数学专业英语课后答案
数学专业英语
数学专业英语课后答案2.1数学、方程与比例词组翻译1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place汉译英（1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。
数学专业英语 第2章课后答案
2.12.比:ratio 比例:proportion 利率:interest rate 速率:speed 除:divide 除法:division 商:quotient 同类量:like quantity 项:term 线段:line segment 角:angle 长度:length 宽:width高度:height 维数:dimension 单位:unit 分数:fraction 百分数:percentage3.(1)一条线段和一个角的比没有意义,他们不是相同类型的量.(2)比较式通过说明一个量是另一个量的多少倍做出的,并且这两个量必须依据相同的单位.(5)为了解一个方程,我们必须移项,直到未知项独自处在方程的一边,这样就可以使它等于另一边的某量.4.(1)Measuring the length of a desk, is actually comparing the length of the desk to that of a ruler.(3)Ratio is different from the measurement, it has no units. The ratio of the length and the width of the same book does not vary when the measurement unit changes.(5)60 percent of students in a school are female students, which mean that 60 students out of every 100 students are female students.2.22.初等几何:elementary geometry 三角学:trigonometry 余弦定理:Law of cosines 勾股定理/毕达哥拉斯定理:Gou-Gu theorem/Pythagoras theorem 角:angle 锐角:acute angle 直角:right angle 同终边的角:conterminal angles 仰角:angle of elevation 俯角:angle of depression 全等:congruence 夹角:included angle 三角形:triangle 三角函数:trigonometric function直角边:leg 斜边:hypotenuse 对边:opposite side 临边:adjacent side 始边:initial side 解三角形:solve a triangle 互相依赖:mutually dependent 表示成:be denoted as 定义为:be defined as3.(1)Trigonometric function of the acute angle shows the mutually dependent relations between each sides and acute angle of the right triangle.(3)If two sides and the included angle of an oblique triangle areknown, then the unknown sides and angles can be found by using the law of cosines.(5)Knowing the length of two sides and the measure of the included angle can determine the shape and size of the triangle. In other words, the two triangles made by these data are congruent.4.(1)如果一个角的顶点在一个笛卡尔坐标系的原点并且它的始边沿着x轴正方向，这个角被称为处于标准位置.(3)仰角和俯角是以一条以水平线为参考位置来测量的,如果正被观测的物体在观测者的上方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的角叫做仰角.如果正被观测的物体在观测者的下方,那么由水平线和视线所形成的的角叫做俯角.(5)如果我们知道一个三角形的两条边的长度和对着其中一条边的角度,我们如何解这个三角形呢?这个问题有一点困难来回答,因为所给的信息可能确定两个三角形,一个三角形或者一个也确定不了.2.32.素数:prime 合数:composite 质因数:prime factor/prime divisor 公倍数:common multiple 正素因子: positive prime divisor 除法算式:division equation 最大公因数:greatest common divisor(G.C.D) 最小公倍数: lowest common multiple(L.C.M) 整除:divide by 整除性:divisibility 过程:process 证明:proof 分类:classification 剩余:remainder辗转相除法:Euclidean algorithm 有限集:finite set 无限的:infinitely 可数的countable 终止:terminate 与矛盾:contrary to3.(1)We need to study by which integers an integer is divisible, that is , what factor it has. Specially, it is sometime required that an integer is expressed as the product of its prime factors.(3)The number 1 is neither a prime nor a composite number;A composite number in addition to being divisible by 1 and itself, can also be divisible by some prime number.(5)The number of the primes bounded above by any given finite integer N can be found by using the method of the sieve Eratosthenes.4.(1)数论中一个重要的问题是哥德巴赫猜想,它是关于偶数作为两个奇素数和的表示.(3)一个数,形如2p-1的素数被称为梅森素数.求出5个这样的数.(5)任意给定的整数m和素数p,p的仅有的正因子是p和1,因此仅有的可能的p和m的正公因子是p和1.因此,我们有结论:如果p是一个素数,m是任意整数,那么p整除m,要么(p,m)=1.2.42.集:set 子集:subset 真子集:proper subset 全集:universe 补集:complement 抽象集:abstract set 并集:union 交集:intersection 元素:element/member 组成:comprise/constitute包含:contain 术语:terminology 概念:concept 上有界:bounded above 上界:upper bound 最小的上界:least upper bound 完备性公理:completeness axiom3.(1)Set theory has become one of the common theoretical foundation and the important tools in many branches of mathematics.(3)Set S itself is the improper subset of S; if set T is a subset of S but not S, then T is called a proper subset of S.(5)The subset T of set S can often be denoted by {x}, that is, T consists of those elements x for which P(x) holds.(7)This example makes the following question become clear, that is, why may two straight lines in the space neither intersect nor parallel.4.(1)设N是所有自然数的集合,如果S是所有偶数的集合,那么它在N中的补集是所有奇数的集合.(3)一个非空集合S称为由上界的,如果存在一个数c具有属性:x<=c对于所有S中的x.这样一个数字c被称为S的上界.(5)从任意两个对象x和y，我们可以形成序列（x，y），它被称为一个有序对，除非x=y，否则它当然不同于（y，x）.如果S和T是任意集合，我们用S*T表示所有有序对（x,y),其中x术语S，y属于T.在R.笛卡尔展示了如何通过实轴和它自己的笛卡尔积来描述平面的点之后，集合S*T被称为S和T的笛卡尔积.2.52.竖直线:vertical line 水平线:horizontal line 数对:pairs of numbers 有序对:ordered pairs 纵坐标:ordinate 横坐标:abscissas 一一对应:one-to-one 对应点:corresponding points圆锥曲线:conic sections 非空图形:non vacuous graph 直立圆锥:right circular cone 定值角:constant angle 母线:generating line 双曲线:hyperbola 抛物线:parabola 椭圆:ellipse退化的:degenerate 非退化的:nondegenerate任意的:arbitrarily 相容的:consistent 在几何上:geometrically 二次方程:quadratic equation 判别式:discriminant 行列式:determinant3.(1)In the planar rectangular coordinate system, one can set up aone-to-one correspondence between points and ordered pairs of numbers and also a one-to-one correspondence between conic sections and quadratic equation.(3)The symbol can be used to denote the set of ordered pairs（x，y）such that the ordinate is equal to the cube of the abscissa.（5）According to the values of the discriminate，the non-degenerate graph of Equation （iii） maybe known to be a parabola， a hyperbolaor an ellipse.4.（1）在例1，我们既用了图形，也用了代数的代入法解一个方程组（其中一个方程式二次的，另一个是线性的）。
数学专业英语课后答案
数学专业英语课后答案1、He kept walking up and down, which was a sure（）that he was very worried. [单选题] *A. sign(正确答案)B. characterC. natureD. end2、20．Jerry is hard-working. It’s not ______ that he can pass the exam easily. [单选题] * A．surpriseB．surprising (正确答案)C．surprisedD．surprises3、--What’s the weather like today?--It’s _______. [单选题] *A. rainB. windy(正确答案)C. sunD. wind4、Many of my classmates are working _______volunteers. [单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. toC. atD. like5、Mary is interested ______ hiking. [单选题] *A. onB. byC. in(正确答案)D. at6、We need a _______ when we travel around a new place. [单选题] *A. guide(正确答案)B. touristC. painterD. teacher7、While they were in discussion, their manager came in by chance. [单选题] *A. 抓住时机C. 碰巧(正确答案)D. 及时8、Our campus is _____ big that we need a bike to make it. [单选题] *A. veryB. so(正确答案)C. suchD. much9、57．Next week will be Lisa's birthday. I will send her a birthday present ________ post. [单选题] *A．withB．forC．by(正确答案)D．in10、The manager demanded that all employees _____ on time. [单选题] *A. be(正确答案)B. areC. to be11、He has two sisters but I have not _____. [单选题] *A. noneB. someC. onesD. any(正确答案)12、______! It’s not the end of the world. Let’s try it again.（）[单选题] *A. Put upB. Set upC. Cheer up(正确答案)D. Pick up13、My brother usually _______ his room after school. But now he _______ soccer. [单选题] *A. cleans; playsB. cleaning; playingC. cleans; is playing(正确答案)D. cleans; is playing the14、The museum is _______ in the northeast of Changsha. [单选题] *A. sitB. located(正确答案)C. liesD. stand15、______ my great joy, I met an old friend I haven' t seen for years ______ my way ______ town. [单选题] *A. To, in, forB. To, on, to(正确答案)C. With, in, toD. For, in, for16、In the closet（）a pair of trousers his parents bought for his birthday. [单选题] *A. lyingB. lies(正确答案)c. lieD. is lain17、44．—Hi, Lucy. You ________ very beautiful in the new dress today.—Thank you very much. [单选题] *A．look(正确答案)B．watchC．look atD．see18、They all choose me ______ our class monitor.（）[单选题] *A. as(正确答案)B. inC. withD. on19、My mother’s birthday is coming. I want to buy a new shirt ______ her.（）[单选题] *A. atB. for(正确答案)C. toD. with20、--Could you please tell me _______ to get to the nearest supermarket?--Sorry, I am a stranger here. [单选题] *A. whatB. how(正确答案)C. whenD. why21、?I am good at schoolwork. I often help my classmates _______ English. [单选题] *A. atB. toC. inD. with(正确答案)22、He was very excited to read the news _____ Mo Yan had won the Nobel Prize for literature [单选题] *A. whichB. whatC. howD. that(正确答案)23、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. （）[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visitsD. visiting(正确答案)24、In the future, people ______ a new kind of clothes that will be warm when they are cold, and cool when they’re hot.（）[单选题] *A. wearB. woreC. are wearingD. will wear(正确答案)25、This message is _______. We are all _______ at it. [单选题] *A. surprising; surprisingB. surprised; surprisedC. surprising; surprised(正确答案)D. surprised; surprising26、Your homework must_______ tomorrow. [单选题] *A. hand inB. is handed inC. hands inD. be handed in(正确答案)27、Since the war their country has taken many important steps to improve its economic situation. [单选题] *A. 制定B. 提出C. 讨论D. 采取(正确答案)28、How _______ Grace grows! She’s almost as tall as her mother now. [单选题] *A. cuteB. strongC. fast(正确答案)D. clever29、_____ is not known yet. [单选题] *A. Although he is serious about itB. No matter how we will do the taskC. Whether we will go outing or not(正确答案)D. Unless they come to see us30、You cannot see the doctor _____ you have made an appointment with him. [单选题] *A. exceptB.evenC. howeverD.unless(正确答案)。
高等数学双语教材答案
高等数学双语教材答案Chapter 1: Limits and ContinuitySection 1: Introduction to Limits and ContinuityThe concept of limits and continuity is fundamental in higher mathematics. In this section, we will introduce the basic definitions and properties associated with limits and continuity.1.1 Definitions of LimitsIn order to understand limits, we need to define what it means for a function to approach a particular value. Let f(x) be a function defined on an open interval containing c, except possibly at c. We say that the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L, denoted bylim (x→c) f(x) = L, if for every ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 such that |f(x) - L| < ε whenever 0 < |x - c| < δ.1.2 Basic Limit LawsOnce we have a clear understanding of limits, we can explore some basic laws that govern their behavior. These laws include the sum law, constant multiple law, product law, quotient law, and the power law.1.3 ContinuityA function f(x) is said to be continuous at a point c if three conditions are met: (1) f(c) is defined, (2) the limit of f(x) as x approaches c exists, and (3) the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is equal to f(c). We can also discuss continuity on an interval or at infinity.Chapter 2: DifferentiationSection 1: Introduction to DifferentiationDifferentiation is an important concept in calculus that allows us to find the rate at which a function is changing at any given point. In this section, we will introduce the concept of differentiation and its applications.2.1 Derivative DefinitionThe derivative of a function f(x) at a point c is defined as the limit of the difference quotient as h approaches 0. Mathematically, this can be written as f'(c) = lim (h→0) [(f(c + h) - f(c))/h].2.2 Differentiation RulesThere are several rules that allow us to find the derivative of a function quickly. These rules include the constant rule, power rule, sum rule, difference rule, product rule, quotient rule, and chain rule.2.3 Applications of DifferentiationDifferentiation has many applications in various fields, such as physics, economics, and engineering. It can be used to find maximum and minimum values, determine rates of change, and solve optimization problems.Chapter 3: IntegrationSection 1: Introduction to IntegrationIntegration is the reverse process of differentiation. It enables us to find the area under a curve and solve various mathematical problems. In this section, we will introduce the concept of integration and its applications.3.1 Indefinite IntegralsThe indefinite integral of a function f(x) is the collection of all antiderivatives of f(x). It is denoted by ∫ f(x) dx and represents a family of functions rather than a single value.3.2 Integration TechniquesThere are various techniques for finding antiderivatives and evaluating definite integrals. These techniques include basic integration rules, substitution, integration by parts, and trigonometric substitution.3.3 Applications of IntegrationIntegration has numerous applications, such as finding the area between two curves, calculating the length of curves, determining volumes of solids, and solving differential equations.ConclusionIn conclusion, the study of high-level mathematics, particularly limits, continuity, differentiation, and integration, is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of advanced mathematical concepts. This article has provided a brief overview of these topics, highlighting their definitions, properties, and applications. By mastering these concepts, students can develop strong problem-solving skills and apply them in various academic and real-world scenarios.。
数学建模英文版习题与答案
数学建模第一章 Modeling Change1.Difference equation （差分方程） Example 1. A Savings CertificateSuppose that you deposited $1,000 into your saving account initially. The interest is paid each month at a rate of 1% per month, then the value of your account will be as follows ：Letn=number of months,n a =the value of the account after n monthsThen we have ,01.01n n n n a a a a =-=∆+ So the difference equation is n n n a a a 01.01+=+ We have the dynamical system(动态系统) model{1000,.......2,1,001.10,1===+a n a a n n*Suppose you withdraw(提取) $50 each month,then the change is5001.01-=-=∆+n n n n a a a aTherefore the model becomes{1000....2,1,0,5001.101==-=+a n a a n n1.2动态方程,1b ra a n n +=+r and b are constants.(1≠r )An equilibrium value(均衡值)（or fixed point(不动点)）of a dynamical system )(1n n a f a =+is a solution a to equation a=f(a),which means that,if a a =0,then all a a n = Thus in this case the equilibrium value is rb a -=1 1st month $1,000 0a 3a 2a 1a 4th month $1,030.30 3rd month $1,020.10 2nd month $1,010Nowbra a b ra a n n +=+=+1Therefore )(1a a r a a n n -=-+Set a a b n n -=, then n n rb b =+1,thus 0b r b n n =,i.e, )(0a a r a a n n -=- hence rbr b a r a n n -+--=1)1(0 In practice, we may write rbc r a n n -+*=1 write C to be determined by 0a 1.3差分方程组【求均衡点 实际意义 说明参数】 Example 1. A Car Rental CompanyA car rental company operates in Orlando and Tampa. A traveler will rent a car in one city and return the car in either of the cities. The company wants to know if there are sufficiently many cars in each city.Let On=number of.cars in Orlando after n days Tn=number of cars in Tampa after n days Then the model is{nn n n n n T O T T O O 7.04.03.06.011+=+=++ To find the equilibrium value:{TO T T O O 7.04.03.06.0+=+=So 4O=3T ，i.e.,if 730=O Total cars and 740=T Total cars,then n O and n T will be unchanged.第二章 The Modeling Process, Proportionality, and Geometric Similarity(几何相似)【写一定的假设（Assumption ）要明确合理】 We already know kx y x y =⇔∝,k is constant.We may also consider .,,ln ,2etc e y x y x y x ∝∝∝Also y=mx+b is a usual assumption,i.e.,x b y ∝-.Geometrically, it is a straight line,which is easy to spot. Example 2. Modeling a Bass （欧洲鲈鱼） Fishing DerbyA fishing club will hold a fishing contest. In order to be environment friendly, the fish will be released immediately after caught. How to determine the weight of a fish?Problem Identification: Determine the weight of a fish in terms of some easily measurable dimensions(度量)Assumption: All fishes are geometrically similar, and the density of a bass is constant.Thus weight W ∝volume V ∝length 3L .that is,3kL W =Model Refinement: We only assume that the cross sectional areas are similar and use another dimension – girth g.Assume effective V ≈ length ⨯average cross sectional areaNow effective length ∝L average cross sectional area ∝2gThus ∝W L 2g ,i.e.,2kLg W =第三章 Least-Squares Criterion:Minimize the sum of the squares of deviations.(最小二乘法)【怎样画散点图 画趋势线 怎样运用最小二乘法公式】 Fitting a Straight LineGiven a collection of data(i i y x ,),i=1,.....m,and a linear model y=ax+b Recall the deviation of the model y=f(x) at (i i y x ,) is )(i i x f y - Thus the least-squares criterion is to minimize 2121)())((∑∑==--=-=mi iimi iib ax y x f y S79LCrossTherefore we need to solve for a and b from0)1()(20)()(211=---=∂∂=---=∂∂∑∑==mi i i i mi i i b ax y b S x b ax y a S That is∑∑∑∑∑=+=+ii i i i i y mb a x y x b x a x )()()(2We get 最小二乘法公式（其中m 为数据个数）)(,)()(,)(22222截距斜率Intercept x x m x y x y x b Slope x x m y x y x m a i iii i i i i i i i i i ∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑∑--=--=第四章 Experimental Modeling 【给出一个散点图再给出数据然后怎样变化可让散点图直一点】Thus if the original curve is （1）concave up:（凸）Then usey or lny to squeeze the tail downward,OR use 2x or 3x to stretch the tail to theright(2) concave down:(凹)：Then use 2y or 3y to stretch the tail up-ward,OR usex or lnx to squeeze the tail to the left第五章 Simulation Modeling 【给一个随机现象描述模拟过程（random number 随机数） 按概率来分 用公式语言描述结果】Monte Carlo Fair Dice Algorithm Flip of a Fair Coin （抛硬币）： Head Tail0 0.51Let x be a random number in [0,1],define掷骰子第九章. Graphs of Functions as Models （量纲分析） Mass(质量) M Momentum （动量） 1-MTLLength(长度) LWork （功） 22-T ML Velocity （速度）1-LTDensity （密度） 3-ML Acceleration （加速度） 2-LT Viscosity （摩擦系数） 11--T ML Specific weight(重量) 22--T ML Pressure （压力） 21--T ML Force （力） 2-MTL Surface tension(张力) 2-MT Frequency （频率） 1-T Power （功率） 32-T ML Angular velocity （角速度） 1-T Rotational inertia （惯性） 2MLAngular acceleration （角加速度） 2-TTorque （转力距） 22-T ML Angular momentum （角动量） 12-T MLEntropy （能量） 22-T ML Energy （能量）22-T MLHeat22-L MLExample 1. Drag Force on a SubmarineWe are interested in the drag force experienced by a submarine. The main factors are Fluid velocity v,Characteristic dimension r (the length),Fluid density ρ,Fluid viscosity μ.Thus the model is f(D,v,r,ρ,μ)=0We haveD v rρμ2-MTL1-LT L 3-ML11--TMLTo find dimensionless(量纲) products 1)()()()()(11312=-----edcba TMLMLLLTMLTWe haveChoose a and e as free variables,then(1)a=1,e=0:b= -2,d=-1,c= -2,thusρρ221221rvDrDv==∏---(2)a=0,e=1:b= -1,d= -1,c= -1,thusρμμρvrrv==∏---1112Note that21∏is the Reynolds numberHence we have the model )(21∏=∏h,this is )(22ρμρvrhrvD=Suppose we use the model to test the drag force with rrm101=第十章Graphs of Functions as Models【军备竞赛能源危机】军备竞赛 Observations:(1) y is increasing, that is, y'>0. (2) y is concave up, that is, y''≤ 0. (3) If x=my, then y=y0 /sm.We propose the continuous model10,/0<<=s S y y y x ，Similary 10,/0<<=t t x x xy （S,t 为各自的生存率） (1) Change in 0y :If X increases its civil defense, then 0y and y' both increase. Therefore the curve y=f(x) shifts upward and has a larger slope than before.On the other hand, if missiles of Y are more effective, then 0y and y' decrease. Therefore the curve shifts downward and has a smaller slope than before.(2) Change in s:If missiles of Y are well protected, then s increases and y' decreases. Therefore the curve y=f(x) rotates downward and has a smaller slope than before.On the other hand, if the technology and weapon effectiveness of X ’s missiles is improved, then s decreases and y' increases. Therefore the curve rotates upward and has a larger slope than before.(3) Change in exchange ratio e=x/y:If X uses multiple warheads, then e increases. Therefore the curve y=f(x) rotates upward and has a larger slope than before.能源危机（供求曲线）SupposeS(q) = p* + α(q – q*), D(q) = p* – β(q – q*).After a tax of t, the new supply curve is S'(q).The new supply curve isS'(q) = p* + t + α(q – q*).To find the new equilibrium: S'(q) = D(q), that is, p* + t +α(q – q*) = p* – β(q – q*). Thusq1 = q* – t /(α+β) p1 = p* + βt /(α+β). Hence the price increase is p1 – p* = βt /(α+β). Thus,When D(q) is very steep, consumers will pay a larger portion of the tax; When S(q) is very steep, the industry will pay a larger portion of the tax.第十一章 Modeling with a Differential Equation 【画解的曲线（积分曲线）】 Example: Sketch solution curves (integral curves)：)2)(1('-+=y y y Equilibrium: y = – 1, y = 2Equilibrium point y* is stable ify(t) →y* when y0 is close to y*Therefore the equilibrium y* = –1 is stable but y* = 2 is unstable.Example: Sketch solution curves (integral curves)第十二章Modification: If there is no competition, the model is{y k ym dt dy x k xa dt dx )1()1(21-=-=Logistic modelThen the model with competition is{ymnxkymdtdyxabykxadtdx)1()1(21--=--=。
数学专业英语(Doc版).11
数学专业英语－Linear AlgebraFor the definition that follows we assume that we are given a particular field K. The scalars to be used are to be elements of K.DEFINITION. A vector space is a set V of elements called vectors satisfyi ng the following axioms.(A) To every pair, x and y ,of vectors in V corresponds a vector x+y,call ed the sum of x and y, in such a way that.(1) addition is commutative, x + y = y + x.(2) addition is associative, x + ( y + z ) = ( x + y ) + z.(3) there exists in V a unique vector 0 (called the origin ) such that x + 0 = x for every vector x , and(4) to every vector x in V there corresponds a unique vector - x such that x + ( - x ) = 0.(B) To every pair,αand x , where αis a scalar and x is a vector in V ,the re corresponds a vector αx in V , called the product of αand x , in such a way that(1) multiplication by scalars is associative,α(βx ) = (αβ) x(2) 1 x = x for every vector x.(C) (1) multiplication by scalars is distributive with respect to vector addition,α( x + y ) = αx+βy , and(2)multiplication by vectors is distributive with respect to scalar addition,(α+β) x = αx + βx .The relation between a vector space V and the underlying field K is usually d escribed by saying that V is a vector space over K . The associated field of s calars is usually either the real numbers R or the complex numbers C . If V i s linear space and M真包含于V , and if αu -v belong to M for every u an d v in M and every α∈ K , then M is linear subspace of V . If U = { u 1,u 2,…} is a collection of points in a linear space V , then the (linear) span of the set U is the set of all points o the form ∑c i u i, where c i∈ K ,and all but a finite number of the scalars c i are 0.The span of U is al ways a linear subspace of V.A key concept in linear algebra is independence. A finite set { u 1,u 2,…, u} is said to be linearly independent in V if the only way to write 0 = ∑kc i u i is by choosing all the c i= 0 . An infinite set is linearly independent if every finite set is independent . If a set is not independent, it is linearlyd ependent, and in this case, some point in the set can be written as a linear co mbination of other points in the set. A basis for a linear space M is an indep endent set that spans M . A space M is finite-dimensional if it can be spanne d by a finite set; it can then be shown that every spanning set contains a basi s, and every basis for M has the same number of points in it. This common number is called the dimension of M .Another key concept is that of linear transformation. If V and W are linear sp aces with the same scalar field K , a mapping L from V into W is called lin ear if L (u + v ) = L( u ) + L ( v ) and L ( αu ) = αL ( u ) for ever y u and v in V and αin K . With any I , are associated two special linear spaces:ker ( L ) = null space of L = L-1 (0)= { all x ∈V such that L ( X ) = 0 }Im ( L ) = image of L = L( V ) = { all L( x ) for x∈V }.Then r = dimension of Im ( L ) is called the rank of L. If W also has dime nsion n, then the following useful criterion results: L is 1-to-1 if and only if L is onto.In particular, if L is a linear map of V into itself, and the only solu tion of L( x ) = 0 is 0, then L IS onto and is therefore an isomorphism of V onto V , and has an inverse L -1. Such a transformation V is also said to b e nonsingular.Suppose now that L is a linear transformation from V into W where dim ( V ) = n and dim ( W ) = m . Choose a basis {υ 1 ,υ 2 ,…,υn} for V and a basis {w 1 ,w2 ,…,w m} for W . Then these define isomorphisms of V onto K n and W onto K m, respectively, and these in turn induce a linear transfor mation A between these. Any linear transformation ( such as A ) between K n and K m is described by means of a matrix ( a), according to the formula Aij( x ) = y , where x = { x1, x 2,…, x n} y = { y1, y 2,…, y m} and Y j =Σn j=i a ij x i I=1,2,…,m.The matrix A is said to represent the transformation L and to be the represent ation induced by the particular basis chosen for V and W .If S and T are linear transformations of V into itself, so is the compositic tra nsformation ST . If we choose a basis in V , and use this to obtain matrix re presentations for these, with A representing S and B representing T , then ST must have a matrix representation C . This is defined to be the product AB o f the matrixes A and B , and leads to the standard formula for matrix multipli cation.The least satisfactory aspect of linear algebra is still the theory of determinants even though this is the most ancient portion of the theory, dating back to Lei bniz if not to early China. One standard approach to determinants is to regard an n -by- n matrix as an ordered array of vectors( u 1 , u 2,…, u n) and t hen its determinant det ( A ) as a function F( u 1 , u 2 ,…, u n) of these n vectors which obeys certain rules.The determinant of such an array A turns out to be a convenient criterion for characterizing the nonsingularity of the associated linear transformation, since d et ( A ) = F ( u 1, u 2,…, u n) = 0 if and only if the set of vectors u i ar e linearly dependent. There are many other useful and elegant properties of det erminants, most of which will be found in any classic book on linear algebra. Thus, det ( AB ) = det ( A ) det ( B ), and det ( A ) = det ( A') ,where A' is the transpose of A , obtained by the formula A' =( a ji ), thereby rotating the array about the main diagonal. If a square matrix is triangular, meaning th at all its entries above the main diagonal are 0,then det ( A ) turns out to be exactly the product of the diagonal entries.Another useful concept is that of eigenvalue. A scalar is said to be an eigenva lue for a transformation T if there is a nonzero vector υwith T (υ) λυ. It is then clear that the eigenvalues will be those numbers λ∈ K such that T -λI is a singular transformation. Any vector in the null space of T -λI is called an eigenvector of T associated with eigenvalue λ, and their span the eigenspace, E λ. It is invariant under the action of T , meaning that T carrie s Eλinto itself. The eigenvalues of T are then exactly the set of roots of the polynomial p(λ) =det ( T -λI ).If A is a matrix representing T ,then one h as p (λ) det ( A -λI ), which permits one to find the eigenvalues of T easil y if the dimension of V is not too large, or if the matrix A is simple enough. The eigenvalues and eigenspaces of T provide a means by which the nature and structure of the linear transformation T can be examined in detail.Vocabularylinear algebra 线性代数non-singular 非奇异field 域isomorphism 同构vector 向量isomorphic 同构scalar 纯量,无向量 matrix 矩阵(单数)vector space 向量空间matrices 矩阵(多数)span 生成,长成determinant 行列式independence 无关(性),独立(性) array 阵列dependence 有关(性) diagonal 对角线linear combination 线性组合 triangular 三角形的basis 基(单数) entry 表值,元素basis 基(多数) eigenvalue 特征值,本征值dimension 维eigenvector 特征向量linear transformation 线性变换 invariant 不变,不变量null space 零空间 row 行rank 秩 column 列singular 奇异 system of equations 方程组homogeneous 齐次Notes1. If U = { u 1, u 2,…}is a collection of points in a linearspace V , then the (linear) span of the set U is the set of all points of the form ∑c i u i , w where c i ∈K ,and all but a finite number of scalars c I are 0.意思是:如果U = { u 1, u 2,…}是线性空间V 的点集,那么集 U 的(线性)生成是所有形如∑c i u i的点集,这里c i ∈ K ,且除了有限个c i外均为0.2. A finite set { u 1, u 2,…, u k}is said to be linearly independent if the only way to write 0 = ∑c i u I is by choosing all the c i= 0.这一句可以用更典型的句子表达如下: A finite set { u 1, u 2,…, u k} is said to be linearly independen t in V if ∑c i u i is by choosing all the c i= 0.这里independent 是形容词,故用linearly修饰它. 试比较F(x) is a continuous periodic function.这里periodi c 是形容词但它前面的词却用continuous 而不用continuously,这是因为continuous 这个词不是修饰periodi c而是修饰作为整体的名词periodic function.3. Then these define isomorphisms of V onto K n and W onto K M respectively, and these in turn inducea linear transformation A between these.这里第一个these代表前句的两个基(basis);第二个these代表isomorphisms;第三个these代表什么留给读者自己分析.4. The least satisfactory aspect of linear algebra is still the theory of determinants-意思是:线性代数最令人不满意的方面仍是有关行列式的理论.least satisfactory 意思是:最令人不满意.5. If a square matrix is triangular, meaning that all its entries above the main diagonal are 0,then det ( A ) turns out to be exactly the product of the diagonal entries.意思是:如果方阵是三角形的,即所有在主对角线上方的元素均为零,那末det( A ) 刚好就是对角线元素的乘积.这里meaning that 可用that is to say 代替,turns out to be解为”结果是”.ExerciseI. Answer the following questions:1. How can we define the linear independence of an infinite set?2. Let T be a linear transformation (T: V →W ) whose associated matrix is A.Give a criterion for the non-singularity of the transformation T.3. Where is the entry a45of a m -by- n matrix( m>4; n>5) located ?4. Let A , B be two rectangular matrices.Under what condition is the product matrix well-defined ?II.Translate the following two examples and their proofs into Chinese:1.Example1. Let u k= t k ,k=0,1,2,... and t real. Show that the set ｛u 0,u1,u2,…｝is independent.Proof: By the definition of independence of an infinite set, it suffices to show that for each n ,the n+ 1 polynomials u0,u1,...,u n are independent.A relation of the form ∑n k=0c k u k=0 means ∑n k=0c k t k=0 for all t.When t=0,this gives c0=0.Differentiating both sides of ∑n k=0c k t k=0 and setting t=0,we fi nd that c1=0.Repeating the process,we find that each cocfficient is zero2. Example 2. Let V be afinite dimensional linear space, Then every finite basis for V has the same nu mber of elements.Proof: Let S and T be two finite bases for V. Suppose S consists of k elemnts and T consists of m e lements.Since S is independent and spans V ,every set of k+1 elements in V is dependent.Therefore eve ry set of more than k elements in V is dependent. Since T is an independent set , we must have m<k. The same argument with S and T interchanged shows that k<m. Hence k=m.III.Translate the following sentences into English:1.设 A 是一矩阵。
数学专业英语课后习题2.6
1.1）function，domain，range，the identity function，the absolute-value function，the real-valued function，real variable2）cube，volume，edge-length，prime，totality3）Hooke's law，stretch，displacement，spring，constant，proportional4）schematic representation，plot，image，output，input5）it is not difficult to imagine，the idea was much too limited2.（1）常用英语字母和希腊字母来表示函数。
Letters of the English and Greek alphabets are often used to denote functions.（2）若 f 是一个给定的函数，x 是定义域里的一个元素，那么记号f(x)用来表示由 f 确定的对应于x 的值。
If f is a given function and if x is an object of its domain, the notation f(x) is used to designate that object in the range which is associated to x by the function f.（3）该射线将两个坐标轴的夹角分成两个相等的角。
The ray makes equal angles with the coordinates axes.（4）可以用许多方式给出函数思想的图解说明。
The function idea may be illustrated schematically in many ways.（5）容易证明，绝对值函数满足三角不等式。
数学专业英语(Doc版).15
数学专业英语－Notations and Abbreviations (I) Learn to understand N set of natural numbersZ set of integersR set of real numbersC set of complex numbers+ plus; positive－minus; negative×multiplied by; times÷divided by＝equals; is equal to≡identically equal to≈,≌approximately equal to＞greater than≥greater than or equal to＜less than≤less than or equal to》much greater than《much less thansquare rootcube rootnth root│a│ absolute value of an! n factoriala to the power n ; the nth power of a[a] the greatest integer≤athe reciprocal of aLet A, B be sets∈ belongs to ; be a member ofnot belongs tox∈A x os amember of A∪ unionA∪B A union B∩ intersectionA∩B A intersection BA B A is a subset of B;A is contained in B A B A contains Bcomplement of Athe closure of Aempty set( ) i=1,2,…,r j=1,2,…,s r-by-s（r×s）matrix││I,j=1,2,…,n determinant of order ndet( ) the determinant of the matrix ( )vector Fx=( , ,…, ) x is an n-tuple of‖‖the norm of …‖ parallel to┴ perpendicular tothe exponential function of xlin x the logarithmic function of xsie sinecos cosinetan tangentsinh hyperbolic sinecosh hyperbolic cosinethe inverse of ff is the composite or the composition of u and vthe limit of …as n approaches ∞(as x approaches )x a x approaches a, the differential coefficient of y; the 1st derivative of y , the nth derivative of ythe partial derivative of f with respect to xthe partial derivative of f with respect to ythe indefinite integral of fthe definite integral of f between a and b (from a to b) the increment of xdifferential xsummation of …the sum of the terms indicated∏the product of the terms indicated=> impliesis equivalent to（）round brackets; parantheses[ ] square brackets{ } braces。
数学专业英语课后习题2.4
1.1）integer，rational number，irrational number，real number，negative number，the negative，real line，real axis，scale，to the left/right of 2）sum，difference，product，quotient，power，inequality3）axiom，the field axiom，the order axiom4）ordered，entirely complete，Euclidean，appropriate，distinguished，illuminating5）can be deduced formula，formula interchangeably，using a set of formulas，corresponding to an object，proof by induction，the two set to be distinguished2.1）Strictly speaking, this description of the positive integers is not entirely complete because we have not explained in detail what we mean by the expressions “and so on”, or “repeated addition of 1”.2）The sum, difference, or product of two integers is an integer, but the quotient of two integers need not be an integer.3）This device for representing real numbers geometrically is a very worthwhile aid that helps us to discover and understand better certain properties of real numbers.4）The geometry often suggests the method of proof of a particular theorem, and sometimes a geometric argument is more illuminating than a purely analytic proof (one depending entirely on the axioms for the real numbers).5）If a set consisting of real numbers satisfies the following conditions we call it an open interval.6）The real number a is the negative number of –a and their absolute values are equal. When a ≠ 0, their notations are different.7）Each real number corresponds to exactly one point on this line and, conversely, each point on the line corresponds to one and only one real number.8）In geometry, the ordering relation among the real numbers can be expressed clearly in real axis.3.1）一个常见的错误是认为x 是一个负数。
高等数学的英文版教材答案
高等数学的英文版教材答案I. Introduction to Higher MathematicsHigher Mathematics is a fundamental subject that plays a crucial role in various fields of study, such as engineering, physics, economics, and computer science. To fully comprehend the concepts and principles of Higher Mathematics, it is essential to have access to accurate and comprehensive textbooks. This article aims to provide an overview of the English version of a Higher Mathematics textbook, focusing on its content, structure, and the importance of having reliable answer keys.II. Content of the English Version of Higher Mathematics TextbookThe English version of the Higher Mathematics textbook covers a wide range of mathematical topics, including calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, probability theory, and mathematical modeling. Each chapter delves into specific concepts and provides detailed explanations, accompanied by illustrative examples to enhance understanding.1. Calculus:The section on calculus is divided into differential calculus and integral calculus. It introduces key principles such as limits, derivatives, and integrals. Various calculus techniques, such as the chain rule, product rule, and fundamental theorem of calculus, are thoroughly explained.2. Linear Algebra:The linear algebra section encompasses topics like vector spaces, matrices, determinants, and eigenvalues. It illustrates the fundamentaltheories of linear algebra and introduces essential concepts, including linear transformations, spanning sets, and eigenvectors.3. Differential Equations:In the differential equations chapter, students learn about different types of differential equations, such as first-order, second-order, and higher-order equations. The solution methods for both homogeneous and non-homogeneous equations are outlined, along with applications in various fields.4. Probability Theory:The section on probability theory introduces students to basic concepts, such as random variables, probability distributions, and expected values. It covers topics like binomial, Poisson, and normal distributions, enabling students to apply probability theory in real-life situations.5. Mathematical Modeling:The mathematical modeling section explores the process of formulating a mathematical model to describe real-world phenomena. It highlights the importance of applying mathematical techniques to analyze and solve practical problems.III. Structure of the English Version of Higher Mathematics TextbookThe English version of the Higher Mathematics textbook follows a well-organized structure, with each chapter building upon the previous one. It presents complex mathematical content in a systematic manner, ensuring a progressive learning experience for students.1. Chapter Organization:Each chapter begins with an introduction that outlines the key concepts and learning objectives. It is followed by concise explanations and illustrative examples that aid in conceptual understanding. The chapters conclude with a summary of the main points covered, allowing for a quick review.2. Exercises and Problems:Throughout the textbook, numerous exercises and problems are provided to reinforce the learned concepts. Students can practice solving mathematical problems to enhance their problem-solving skills and apply the newly acquired knowledge. The textbook also offers answers to the exercises for self-assessment.IV. Importance of Reliable Answer KeysHaving reliable answer keys is crucial for students studying Higher Mathematics. These answer keys serve as a valuable resource to verify the accuracy of their solutions and improve their problem-solving abilities. Furthermore, they provide immediate feedback, allowing students to identify and rectify any mistakes made during the learning process.V. ConclusionThe English version of the Higher Mathematics textbook serves as a comprehensive guide for students studying Higher Mathematics. With its well-structured content, illustrative examples, and reliable answer keys, the textbook enhances students' understanding of mathematical concepts and facilitates their learning experience. It equips them with essential skillsrequired for various fields, enabling them to excel in their academic and professional pursuits.。
专业英语课后习题答案
1. Put the following into Chinese.（1）Ohm’s law states that the voltage across a resistor is directly proportional to the current flowing through the resistor. The constant of proportionality is the resistance value of the resistor in ohms.流过电路里电阻的电流，与加在电阻两端的电压成正比，与电阻的阻值成反比。
这就是欧姆定律。
（2）Many materials, however, closely approximate an ideal linear resistor over a desired operating region.不过，许多材料在规定的工作范围内非常接近理想线性电阻。
（3）It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent ) will produce any current required to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated, whereas an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage to ensure the stated current flow.应该注意：一个理想电压源（独立或受控）可向电路提供任意电流以保证其端电压为规定值，而电流源可向电路提供任意电压以保证其规定电流。
（4）A different class of relationship occurs because of the restriction that some specific type of network element places on the variables. Still another class of relationship is one between several variable of the same type which occurs as the result of the network configuration, i. e., the manner in which the various element of the network are interconnected.一种不同类型的关系是由于网络元件的某种特定类型的连接对变量的约束。
英文高等数学教材答案
英文高等数学教材答案Chapter 1: Functions and their Graphs1.1 Introduction to Functions1.1.1 Definition of a FunctionA function is a relation that assigns a unique output value to each input value. It can be represented symbolically as f(x) or y = f(x), where x is the input variable and y is the output variable.1.1.2 Notation and TerminologyIn function notation, f(x) represents the output value corresponding to the input value x. The domain of a function is the set of all possible input values, while the range is the set of all possible output values.1.2 Graphs of Functions1.2.1 Cartesian Coordinate SystemThe Cartesian coordinate system consists of two perpendicular number lines, the x-axis and the y-axis. The point of intersection is called the origin and is labeled (0, 0). The x-coordinate represents the horizontal distance from the origin, while the y-coordinate represents the vertical distance.1.2.2 Graphical Representation of FunctionsThe graph of a function is a visual representation that shows the relationship between the input and output values. It consists of all points (x, f(x)) where x is in the domain of the function. The shape of the graph depends on the nature of the function.1.3 Properties of Functions1.3.1 Even and Odd FunctionsAn even function is symmetric with respect to the y-axis, meaning f(-x) = f(x) for all x in the domain. An odd function is symmetric with respect to the origin, meaning f(-x) = -f(x) for all x in the domain.1.3.2 Increasing and Decreasing FunctionsA function is increasing if the output values increase as the input values increase. It is decreasing if the output values decrease as the input values increase. A function can also be constant if the output values remain the same for all inputs.Chapter 2: Limits and Continuity2.1 Introduction to Limits2.1.1 Limit of a FunctionThe limit of a function f(x) as x approaches a particular value c, denoted as lim[x→c] f(x), describes the behavior of the function near that point. It represents the value that the function approaches as x gets arbitrarily close to c.2.1.2 One-Sided LimitsOne-sided limits consider the behavior of the function from only one side of the point. The limit from the left, lim[x→c-] f(x), looks at the behavior as x approaches c from values less than c. The limit from the right, lim[x→c+] f(x), considers the behavior as x approaches c from values greater than c.2.2 Techniques for Evaluating Limits2.2.1 Direct SubstitutionDirect substitution involves substituting the value of the input variable directly into the function to find the limit. This method works when the function is continuous at that point and doesn't result in an indeterminate form (e.g., 0/0 or ∞/∞).2.2.2 Factoring and CancellationFactoring and cancellation can be used to simplify expressions and eliminate common factors before applying direct substitution. This technique is particularly useful when dealing with polynomial functions.2.3 ContinuityA function is continuous at a point if the limit of the function exists at that point, the function is defined at that point, and the left and right limits are equal. A function is called continuous on an interval if it is continuous at every point within that interval.Chapter 3: Derivatives3.1 Introduction to Derivatives3.1.1 Definition of the DerivativeThe derivative of a function f(x) represents the rate at which the function changes with respect to its input variable. It is denoted as f'(x) or dy/dx and is defined as the limit of the difference quotient Δy/Δx as Δx approaches zero.3.1.2 Interpretation of the DerivativeThe derivative represents the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at a given point. It provides information about the rate of change, instantaneous velocity, and concavity of the function.3.2 Techniques for Finding Derivatives3.2.1 Power RuleThe power rule states that if f(x) = x^n, where n is a constant, then f'(x) = nx^(n-1). This rule allows us to find the derivative of polynomial functions.3.2.2 Chain RuleThe chain rule is used to find the derivative of composite functions. If y = f(g(x)), then dy/dx = f'(g(x)) * g'(x). This rule is particularly useful when dealing with functions that are composed of multiple functions.3.3 Applications of Derivatives3.3.1 Rate of ChangeThe derivative represents the rate of change of a function. It can be used to determine the instantaneous rate of change at a specific point or the average rate of change over a given interval.3.3.2 OptimizationDerivatives can be used to optimize functions by finding the maximum or minimum values. This involves finding the critical points where the derivative is zero or undefined and analyzing the behavior of the function around those points.Note: This is just a sample outline for the article on the answer key for an English advanced mathematics textbook. The actual content will depend on the specific exercises and problems in the textbook, which cannot be provided without access to the textbook itself.。
2023大学_数学专业英语试题及参考答案
2023数学专业英语试题及参考答案数学专业英语试题一、词汇及短语1. For a long period of the history of mathematics, the centric place of mathematical methods was occupied by the logical deductions “在数学史的很长的时期内，是逻辑推理一直占据数学方法的中心地位”2. An equation is a statement of the equality between two equal numbers or number symbols.equation ：“方程”“等式”等式是关于两个数或数的符号相等的'一种陈述3. In such an equation either the two members are alike, or become alike on performance of the indicated operation. 这种等式的两端要么一样，要么经过执行指定的运算后变成一样。
注“two members”表等号的两端alike 相同的一样的On the performance of …中的“on”引导一个介词短语做状语Either…or…4. is true “成立”5. to more and change the terms移次和变形without making the equation untrue 保持方程同解数学专业英语试题二、句型及典型翻译1. change the terms about 变形2. full of ：有许多的充满的例 The streets are full of people as on a holiday(像假日一样，街上行人川流不息)3. in groups of ten…4. match something against sb. “匹配”例 Long ago ,when people had to count many things ,they matched them against their fingers. 古时候，当人们必须数东西时，在那些东西和自己的手指之间配对。
数学专业英语答案2.3集合论的基本概念
2.3集合论的基本概念单词、词组1.1集set，子集subset，真子集proper subset，全集universal subset，空集void/ empty set，基地集the underlying set 1.2正数positive number，偶数even integer，图形diagram，文氏图V enn diagram，哑标dummy index，大括号brace 1.3可以被整除的be divisible by，两两不同的distinct from each other，确定的definite，无关紧要的irrelevant/inessential 1.4一样的结论the same conclusion，等同的效果equivalent effect，用大括号表示集sets are designated by braces，把这个图形记作A：this diagram is designated by letter A，区别对象to distinguish between objects，证明定理to prove theorems，把结论可视化to visualize conclusions/consequences汉译英2.1由于小于10且能被3整除的正整数组成的集是整数集的子集。
The set consisting of those positive integers less than 10 which are divisible by 3 is a subset of the set of all integers.2.2如果方便，我们通过在括号中列举元素的办法来表示集。
When convenient，we shall designate sets by displaying the elements in braces.2.3用符号￠表示集的包含关系，也就是说，式子A￠B表示A包含于B。
数学专业英语课后答案
2.1数学、方程与比例词组翻译1.数学分支branches of mathematics，算数arithmetics，几何学geometry，代数学algebra，三角学trigonometry，高等数学higher mathematics，初等数学elementary mathematics，高等代数higher algebra，数学分析mathematical analysis，函数论function theory，微分方程differential equation2.命题proposition，公理axiom，公设postulate，定义definition，定理theorem，引理lemma，推论deduction3.形form，数number，数字numeral，数值numerical value，图形figure，公式formula，符号notation(symbol)，记法/记号sign，图表chart4.概念conception，相等equality，成立/真true，不成立/不真untrue，等式equation，恒等式identity，条件等式equation of condition，项/术语term，集set，函数function，常数constant，方程equation，线性方程linear equation，二次方程quadratic equation5.运算operation，加法addition，减法subtraction，乘法multiplication，除法division，证明proof，推理deduction，逻辑推理logical deduction6.测量土地to measure land，推导定理to deduce theorems，指定的运算indicated operation，获得结论to obtain the conclusions，占据中心地位to occupy the centric place汉译英（1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。
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2.1 数学、方程与比例（1）数学来源于人类的社会实践，包括工农业的劳动，商业、军事和科学技术研究等活动。
Mathematics comes from man’s social practice, for example, industrial and agricultural production, commercial activities, military operations and scientific and technological researches.（2）如果没有运用数学，任何一个科学技术分支都不可能正常地发展。
No modern scientific and technological branches could be regularly developed without the application of mathematics.（3）符号在数学中起着非常重要的作用，它常用于表示概念和命题。
Notations are a special and powerful tool of mathematics and are used to express conceptions and propositions very often.（4）17 世纪之前，人们局限于初等数学，即几何、三角和代数，那时只考虑常数。
Before 17th century, man confined himself to the elementary mathematics, i. e. , geometry, trigonometry and algebra, in which only the constants were considered. （5）方程与算数的等式不同在于它含有可以参加运算的未知量。
Equation is different from arithmetic identity in that it contains unknown quantity which can join operations.（6）方程又称为条件等式，因为其中的未知量通常只允许取某些特定的值。
Equipment is called an equation of condition in that it is true only for certain values of unknown quantities in it.（7）方程很有用，可以用它来解决许多实际应用问题。
Equations are of very great use. We can use equations in many mathematical problems.（8）解方程时要进行一系列移项和同解变形，最后求出它的根，即未知量的值。
To solve the equation means to move and change the terms about without making the equation untrue, until the root of the equation is obtained, which is the value of unknown term.2.2 几何与三角（1）许多专家都认为数学是学习其他科学技术的必备基础和先决条件。
Many experts recognize that mathematics is the necessary foundation and prerequisite of studying other science technology.（2）西方国家的专家认为几何起源于巴比伦和埃及人的土地测量技术，其实中国古代的数学家对几何做了许多出色的研究。
The western experts think that geometry had its origin in the measurements by the Babylonians and Egyptians of their lands. Infect, the ancient Chinese mathematicians made much remarkable study for geometry.（3）几何的学习使学生在思考问题时更周密和审慎，他们将不会盲目接受任何结论。
In studying geometry, the student is taught to think clearly and critically and he is led away from the practice of blind acceptance of any conclusions.（4）数学培养学生的分析问题的能力，使他们能应用毅力、创造性和逻辑推理来解决问题。
Studying mathematics can develop the students’ ability to analyze problems and utilizing perseverance, originality, and logical reasoning in solving the problem. （5）几何主要不是研究数，而是形，例如三角形，平行四边形和圆，虽然它也与数有关。
Geometry mainly studies hot numbers but figures such as triangles, parallelograms and circles, though it is related with numbers.（6）一个立体（图形）有长、宽和高；面（曲面或平面）有长和宽，但没有厚度；线（直线或曲线）有长度，但既没有宽度，也没有厚度；点只有位置，却没有大小。
A solid (figure) has length, width and height. A surface (curved surface or plane surface) has length and width, but no thickness. A line (straight line or curved line) has length, but no width and thickness. A point has position, but no dimension.（7）射线从某个点出发无限延伸；两条从同一点出发的射线构成了角。
这两条射线称为这个角的两边，当这两边位于同一直线上且方向相反时，所得的角是平角。
A ray starts from a point and extends infinitely far. Two rays starting from one point form an angle, which are called two edges of the angle. When two edges lie in the same line and have opposite direction named plane angle.（8）平面上的闭曲线当其中每一点到一个固定点的距离均相等时叫做圆。
这个固定点称为圆心，经过圆心且其两个端点在圆周上的线段称为这个圆的直径，直径的一半叫做半径，这条曲线的长度叫做周长。
A circle is a closed curve lying in one plane, all points of which are equidistant from a fixed point. The fixed point called the center. A diameter of a circle is a line segment through the center of the circle with endpoints on the circle. Half of the diameter is called radius. The length of the circle is called circumference.2.3 集合论的基本概念（1）由小于10 且能被 3 整除的正整数组成的集是整数集的子集。
The set consisting of those positive integers less than 10 which are divisible by 3 is a subset of the set of all integers.（2）如果方便，我们通过在括号中列举元素的办法来表示集。
When convenient, we shall designate sets by displaying the elements in braces. （3）用符号⊆表示集的包含关系，也就是说，式子 A ⊆ B 表示 A 包含于B。
The relation ⊆is referred to as set inclusion; A⊆B means that A is contained in B. （4）命题 A ⊆ B 并不排除B ⊆ A 的可能性。
The statement A⊆B does not rule out the possibility that B⊆A.（5）基础集可根据使用场合不同而改变。
The underlying set may vary from one application to another according to using occasions.（6）为了避免逻辑上的困难，我们必须把元素x 与仅含有元素x 的集{x}区别开来。
To avoid logical difficulties, we must distinguish between the element x and the set {x} whose only element is x.（7）图解法有助于将集合之间的关系形象化。
Diagrams often help using visualize relationship between sets.（8）定理的证明仅仅依赖于概念和已知的结论，而不依赖于图形。
The proofs of theorems rely only on the definitions of the concepts and known result, not on the diagrams.2.4 整数、有理数与实数整数（1）严格说，这样描述整数是不完整的，因为我们并没有说明“依此类推”或“反复加1” 的含义是什么。