)sate oneself with48.The government stressed that high production rate should not be achieved at the expense of work quality.A)at any expense B)at the cost of C)at any cost D)to the extension of49.The idea that we cannot leave everything to free market forces seems to gain groundA)be acknowledged B)be accepted C)stand still D)get the ground of50.It is reported that the country’s national debt amounts in aggregate to four thousand million dollars.A)as a whole B)on the whole C)total to D)sum up51.At its last meeting,the Council endorsed changes intended to modernize the building.A)modified B)approved C)signed D)donated52.The United States committed a breach of international practice.A)violation B)concession C)offence D)compromise53.From the start,the plan was doomed to failure,so all his effort was in vain.A)expected B)supposed C)condemned D)promised54.In feudal society where there existed a rigid hierarchy of power,the poor had no chance of advancementexcept that they could pass many different levels of examinations.A)criteria B)layer C)degree D)rank55.You shouldn’t have criticized her so harshly.You have hurt her ego.A)self esteem B)self image C)image D)esteem.Part III.Reading Comprehension(20questions,40points)Directions:Read the following passages and answer the multiple-choice questions after each passage. Passage1Too Many Science Ph.D.’s?Something is wrong when a lot of young scientists,after achieving Ph.D.'s.are feeling like losers.Its a given that the job market for science positions in academe is bleak.A doctorate is supposed to be a ticket to a dream job,but many Ph.D.'s aren't even landing their third or fourth choices.But with reliable statistics hard to come by,the scientific community is at odds over whether it is producing too many Ph.D.'s.Some scientists believe that doctoral programs should be practicing"birth control,"cutting back the number of graduate students they admit.Most.,however,say the answer lies in changing doctoral education which they say has been too focused on producing university scientists."It's really destructive to the profession to have the sense that Ph.D.'s aren't valued,"says Ronald Breslow,a chemist at Columbia University and president of the American Chemical Society.Young scientists in the post-Cold War era are facing two major difficulties:many have had to work in postdoctoral or temporary research positions for four years orlonger,because they can't find jobs.Others,like Kathryn S.Jones,have found jobs but can't find financing for their research.Ms.Jones,a retrovirologist,got a non-tenure-track position as a research assistant professor at the University of Maryland at Baltimore,but is about to lose the job because she hasn't landed a major grant."I have a Ph.D.,"says Ms.Jones,who earned it at the Albert Einstein College of''Medicine,"I've given my data at international meetings.But because of the small percentage of success in this field,I walk around feeling like a failure."By the end of this month,the start-up money that Ms.Jones received three years ago,when she was hired by the university and the Veterans Administration medical Center on the campus,will be gone.She can keep her laboratory and her titles for up to a year,and could be back in business if she gets a grant.But she’s not hopeful. In fact,she’s thinking about getting certified to teach high-school biology.“I have to wonder if I want to be the last rat leaving a sinking ship,”she says.A report published last spring,called“Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,”has sparked a national debate about doctoral education.Written by scholars and policy makers,it was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences,the National Academy of Engineering,and the Institute of Medicine.According to the report,the proportion of science and engineering Ph.D.'s employed by academe fell to43per cent in1991.the most recent year for which statistics were available,from5I per cent in1977.The1993 unemployment rate was only2per cent for recent Ph.D.recipients and1.6per cent for all scientists and engineers, it said.Those figures seem low,but they include Ph.D.'s in temporary or post-doctoral positions."There is an oversupply of recent graduates for research positions in academic laboratories and federal and industrial labs,"says Phillip A.Griffiths,director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton,N.J.,and chairman of the panel that wrote the report."Beyond that,it becomes quite a bit more murky.There certainly is an oversupply of unmet expectations."Since the job market varies by field,the report said it would be unwise to set across-the-board limits on graduate enrollment.Instead,it suggested broadening Ph.D.programs for students who aren't planning standard academic careers.Scientific societies provide a more up-to-date picture of the job-market,and it is grim.In December,the Joint Policy Board for Mathematics announced an unemployment rate of14.7per cent for the1,226Ph.D.'s awarded in the field in1994——1995——the highest rate ever reported.An additional4.2percent of the Ph.D.'s were in part-time jobs,and of those employed in academe,61per cent were not in positions eligible for tenure.Anne C.Petersen,deputy director of the National Science Foundation,acknowledges that the N.S.F.was late in recognizing the job-market woes.“The anxiety some young people have is really obvious,”she says. Foundation officials are uncertain what exactly is happening,she says,because of gaps in the data collected on Ph.D's.But the N.S.F.is committed to improving its data collection,so that better information on where Ph.D.send up is available.In the next few years,she says,the foundation will also direct money to new models of doctoral education,other than the standard one presuming that a Ph.D.will become a professor."The Ph.D.should be construed in our society more like the law degree,"she says."A lot of people go to law school with no plans to practice law."But Mark S Wrighton,president of Washington University in St.Louis and a noted chemist,believes that the Ph.D.experience should continue to be"research-intensive."He says more federal money should be put directly into the hands of graduate students,allowing them to work on their own research ideas——and to make themselves more remarkable—and less given to the research projects of professors who hire graduate students as research assistants.56.After achieving Ph.D's,a lot of young scientists are feeling like losers,because_______.A)they have no faith in the academeB)they can only choose from three or four positionsC)it is very difficult for them to find a desirable jobD)it is impossible for them to carry out scientific work57.As we all know,the job market for science position in academe is_______.A)tight B)challenging C)small D)exclusive58.Which of the following is true according to the article?A)A)Some scientists believe that there are too many doctoral programs.B)B)Reliable statistics suggest that there are not enough Ph.D's for science positions.C)C)Most scientists argue that doctoral education should produce more competent Ph.D's.D)D)Scholars hope that the job market will be open to more Ph.D's.59.What can we learn from the experience of Ms.Jones?A)The start-up money can last three years.B)Every Ph.D has financial problems.C)Postdoctoral position is a good choice.D)Grant,jobs,and title are interrelated.60.In order to reshape the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers,which of thefollowing suggestions is mentioned?A)To set limits on graduate enrollment in all fields.B)To direct money to new models of doctoral education.C)To broaden Ph.D programs for students who are to be professors.D)To hire graduate students as research assistants.Passage TwoOur Love-Hate Affair with TechnologyThe entertainment we enjoy is a measure of who we are.Two recent movies——last summers Star Wars and November's Close Encounters of the Third Kind—suggest that Americans are both fascinated with and horrified by the technological world we have shaped.Neither movie pretends to great seriousness.Star Wars is a light confection about another galaxy and era and a young man named Luke Skywalker who,thanks to an improbable series of coincidences,is drawn into a death battle against the galaxy's wicked emperor.En route to victory,he encounters a fair princess and wins her heart,if not her hand.(This is the age of liberation.)Close Encounters of the Third Kind concerns Roy Neary,an ordinary American who has an encounter with a UFO and becomes obsessed with his search for an explanation.His mission is impeded by those who do not believe in the existence of UFOs;by those who would prefer to wish the perplexing UFOs out of existence;and by those in power who,to prevent panic,deny the existence of UFOs.Luke Skywalker and every adventurer-hero since Odysseus,Neary finds an available pretty girl to accompany him on his lonely mission.In the last frame, though,he achieves a goal more lofty than marriage——he strides into a UFO and,the ultimate American pioneer,flies away with the strange Visitors to destinations unknown.From the popularity of Star Wars,the likely success of Close Encounters,and the increasing respectability ofthe whole genre of science fiction,it is clear that our age,more than its predecessors,needs whatever consolation or reassurance science fiction affords.If all art is to some extent escapist,one might ask what it is that we are escaping from.An answer,I think,is hidden in the films'imagery.In StarWars,Luke Skywalker ekes out a living as a "moisture farmer"(whatever that may be)in a bleak desert on the remote planet of Tatooine.Apparently,the reason he lives in such an unfruitful place rather than in galactic Palm Springs is that there is no galactic Palm Springs:Evil technology has reduced the universe to wind and sand.If the technocrats(技术专家治国论者)were not so vicious and self-serving,the land would be more fruitful.Luke's mission is to replace the Bad technocrats with the Good,which he does.In a closing ceremony disturbingly reminiscent of Nuremberg Nazi rallies,Luke is rewarded with a medal(and a wink)by the princess,who represents the new,benevolent ruling class.Similarly,in Close Encounters,the world in which Roy Neary lives is corrupted by bad technology.Director Stephen Spielberg focuses his camera critically on all the mechanical paraphernalia(器材)——toy trains,hair dryers,TV's——with which we surround ourselves.The way the Visitors from the other planet make their presence known is by wreaking havoc on technology;turning on toys,s,in the dead of night;turning off the telephones and the electricity;and bewildering the air traffic scanners.The vision that obsesses Roy Neary, though,is not one of a Thoreauvian cabin in the woods,where evil technology may never trespass,but rather one of a technologically perfect world,where all the circuits enhance man's happiness.Like Neary and Skywalke,Americans are perplexed by the failure of technology to supply us with a meaningful life or a decent environment to live in.For every wonderful achievement,technology seems to deal us an equivalent kick in the shins.Travel has become more efficient and less civilized.Television has helped to raise a generation of unprecedentedly educated six-year-olds and increasingly illiterate high school seniors.We can enjoy completely enclosed and comfortable environments hundreds of feet above the sidewalk until,as witness the NewYork City blackout last summer,someone pulls the plug and the environments become inaccessible and uninhabitable.Only the most naive believe we can escape our increasingly technological environment. Recognizing that the technologizing trend is irreversible,we fantasize,with Skywalker and Neary,about a world where all the machines work with us,rather than against us,where the computer does not obstinately mis-bill,and where jets disgorge(卸下)our luggage intact at correct destinations.Regrettably,as both these films imply,the"perfect"technocracy is one over which ordinary mortals can exercise no influence.The enormity and complexity of the system preclude nonexpert involvement.Our only options in such a world would be to replace the bad technocrats,as Skywalker does,evade them,as Neary does, or trust that in their loving-kindness they will make the machines produce what we desire.Our democratic methods of trying to control our exploding technology may be less than"perfect,"but they do leave man some room in which to manage his destiny.61.What is Roy Neary's mission?A)To find a pretty girl.B)To look for an explanation about UFOs.C)To fly away to destinations unknown.D)To be a member of the world of UFOs.62.What can we learn from the increasing popularity of the whole genre of science fiction according to theauthor?A)Bad technology has caused serious problems.B)Science fiction is an art of escapism.C)We need more reassurance than our ancestors.D)Science fiction offers us more entertainment than any other art63.We can infer from the passage that the author thinks that__________.A)humans are more vicious and self-serving than any other creatureB)there does not exist a Palm Springs in the universeC)farmers can only eke out a livingD)our world has been seriously damaged by evil technology64.According to the author;every technological achievementA)has changed our living styleB)has made the environment more inhabitableC)has brought us more harm than benefitD)has enhanced people’s happiness65.What is the attitude of the author toward technology?A)Supportive.B)Negative.C)Tolerant.E)Cautious.Passage ThreeComputers BugYear2,000Bug Unstoppable for Some ComputersWith500days left until the year2,000,experts said last week,that it may already be too late for many companies to defuse the millennium computer time bomb.According to the Gartner Group,a US high-technology consultant agency,nearly a quarter of all worldwide companies have not yet started work on plans to solve the year2,000problems.This means most of these organizations will effectively be unable to fix their system in time.The Gartner group,which said last year that the millennium bomb rehabilitation would cost between US$300 billion and US$600billion worldwide,also said in the repot published this month that only50percent of companies that had projects to eliminate the bug planned to test their corrected systems.Dangerous PolicyExperts said this was a dangerous policy,because correcting computer programmes often introduced new flaws. Testing was essential.The millennium computer bomb is a legacy from shortcuts by software writers,who in the name of economy expressed years with just the final two digits rather than four.When clocks tick past midnight on December31,1999,many unrectified computers and chips will interpret the double zero as1900.This will turn many computer programmes to mush.Unchecked,many public utilities,assembly lines,bank teller machines,traffic lights and lifts may shut down.Some experts say the problem has been grossly exaggerated by software companies seeking to scare customers into buying the latest,bug-free products.But Graham Titterington,consultant at London consultancy Ovum,does not share this optimistic view.“The situation is pretty critical.Most companies are doing something,but are they doing enough?”he said in an interview.Titterington also said that for the vast majority of business there was no extemal check on the effectiveness of their remedial work.Running out of TimeMitul Mehta,senior European research manager at Frost&Sullivan in London,said time was running out for many companies.Companies now could only pinpoint vital computer systems for fixing.Less crucial systems would just have to run the risk of crashing and be fixed later,Mehta said.“Some crucial areas apart from computers are not getting enough attention.I don’t think networking companies have their act together–meaning manufacturers of routers,switches and network equipment like Bay(network company)and Cisco(Systems company),these kinds of companies,”Mehta said.He said:“Anybody looking at their system now is probably too late anyway.”Critical SituationIn his report,Gartner Group millennium research director,Lou Marcoccio,said that of the15,000companies and government agencies surveyed,23percent had not started millennium bomb projects.Of these,86percent were small companies which would not have a chance to correct their systems unless they began immediately. The Gartmer report said most Western European companies and the United States had made good progress. Germany was a notable laggard.“:Eastern Europe,Russia,India,pakistan,Southeast Asia,Japan,most of South America,most of middle east and Central Africa all lag the United States by more than21months.“Most of Western Europe is six months behind the United States,except for Germany which is21months behind,and France,which is eight to10months behind.“The US government had the lead on all other national governments by an even wider margin than the companies in those countries.Most government agencies are significantly behind the United States.”The reportsaid.66.Which of the following statements is correct according to the passage?A)Most worldwide companies will be too late to solve the year2,000programme problems.B)Only a quarter of these companies have started to solve the year2,000programmeproblems.C)Only50%of companies worldwide planned to test their corrected systems.D)To solve the year2,000programme problems,between US$300billion to$600billion had to be spent.67.The millennium computer bomb problem resulted from the fact that_______.A)computer companies were trying to scare customers into buying new productsB)too many programmes had not been tested before they were put to useC)the software writers expressed years with two digits rather than four digitsD)many uncorrected computers interpreted1,900as2,000,or vice versa68.Lou Maroecio reported that_________.A)15,000computer companies and govemment agencies had not started millennium bomb projects.B)86percent computers would not have a chance to be rectifiedC)Germany was slow in solving the millennium problemD)Most countries have soled the millennium problem69.Which of the following countries is the slowest in correcting its computer systems?A)Japan.B)France.C)German.D)England.70.After reading the passage,one may safely conclude that_______.A)if we start working now,the year2,000bug problem can still be solvedB)it is already too late for many companies to do the correction workC)it is a dangerous policy to correct computer programmes because new flaws may be introducedD)the year2000bug problem has been exaggeratedPassage FourDemographic TransitionWhile economic change has grabbed the headlines,the change in the structure of Asia’s populations has been at least as profound.According to a recent article by Jeffrey Williamson,an economist at Harvard,and Matthew Higgins,of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York,this demographic miracle may almost entirely account for the economic one.Work by Andrew Mason of the University of Hawaii and Ronald Lee and Timothy Miller,both of the University of California at Berkeley,buttresses this view.Both groups of economists argue that the knock-on effect of the demographic changes will,if managed correctly,spur growth throughout Asia until well into the next century.As countries become rich,they tend to go through a“demographic transition”in which fast-improving medical conditions and high birth rates combine to cause rapid population growth.This was the situation in most of Asia 30years ago.Eventually,however,birth rates fall significantly,and population growth slows.This causes a shift in the age profile of the population from that of a lumpy pyramid_lots of infants and children and relatively few grandparents_to a kind of Chinese lantern,with relatively few people in the youngest and oldest groups and a big bulge in the middle.For economies,this bulge is good news.It means that a large share of the population is of working age,and the“dependency ratio”is relatively low.In the West,the demographic transition took more than a century.But in South-East Asia it happened in the space of a single generation.For instance,in1965,Thai women had an average of more than six children;now they have fewer than three.Much the same thing happened first in Japan,then in Singapore,Taiwan,South Korea and Indonesia.At the same time,these countries have had the highest rates of economic growth in the world. This may not be a coincidence.In earlier work,Mr.Williamson estimated that changes in the age structure of the populations alone could account for1.5%of growth in GDP per person per year.But it is not simply high growth rates that have typified the region.It has also enjoyed exceptionally high rates of saving and investment. And it is these,both groups of authors argue,which have been surprisingly affected by demography.Before the early1970s,when the youth-dependency burden was at its peak,South-East Asia’s saving rates were much lower.。

中国农业科学院分子生物考博试题

2014年中国农业科学院分子生物学考博试题一、名词解释（20分）：1、Immunity of phage2、PrP SC3、3’-UTR4、VNTR5、Allele6、restriction map7、blue-white screening8、wobble hypothesis9、The stringent factor RelA10、siRNA二、简答题（30分）：1、如何添加Poly（A），Poly（A）的功能及其应用？2、DNA指纹分析技术3、抗生素如何在蛋白质合成的特殊阶段抑制其合成？4、举例说明限制位点多态性的遗传规律符合孟德尔定律。

三、论述题（50分）：1、绘制λ噬菌体的线状图谱，试陈述溶源状态、裂解状态的形成原因。

2、蛋白质组学研究中所用的方法及原理。

3、何种因素负责T-DNA进入、浸染植物？4、决定人类血型的分子机制？5、反义RNA的作用机理及其生物学意义。

2012年中国农业科学院分子生物学考博试题一、名词解释RFLP SSR EST STS CAP FISH AFLP SNP genome mRNA in situ hybrization二、简答题1.克隆了一个新基因，设计实验证明该基因内含4个intron。

2.列出真核基因5’-上游激活基因转录的元件并详细介绍。

3.比较原核和真核热休克基因转录起始机制。

4.SD序列和Kozak序列分别予以介绍。

三、论述题1.翻译延伸中有两个反式因子EF.TU和EF.TS参与，需ATP水解提供能量，简述GTP?GDP循环机制。

2.试述核型intron拼接中spliceosome的形成及拼接简单机制。

3.简述转录因子Leucine Zipper Protein的结构和功能。

4. 激素的作用机制及其调控。

5. PCR的原理和方法。

一、名词解释：protome Allele 摇摆假说反义链 3'- 5'- microRNA T-DNA sextama二、简答题：1.肽酰tRNA比氨酰tRNA更稳定，分析原因2.cDNA文库的构建过程3.关于美国天体科学家发现细菌，能把As作为代谢物质，代替了一种生命元素，问代替了哪种生命元素，为什么能代替之。

考研资料中国农业大学2011年生物化学考研真题

考研资料中国农业大学2011年生物化学考研真题
一、填空(30分)
1 丙酮酸脱氢酶包括()种酶和()种辅酶。

柠檬酸和ATP抑制()酶活性。

重度饥饿是，()给脑组织供能，()%.
2 18C()次β氧化和产生()个ATP.由于缺少()酶甘油不能转变为3-磷酸甘油，由()转变为3-磷酸甘油。

3 x-射线衍射鉴定蛋白质，质谱鉴定蛋白质
4 胶原蛋白结构
5 真核生物DNA聚合酶δ的作用
6 识别原核生物DNA复制起始的蛋白是()
二、选择(30分)
1-3 肌红蛋白和血红蛋白
4-5 蛋白质(或酶)变性、抑制
6 mRNA的结构
7 tRNA和5SrRNA是()合成的
8 RNA聚合酶(δ因子)
9 琼脂糖凝胶
三、简答题(90分)
1 脱氧核糖核苷酸的生物合成
2 乳糖操纵子的正负调控
3 酶活性中心的特点，测定酶活性中心的两种方法
4 原核生物大肠杆菌的蛋白质生物合成的因子的功能
5 原核生物DNA复制的过程
6 Km和Kcat代表什么的，在酶活性测定中的应用
7 FoF1-ATP合酶的结构特点，结合最新研究成果说明其催化机制
8 动物肝脏在进餐、二餐间、轻度饥饿时代谢特点。

近3年来中国农大考博免疫试题

近3年考题如下：微生物与免疫:一名词解释（3分X10个）抗原漂移持续性感染慢病毒感染流氏细胞术亚病毒朊病毒缺陷性干扰颗粒（注考题均为英文给出，先翻译后解释）二简答：1。

负链RNA病毒复制过程（5分）2。

内源性抗原和外源性抗原递呈过程（5分）3。

沙门氏菌的鉴定流程（10分）三问答1。

有些疾病一定要用基因工程疫苗来预防，试举2到3例并解释原因。

2。

PRRSV 能引起免疫抑制，试设计试验证明之。

2001年兽医传染病（20分X5个）1．针对疯牛病我国应采取的国策2。

以新城疫和喘气病为例介绍对这两类疾病的不同对策。

3.我国兽医防疫水平不高，表现在哪些方面4.从兽医防疫角度，谈谈引种应注意的几个问题。

5。

谈谈规模化养殖场免疫程序的制定及其评价标准。

2000年兽医传染病（未注明的全为简答）免疫失败的原因。

病毒分类的依据。

请设计一种基因工程疫苗的设计思路。

（20分）什么叫自然疫源性疾病，试举几种。

朊病毒产生的疾病有哪几种？常用的几种分子生物学试验技术，说明其原理。

（20分）我国扑灭的传染病有哪些。

我国动物防疫法从哪一天开始实施。

2003年博士生入学考试微生物与免疫：一名词解释（20分，每题2分）1．回复突变2．Prion 3．Infectious nucleio acid 4．MAC 5．Cytokine 6．重构型抗体7．CTL 8．溶原化9．内源性抗原10．合胞体二、简述题（30分）1.缺损病毒有哪些形式？有何生物学意文？（4分）2．微RNA病毒科有几个属，各写出一种兽医上重要的动物病毒。

（3分）3．病毒的持续性感染有哪些类型？各有何特点？（4分）4．动脉炎病毒科的成员有哪些？举例说明其结构蛋白的组成（6分）5．简述参与抗胞内菌感染的特异性细胞免疫的因素及其功能。

（6分）6．抗体产生的初次应答和再次应答各有何特点？在免疫防制工作中有何实际指导意义？（7分）三、问答题（50分）1．简述各种分子生物学诊断技术的原理并举例说明在动物病毒病诊断中的应用（15分）2．设计检测猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗体的阻断ELISA（Blocking ELISA）方法。

中国农业大学考博经验谈

中国农业大学考博经验谈作者: baiyun70(站内联系TA)收录: 2012-02-20 发布: 2012-02-13考博已经过去快一年，想过去看今朝说一些感受吧。

我考的是中国农业大学，农学与生物技术学院的博士，考试时间是2011年3月19日、20日共3门（英语、分子遗传学、植物基因工程原理）。

1、考博难么当时实验室有5个人要考博，博考院校分别为：协和、中科院遗传所、中科院环境所、农科院作物所、中农农学院。

考协和那个，考前没有和导师联系好，成绩下来后发现自己成绩还不错，才去联系的导师，结果导师说他专业跨度太大于是只有他没有考上。

中农去年报考农学院的1300多人，录取120多人，另外好多名额都是直博生的。

2、考博英语2010年的英语比较难，阅读理解篇幅很大，听说最多一篇有满满一页。

一个平时英语不错的师兄那次才考了43分，不过线是40分。

2011年的英语较简单，阅读理解一共5篇，篇幅都较短，问题也较易；翻译包括英翻中和中翻英各一篇，英翻中那篇比较简单，中翻英的因为平时练的少，所以翻的比较差其实也比较简单。

写作是一个人说的一句话，印象中好像是关于网络对校园影响，让你阐述下你是怎么理解这句话的，总之背模板是不好使得靠自己的真功夫。

鉴于10年英语较难，所以我复习时候的力度也比较大，首先找了本外语专业的阅读习题集，里面的文章篇幅基本都在1500字左右。

单词么，主要背了GRE词汇，其实GRE词汇量太大了，主要把核心词汇掌握了就行了。

3、专业课专业课的参考书主要看了：基因VIII，基因工程原理（吴乃虎），遗传工程概论（谢友菊，王国英），分子遗传学（路铁刚）其中重点看的是遗传工程概论（谢友菊，王国英），分子遗传学（路铁刚），程度麽——基本背会吧。

另外还有两个复习资料，一个中国农科院，研究生楼下卖盗版书的出售的一本农科院历年考题集（包括了前几年的英语及专业课考题，题都比较旧但参考价值还是很高的）。

另外一个是考研时候用的一本分子遗传学的习题集，参考价值据2010年考博的一位师兄说很高（据说有60%-80%的原题或类似题），于是我把它背会了；但个人认为对于11年的考题来说参考价值没有他说的那么高了（估计也就15%-30%吧），这也主要是农大的考题已经破陈出新，很多题与最新的研究进展及研究动向联系密切。

《微生物生物学》试题博士

2002年10月1.土壤微生物在自然界物质循环中的作用。

2.简述构建微生物基因工程菌的科学思路与实践路线。

3.简述土壤微生物与植物之间的关系类型及特点。

4.以E. coli为例简述细菌基因重组的方式、类型及特点。

5.以λ噬菌体为例，简述其溶源、溶菌作用的机理及过程。

6.简述从土壤中分离微生物获得纯培养的方法。

7.简述诱变法筛选抗生素产生菌的思路、方法。

8.简述微生物之间的相互关系（举例）9.极端环境微生物的特点。

10.古细菌的特点。

11.芽孢杆菌的应用。

12.微生物基因测序的研究进展。

（年年必考）2003年试题：2002年的3、4、5、7、8、10、12及1、Southern blot、Northern blot、Western blot原理及应用。

2、简述微生物生长速率关系（N、G、t关系）。

2004年上半年博士生《微生物学》考试1．古细菌、真细菌、真核生物的主要区别2．真菌有性无性繁殖类型及特点3．M吸收营养物质类型及特点4．微生物测序及其意义5．已知某微生物产生某酶，需要得到大量该酶，如何操作，谈谈技术路线6．发酵工业危害噬菌体，如何检验、预防、治理7．溶源、溶菌机理与过程8．细菌基因重组的类型及特点9．土壤M与植物之间的关系10．代时计算（注：延滞期时间不需要计入）2006年博士生资格考试1、噬菌体表面展示原理及应用?2、酵母双杂交的原理及应用?3、微生物一个新基因的功能，如何仔细深入研究该蛋白功能？4、噬菌体溶原裂解机制？5、呼吸类型6、耐苯酚或重金属Cd微生物的筛选策略？7、工业发酵中，噬菌体污染原因、检测及防治？8、土壤微生物与植物关系？9、酶在大肠杆菌中高效表达？10、DNA损伤修复机制以及与突变的关系？11、体液免疫和细胞免疫的不同应答机制？述农业微生物在农业可持续发展中的作用：从以下几方面来答：（1）生物固氮：根瘤菌、弗兰克氏放线菌、蓝细菌（2）微生物农药：一、病毒杀虫剂自1993年12月15日第一个病毒杀虫剂产品10亿/克棉铃虫核型多角体病毒可湿性粉剂登记以来(登记证号LS93619)，已先后有10多种病毒杀虫剂登记入市，其中核型多角体病毒8种，质核型多角体病毒1种，颗粒体病毒2种。

微生物考博试题及答案

微生物考博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 微生物学是研究下列哪类生物的科学？A. 植物B. 动物C. 微生物D. 病毒答案：C2. 以下哪种微生物是原核生物？A. 酵母菌B. 霉菌C. 细菌D. 原生动物答案：C3. 微生物的分类依据不包括以下哪项？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：D4. 微生物的培养基中通常不包含以下哪种成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：D5. 以下哪种微生物是厌氧性微生物？A. 大肠杆菌B. 酵母菌C. 乳酸菌D. 金黄色葡萄球菌答案：C6. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪种是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C7. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于哪个部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A8. 以下哪种微生物是病毒？A. 噬菌体B. 酵母菌C. 霉菌D. 细菌答案：A9. 微生物的分类中，以下哪种分类单位最大？A. 种B. 属C. 科D. 门答案：D10. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪种条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 微生物的分类依据包括以下哪些？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：A, B, C12. 微生物的培养基中通常包含以下哪些成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：A, B, C13. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪些是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C, D14. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于以下哪些部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A, D15. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪些条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：B, C16. 微生物是指那些肉眼不可见的微小生物，包括______、______、______和病毒等。

中科院博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年

中科院博士研究生入学考试英语真题2011年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、PART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each) (总题数：20，分数：10.00)1.My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.（分数：0.50）A.promotedB.activatedC.oriented √D.functioned解析：本题考查过去分词的含义。

A晋升的，促销的；B激活的；C以……为导向的；D有……功能的，运行的。

句子的意思是：我父亲是位核工程工程师，一心扑在学术上，获得了多个名校的多个学位。

2.Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.（分数：0.50）A.appreciation √B.recognitionC.gratitudeD.tolerance解析：本题考查名词含义。

A欣赏，感激；B识别，承认；C感激，感谢；D容忍。

句子的意思是：公众对于低成本、高质量电影的欣赏促进了独立电影事业的繁荣发展。

3.Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.（分数：0.50）A.contributedB.devoted √C.reveredD.scared解析：本题考查形容词组含义。

中国农大生物化学考博真题

2011年中国农大生物化学考博真题
一、简答题
1、简述逆转录的原理及其生物学意义。

2、蛋白质泛素化过程及其意义。

3、酵母双杂交技术的原理及其应用。

4、真核生物氧化过程中两条电子链传递过程。

5、写出两种测量蛋白质分子量的方法和原理。

6、染色质免疫沉淀技术及其应用。

二、论述题
1、根据DNA编码链，计算所需的氨基酸数目。

DNA载体设
计的注意事项。

2、计算油酸完全氧化成二氧化碳和水产生多少ATP，并写出
计算过程。

3、丙酮酸的代谢途径，并写出产物、底物和酶。

（至少5种）
4、RNAi技术的原理及其在植物和动物遗传改性的应用。