考研英语排序题精选
英语排序题专题及答案.doc
2013年成都中考新突破预测卷排序题1What is the most important thing in the world? I think it is health.A.Regular exercise is an important part of keeping me healthy.B.By eating properly and exercising regularly, I can keep my body at aproper weight and keep healthy..C・ That is why we always try to eat in a healthy way and exercise regularly.D.What，s more, I think friends are an important part of one，s health.E.In order to eat healthily, I usually avoid eating food high in fat, like Frenchfries or cookies ・F.Taking exercise every day helps us build a strong body.G.But if our health was taken away ,we would surely die.H.By spending time with my friends, I can keep my mind as well as my bodyhappy・I.You can take away our money, house, car, or even our clothes and we can survive.J.I also eat little meat but a lot of vegetables and fresh fruit which are fullof vitamins.With the development of the society, people often feel stressed out, so it is necessary to know hot to reduce stress.A.There are people and things in this world that you can do nothing aboutB.Second, learn to accept the world around you.C.Third, don，t be too interested in material things and don5t try to "keep up with the Joneses，'，be satisfied with what you have.D.Finally, keep in touch with your friends, talk with them, share with them your happiness and misery.E.First, learn to set a goal according to yourselves・F.Don，t try to change other people or other things.G・ There are many ways that can help us solve this problem, but the following may be the most affective.H.Don5t set a goal that is too high because there are many things in this world that are beyond your reach.I.These are not necessarily the only ways to solve the problem, and it is my hope that everyone can reduce the too much stress in his work and study and live a relaxed happy life.J.Learn to be content to go as far as you can.The Maldives is one of the best places for holidays. However , it is going under waterA.The first part of the project will be the golf course・B.To protect the country and its amazing beauty, the government plans to build man-made floating islands for people.C.Many people are worried about the influence of the project on the sea・D.Because of global warming, the sea levels are rising.E.This will be the first loating golf course in the world.F.The government says it will try its best to cut down on the bad influence ・G.The government has thought of many ways to deal with this problem・H.It is putting the Maldives in danger of going underwate匸I.The project includes a meeting center, a golf course and homes・J.The president, Mohamed Nasheed, even said that the government wanted to buy land elsewhere for its people .Is your iPad too haavy? No need to worry anymore. The new iPad mini came out on Oct 23, 2012, together with a fourth generation （代）iPad.A.The surfae has two versions （版本）with different operating systems （操作系统）,one with Windows RT and the other with Windows 8 Pro.B.However, some Apple fans are a little disappointed with the two new iPads because they haven% changed all that much.C.The new fourth generation iPad is famous for a new chip （；告片）D.But people on the Chinese mainland （大陆）still have to wait.E.The iPad mini has a 7.9-inch screen, smaller than the 9.7 -inch iPad3.E You can easily hold it with one hand・G.People in the US and some other countries and regions （地including Hong Kong can buy the two new iPads already.H.Microsoft also held a launch event of a tablet （平板电脑）series called Surface on Oct 25, 2012.I.It weighs about half as much as the iPad 3.J.It is twice as fast as the iPad 3.答案：1. I G C E J F A D B H2. G E H J B F A C D I3. B I A E C F D H G J4. E I F C J G D B H A。
考研英语段落排序题.docx
2010年考研英语Part B新题型部分，第一次考到了新题型的段落排序题，但是与考研大纲不同的是，这次段落排序题不是5选5，而是6选5，有一个不能选的段落。
这是让广大考生感到没有思想准备的一道题。
题目要求中明确指出，本题共出现标号从A到G的7个段落，其中E段的位置已经给出，而要求从A, B, C, D, F, G这6个段落中选取5段，并结合已经给的E段，进行排序。
题目的素材。
选自2003年第一期《麦肯锡周刊》(The Mckinsey Quartly)。
请注意，这已经是这本注明的经济管理类杂志第二次入选考研英语试题的素材库了。
原文的名字叫“A wholesale shift in European groceries”，翻译成汉语，为“欧洲日常用品销售向批发转型”。
整个文章主要描述的目前欧洲的日用消费品零售商(主要是连锁大超市集团)在欧洲面临的困境——缺乏增长动力。
而它们却忽视了现在消费者的习惯正在发生改变这一事实。
下面我们来分析一下新题型这道题的解题方法。
[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hours has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption on 1995 to 35% in 2000 and is expected to approach 38% by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5% a year as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternation.[B] Retail, sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retails have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion aboard. But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own back yard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is base on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide. What to buy. At any rate, this change and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rank in substantial profits thereby. At last, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest nation market especially in their customer segment and wholesale structures, a as well as the competitive dynamics.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined---France, Germany—are made out of the same building block. Demand mainly from two sources: in dependent mom—and –pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as “horeca”：hotels, restaurant and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figure when assed together, mask too opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to ＄268 billion in France, Germany, Spain, America in 2000 --- more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail ; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often ;and in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last man it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers land even some large food producers and existing wholesalers, from trying their hand, foe those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.解题步骤与思路：一．归纳6个选项的段落大意，同时注意两个选项之间的联系。
XX考研英语二新题型排序题预测模拟押题
XX考研英语二新题型排序题预测模拟押题以下《xx考研英语二新题型排序题预测模拟押题》由出guo考研英语频道为您独家提供，欢迎大家参考。
排序题Passage 1Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] Subscription has proved by far the best way of paying for high quality television. Advertising veers up and down with the economic cycle, and can be skipped by using digital video recorders. And any outfit that depends on advertising is liable to worry more about offending advertisers than about pleasing viewers. Voluntary subscription is also preferable to the pulsory, universal variety that pays for the BBC and other European public broadcasters. A broadcaster supported by a tax on everyone must try to please everyone. And a government can starve public broadcasters of money, too—as the BBC is painfully learning.[B] What began as an interesting experiment has bee the standard way of supporting high quality programming. Most ofthe great television dramas that are watched in America and around the world appear first on pay TV channels. Having shown others how to make gangster dramas with “The Sopranos”, HBO is laying down the standard for fantasy with “Game of Thrones”. Other pay TV channels have delved into 1960s advertising (“Mad Men”), drug dealing (“Breaking Bad”) and Renaissance court society (“The Borgias”). Pay TV firms outside America, like Britain s BSkyB, are beginning to pour money into original series. Talent is drifting to pay television, in part because there are fewer appealing roles in film. Meanwhile, broadcast works have retreated into a safe zone of sits, police procedurals and singing petitions.[C] But pay television is now under threat, especially in America. Prices have been driven so high at a time of economic malaise that many people simply cannot afford it. Disruptive, deep pocketed firms like Amazon and Netflix lurk, whispering promises of inter delivered films and television shows for little or no money. Whether the lure of such alternatives or poverty is what is causing people to cancel their subscriptions is not clear. But the proportion of Americans who pay for TV is falling. Other countries may follow.[D] Pay TV executives argue that people will always find ways of paying for their wares, perhaps by cutting back on cinema tickets or bottled water. That notion seems increasingly hopeful. Every month it appears more likely that the pay TV system will break down. The era of ever growing channel choice is ing to an end; cable and satellite distributors will begin to prune the least popular ones. They may push “best of basic”packages, offering the most desirable channels—and perhaps leaving out sport. In the most disruptive scenario, no longer unimaginable, pay TV would bee a free for all, with channels hawking themselves directly to consumers, perhaps sending their content over the inter. How can media firms survive in such a world?[E] Fifteen years ago nearly all the television shows that excited critics and won awards appeared on free broadcast channels. Pay television (or, as many Americans call it, “cable”) was the domain of repeats, music videos and televangelists. Then HBO, a subscription outfit mostly known for boxing and films, decided to try its hand at hour long dramas.[F] But television as a whole should emerge stronger. If people buy individual channels rather than a huge bundle, theywill have to think about what they really value—the more so because each channel will cost more than it does at present. Media firms will improve their game in response. The activity that diverts the average American for some four and a half hours each day should bee more gripping, not less.[G] It won t be easy. They will have to start marketing heavily: at present the pay TV distributors do that for them. They must produce much more of their own programming. Repeats and old films lose their appeal in a world in which consumers can instantly call up vast archives. If they are to sell directly to the audience they will have to bee technology firms, building apps and much slicker websites than they have now, which anticipate what customers might want to watch.1→2→A→3→D→4→5Passage 2Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs D and E have been correctly placed.[A] For publishers, though, it is a dangerous time. Book publishing resembles the newspaper business in the late 1990s, or music in the early 2000s. Although revenues are fairly stable,and the traditional route is still the only way to launch a blockbuster, the climate is changing. Some of the publishers functions—packaging books and promoting them to shops—are being obsolete. Algorithms and online remendations threaten to replace them as arbiters of quality. The tide of self published books threatens to swamp their products. As bookshops close, they lose a crucial showcase. And they face, as the record panies did, a near monopoly controlling digital distribution: Amazon’s grip over the ebook market is much like Apple’s control of music downloads.[B] They also need to bee more efficient. Digital books can be distributed globally, but publishers persist in dividing the world into territories with separate editorial staffs. In the digital age it is daft to take months or even years to get a book to market. And if they are to distinguish their wares from self published dross, they must get better at choosing books, honing ideas and polishing copy. If publishers are to hold readers’ attention they must tell a better story—and edit out all the spelling mistakes as well.[C] For readers, this is splendid. Just as Amazon collapsed distance by bringing a huge range of books to out of the way places, it is now collapsing time, by enablingreaders to download books instantly. Moreover, anybody can now publish a book, through Amazon and a number of other services.[D] During the next few weeks publishers will release a crush of books, pile them onto delivery lorries and fight to get them on the display tables at the front of bookshops in the run up to Christmas. It is an impressive display of petitive mercial activity. It is also increasingly pointless.[E] Yet there are still two important jobs for publishers. They act as the venture capitalists of the words business, advancing money to authors of worthwhile books that might not be written otherwise. And they are editors, picking good books and improving them. So it would be good, not just for their shareholders but also for intellectual life, if they survived.[F] More quickly than almost anyone predicted, e books are emerging as a serious alternative to the paper kind. Amazon, fortably the biggest e book retailer, has lowered the price of its Kindle e readers to the point where people do not fear to take them to the beach. In America, the most advanced market, about one fifth of the largest publishers sales are of e books. Newly released blockbusters may sell as many digital copies as paper ones. The proportion is growing quickly, not least because many bookshops are closing.[G] They are doing some things right. Having watched the record panies impotence after Apple wrested control of music pricing from them, the publishers have managed to retain their ability to set prices. But they are missing some tricks. The music and film industries have started to bundle electronic with physical versions of their products—by, for instance, providing those who buy a DVD of a movie with a code to download it from the inter. Publishers, similarly, should bundle e books with paper books.D→1→2→3→E→4→5Passage 3Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.[A] Fifteen years ago Vincent Bolloré, a French industrialist, decided to get into the business of electricity storage. He started a project to produce rechargeable batteries in two small rooms of his family mansion in Brittany. “I asked him, ‘what are you doing? and I told him to stop, that it wouldn t go anywhere,” says Alain Minc, a businessconsultant in Paris who has advised Mr Bolloré for many years. Fortunately, he says, Mr Bolloré continued.[B] The real aim for Mr Bolloré, however, is to showcase his battery technology. His group has developed a type of rechargeable cell, called a lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery. This is different from the lithium ion batteries used by most of the car industry. Mr Bolloré believes fervently that his batteries are superior, mainly because they are safer. Lithium ion batteries can explode if they overheat—which in the past happened in some laptops. Carmakers incorporate safety features to prevent the batterys cells from overheating.[C] The city of Paris will cover most of the cost of the stations, but Mr Bolloré will pay an estimated 105m to supply his design of “Bluecar” vehicles and their batteries. He will bear a further 80m a year in running costs. The city s estimates for how popular the new service will be are highly optimistic, said a recent study by the government. Autolib could make 33ma year for Mr Bolloré, aording to the study, but it could easily just breakeven or lose as much as 60mannually. Autolib will also be the first time the group has operated in a big consumer facing business where it will be held directly responsible for problems such as vandalism or breakdowns.[D] Going up against the rest of the car industry may seem quixotic. Before he won Autolib, Mr Bolloré says, people may well have thought he and his team were mad to venture into such a new area. But they underestimated his group s knowledge of electricity storage, he maintains. And if the growing number of electric cars on the road does lead to safety concerns over batteries, then Mr Bollorés LMP technology could move from the margin to the mainstream—provided, of course, they pass their test on the streets of Paris.[E] “Being a family pany means we can invest for the long term,” says Mr Bolloré, who has spent 1.5 billion on battery development since 1996. Most of his group s money es from transport and logistics, with a strong position in Africa, and from petrol distribution in France. Mr Bolloré has also made billions from financial investments such as in Rue Imperiale, a holding pany. Autolib will be keenly watched throughout the car industry. It is the first large scale city car sharing service to use only electric vehicles from the outset; a scheme in Ulm in Germany, by contrast, started with diesel vehicles. Running Autolib could mean shouldering substantial losses for the Bolloré Group. Mr Bolloré was not expected to win thecontract, but did so mainly because he offered low rental charges for drivers.[F] Mr Bollorés LMP batteries are said to be more stable when being charged and discharged, which is when batteries e under most strain. Just two European carmakers have seen the batteries, which are made only by the Bolloré Group. One car industry executive says that though the LMP technology is attractive from a safety point of view, the batteries have to be heated up to function—which takes power and makes them less convenient to use.[G] Mr Bollorés technology is about to hit the road. In xx his group won a contract to run Autolib, a car sharing scheme designed by Bertrand Delan e, the mayor of Paris, which will put 3,000 electric vehicles on the city s streets along with 1,120 stations for parking and recharging. Construction of the stations started in the summer, and Mr Bolloré will begin testing the service on October 1st before opening it to the public in December. Rechargeable batteries are now an important technology for the global car industry as it starts to make ever more electric and hybrid vehicles. Renault, a French manufacturer, is alone investing 4 billion ($5.6 billion) in a range of electric models which it will start selling thisautumn. Many producers will unveil new electric vehicles next week when the Frankfurt Motor Show opens.1→2→3→C→4→F→5Passage 4Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] The contest has been held in anticipation of a new era of pylon building. By 2020, a quarter of the country s current generating capacity will need replacing; the government hopes the new supply will e from renewable sources such as onshore and offshore wind farms. Today s offshore capacity is just 7% of ministers targets for the end of the decade—and all of the new generation out to sea will need to land transmission cables ashore. The existing electricity grid is in the wrong place for many of these new sources of power. That creates a paradox: trying to save the world by cutting carbon emissions means scarring particular bits of it by dragging new power lines through scenic countryside.[B] This is an old problem. The launch of Britain s national electricity grid in 1933 was decried for desecratingthe landscape. More recently, the location of wind farms has prompted similar debates. The difficulty with pylons is that they go everywhere. Scotland has had nearly five years of disputes over the planned 600pylon upgrade of a transmission line running from Beauly in the Highlands to the central belt where more electricity is used. The same clashes will now play out in England and Wales. A new planning mission was set up in xx to speed up the glacial pace of infrastructure decision making. But weighing economic demands against beauty remains a thorny and potentially time-consuming job.[C] Opponents of towering pylons say the answer is to bury power lines: at present only 950km of Britain s 13,000km of high voltage cable runs underground, most of it in urban areas. But sinking wires, which means clearing a corridor 17m to 40m wide and cannot be done in all terrains, carries an environmental toll too. “You are effectively sterilising land use in the area,” says Richard Smith of National Grid; no planting, digging or building is allowed. That makes installing subsurface cables 12 to 17 times as pricey as overhead lines, aording to National Grid (they also need replacing sooner). Since consumers pay for this through their electricity bills,everyone would have to fork out to protect the views and house prices of a few people.[D] So finding a new shape for pylons may be only one aspect of the ing power rows. But it will be a tricky one. Typically the best designs bine elegance with utility. Yet rather than being a feature in itself, the optimal pylon blends in with nature. That s a tough task for 20 tons of steel, however impressively shaped.[E] The skeletal, lattice design of Britain s electricity pylons has changed little since the first one was raised in 1928. Many countries have copied these “striding steel sentries”, as the poet Stephen Spender called them; more than 88,000 now march across the country s intermittently green and pleasant land.[F] Now six new models are vying to replace these familiar steel towers. The finalists in a government sponsored petition to design a new pylon include a single shard spiking into the sky and an arced, open bow. After a winner is picked in October, National Grid, which runs the electricity transmission work, will decide whether to construct it.[G] But the price of despoiling pretty scenery is hard to calculate. The risk is that the cost of damaging the landscapeis ignored because it is not ascribed a moary value, says Steve Albon, co author of a government missioned report on how much the natural environment contributes to Britain s economy. As yet, though, no one has found an easy or aepted measure of this worth to help make decisions.1→2→A→3→4→5→DPassage 5Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and E have been correctly placed.[A] Nor can it buy panies as freely as postal services in Europe, Canada or Asia have been doing for the past decade. Many European countries, as well as New Zealand and Japan, have already privatised or liberalised their postal services. Combined, foreign posts now get most of their revenue from new businesses such as retailing or banking for consumers, or warehousing and logistics for panies.[B] THE US Postal Service has an unofficial creed that harks back to Herodotus, who was admiring the Persian Empire s stalwart messengers. Its own history is impressive too, dating to a royal license by William and Mary in 1692, andincluding Benjamin Franklin as a notable postmaster, both for the crownand then for the newly independent country. Ever since, the post has existed “to bind the Nation together”.[C] Quasi independent since 1970, the post gets no public money. And yet it is obliged (as FedEx and UPS are not) to visit every mailbox, no matter how remote, six days a week. This has driven the average cost of each piece of mail up from 34 cents in xx to 41 cents. Yet the post is not allowed to raise prices (of stamps and such) willy nilly; a xx law set formulas for that. So in effect, the post cannot control either its costs or its revenues.[D] So America s post is looking for other solutions. It is planning to close post offices; up to 3,653, out of about 32,000. This month it announced plans to lay off another 120,000 workers by xx, having already bidden adieu to some 110,000 over the past four years (for a total of about 560,000 now). It also wants to fiddle with its workers pensions and health care.[E] Ultimately, says Mr Donahoe, the post will have to stop delivering mail on Saturdays. Then perhaps on other days too. The post has survived new technologies before, he points out. “In 1910, we owned the most horses, by 1920 we owned the mostvehicles.” But the inter just might send it the way of the pony express.[F] But as ever more Americans go online instead of sending paper, the volume of mail has been plummeting. The decline is steeper than even pessimists expected a decade ago, says Patrick Donahoe, the current postmaster general. Worse, because the post must deliver to every address in the country —about 150m, with some 1.4m additions every year—costs are simultaneously going up. As a result, the post has lost $20 billion in the last four years and expects to lose another $8 billion this fiscal year.[G] And although the recession made everything worse, the inter is the main culprit. As Christmas cards have gone online (and “green”), so have bills. In 2000, 5% of Americans paid utilities online. Last year 55% did, and eventually everybody will, says Mr Donahoe. Photos now go on Facebook, magazines e on iPads. Already, at least for Americans under a certain age, the post delivers only bad news or nuisances, from jury summonses to junk mail. Pleasant deliveries probably arrive by a parcel service such as UPS or FedEx.1→2→3→C→4→5→EPassage 6Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and B have been correctly placed.[A] Among national newspapers, paywalls are still rare, though the New York Times and the Times of London both have them. Most wall building is being done by small local outfits. “Local newspapers are more vital to their munities, and they have less petition,” explains Ken Doctor, the author of “Newsonomics”[B] The paywall builders tend to report a drop in online traffic. But not usually a steep drop, and not always an enduring one. Oklahoma s Tulsa World, which started demanding subscriptions from heavy online readers in April, reports that traffic in August of this year was higher than a year earlier. One possible explanation, odd as it may sound, is that readers are still discovering its website. “We have paper subscribers who want nothing to do with the inter,” explains Robert Lorton, the Tulsa World s publisher. Fewer than half of the newspaper s print subscribers have so far signed up for unrestricted free aess to the website. Other newspapers report similar proportions.[C] That suggests the game is not over. The early adopting young abandoned print newspapers long ago. But many newspapers have a surprisingly large, if dwindling, herd of paying customers. They will milk them as hard as they can.[D] On October 10th the Baltimore Sun will join a fastgrowing club. The newspaper will start tracking the number of times people read its stories online; when they reach a limit of 15 a month, they will be asked to pay. Local bloggers may squawk about content wanting to be free. But perhaps not as much as they would have done a few months ago. There is a sense of inevitability about paywalls. In April xx PaidContent, an online publication, found 26 American local and metropolitan newspapers charging for online aess. Several times that number now do so. More than 100 newspapers are using Press+, an online payment system developed in part by a former publisher of the Wall Street Journal. Media News, a newspaper group, put up two paywalls in xx; it has erected 23 so far this year.[E] Why the rush? One reason is that building paywalls has bee easier: Press+ and Google s One Pass will collect online subscriptions on behalf of newspapers, skimming a little off the top. The popularity of Apple s iPad is another explanation. Many newspapers have created paid for apps. There is littlepoint doing that if a tablet user can simply read the news for free on a web browser. But the big push es from advertising —or the lack of it.[F] The most ambitious architects are in Europe. Since May Slovakia has had a virtual national paywall—a single payment system that enpasses nine of the country s biggest publications. Slovaks who want to read news online pay 2.90 ($3.90) a month, which is split between the newspapers aording to a formula that aounts for where people signed up and how heavily they use each publication s website. Piano Media, which built the system, plans to launch another national paywall in Europe early next year.[G] Jim Moroney, publisher of the Dallas Morning News, says American newspapers used to abide by an “8020” rule. That is, 80% of their revenues came from advertising and 20% came from subscriptions. Those days are over. Newspaper advertising, print and online bined, has crashed from $9.6 billion in the second quarter of xx to $6 billion in the second quarter of xx, aording to the Newspaper Association of America. Few believe it will ever fully recover. So the race is on to build a subscription business, both in print (cover prices are going up) and online.1→A→2→3→4→B→5Passage 7Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed.[A] A GOOD unit of measurement, writes Robert Crease, must satisfy three conditions. It has to be easy to relate to, match the things it is meant to measure in scale (no point using inches to describe geographical distances) and be stable. In his new book, “World in the Balance”, Mr Crease, who teaches philosophy at Stony Brook University on Long Island and writes a column for the magazine Physics World, describes man s quest for that metrological holy grail. In the process, he shows that the story of metrology, not obvious material for a page turner, can in the right hands make for a riveting read.[B] In response the metre, from the Greek metron, meaning “measure”, was ushered in, helped along by French revolutionaries, eager to replace the Bourbon toise (just under two metres) with an all new, universal unit. The metre was to be defined as a fraction of the Paris meridian whose precise measurement was under way. Together with the kilogram,initially the mass of a decaliter of distilled water, it formed the basis of the metric system.[C] Suessful French metrological diplomacy meant that in the ensuing decades the metric system supplanted a hotchpotch of regional units in all bar a handful of nations. Even Britain, long wedded to its imperial measures, caved in. (Americans are taking longer to persuade.) In 1875 Nature, a British magazine, hailed the metric system as “one of the greatest triumphs of modern civilisation”. Paradoxically, Mr Crease argues, it thrived in part as a consequence of British imperialism, which all but wiped out innumerable indigenous measurement systems, creating a vacuum that the new framework was able to fill.[D] For all its diplomatic suess, though, the metre failed to live up to its original promise. Tying it to the meridian, or any other natural benchmark, proved intractable. As a result, the unit continued to be defined in explicit reference to a unique platinum iridium ingot until 1960. Only then was it recast in less fleeting terms: as a multiple of the wavelength of a particular type of light. Finally, in 1983, it was tied to a fundamental physical constant, the speed of light, being the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. (The second had by then itself got a metrological makeover: no longera 60th of a 60th of a 24th of the period of the Earth s rotation, it is currently the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a phenomenon called microwave transition in an atom of caesium 133.)[E] The earliest known units met the first two of Mr Creases requirements well. Most were drawn from things to hand: the human body (the foot or the mile, which derives from the Latin milia passuum, or 1,000 paces) and tools (barrels, cups). Others were more abstract. The journal (from jour, French for “day”), used in medieval France, was equivalent to the area a man could plough in a day with a single ox, as was the acre in Britain or the morgen in north Germany and Holland.[F] But no two feet, barrels or workdays are quite the same. What was needed was “a foot, not yours or mine”. Calls for a firm standard that was not subject to fluctuations or the whim of feudal lords, grew louder in the late 17th century. They were a consequence of the beginnings of international trade and modern science. Both required greater precision to advance.[G] Now the kilogram, the last artefact based unit, awaits its turn. Adding urgency is the fact the “real” kilogram, stored in a safe in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, seems to be shedding weightrelative to its official copies. Metrologists are busy trying to recast it in terms of Planck s constant, a formula which is deemed cosmicly inviolate, as is the speed of light (pending further findings from CERN, anyway). In his jolly book, Mr Crease is cheering them on.A→1→2→3→4→5→GPassage 8Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs B and G have been correctly placed.[A] There are doubters, of course. The cost of electricity may rise, and some polluters may flee the state, taking jobs away. But California already has one in four of America s solar energy jobs and will add many more. Sun, wind, geothermal, nuclear: “We need it all,” says Terry Tamminen, who advised Mr Schwarzenegger. The state is setting up an “interesting experiment”, he thinks. “California goes one way, the United States another.”[B] To Europeans, Asians and Australians, this may seem nothing much. After all, the European union already has a similar emissions trading market, and a carbon tax is now。
2019考研《英语一》新题型密押：排序题及答案
2019考研《英语一》新题型密押：排序题及答案Passage 1Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] Subscription has proved by far the best way ofpaying for high瞦uality television. Advertising veers up and down with the economic cycle, and can be skipped by using digital video recorders. And any outfit that depends on advertising is liable to worry more about offendingadvertisers than about pleasing viewers. Voluntarysubscription is also preferable to the compulsory, universal variety that pays for the BBC and other European public broadcasters. A broadcaster supported by a tax on everyone must try to please everyone. And a government can starvepublic broadcasters of money, too—as the BBC is painfully learning.[B] What began as an interesting experiment has becomethe standard way of supporting high瞦uality programming.Most of the great television dramas that are watched in America and around the world appear first on pay睺V channels. Having shown others how to make gangster dramas with “The Sopranos”, HBO is laying down the standard for fantasy with “Game of Thrones”. Other pay睺V channels have delved into 1960s advertising (“Mad Men”), drug dealing (“Breaking Bad”) and Renaissance court society (“The Borgias”). Pay睺V firms outside America, like Britain餾 BSkyB, are beginningto pour money into original series. Talent is drifting to pay瞭elevision, in part because there are fewer appealing rolesin film. Meanwhile, broadcast networks have retreated into a safe zone of sitcoms, police procedurals and singing competitions.[C] But pay television is now under threat, especiallyin America. Prices have been driven so high at a time of economic malaise that many people simply cannot afford it. Disruptive, deep瞤ocketed firms like Amazon and Netflix lurk, whispering promises of internet瞕elivered films andtelevision shows for little or no money. Whether the lure of such alternatives or poverty is what is causing people to cancel their subscriptions is not clear. But the proportionof Americans who pay for TV is falling. Other countries may follow.[D] Pay TV executives argue that people will always find ways of paying for their wares, perhaps by cutting back on cinema tickets or bottled water. That notion seemsincreasingly hopeful. Every month it appears more likely that the pay TV system will break down. The era of ever瞘rowing channel choice is coming to an end; cable and satellite distributors will begin to prune the least popular ones. They may push “best of basic” packages, offering the most desirable channels—and perhaps leaving out sport. In themost disruptive scenario, no longer unimaginable, pay睺V would become a free for all, with channels hawking themselves directly to consumers, perhaps sending their content over the internet. How can media firms survive in such a world?[E] Fifteen years ago nearly all the television shows that excited critics and won awards appeared on free broadcast channels. Pay瞭elevision (or, as many Americans call it, “cable”) was the domain of repeats, music videos and televangelists. Then HBO, a subscription outfit mostly known for boxing and films, decided to try its hand at hour long dramas.[F] But television as a whole should emerge stronger. If people buy individual channels rather than a huge bundle, they will have to think about what they really value—the more so because each channel will cost more than it does at present. Media firms will improve their game in response. The activity that diverts the average American for some four and a half hours each day should become more gripping, not less.[G] It won餿 be easy. They will have to start marketing heavily： at present the pay睺V distributors do that for them. They must produce much more of their own programming. Repeats and old films lose their appeal in a world in which consumers can instantly call up vast archives. If they are to sell directly to the audience they will have to become technology firms, building apps and much slicker websites than they have now, which anticipate what customers might want to watch.1→2→A→3→D→4→5Passage 2Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numberedboxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs D and E have been correctly placed.[A] For publishers, though, it is a dangerous time. Book publishing resembles the newspaper business in the late 1990s, or music in the early 2000s. Although revenues are fairly stable, and the traditional route is still the only way to launch a blockbuster, the climate is changing. Some of the publishers functions—packaging books and promoting them to shops—are becoming obsolete. Algorithms and online recommendations threaten to replace them as arbiters of quality. The tide of self瞤ublished books threatens to swamp their products. As bookshops close, they lose a crucial showcase. And they face, as the record companies did, a near瞞onopoly controlling digital distribution：Amazon’s grip over the ebook market is much like Apple’s control of music downloads.[B] They also need to become more efficient. Digital books can be distributed globally, but publishers persist in dividing the world into territories with separate editorial staffs. In the digital age it is daft to take months or even years to get a book to market. And if they are to distinguish their wares from self瞤ublished dross, they must get betterat choosing books, honing ideas and polishing copy. If publishers are to hold readers’ attention they must tell a better story—and edit out all the spelling mistakes as well.[C] For readers, this is splendid. Just as Amazon collapsed distance by bringing a huge range of books to out瞣f瞭he瞱ay places, it is now collapsing time, by enabling readers to download books instantly. Moreover, anybody cannow publish a book, through Amazon and a number of other services.[D] During the next few weeks publishers will release a crush of books, pile them onto delivery lorries and fight to get them on the display tables at the front of bookshops in the run瞮p to Christmas. It is an impressive display of competitive commercial activity. It is also increasingly pointless.[E] Yet there are still two important jobs for publishers. They act as the venture capitalists of the words business, advancing money to authors of worthwhile books that might not be written otherwise. And they are editors, picking good books and improving them. So it would be good, not just for their shareholders but also for intellectual life, if they survived.[F] More quickly than almost anyone predicted, e瞓ooks are emerging as a serious alternative to the paper kind. Amazon, comfortably the biggest e瞓ook retailer, has lowered the price of its Kindle e瞨eaders to the point where people do not fear to take them to the beach. In America, the most advanced market, about one fifth of the largest publishers sales are of e books. Newly released blockbusters may sell as many digital copies as paper ones. The proportion is growing quickly, not least because many bookshops are closing.[G] They are doing some things right. Having watched the record companies impotence after Apple wrested control of music pricing from them, the publishers have managed toretain their ability to set prices. But they are missing some tricks. The music and film industries have started to bundleelectronic with physical versions of their products—by, for instance, providing those who buy a DVD of a movie with a code to download it from the internet. Publishers, similarly, should bundle e books with paper books.D→1→2→3→E→4→5Passage 3Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.[A] Fifteen years ago Vincent Bolloré, a French industrialist, decided to get into the business ofelectricity storage. He started a project to produce rechargeable batteries in two small rooms of his family mansion in Brittany. “I asked him, ‘what are you doing? and I told him to stop, that it wouldn t go anywhere,” says Alain Minc, a business consultant in Paris who has advised Mr Bolloré for many years. Fortunately, he says, Mr Bolloré continued.[B] The real aim for Mr Bolloré, however, is to showcase his battery technology. His group has developed a type of rechargeable cell, called a lithium瞞etal polymer (LMP) battery. This is different from the lithium瞚on batteries used by most of the car industry. Mr Bolloré believes fervently that his batteries are superior, mainly because they are safer. Lithium瞚on batteries can explode if they overheat—which in the past happened in some laptops.Carmakers incorporate safety features to prevent the batterys cells from overheating.[C] The city of Paris will cover most of the cost of the stations, but Mr Bolloré will pay an estimated 105m to supply his design of “Bluecar” vehicles and their batteries. He will bear a further 80m a year in running costs. The city餾estimates for how popular the new service will be are highly optimistic, said a recent study by the government. Autolib could make 33ma year for Mr Bolloré, according to the study, but it could easily just breakeven or lose as much as60mannually. Autolib will also be the first time the group has operated in a big consumer瞗acing business where it will be held directly responsible for problems such as vandalism or breakdowns.[D] Going up against the rest of the car industry may seem quixotic. Before he won Autolib, Mr Bolloré says, people may well have thought he and his team were mad to ventureinto such a new area. But they underestimated his group餾knowledge of electricity storage, he maintains. And if the growing number of electric cars on the road does lead to safety concerns over batteries, then Mr Bolloré餾 LMP technology could move from the margin to the mainstream—provided, of course, they pass their test on the streets of Paris.[E] “Being a family c ompany means we can invest for the long term,” says Mr Bolloré, who has spent 1.5 billion on battery development since 1996. Most of his group餾 money comes from transport and logistics, with a strong position in Africa, and from petrol distribution in Fran ce. Mr Bolloréhas also made billions from financial investments such as in Rue Imperiale, a holding company. Autolib will be keenly watched throughout the car industry. It is the first large瞫cale city car瞫haring service to use only electric vehicles from the outset; a scheme in Ulm in Germany, by contrast, started with diesel vehicles. Running Autolib could mean shouldering substantial losses for the Bolloré Group. Mr Bolloré was not expected to win the contract, but did so mainly because he offered low rental charges for drivers.[F] Mr Bolloré餾 LMP batteries are said to be more stable when being charged and discharged, which is when batteries come under most strain. Just two European carmakers have seen the batteries, which are made only by the Bolloré Group. One car瞚ndustry executive says that though the LMP technology is attractive from a safety point of view, the batteries have to be heated up to function—which takes power and makes them less convenient to use.[G] Mr Bolloré餾 technology is about to hit the road. In 2010 his group won a contract to run Autolib, a car瞫haring scheme designed by Bertrand Delan塭, the mayor of Paris, which will put 3,000 electric vehicles on the city s streets along with 1,120 stations for parking and recharging. Construction of the stations started in the summer, and Mr Bolloré will begin testing the service on October 1st before opening it to the public in December. Rechargeable batteries are now an important technology for the global car industry as it starts to make ever more electric and hybrid vehicles. Renault, a French manufacturer, is alone investing 4 billion ($5.6 billion) in a range of electric models which it will start selling this autumn. Many producers will unveil newelectric vehicles next week when the Frankfurt Motor Show opens.1→2→3→C→4→F→5Passage 4Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] The contest has been held in anticipation of a new era of pylon building. By 2020, a quarter of the country餾current generating capacity will need replacing; the government hopes the new supply will come from renewable sources such as onshore and offshore wind farms. Today餾offshore capacity is just 7% of ministers targets for the end of the decade—and all of the new generation out to sea will need to land transmission cables ashore. The existing electricity grid is in the wrong place for many of these new sources of power. That creates a paradox： trying to save the world by cutting carbon emissions means scarring particular bits of it by dragging new power lines through scenic countryside.[B] This is an old problem. The launch of Britain餾national electricity grid in 1933 was decried for desecrating the landscape. More recently, the location of wind farms has prompted similar debates. The difficulty with pylons is that they go everywhere. Scotland has had nearly five years of disputes over the planned 600瞤ylon upgrade of a transmission line running from Beauly in the Highlands to thecentral belt where more electricity is used. The same clashes will now play out in England and Wales. A new planning commission was set up in 2009 to speed up the glacial pace of infrastructure decision瞞aking. But weighing economic demands against beauty remains a thorny and potentially time-consuming job.[C] Opponents of towering pylons say the answer is to bury power lines： at present only 950km of Britain餾13,000km of high瞯oltage cable runs underground, most of it in urban areas. But sinking wires, which means clearing a corridor 17m to 40m wide and cannot be done in all terrains, carries an environmental toll too. “You are effectively sterilising land use in the area,” says Richard Smith of National Grid; no planting, digging or building is allowed. That makes installing subsurface cables 12 to 17 times as pricey as overhead lines, according to National Grid (they also need replacing sooner). Since consumers pay for this through their electricity bills, everyone would have to fork out to protect the views and house prices of a few people.[D] So finding a new shape for pylons may be only one aspect of the coming power rows. But it will be a tricky one. Typically the best designs combine elegance with utility. Yet rather than being a feature in itself, the optimal pylon blends in with nature. That餾 a tough task for 20 tons of steel, however impressively shaped.[E] The skeletal, lattice design of Britain餾electricity pylons has changed little since the first one was raised in 1928. Many countries have copied these “striding steel sentries”, as the poet Stephen Spender called them;more than 88,000 now march across the country餾intermittently green and pleasant land.[F] Now six new models are vying to replace these familiar steel towers. The finalists in a government瞫ponsored competition to design a new pylon include a single shard spiking into the sky and an arced, open bow. After a winner is picked in October, National Grid, which runs the electricity瞭ransmission network, will decide whether to construct it.[G] But the price of despoiling pretty scenery is hard to calculate. The risk is that the cost of damaging the landscape is ignored because it is not ascribed a monetary value, says Steve Albon, co瞐uthor of a government瞔ommissioned report on how much the natural environment contributes to Britain餾 economy. As yet, though, no one has found an easy or accepted measure of this worth to help make decisions.1→2→A→3→4→5→DPassage 5Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and E have been correctly placed.[A] Nor can it buy companies as freely as postal services in Europe, Canada or Asia have been doing for the past decade. Many European countries, as well as New Zealand and Japan, have already privatised or liberalised their postal services. Combined, foreign posts now get most oftheir revenue from new businesses such as retailing orbanking for consumers, or warehousing and logistics for companies.[B] THE US Postal Service has an unofficial creed that harks back to Herodotus, who was admiring the Persian Empire餾 stalwart messengers. Its own history is impressive too, dating to a royal license by William and Mary in 1692, and including Benjamin Franklin as a notable postmaster, both for the crownand then for the newly independent country. Ever since, the post has existed “to bind the Nation together”.[C] Quasi瞚ndependent since 1970, the post gets nopublic money. And yet it is obliged (as FedEx and UPS are not) to visit every mailbox, no matter how remote, six days a week. This has driven the average cost of each piece of mail upfrom 34 cents in 2006 to 41 cents. Yet the post is notallowed to raise prices (of stamps and such) willy瞡illy; a 2006 law set formulas for that. So in effect, the post cannot control either its costs or its revenues.[D] So America餾 post is looking for other solutions. It is planning to close post offices; up to 3,653, out of about 32,000. This month it announced plans to lay off another120,000 workers by 2015, having already bidden adieu to some 110,000 over the past four years (for a total of about560,000 now). It also wants to fiddle with its workers pensions and health care.[E] Ultimately, says Mr Donahoe, the post will have to stop delivering mail on Saturdays. Then perhaps on other days too. The post has survived new technologies before, he points out. “In 1910, we owned the most horses, by 1920 we ownedthe most vehicles.” But the internet just might send it the way of the pony express.[F] But as ever more Americans go online instead of sending paper, the volume of mail has been plummeting. The decline is steeper than even pessimists expected a decade ago, says Patrick Donahoe, the current postmaster瞘eneral. Worse, because the post must deliver to every address in the country—about 150m, with some 1.4m additions every year—costs are simultaneously going up. As a result, the post has lost $20 billion in the last four years and expects to lose another $8 billion this fiscal year.[G] And although the recession made everything worse,the internet is the main culprit. As Christmas cards havegone online (and “green”), so have bills. In 2000, 5% of Americans paid utilities online. Last year 55% did, and eventually everybody will, says Mr Donahoe. Photos now go on Facebook, magazines come on iPads. Already, at least for Americans under a certain age, the post delivers only badnews or nuisances, from jury summonses to junk mail. Pleasant deliveries probably arrive by a parcel service such as UPS or FedEx.1→2→3→C→4→5→EPassage 6Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and B have been correctly placed.[A] Among national newspapers, paywalls are still rare, though the New York Times and the Times of London both have them. Most wall瞓uilding is being done by small local outfits. “Local newspapers are more vital to their communities, a nd they have less competition,” explains Ken Doctor, the author of “Newsonomics”[B] The paywall瞓uilders tend to report a drop in online traffic. But not usually a steep drop, and not always an enduring one. Oklahoma餾 Tulsa World, which started demanding subscriptions from heavy online readers in April, reports that traffic in August of this year was higher than a year earlier. One possible explanation, odd as it may sound, is that readers are still discovering its website. “We have paper subscribers who want nothing to do with the internet,” explains Robert Lorton, the Tulsa World餾 publisher. Fewer than half of the newspaper餾 print subscribers have so far signed up for unrestricted free access to the website. Other newspapers report similar proportions.[C] That suggests the game is not over. The early瞐dopting young abandoned print newspapers long ago. But many newspapers have a surprisingly large, if dwindling, herd of paying customers. They will milk them as hard as they can.[D] On October 10th the Baltimore Sun will join a fast瞘rowing club. The newspaper will start tracking the number of times people read its stories online; when they reach a limit of 15 a month, they will be asked to pay. Local bloggers may squawk about content wanting to be free. But perhaps not as much as they would have done a few months ago. There is a sense of inevitability about paywalls. In April 2010PaidContent, an online publication, found 26 American local and metropolitan newspapers charging for online access. Several times that number now do so. More than 100 newspapers are using Press+, an online payment system developed in part by a former publisher of the Wall Street Journal. Media News, a newspaper group, put up two paywalls in 2010; it has erected 23 so far this year.[E] Why the rush? One reason is that building paywalls has become easier： Press+ and Google餾 One Pass will collect online subscriptions on behalf of newspapers, skimming alittle off the top. The popularity of Apple餾 iPad is another explanation. Many newspapers have created paid瞗or apps. There is little point doing that if a tablet user can simply read the news for free on a web browser. But the big push comes from advertising—or the lack of it.[F] The most ambitious architects are in Europe. Since May Slovakia has had a virtual national paywall—a single payment system that encompasses nine of the country餾 biggest publications. Slovaks who want to read news online pay 2.90 ($3.90) a month, which is split between the newspapers according to a formula that accounts for where people signed up and how heavily they use each publication餾 website. Piano Media, which built the system, plans to launch another national paywall in Europe early next year.[G] Jim Moroney, publisher of the Dallas Morning News,s ays American newspapers used to abide by an “8020” rule. That is, 80% of their revenues came from advertising and 20% came from subscriptions. Those days are over. Newspaper advertising, print and online combined, has crashed from $9.6billion in the second quarter of 2008 to $6 billion in the second quarter of 2011, according to the NewspaperAssociation of America. Few believe it will ever fully recover. So the race is on to build a subscription business, both in print (cover prices are going up) and online.1→A→2→3→4→B→5Passage 7Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed.[A] A GOOD unit of measurement, writes Robert Crease, must satisfy three conditions. It has to be easy to relate to, match the things it is meant to measure in scale (no point using inches to describe geographical distances) and be stable. In his new book, “World in the Balance”, Mr Crease, who teaches philosophy at Stony Brook University on LongIsland and writes a column for the magazine Physics World, describes man餾 quest for that metrological holy grail. Inthe process, he shows that the story of metrology, notobvious material for a page瞭urner, can in the right hands make for a riveting read.[B] In response the metre, from the Greek metron, meaning “measure”, was ushered in, helped along by French revolutionaries, eager to replace the Bourbon toise (just under two metres) with an all瞡ew, universal unit. The metre was to be defined as a fraction of the Paris meridian whose precise measurement was under way. Together with the kilogram,initially the mass of a decaliter of distilled water, it formed the basis of the metric system.[C] Successful French metrological diplomacy meant that in the ensuing decades the metric system supplanted a hotchpotch of regional units in all bar a handful of nations. Even Britain, long wedded to its imperial measures, caved in. (Americans are taking longer to persuade.) In 1875 Nature, a British magazine, hailed the metric system as “one of the greatest triumphs of modern civilisation”. Paradoxically, Mr Crease argues, it thrived in part as a consequence of British imperialism, which all but wiped out innumerable indigenous measurement systems, creating a vacuum that the new framework was able to fill.[D] For all its diplomatic success, though, the metre failed to live up to its original promise. Tying it to the meridian, or any other natural benchmark, proved intractable. As a result, the unit continued to be defined in explicit reference to a unique platinum瞚ridium ingot until 1960. Only then was it recast in less fleeting terms： as amultiple of the wavelength of a particular type of light. Finally, in 1983, it was tied to a fundamental physical constant, the speed of light, becoming the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. (The second had by then itself got a metrological makeover： no longer a 60th of a60th of a 24th of the period of the Earth餾 rotation, it is currently the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a phenomenon called microwave transition in an atom ofcaesium133.)[E] The earliest known units met the first two of Mr Crease餾 requirements well. Most were drawn from things to hand： the human body (the foot or the mile, which derives from the Latin milia passuum, or 1,000 paces) and tools (barrels, cups). Others were more abstract. The journal (from jour, French for “day”), used in medieval France, was equivalent to the area a man could plough in a day with a single ox, as was the acre in Britain or the morgen in north Germany and Holland.[F] But no two feet, barrels or workdays are quite the same. What was needed was “a foot, not yours or mine”.Calls for a firm standard that was not subject tofluctuations or the whim of feudal lords, grew louder in the late 17th century. They were a consequence of the beginnings of international trade and modern science. Both required greater precision to advance.[G] Now the kilogram, the last artefact瞓ased unit, awaits its turn. Adding urgency is the fact the “real” kilogram, stored in a safe in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, seems to be shedding weight relative to its official copies. Metrologists are busy trying to recast it in terms of Planck餾 constant, a formula which is deemed cosmicly inviolate, as is the speedof light (pending further findings from CERN, anyway). In his jolly book, Mr Crease is cheering them on.A→1→2→3→4→5→GPassage 8Directions： For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs B and G have been correctly placed.[A] There are doubters, of course. The cost ofelectricity may rise, and some polluters may flee the state, taking jobs away. But California already has one in four of America餾 solar瞖nergy jobs and will add many more. Sun, wind, geothermal, nuclear：“We need it all,” says Terry Tamminen, who advised Mr Schwarzenegger. The state is setting up an “interesting experiment”, he thinks. “California goes one way, the United States another.”[B] To Europeans, Asians and Australians, this may seem nothing much. After all, the European Union already has a similar emissions瞭rading market, and a carbon tax is now wending its way through the Australian legislature. India have adopted versions of carbon taxes or emissions trading. But California is in America, which has taken a sharp turn in the opposite direction. Congress debated a cap瞐nd瞭rade system in 2009, but then allowed it to die. Republicans attacked it as “cap瞐nd瞭ax”, and increasingly deny that climate change is a problem at all. Some even point to the bankruptcy of Solyndra, a Californian maker of solar panels which had received lots of federal money, as proof that renewable energy is a wasteful pinko pipe瞕ream.[C] But California is staying its course. Besides cap瞐nd瞭rade, its climate瞔hange law calls for lower exhaust瞤ipe emissions from vehicles and cleaner appliances, and requires the state餾 utilities to use renewable energy for。
考研英语段落排序题全真模拟试一
考研英语段落排序题全真模拟试一————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A] On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, the electors who have been chosen in November assemble in their respective state capitals to signal their preference. The future president and vice-president must receive at least 270 electoral votes, a majority of the total of 538, to win. Members of the electoral college have the moral, but not the legal, obligation to vote for the candidate who won the popular vote in their state. This moral imperative, plus the fact that electors are members of the same political party as the presidential candidate winning the popular vote, ensures that the outcome in the electoral college is a valid reflection of the popular vote in November.[B] It is even possible for someone to win the popular vote, yet lost the presidency to another candidate. How? It has to do with the electoral college.[C] The electoral college was created in response to a problem encountered during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, where delegates were trying to determine the best way to choose the president. The framers of the Constitution intended that the electors, a body of men chosen for their wisdom, should come together and choose on behalf of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political parties guaranteed that the electoral of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political guaranteed that the electoral system never worked as the framers had intended; instead, national parties, i. e. nationwide alliances of local interests, quickly came to dominate the election campaigns. The electors became mere figureheads representing the state branches of the parties who got them chosen, and their votes were predetermined and predictable.[D] How are the electors chosen? Although there is some variation among states in how electors are appointed, generally they are chosen by the popular vote, always on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Each political party in a state chooses a state of local worthies to be members of the electoral college if the party’s presidential candidate wins at least a plurality of the popular vote in the state.[E] How is the number of electors decided? Every state has one elector for each senator and representative it sends to Congress. States with greater populations therefore have more electors in the electoral college. All states have at least 3 electors, but California, the most populous state, has 54. The District of Columbia, though not a state, is also allowed to send three electors.[F] How can one win the popular vote yet lose the presidency? Let’s simplify f or the sake of argument: imagine that instead of 50 states America had only two. California and Montana. Now suppose that candidate A wins in California by 9,000,500 votes to 9,000,400; the 100-vote margin still gives him 54 electors. But then candidate A loses in Montana by 201,000 to 205,000, candidate B gets Montana’s electoral votes. The total number of votes for A is 9,210,500 and for B, 9,205,400; yet A, with 54 electoral votes out of 57, wins the election![G] America’s election day is 7 November. O n the day citizens who wish to will cast their ballots for the presidential candidate they prefer. The result of this process is called the popular vote, and these days the winner of the popular vote is usually known shortly after the polls close. However, not one of the votes cast on Election Day actually goes directly to a particular candidate.Order:G → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → 45.［试题分析］这篇文章共分7段，[G]段和[F]段已分别被定为篇首段与篇尾段。
考研英语完形备战：排序题练习(四)
考研英语完形备战：排序题练习（四）[A] Twelve years ago, Lawler recalls, a member of the staff brought in an article about the decline in children's health: “We said, ‘We have these kids five days a week. We should be able to do something.’”At that time, Lawler and his staff had a basketball court, a playing field---and a student body that dreaded the twice-yearly 1-mile run to measure fitness. So they eliminated the semiannual curse, requiring instead that every student run every week. "You wouldn't believe the line outside the nurse's office with kids and their medical excuses," says Lawler. But slowly the kids got over it---and into it.[B] Just as attitudes about PE and fitness are shifting, however, even the most enlightened teachers are finding themselves obstructed in their efforts. More and more schools are cutting back or eliminating PE instruction entirely. Illinois is the only state in the nation that requires daily physical education for grades K-12. But even in Illinois, schools can get waivers to replace PE with activities like band or choir. Only 8 percent of U.S. elementary schools 6.4 percent of middle schools, and 5.8 percent of high schools provide daily physical education for the entire school year.A quarter of all school children don't get PE classes at all. Indeed, one study indicates that today's grandparents are more active than their grandchildren--a fact almost certainly tied to the doubling of overweight children over the past 20 years.[C] The Nashville schools have fitness centers, complete with stationary bikes and a climbing wall, in-line skates, heart-rate monitors for every kid, and--perhaps most important--a coaching staff with a shared epiphany about the links between childhood obesity and physical education.[D] But the real value may be in showing all children, including those without athletic talent, the value of fitness.[E] Welcome to the "new PE'---and not a minute too soon for any kid who has been picked last, Consigned to right field, or left dangling halfway up the climbing rope. The idea is to get away from the jock culture---fastest, strongest, most athletic---and instead start all kids on a road to lifelong fitness. And that starts with no humiliation. The Nashville, Ill., district, where Lawler teaches, has been highlighted in a government-funded book, Active Youth, as a model in promoting physical activity for children.[F] There's no doubt that schools are squeezed for time and money. Parents want electives like foreign languages and music as well as AP courses, which count heavily in college admissions. In addition, teachers are struggling to boost scores on national tests, all at a time when school districts are faced with tight budgets. Gym class often little more than dodge ball to begin with--is typically the first subject to get the budget ax. Even recess, a poor substitute for true health education, can be pulled out of the day's mix. One California parent said teachers would count field-trip time---walking to a community center, for example---as part of required physical education time.[G] Even so, it wasn't until four years ago that Lawler realized he was pushing some kids too hard. It was the heart monitors that changed his thinking. It turns out the kids were already working at their maximum aerobic capacity, even many of the apparent slackers, but he couldn't determine that just by watching them. He'd try to motivate them to work harder. After the monitors showed indisputably that they were working hard, he made several changes in the program,including switching from a mile run to a 13-minute run. The kids now know that distance and speed don't matter. Whether they're walking, running, in-line skating, playing soccer, or using the fitness center, what matters is that they're in motion long enough to keep their heat rate "in the zone"---the 145 to 166 beats per minute a 12-year-old needs to give the heart a good workout.[E]→1.[ ]→2.[ ]→3.[ ]→4.[ ]→5.[ ]→[D]小提示：目前本科生就业市场竞争激烈，就业主体是研究生，在如今考研竞争日渐激烈的情况下，我们想要不在考研大军中变成分母，我们需要：早开始+好计划+正确的复习思路+好的辅导班（如果经济条件允许的情况下）。
考研英语排序题真题答案
考研英语排序题真题答案在考研英语阅读理解部分，排序题要求考生根据文章的逻辑顺序，将打乱的段落重新排列。
以下是一篇排序题的真题及答案解析：原文段落：A. However, the majority of the population still relies on traditional methods for their daily transportation.B. In recent years, the use of electric vehicles has become increasingly popular.C. The introduction of electric buses has significantly reduced the carbon footprint in some cities.D. Despite the advancement in technology, there has been a slow adoption of electric vehicles.E. The government has been promoting the use of electric vehicles through various incentives.F. The transition from traditional to electric vehicles is not without its challenges.正确排序：B, E, C, D, A, F答案解析：1. B - 段落B作为开头，引出主题，即近年来电动车的流行。
2. E - 段落E紧接着B，说明政府如何通过激励措施来推广电动车的使用。
3. C - 段落C进一步阐述了电动车带来的积极影响，即减少碳足迹。
4. D - 段落D转折，指出尽管技术进步，但电动车的普及仍然缓慢。
5. A - 段落A进一步解释了D中提到的慢速普及的原因，即大多数人仍然依赖传统交通方式。
英语考研排序题真题及答案
英语考研排序题真题及答案英语考研的排序题是一种常见的题型，它要求考生根据给定的段落或句子，将其正确地排序，以恢复文章的逻辑顺序。
这类题目考察考生对英语文章结构、逻辑关系以及上下文连贯性的理解能力。
真题示例：1. A. However, the new findings suggest that the impact ofthe virus on the brain is not as severe as previously thought.2. B. But the researchers also found that the virus can cause some damage to the brain.3. C. The latest study on the virus has revealed some interesting results.4. D. In fact, the virus can cause no damage to the brain at all.5. E. This is a significant discovery because it changes our understanding of the virus's effects.答案：3-B-A-E-D解析：- 首先，C句作为首句，引出了研究的主题，因此是第一句。
- 接着，B句中的"but"表明它与前文有转折关系，而A句中的"However"与"the new findings"呼应，说明B和A是紧密相连的，且B在A之前。
- E句中的"This is a significant discovery"是对前文的总结，因此它应该在A句之后。
- 最后，D句中的"In fact"进一步强调了E句中的发现，所以D是最后一句。
考研英语排序题精选
解题实战练习：Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] “I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t —it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.[B] “Finally, I can’t say to them that the ir promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.[C] “I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.[D] “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases t he chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.[E] “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.[F] “So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number ofseminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.Order:G---( )—( )—( )—( )—( )--F步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。
最新考研《英语一》新题型密押：排序题及答案
考研《英语一》新题型密押：排序题及答案Passage 1Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] Subscription has proved by far the best way of paying for high quality television. Advertising veers up and down with the economic cycle, and can be skipped by using digital video recorders. And any outfit that depends on advertising is liable to worry more about offending advertisers than about pleasing viewers. V oluntary subscription is also preferable to the compulsory, universal variety that pays for the BBC and other European public broadcasters. A broadcaster supported by a tax on everyone must try to please everyone. And a government can starve public broadcasters of money, too—as the BBC is painfully learning.[B] What began as an interesting experiment has become the standard way of supporting high quality programming. Most of the great television dramas that are watched in America and around the world appear first on pay TV channels. Having shown others how to make gangster dramas with “The Sopranos”, HBO is laying down the standard for fantasy with “Game of Thrones”. Other pay TV channels have delved into 1960s ad vertising (“Mad Men”), drug dealing (“BreakingBad”) and Renaissance court society (“The Borgias”). Pay TV firms outside America, like Britain s BSkyB, are beginning to pour money into original series. Talent is drifting to pay television, in part because there are fewer appealing roles in film. Meanwhile, broadcast networks have retreated into a safe zone of sitcoms, police procedurals and singing competitions.[C] But pay television is now under threat, especially in America. Prices have been driven so high at a time of economic malaise that many people simply cannot afford it. Disruptive, deep pocketed firms like Amazon and Netflix lurk, whispering promises of internet delivered films and television shows for little or no money. Whether the lure of such alternatives or poverty is what is causing people to cancel their subscriptions is not clear. But the proportion of Americans who pay for TV is falling. Other countries may follow.[D] Pay TV executives argue that people will always find ways of paying for their wares, perhaps by cutting back on cinema tickets or bottled water. That notion seems increasingly hopeful. Every month it appears more likely that the pay TV system will break down. The era of ever growing channel choice is coming to an end; cable and satellite distributors will begin to prune the least popular ones. They may push “best of basic” packages, offering the most desirable channels—and perhaps leaving out sport. In the most disruptive scenario, no longerunimaginable, pay TV would become a free for all, with channels hawking themselves directly to consumers, perhaps sending their content over the internet. How can media firms survive in such a world?[E] Fifteen years ago nearly all the television shows that excited critics and won awards appeared on free broadcast channels. Pay television (or, as many Americans call it, “cable”) was the domain of repeats, music videos and televangelists. Then HBO, a subscription outfit mostly known for boxing and films, decided to try its hand at hour long dramas.[F] But television as a whole should emerge stronger. If people buy individual channels rather than a huge bundle, they will have to think about what they really value—the more so because each channel will cost more than it does at present. Media firms will improve their game in response. The activity that diverts the average American for some four and a half hours each day should become more gripping, not less.[G] It won t be easy. They will have to start marketing heavily: at present the pay TV distributors do that for them. They must produce much more of their own programming. Repeats and old films lose their appeal in a world in which consumers can instantly call up vast archives. If they are to sell directly to the audience they will have to become technology firms, building apps and much slicker websites than they have now, which anticipate what customers might want to watch.1→2→A→3→D→4→5Passage 2Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs D and E have been correctly placed.[A] For publishers, though, it is a dangerous time. Book publishing resembles the newspaper business in the late 1990s, or music in the early 2000s. Although revenues are fairly stable, and the traditional route is still the only way to launch a blockbuster, the climate is changing. Some of the publishers functions—packaging books and promoting them to shops—are becoming obsolete. Algorithms and online recommendations threaten to replace them as arbiters of quality. The tide of self published books threatens to swamp their products. As bookshops close, they lose a crucial showcase. And they face, as the record companies did, a near monopoly controlling digital distribution: Amazon’s grip over the ebook market is much like Apple’s control of music downloads.[B] They also need to become more efficient. Digital books can be distributed globally, but publishers persist in dividing the world into territories with separate editorial staffs. In the digital age it is daft to take months or even years to get a book to market. And if they are to distinguish their wares from self published dross, they must get better at choosing books, honing ideas and polishing copy. If publishers are tohold readers’attention they must tell a better story—and edit out all the spelling mistakes as well.[C] For readers, this is splendid. Just as Amazon collapsed distance by bringing a huge range of books to out of the way places, it is now collapsing time, by enabling readers to download books instantly. Moreover, anybody can now publish a book, through Amazon and a number of other services.[D] During the next few weeks publishers will release a crush of books, pile them onto delivery lorries and fight to get them on the display tables at the front of bookshops in the run up to Christmas. It is an impressive display of competitive commercial activity. It is also increasingly pointless.[E] Yet there are still two important jobs for publishers. They act as the venture capitalists of the words business, advancing money to authors of worthwhile books that might not be written otherwise. And they are editors, picking good books and improving them. So it would be good, not just for their shareholders but also for intellectual life, if they survived.[F] More quickly than almost anyone predicted, e books are emerging as a serious alternative to the paper kind. Amazon, comfortably the biggest e book retailer, has lowered the price of its Kindle e readers to the point where people do not fear to take them to the beach. In America, the most advanced market, about one fifth of the largestpublishers sales are of e books. Newly released blockbusters may sell as many digital copies as paper ones. The proportion is growing quickly, not least because many bookshops are closing.[G] They are doing some things right. Having watched the record companies impotence after Apple wrested control of music pricing from them, the publishers have managed to retain their ability to set prices. But they are missing some tricks. The music and film industries have started to bundle electronic with physical versions of their products—by, for instance, providing those who buy a DVD of a movie with a code to download it from the internet. Publishers, similarly, should bundle e books with paper books.D→1→2→3→E→4→5Passage 3Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed.[A] Fifteen years ago Vincent Bolloré, a French industrialist, decided to get into the business of electricity storage. He started a project to produce rechargeable batteries in two small rooms of his family mansion in Brittany. “I asked him, ‘what are you doing? and I told him to stop, that it wouldn t go anywhere,” says Alain Minc, a business consultant in Paris who has advised Mr Bolloréfor many years.Fortunately, he says, Mr Bolloré continued.[B] The real aim for Mr Bolloré, however, is to showcase his battery technology. His group has developed a type of rechargeable cell, called a lithium metal polymer (LMP) battery. This is different from the lithium ion batteries used by most of the car industry. Mr Bollorébelieves fervently that his batteries are superior, mainly because they are safer. Lithium ion batteries can explode if they overheat—which in the past happened in some laptops. Carmakers incorporate safety features to prevent the batterys cells from overheating.[C] The city of Paris will cover most of the cost of the stations, but Mr Bolloré will pay an estimated 105m to supply his design of “Bluecar” vehicles and their batteries. He will bear a further 80m a year in running costs. The city s estimates for how popular the new service will be are highly optimistic, said a recent study by the government. Autolib could make 33ma year for Mr Bolloré, according to the study, but it could easily just breakeven or lose as much as 60mannually. Autolib will also be the first time the group has operated in a big consumer facing business where it will be held directly responsible for problems such as vandalism or breakdowns.[D] Going up against the rest of the car industry may seem quixotic. Before he won Autolib, Mr Bolloré says, people may well have thought he and his team were mad to venture into such a new area. But theyunderestimated his group s knowledge of electricity storage, he maintains. And if the growing number of electric cars on the road does lead to safety concerns over batteries, then Mr Bollorés LMP technology could move from the margin to the mainstream—provided, of course, they pass their test on the streets of Paris.[E] “Being a family company means we can invest for the long term,” says Mr Bolloré, who has spent 1.5 bill ion on battery development since 1996. Most of his group s money comes from transport and logistics, with a strong position in Africa, and from petrol distribution in France. Mr Bolloréhas also made billions from financial investments such as in Rue Imperiale, a holding company. Autolib will be keenly watched throughout the car industry. It is the first large scale city car sharing service to use only electric vehicles from the outset; a scheme in Ulm in Germany, by contrast, started with diesel vehicles. Running Autolib could mean shouldering substantial losses for the Bolloré Group. Mr Bolloré was not expected to win the contract, but did so mainly because he offered low rental charges for drivers.[F] Mr Bollorés LMP batteries are said to be more stable when being charged and discharged, which is when batteries come under most strain. Just two European carmakers have seen the batteries, which are made only by the Bolloré Group. One car industry executive says that though the LMP technology is attractive from a safety point of view, thebatteries have to be heated up to function—which takes power and makes them less convenient to use.[G] Mr Bollorés technology is about to hit the road. In his group won a contract to run Autolib, a car sharing scheme designed by Bertrand Delan e, the mayor of Paris, which will put 3,000 electric vehicles on the city s streets along with 1,120 stations for parking and recharging. Construction of the stations started in the summer, and Mr Bolloré will begin testing the service on October 1st before opening it to the public in December. Rechargeable batteries are now an important technology for the global car industry as it starts to make ever more electric and hybrid vehicles. Renault, a French manufacturer, is alone investing 4 billion ($5.6 billion) in a range of electric models which it will start selling this autumn. Many producers will unveil new electric vehicles next week when the Frankfurt Motor Show opens.1→2→3→C→4→F→5Passage 4Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] The contest has been held in anticipation of a new era of pylon building. By XX, a quarter of the country s current generating capacity will need replacing; the government hopes the new supply will comefrom renewable sources such as onshore and offshore wind farms. Today s offshore capacity is just 7% of ministers targets for the end of the decade—and all of the new generation out to sea will need to land transmission cables ashore. The existing electricity grid is in the wrong place for many of these new sources of power. That creates a paradox: trying to save the world by cutting carbon emissions means scarring particular bits of it by dragging new power lines through scenic countryside.[B] This is an old problem. The launch of Britain s national electricity grid in 1933 was decried for desecrating the landscape. More recently, the location of wind farms has prompted similar debates. The difficulty with pylons is that they go everywhere. Scotland has had nearly five years of disputes over the planned 600pylon upgrade of a transmission line running from Beauly in the Highlands to the central belt where more electricity is used. The same clashes will now play out in England and Wales. A new planning commission was set up in 2009 to speed up the glacial pace of infrastructure decision making. But weighing economic demands against beauty remains a thorny and potentially time-consuming job.[C] Opponents of towering pylons say the answer is to bury power lines: at present only 950km of Britain s 13,000km of high voltage cable runs underground, most of it in urban areas. But sinking wires,which means clearing a corridor 17m to 40m wide and cannot be done in all terrains, carries an environmental toll too. “You are effectively sterilising land use in the area,” says Richard Smith of National Grid; no planting, digging or building is allowed. That makes installing subsurface cables 12 to 17 times as pricey as overhead lines, according to National Grid (they also need replacing sooner). Since consumers pay for this through their electricity bills, everyone would have to fork out to protect the views and house prices of a few people.[D] So finding a new shape for pylons may be only one aspect of the coming power rows. But it will be a tricky one. Typically the best designs combine elegance with utility. Yet rather than being a feature in itself, the optimal pylon blends in with nature. That s a tough task for20 tons of steel, however impressively shaped.[E] The skeletal, lattice design of Britain s electricity pylons has changed little since the first one was raised in 1928. Many countries have copied these “striding steel sentries”, as the poet Stephen Spender called them; more than 88,000 now march across the country s intermittently green and pleasant land.[F] Now six new models are vying to replace these familiar steel towers. The finalists in a government sponsored competition to design a new pylon include a single shard spiking into the sky and an arced, open bow. After a winner is picked in October, National Grid, which runs theelectricity transmission network, will decide whether to construct it.[G] But the price of despoiling pretty scenery is hard to calculate. The risk is that the cost of damaging the landscape is ignored because it is not ascribed a monetary value, says Steve Albon, co author of a government commissioned report on how much the natural environment contributes to Britain s economy. As yet, though, no one has found an easy or accepted measure of this worth to help make decisions.1→2→A→3→4→5→DPassage 5Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and E have been correctly placed.[A] Nor can it buy companies as freely as postal services in Europe, Canada or Asia have been doing for the past decade. Many European countries, as well as New Zealand and Japan, have already privatised or liberalised their postal services. Combined, foreign posts now get most of their revenue from new businesses such as retailing or banking for consumers, or warehousing and logistics for companies.[B] THE US Postal Service has an unofficial creed that harks back to Herodotus, who was admiring the Persian Empire s stalwart messengers. Its own history is impressive too, dating to a royal license byWilliam and Mary in 1692, and including Benjamin Franklin as a notable postmaster, both for the crownand then for the newly independent country. Ever since, the post has existed “to bind the Nation together”.[C] Quasi independent since 1970, the post gets no public money. And yet it is obliged (as FedEx and UPS are not) to visit every mailbox, no matter how remote, six days a week. This has driven the average cost of each piece of mail up from 34 cents in 2006 to 41 cents. Yet the post is not allowed to raise prices (of stamps and such) willy nilly; a 2006 law set formulas for that. So in effect, the post cannot control either its costs or its revenues.[D] So America s post is looking for other solutions. It is planning to close post offices; up to 3,653, out of about 32,000. This month it announced plans to lay off another 120,000 workers by , having already bidden adieu to some 110,000 over the past four years (for a total of about 560,000 now). It also wants to fiddle with its workers pensions and health care.[E] Ultimately, says Mr Donahoe, the post will have to stop delivering mail on Saturdays. Then perhaps on other days too. The post has surv ived new technologies before, he points out. “In 1910, we owned the most horses, by 1920 we owned the most vehicles.” But the internet just might send it the way of the pony express.[F] But as ever more Americans go online instead of sending paper,the volume of mail has been plummeting. The decline is steeper than even pessimists expected a decade ago, says Patrick Donahoe, the current postmaster general. Worse, because the post must deliver to every address in the country—about 150m, with some 1.4m additions every year—costs are simultaneously going up. As a result, the post has lost $20 billion in the last four years and expects to lose another $8 billion this fiscal year.[G] And although the recession made everything worse, the internet is the main culprit. As Christmas cards have gone online (and “green”), so have bills. In 2000, 5% of Americans paid utilities online. Last year 55% did, and eventually everybody will, says Mr Donahoe. Photos now go on Facebook, magazines come on iPads. Already, at least for Americans under a certain age, the post delivers only bad news or nuisances, from jury summonses to junk mail. Pleasant deliveries probably arrive by a parcel service such as UPS or FedEx.1→2→3→C→4→5→EPassage 6Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and B have been correctly placed.[A] Among national newspapers, paywalls are still rare, though the New York Times and the Times of London both have them. Mostwall building is being done by small local outfits. “Local newspapers are more vital to their communities, and they have less competition,” explains Ken Doctor, the author of “Newsonomics”[B] The paywall builders tend to report a drop in online traffic. But not usually a steep drop, and not always an enduring one. Oklahoma s Tulsa World, which started demanding subscriptions from heavy online readers in April, reports that traffic in August of this year was higher than a year earlier. One possible explanation, odd as it may sound, is that readers are still discovering its website. “We have paper subscribers who want nothing to do with the internet,” explains Robert Lorton, the Tulsa World s publisher. Fewer than half of the newspaper s print subscribers have so far signed up for unrestricted free access to the website. Other newspapers report similar proportions.[C] That suggests the game is not over. The early adopting young abandoned print newspapers long ago. But many newspapers have a surprisingly large, if dwindling, herd of paying customers. They will milk them as hard as they can.[D] On October 10th the Baltimore Sun will join a fast growing club. The newspaper will start tracking the number of times people read its stories online; when they reach a limit of 15 a month, they will be asked to pay. Local bloggers may squawk about content wanting to be free. But perhaps not as much as they would have done a few months ago.There is a sense of inevitability about paywalls. In April PaidContent, an online publication, found 26 American local and metropolitan newspapers charging for online access. Several times that number now do so. More than 100 newspapers are using Press+, an online payment system developed in part by a former publisher of the Wall Street Journal. Media News, a newspaper group, put up two paywalls in ; it has erected23 so far this year.[E] Why the rush? One reason is that building paywalls has become easier: Press+ and Google s One Pass will collect online subscriptions on behalf of newspapers, skimming a little off the top. The popularity of Apple s iPad is another explanation. Many newspapers have created paid for apps. There is little point doing that if a tablet user can simply read the news for free on a web browser. But the big push comes from advertising—or the lack of it.[F] The most ambitious architects are in Europe. Since May Slovakia has had a virtual national paywall—a single payment system that encompasses nine of the country s biggest publications. Slovaks who want to read news online pay 2.90 ($3.90) a month, which is split between the newspapers according to a formula that accounts for where people signed up and how heavily they use each publication s website. Piano Media, which built the system, plans to launch another national paywall in Europe early next year.[G] Jim Moroney, publisher of the Dallas Morning News, says American newspapers used to abide by an “8020” rule. That is, 80% of their revenues came from advertising and 20% came from subscriptions. Those days are over. Newspaper advertising, print and online combined, has crashed from $9.6 billion in the second quarter of 2008 to $6 billion in the second quarter of , according to the Newspaper Association of America. Few believe it will ever fully recover. So the race is on to build a subscription business, both in print (cover prices are going up) and online.1→A→2→3→4→B→5Passage 7Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed.[A] A GOOD unit of measurement, writes Robert Crease, must satisfy three conditions. It has to be easy to relate to, match the things it is meant to measure in scale (no point using inches to describe geographical distances) and be stable. In his new book, “World in the Balance”, Mr Crease, who teaches philosophy at Stony Brook University on Long Island and writes a column for the magazine Physics World, describes man s quest for that metrological holy grail. In the process, he shows that the story of metrology, not obvious material for a page turner, canin the right hands make for a riveting read.[B] In response the metre, from the Greek metron, meaning “measure”, was ushered in, helped along by French revolutionaries, eager to replace the Bourbon toise (just under two metres) with an all new, universal unit. The metre was to be defined as a fraction of the Paris meridian whose precise measurement was under way. Together with the kilogram, initially the mass of a decaliter of distilled water, it formed the basis of the metric system.[C] Successful French metrological diplomacy meant that in the ensuing decades the metric system supplanted a hotchpotch of regional units in all bar a handful of nations. Even Britain, long wedded to its imperial measures, caved in. (Americans are taking longer to persuade.) In 1875 Nature, a British magazine, hailed the metric system as “one of the greatest triumphs of modern civilisation”. Paradoxically, Mr Crease argues, it thrived in part as a consequence of British imperialism, which all but wiped out innumerable indigenous measurement systems, creating a vacuum that the new framework was able to fill.[D] For all its diplomatic success, though, the metre failed to live up to its original promise. Tying it to the meridian, or any other natural benchmark, proved intractable. As a result, the unit continued to be defined in explicit reference to a unique platinum iridium ingot until 1960. Only then was it recast in less fleeting terms: as a multiple of thewavelength of a particular type of light. Finally, in 1983, it was tied to a fundamental physical constant, the speed of light, becoming the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. (The second had by then itself got a metrological makeover: no longer a 60th of a 60th of a 24th of the period of the Earth s rotation, it is currently the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a phenomenon called microwave transition in an atom of caesium133.)[E] The earliest known units met the first two of Mr Crease s requirements well. Most were drawn from things to hand: the human body (the foot or the mile, which derives from the Latin milia passuum, or 1,000 paces) and tools (barrels, cups). Others were more abstract. The journal (from jour, French for “day”), used in medieval France, was equivalent to the area a man could plough in a day with a single ox, as was the acre in Britain or the morgen in north Germany and Holland.[F] But no two feet, barrels or workdays are quite the same. What was needed was “a foot, not yours or mine”. Calls for a firm standard that was not subject to fluctuations or the whim of feudal lords, grew louder in the late 17th century. They were a consequence of the beginnings of international trade and modern science. Both required greater precision to advance.[G] Now the kilogram, the last artefact based unit, awaits its turn. Adding urgency is the fact the “real” kilogram, stored in a safe in theInternational Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, seems to be shedding weight relative to its official copies. Metrologists are busy trying to recast it in terms of Planck s constant, a formula which is deemed cosmicly inviolate, as is the speed of light (pending further findings from CERN, anyway). In his jolly book, Mr Crease is cheering them on.A→1→2→3→4→5→GPassage 8Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs B and G have been correctly placed.[A] There are doubters, of course. The cost of electricity may rise, and some polluters may flee the state, taking jobs away. But California already has one in four of America s solar energy jobs and will add many more. Sun, wind, geothermal, nuclear: “We need it all,” says Terry Tamminen, who advised Mr Schwarzenegger. The state is setting up an “interesting experiment”, he thinks. “California goes one way, the United States another.”[B] To Europeans, Asians and Australians, this may seem nothing much. After all, the European Union already has a similar emissions trading market, and a carbon tax is now wending its way through the Australian legislature. India have adopted versions of carbon。
最新考研英语段落排序题
2010年考研英语Part B新题型部分，第一次考到了新题型的段落排序题，但是与考研大纲不同的是，这次段落排序题不是5选5，而是6选5，有一个不能选的段落。
这是让广大考生感到没有思想准备的一道题。
题目要求中明确指出，本题共出现标号从A到G的7个段落，其中E段的位置已经给出，而要求从A, B, C, D, F, G这6个段落中选取5段，并结合已经给的E段，进行排序。
题目的素材。
选自2003年第一期《麦肯锡周刊》(The Mckinsey Quartly)。
请注意，这已经是这本注明的经济管理类杂志第二次入选考研英语试题的素材库了。
原文的名字叫“A wholesale shift in European groceries”，翻译成汉语，为“欧洲日常用品销售向批发转型”。
整个文章主要描述的目前欧洲的日用消费品零售商(主要是连锁大超市集团)在欧洲面临的困境——缺乏增长动力。
而它们却忽视了现在消费者的习惯正在发生改变这一事实。
下面我们来分析一下新题型这道题的解题方法。
[A]The first and more important is the consume r’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hours has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption on 1995 to 35% in 2000 and is expected to approach 38% by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5% a year as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternation.[B] Retail, sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retails have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion aboard. But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own back yard: the wholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C] Will such variations bring about a change in overall structure of the food and drink market? Definitely not. The functioning of the market is base on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide. What to buy. At any rate, this change and international consumers, regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their gigantic scale, existing infrastructure, and proven skills in the management of product ranges, logistics, and marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rank in substantial profits thereby. At last, that is how it looks as a whole. Closer inspection reveals important differences among the biggest nation market especially in their customer segment and wholesale structures, a as well as the competitive dynamics.[E] Despite variations in detail, wholesale markets in the countries that have been closely examined---France, Germany—are made out of the same building block. Demandmainly from two sources: in dependent mom—and –pop grocery stores which, unlike large retail chains, are too small to buy straight when they don’t eat at home. Such food service operators, but most of these businesses are known in the t rade as “horeca”：hotels, restaurant and cafes. Overall, Europe’s wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figure when assed together, mask too opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales came to ＄268 billion in France, Germany, Spain, America in 2000 --- more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail ; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often ;and in the competitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last man it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retailers land even some large food producers and existing wholesalers, from trying their hand, foe those that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.解题步骤与思路：一．归纳6个选项的段落大意，同时注意两个选项之间的联系。
英语排序练习题
英语排序练习题English Sentence Ordering Practice1. The cat, which was black, sat on the fence.2. After finishing her homework, she went to bed.3. Although it was raining, we decided to go for a walk.4. Before the concert, we had dinner at a nearby restaurant.5. Despite his efforts, he failed to complete the marathon.6. During the storm, the power went out.7. Even though she was tired, she continued working.8. Finally, after months of hard work, he got the promotion.9. First, we need to gather all the necessary materials.10. For breakfast, she had toast and coffee.11. He always helps others, which is why we all admire him.12. In the end, we decided to stay home instead of going out.13. It's important to stay hydrated, especially during hot weather.14. Just as we were leaving, the phone rang.15. Last week, we visited the museum and the art gallery.16. Neither the teacher nor the students were prepared for the exam.17. Not only did he finish the race, but he also set a new record.18. On the way to school, she bought a new notebook.19. Please remember to turn off the lights when you leave.20. Since it was his birthday, we decided to surprise him.21. Such was the impact of the movie that everyone wastalking about it.22. That's the reason why I didn't attend the meeting.23. The book, which I had been looking for, was finally found.24. The moment she entered the room, everyone started clapping.25. This is the house where I grew up.26. Though he was young, he knew a lot about the subject.27. To our surprise, the team won the championship.28. Unless it rains, we will have the picnic in the park.29. We can either go to the movies or stay home and watch TV.30. When she heard the news, she was overjoyed.Instructions:Arrange the given sentences in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph. Consider the use of conjunctions, adverbs, and time expressions to guide your ordering. Remember, thegoal is to create a smooth flow of ideas that makes sense to the reader.。
2018年英语一排序题原题
2018年英语一排序题原题摘要：一、引言1.介绍英语一排序题2.强调题目在考试中的重要性二、题目背景1.2018 年英语一考试2.考试大纲及题型概述三、题目解析1.题干分析2.选项分析3.解题思路四、解题步骤1.快速浏览题干，提取关键信息2.逐个分析选项，排除干扰项3.结合语境，确定正确答案五、应试技巧1.提高阅读速度2.增强语境理解能力3.培养逻辑思维六、总结1.回顾解题过程2.强调题目在英语考试中的重要性3.鼓励考生加强英语学习，提高应试能力正文：一、引言英语考试是很多学生心中的难题，如何在有限的时间内提高英语成绩，成为了众多学生和家长关心的问题。
在英语考试中，排序题是一个既考验词汇语法能力，又考验阅读理解能力和逻辑思维能力的题型。
今天，我们将以2018 年英语一排序题原题为例，进行详细的解析和讨论。
二、题目背景2018 年英语一考试是我国高校英语专业学生必须面对的一场重要考试。
考试共分为听力、阅读、语法、写作和翻译等多个部分，其中阅读理解部分包括多种题型，如细节题、推断题、主旨题和排序题等。
排序题要求考生根据文章内容和逻辑关系，将一组句子重新排列，使其符合文章的语境和逻辑。
这类题目对考生的英语综合素质要求较高，是英语考试中的一个重要组成部分。
三、题目解析下面，我们来具体分析一下2018 年英语一排序题原题。
题干中给出了五个选项，要求考生将其按正确的顺序排列。
通过对题干的分析，我们可以发现，这道题目主要考察的是对文章主题和逻辑关系的理解。
因此，在解题过程中，我们需要结合文章的语境和逻辑，逐个分析选项，排除干扰项，确定正确答案。
四、解题步骤1.快速浏览题干，提取关键信息。
通过阅读题干，我们可以了解到这篇文章主要讲述了某个话题，以及这个话题涉及到的各个方面。
对于排序题来说，题干中的关键词和信息非常重要，可以为解题提供重要的线索。
2.逐个分析选项，排除干扰项。
在解题过程中，我们需要仔细阅读每个选项，并结合文章的语境和逻辑，判断其是否符合题意。
考研英语阅读段落排序题得分要点及解题方法
段落排序题仍然是今年的备考重点，全部做对该题目的可能性微乎其微，所以就需要讲究方法，在考场上多快好省的确保拿到 6~8 分。
拿分要领为：答对首段(如果没有给) 和第二段，以及已知段后面的一段，即对 2-3 个，剩下的，不要做了，直接选一个肯定入选但不确定排哪里的答案。
【解题步骤】1.阅读已经固定的段落如果固定段落是首末段，那么通过阅读首末段就可以得知整个文章的主旨大意，还要注意将已经确定的两个选项从卷子上划去，防止引起不必要的混乱 ;如果是首段+中间段，那也可以知道大意和文章部分内容信息。
但是，如果首段没有要先选出首段。
2.如何选首段首段的特点： 1)首句不含有代词，不含有总结性、过渡性词 (转折、因果、顺延等) 2)一般不含有最高级、第一或最后意思的词语，因为首段没有比较的对象。
3. 阅读选项，尤其是首尾句。
给段落作初步的位置预知和组块考生做不到一次性排出来，能排出来的就排，一时定不了的，做如下工作：1)位置预知：含 so, conclude 等表示结束的词，可能作为尾段。
但是也要警惕未必，总之还是要综合看。
2)组块：有些段一看就觉得应该一个前一个后，比如 A 段末提到... there are two branches.F 段末提到了， the first one is... 。
那么 A 和 F 就属于明显的总分关系，应该前后连贯。
例如 2010 年的 E 段末出现了[E]... at the same sluggish pace as the retail market, but the figures, when addedtogether, mask twoopposingtrends. 而 A 段开头则是[A] The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eatingout: consumptionof food and drink inplaces other thanhomes has risenfrom about...所以明显的顺序是 E >A。
考研英语(一)第三部分新题型：排序、总结、句子匹配
考研英语（一）第三部分新题型：排序、总结、句子匹配（江南博哥）第一节排序材料题根据下面资料，回答1-5题A．Is there still a place for the tiddlers? "That's an explicit yes," says Bob Shea of NACUBO, "do there need to be mergers and acquisitions? That's an unequivocal yes as well." Many small colleges serve niche markets, including a large faith-based one. "Many students wouldn't go to college at all or would be lost in a large one," says Ms. Brown.B．Part of the problem, at least for small liberal arts institutions, is that parents and would-be students are questioning the value of the liberal arts. They want a solid return, in the form of a well-paying job, for their four-year investment. There are still an awful lot of small places：about 40% of degree-granting colleges have fewer than 1,000 students. But enrolment at these institutions has fallen by more than 5% since 2010, while the student population has increased overall.C．Some tiny colleges rely on donations to save the day. Alumni are concerned about the value of their own degree if the college closes, but donors can grow weary. Marlboro, meanwhile, is using its endowment to offer scholarships to one student from each state in an effort to expand its usual pool from New England and to open up new student pipelines. It saw success straight away. It increased its student population by 6% this academic year, after years of falling enrolment.D．Visitors stand out at Marlboro College's pastoral campus in the woods of Vermont, but not because they are special or even unexpected. With 190 enrolled students and just a few dozen faculty and staff, everyone knows everyone. The student-faculty ratio is five to one, about the lowest in the country. The college administration has worked hard to stay small：the student population has rarely topped 350. But in the years since its founding after the Second World War, Marlboro has often skirted financial ruin. In 1993 it had only a few payrolls left in the bank. It was rescued by a foundation. Today it is looking for ways to save itself and already seeing some success.E．To attract students, some colleges are reducing their sticker price, but this is not sustainable for colleges without healthy endowments. According to the National Association of College and University Business Officers (NACUBO), 49% of independent colleges and universities give discounts, up from 38% a decade ago. F．Alice Brown, a former head of the Appalachian College Association, a network of tiny colleges in the Appalachian Mountains, thinks more must merge or close. The Berkeley College of Music (4,371 students) and the Boston Conservatory (730 students) merged in June. Small colleges often share accountants or laboratories already.G．Marlboro is not alone in facing revenue and enrolment pressures. Burlington College(70 students), also in Vermont, shut its doors over the summer. Sweet Briar, a well-regarded women's college in Virginia, nearly closed to its 245 students last year.A last minute bout of fundraising by alumni saved it, for now. Moody's, acredit-ratings agency, said in 2015 that the pace of closures and mergers willaccelerate and could triple from an average of five per year over the next few years. Dennis Gephardt of Moody's says closures and mergers will be concentrated among the smallest colleges.1 [单选题]第（41）题选_______A.AB.BC.CD.DE.EF.FG.G正确答案：G参考解析：第一段谈到了，万宝路学院的基本情况，重点介绍了万宝路学院一直努力保持学院规模小型化：学生人数很少超过350人。
考研英语新题型段落排序题解析
考研英语新题型段落排序题解析笔者英语类考试频道为网友整理研究生管理考试，供大家参考学习。
[A]The first and more important is the consumer’s growing preference for eating out: the consumption of food and drink in places other than hours has risen from about 32 percent of total consumption on 1995 to 35% in 2000 and is expected to approach 38% by 2005. This development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5% a year as the recession is looming large, people are getting anxious. They tend keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at home a realistic alternation。
[B] Retail, sales of food and drink in Europe’s largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retails have already tried e-commerce, with limited success, and expansion aboard. But almost all have ignored the big profitable opportunity in their own back yard: thewholesale food and drink trade, which appears to be just the kind of market retailers need。
考研英语排序题精选
考研英语排序题精选(总3页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--解题实战练习：Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—E to fill ineach numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] “I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewardsat my dis posal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people offin the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t —it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.[B] “Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are morelikely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain numberof years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.[C] “I’ve got a real problem with my officers. Th ey come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.[D] “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we knowthat’s not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.[E] “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports.They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part ofa report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of thereport is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.[F] “So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.Order:G---( )—( )—( )—( )—( )--F步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。
考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一
考研英语段落排序题全真模拟练习一Directions:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.[A] On the first Monday after the second Wednesday in December, the electors who have been chosen in November assemble in their respective state capitals to signal their preference. The future president and vice-president must receive at least 270 electoral votes, a majority of the total of 538, to win. Members of the electoral college have the moral, but not the legal, obligation to vote for the candidate who won the popular vote in their state. This moral imperative, plus the fact that electors are members of the same political party as the presidential candidate winning the popular vote, ensures that the outcome in the electoral college is a valid reflection of the popular vote in November.[B] It is even possible for someone to win the popular vote, yet lost the presidency to another candidate. How? It has to do with the electoral college.[C] The electoral college was created in response to a problem encountered during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, where delegates were trying to determine the best way to choose the president. The framers of the Constitution intended that the electors, a body of men chosen for their wisdom, should come together and choose on behalf of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political parties guaranteed that the electoral of the people. In fact, the swift rise of political guaranteed that the electoral system never worked as the framers had intended; instead, national parties, i. e. nationwide alliances of local interests, quickly came to dominate the election campaigns. The electors became mere figureheads representing the state branches of the parties who got them chosen, and their votes were predetermined and predictable.[D] How are the electors chosen? Although there is some variation among states in how electors are appointed, generally they are chosen by the popular vote, always on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. Each political party in a state chooses a state of local worthies to be members of the electoral college if the party’s presidential candidate wins at least a plurality of the popular vote in the state.[E] How is the number of electors decided? Every state has one elector for each senator and representative it sends to Congress. States with greater populations therefore have more electors in the electoral college. All states have at least 3 electors, but California, the most populous state, has 54. The District of Columbia, though not a state, is also allowed to send three electors.[F] How can one win the popular vote yet lose the presidency? Let’s simplify for the sake of argument: imagine that instead of 50 states America had only two. California and Montana. Now suppose that candidate A wins in California by 9,000,500 votes to 9,000,400; the 100-vote margin still gives him 54 electors. But then candidate A loses in Montana by 201,000 to 205,000, candidate B gets Montana’s electoral votes. The total number of votes for A is 9,210,500 and for B, 9,205,400; yet A, with 54 electoral votes out of 57, wins the election![G] America’s election day is 7 November. On the day citizens who wish to will cast their ballots for the presidential candidate they prefer. The result of this process is called the popular vote, and these days the winner of the popular vote is usually known shortly after the polls close. However, not one of the votes cast on Election Day actually goes directly to a particular candidate.Order:G → 41. → 42. → 43. → 44. → 45.［试题分析］这篇文章共分7段，[G]段和[F]段已分别被定为篇首段与篇尾段。
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解题实战练习：Directions：The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41—45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A—E to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] “I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay some people off in the near future. It’s hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn’t —it’s boring, routine paperwork, and there isn’t much you can do about it.[B] “Finally, I can’t say to them that the ir promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true. If their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the force a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.[C] “I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.[D] “Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that’s not fair — too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases t he chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.[E] “The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately. This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.[F] “So I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problem of mine and help me out in my future work.”[G] A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number ofseminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.Order:G---( )—( )—( )—( )—( )--F步骤一、理解给定的段落确定文章的文体与结构。
理解给定的段落内容(段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句)，重点关注动作内容。
第G段：A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators, managers and/or executives of various departments throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation -- how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job.利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：was putting on a number of seminars “举行一系列的论坛”；the topic to be discussed was motivation “供讨论的主题是主动性”. 表明该段叙述“议题”，确定本文是议论文。
步骤二、理解供排序的段落确定段落的内容方向。
理解供排序段落内容(段落中间有转折词，看转折词所在句；无转折词看段首句、第二句，有时包含段尾句)，重点关注动作内容。
第A段：“I just don’t know how to motivate them to do a better job. We’re in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal.利用名词主体论动作决定论提炼信息为：motivate them to do a better job“鼓励他们作好工作”；budget crunch“预算危机”； no financial rewards“经济奖励”. 表明该段叙述“(自己的)对策”第B段：“Finally, I can’t say to them that their promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it’s not true.利用名词主体论提炼信息为：promotions will hinge on the excellence of their paperwork.“升职与文字工作的好坏有关”。
表明该段叙述“(自己的)对策”第C段：“I’ve got a real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in cars or on a beat. 利用名词主体论提炼信息为：real problem“实质问题” send them out on the street“派他们到街上”。