考研英语(一)模拟试卷207.doc
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案一(可编辑修改word版)
考研英语阅读理解模拟试题及答案一The majority of successful senior managers do not closely follow the classical rational model of first clarifying goals, assessing the problem, formulating options, estimating likelihoods of success, making a decision, and only then taking action to implement the decision. Rather, in their day-by-day tactical maneuvers, these senior executives rely on what is vaguely termed intuition to manage a network of interrelated problems that require them to deal with ambiguity, inconsistency, novelty, and surprise；and to integrate action into the process of thinking.Generations of writers on management have recognized that some practicing managers rely heavily on intuition. In general, however, such writers display a poor grasp of what intuition is. Some see it as the opposite of rationality;others view it as an excuse for capriciousness.Isenberg's recent research on the cognitive processes of senior managers reveals that managers' intuition is neither of these. Rather, senior managers use intuition in at least five distinct ways. First, they intuitively sense when a problem exists. Second, managers rely on intuition to perform well-learned behavior patterns rapidly. This intuition is not arbitrary or irrational, but is based on years of painstaking practice and hands-on experience that build skills. A third function of intuition is to synthesize isolated bits of data and practice into an integrated picture, often in an Aha！experience. Fourth, some managers use intuition as a check on the results of more rational analysis. Most senior executives are familiar with the formal decision analysis models and tools, and those who use such systematic methods for reaching decisions are occasionally leery of solutions suggested by these methods which run counter to their sense of the correct course of action. Finally, managers can use intuition to bypass in-depth analysis and move rapidly to engender a plausible solution. Used in this way, intuition is an almost instantaneous cognitive process in which a manager recognizes familiar patterns.One of the implications of the intuitive style of executive management is that thinking is inseparable from acting. Since managers often know what is right before they can analyze and explain it, they frequently act first and explain later. Analysis is inextricably tied to action in thinking/acting cycles, in which managers develop thoughts about their companies and organizations not by analyzing a problematic situation and then acting, but by acting and analyzing in close concert.Given the great uncertainty of many of the management issues that they face, senior managers often instigate a course of action simply to learn more about an issue. They then use the results of the action to develop a more complete understanding of the issue. One implication of thinking/acting cycles is that action is often part of defining the problem, not just of implementing the solution.1.According to the text, senior managers use intuition in all of the following ways EXCEPT to[A]speed up of the creation of a solution to a problem.[B]identify a problem.[C]bring together disparate facts.[D]stipulate clear goals.2.The text suggests which of the following about the writers on managementmentioned in line 1, paragraph 2？[A]They have criticized managers for not following the classical rational model of decision analysis.[B]They have not based their analyses on a sufficiently large sample of actual managers.[C]They have relied in drawing their conclusions on what managers say rather than on what managers do.[D]They have misunderstood how managers use intuition in making business decisions.3.It can be inferred from the text that which of the following would most probably be one major difference in behavior between Manager X, who uses intuition to reach decisions, and Manager Y, who uses only formal decision analysis？[A]Manager X analyzes first and then acts；Manager Y does not.[B]Manager X checks possible solutions to a problem by systematic analysis；Manager Y does not.[C]Manager X takes action in order to arrive at the solution to a problem；Manager Y does not.[D]Manager Y draws on years of hands-on experience in creating a solution to a problem；Manager X does not.4.The text provides support for which of the following statements？[A]Managers who rely on intuition are more successful than those who rely on formal decision analysis.[B]Managers cannot justify their intuitive decisions.[C]Managers'' intuition works contrary to their rational and analytical skills.[D]Intuition enables managers to employ their practical experience more efficiently.5.Which of the following best describes the organization of the first paragraph of the text？[A]An assertion is made and a specific supporting example is given.[B]A conventional model is dismissed and an alternative introduced.[C]The results of recent research are introduced and summarized.[D]Two opposing points of view are presented and evaluated.答案与考点解析]1.「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。
207年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题与解析答案
National Entrance Test of English for MA/MS Candidates(NETEM) 2017年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(10points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away?The answer may be a resounding “yes!”_1_helping you feel close and_2_to people you care about,it turns out that hugs can bring a_3_of health benefits to your body and mind.Believe it or not,a warm embrace might even help you_4_getting sick this winter.In a recent study_5_over400health adults,researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_6_the participants’susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_7_to the virus.People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_8_with a cold,and the researchers_9_that the stress-reducing effects of hugging_10_about32percent of that beneficial effect._11_among those who got a cold,the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_12_.“Hugging protects people who are under stress from the_13_risk for colds that’s usually_14_with stress,”notes Sheldon Cohen,a professor of psychology at Carnegie.Hugging“is a marker of intimacy and helps_15_the feeling that others are there to help_16_difficulty.”Some experts_17_the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin,often called“the bonding hormone”_18_it promotes attachment in relationships,including that between mother and their newborn babies.Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,and some of it is released into the bloodstream.But some of it_19_in the brain,where it_20_mood,behavior and physiology.1．[A]Unlike[B]Besides[C]Despite[D]Throughout【答案】B【解析】答案为B。
大学生考研英语考试模拟试卷带答案
大学生考研英语考试模拟试卷Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Deflation is an economic theory relating changes in the price levels to changes in the quantity of money. In its developed 1 , it constitutes an analysis of the 2 underlying inflation and deflation. As 3 by the English philosopher John Locke in the 17th century, the Scottish 4 David Hume in the 18th century, and 5 , it was a weapon 6 the mercantilists, who were thought to equate wealth with money. If the 7 of money by a nation merely raised 8 , argued the quantity theorists, then a "favourable" balance of trade, 9 desired by mercantilists, would increase the supply of money but would not in-crease 10 . In the 19th century the quantity theory 11 to the ascendancy of free trade over protectionism. In the 19th and 20th centuries it played a part in the 12 of business cycles and in the theory of foreign 13 rates.The 14 theory came under attack during the 1930s, 15 monetary expansion seemed ineffective in combating deflation. Economists argued that the levels of investment and government spending were more important than the money supply in determining economic activity.The tide of opinion 16 again in the 1960s, when experience 17 post-World WarⅡinflation and new empirical 18 of money and prices—19 A Monetary History of the United States 21 by Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz—restored much of the quantity theory' s lost prestige. One implication of this theory is that the size of the stock of money must be considered when shaping governmental policies 20 to control prices and maintain full employment.1、A. form B. shape C. figure D. appearance2、A. causes B. factors C. facts D. parts3、A. discovered B. discussed C. reported D. developed4、A. scientist B. philosopher C. professor D. thinker5、A. others B. the other C. another D. other6、A. for B. against C. by D. with7、A. accumulation B. earn C. spending D. disposal8、A. amounts B. prices C. levels D. ranges9、A. since B. if C. before D. as10、10A. wage B. salary C. wealth D. pay11、A. accesses B. contributed C. pointed D. explained12、A. analysis B. thought C. preservation D. existence13、A. change B. exchange C. communication D. alter14、A. number B. quantity C. quality D. figure15、A. where B. what C. when D. which16、A. reversed B. occurred C. emerged D. finished17、A. by B. for C. since D. with18、A. studies B. discovers C. findings D. questions19、A. similar to B. such as C. along with D. aside from20、A. measured B. pointed C. led D. meantSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Many in the Middle East have difficulty in adjusting themselves to the new situation created by the departure of the imperial powers. For the first time in almost 200 years, the rulers and people of the Middle East have to accept the final responsibility for their own affairs, to make their own mistakes and to accept the consequences. This is difficult to internalize, even to perceive, after so long a period. For the entire lifetimes of those who formulate and conduct policy at the present time and of their predecessors for many generations, vital decisions were made elsewhere, ultimate control lay elsewhere, and the principal task of statesmanship and diplomacy was as far as possible to avoid or reduce the dangers of this situation and to exploit such opportunities as it might from time to time offer. It is very difficult to forsake the habits not just of a lifetime but of a whole era of history. The difficulty is much greater when alien cultural, social and economic preeminence continues and even increases, despite the ending of alien political and military domination.Military and to a growing extent political intervention by the West has indeed ended, but the impact of its science and culture, its technology, amenities and institutions remains and even increases. As in other parts of the non-Western world, this impact has been and will be enormous. In these circumstances, it is natural that Middle Easterners should continue to assume—and proceed on the assumption—that real responsibility and decision still lie elsewhere. In its crudest form, this belief leads to wild and strange conspiracy theories directed against those whom they regard as their enemies—Israel, and more generally the Jews, the United States, and more generally the West. No theory is too absurd to be asserted or too preposterous to be widely and instantly believed. Even among more responsible statesmen and analysts, a similar belief in alien power, albeit in a less crude form, often seems to guide both analysis and policy. Some even go so far as to invite outside intervention, presumable in the belief that only outside powers have the capacity to make and enforce decisions. A case in point is the constant appeal to the United States to involve itself in the Arab Israel conflict, oddly coupled with the repeated accusation of "American imperialism. "This state of mind is likely to continue for some time, with appeals for support or even intervention to the United States, to Russia and even to the European Union. In time, no doubt, Middle Eastern governments and people will learn how to use this window of opportunity to the best advantage—that is, of course, if the windowremains open long enough.21、The word "this" in the third sentence of Paragraph 1 refers to______.A. the departure of the imperial powersB. the final responsibility of the Middle Eastern countries for their own affairsC. the consequence created by the departure of the imperial powersD. the fact that the Middle Eastern countries have to be responsible for their own affairs22、The Middle Eastern countries were at a loss after the departure of the imperial powers because______.A. they were rather backward and in bad need of foreign assistanceB. they were accustomed to being ruled by an alien forceC. they were plunged into war after the departure of the imperial powersD. the imperial powers left them nothing but disorder23、It is natural for Middle Easterners to assume that______.A. their real enemies are the Western countriesB. no countries can save them but their ownC. it is up to their leaders, not the ordinary people, to make decisionsD. other countries should come to their help in times of urgency24、The fact that the Middle Eastern countries often rely on the United States in resolving their conflicts shows that they believe that______.A. American imperialists still have control over the world affairsB. outside powers are more capable of effective decisionsC. they are weaker than Israel and cannot defeat itD. Israel is assisted and manipulated by the United States25、The author implied in the passage that______.A. it takes time for the Middle Easterners to adjust themselves to the new situationB. the world will be more peaceful if each country learns to care about its own businessC. most of the unrest in the Middle East is attributable to Israel's aggressive policiesD. the Western powers should stop interfering with other countries' affairsText 2"WHAT'S the difference between God and Larry Ellison?" asks an old software industry joke. Answer: God doesn't think he's Larry Ellison. The boss of Oracle is hardly alone among corporate chiefs in having a reputation for being rather keen on himself. Indeed, until the bubble burst and the public turned nasty at the start of the decade, the cult of the celebrity chief executive seemed to demand bossly narcissism, as evidence that a firm was being led by an all-conquering hero.Narcissus met a nasty end, of course. And in recent years, boss-worship has come to be seen as bad for business. In his management bestseller, "Good to Great", Jim Collins argued that the truly successful bosses were not the serf-proclaimed stars who adorn the covers of Forbes and Fortune, but instead self-effacing, thoughtful, monkish sorts who lead by inspiring example.A statistical answer may be at hand. For the first time, a new study, "It's All About Me", to be presented next week at the annual gathering of the American Academy of Management, offers a systematic, empirical analysis of what effect narcissistic bosses have on the firms they run. The authors, Arijit Chatterjee and Donald Hambrick, of Pennsylvania State University, examined narcissism in the upper levels of 105 firms in the computer and software industries.To do this, they had to solve a practical problem: studies of narcissism have hitherto relied on surveying individuals personally, something for which few chief executives are likely to have time or inclination. So the authors devised an index of narcissism using six publicly available indicators obtainable without the co-operation of the boss. These are: the prominence of the boss's photo in the annual report; his prominence in company press releases; the length of his "Who's Who" entry; the frequency of his use of the first person singular in interviews; and the ratios of his cash and non-cash compensation to those of the firm's second-highest paid executive.Narcissism naturally drives people to seek positions of power and influence, and because great self-esteem helps your professional advance, say the authors, chief executives will tend on average to be more narcissistic than the general population. How does that affect a firm? Messrs Chatterjee and Hambrick found that highly narcissistic bosses tended to make bigger changes in the use of important resources, such as research and development, or in spending and leverage; they carried out more and bigger mergers and acquisitions ; and their results were both more extreme (more big wins or big losses) and more transient than those of firms run by their humbler peers. For shareholders, that could be good or bad.Although (oddly) the authors are keeping their narcissism ranking secret, they have revealed that Mr Ellison did not come top. Alas for him, that may be because the study limited itself to people who became the boss after 1991--well after he took the helm. In every respect Mr Ellison seems to be the classic narcissistic boss, claims Mr Chatterjee. There is life in the old joke yet.26、Jim Collins seems to believe that truly successful managersA. should encourage the staff by setting up examples.B. should not be regarded as stars by their employees.C. should ban boss-worship in the companies they lead.D. should be as humble as possible in their company.27、A practical problem with the "It's all about me" study is thatA. the survey takes too much time to be completed.B. the subjects for the survey may not be very cooperative.C. the bosses who are narcissistic are likely to tell lies to the surveyors.D. the six available indicators require the co-operation of the bosses.28、According to the researchers, compared with humbler managers, narcissistic bosses are more likely toA. have faster professional advances.B. draw attention from the general population.C. dramatize the changes in their companies.D. use resources of the company in extreme ways.29、We can infer from the passage thatA. the results of the new study has already been publicized.B. the researchers think Mr. Ellison is more classic than narcissistic.C. the joke about Mr. Ellison is actually adapted from real life.D. the ranking might be different if the survey focused on an earlier period.30、The old software industry joke is used in the text toA. show the difference between God and Larry Ellison.B. emphasize the success of the boss of Oracle.C. illustrate how chief executives manage their companies.D. introduce the topic of narcissism on top managerial level.Text 3Democrats on the Senate Judiciary Committee vented their fury over high gasoline prices at executives of the nation's five largest oil companies on Wednesday, grilling the oilmen over their multimillion-dollar pay packages and warning them that Congress was intent on taking action that could include a new tax on so-called windfall profits. Such showdowns between lawmakers and oil titans have become a familiar routine on Capitol Hill. But with gas prices nearing $ 4 a gallon, and lawmakers headed home for a weeklong Memorial Day recess where they expect to get an earful from angry constituents, there is added urgency for Congress to appear active.But while momentum is building for several measures, including a bill that would allow the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries to be sued in American courts under antitrust laws, there is little sign that any of the proposals would do much, if anything, to lower prices quickly. And the oil executives warned that government intervention might only make things worse. Instead, they called on Congress to allow more drilling and exploration for domestic oil.The increasing urgency to seem aggressive about gasoline prices was apparent on Tuesday when the House voted by an overwhelming 324 to 84 to approve the bill, commonly referred to as NOPEC, which classifies OPEC as a monopoly in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act. Senate Democrats have included that measure as part of a package of legislation intended to address the high price of gasoline, along with the tax on windfall profits and a measure to tamp down speculation in the oil futures market that many lawmakers think is contributing to the run-up in prices.At the Judiciary Committee hearing, Democratic senators struggled to have the executives explain how oil prices had risen so high. The senators expressed doubt that basic laws of supply and demand were at work and suggested instead a more sinister combination of monopolistic behavior by oil-producing countries, speculation in the futures markets and sheer corporate greed.On Monday, President Bush signed a bill temporarily suspending the purchase of crude oil for the nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Mr. Bush had initially opposed such action but relented after the House and Senate approved the bill by wide margins. Senator Richard J. Durbin, Democrat of Illinois and a strong supporterof Senator Baraek Obama's presidential bid, made a particularly pointed attack, in which he seemed to warn the oil executives that they would soon no longer have such a good friend in the White House. He also suggested that Mr. Bush should be doing more to press the oil companies to help lower prices at the pump, while acknowledging that it would be difficult to pass a windfall profits tax while Mr. Bush was still in office.31、Senate Democrats were angry with the oilmen because______.A. they get tax-free pay packagesB. Congress took on actions but in vainC. the showdowns were merely a routineD. oil prices had risen so high32、From the text we can learn that the bill allowing OPEC to be sued under antitrust laws______.A. handicaps more drilling and exploration for domestic oilB. is a kind of government intervention that only makes things worseC. turns out to be less influential to decrease oil price rapidlyD. is in violation of the Sherman Antitrust Act33、The approval of the bill, NOPEC, on Tuesday implies that______.A. it is necessary to impose tax on windfall profitsB. it is urgent to fight against monopolyC. it is pressing to think much of the ever-increasing oil pricesD. it is important to resort to NOPEC34、According to Democratic senators, which of the following is NOT a factor contributing to soaring oil prices?A. The basic laws of supply and demand.B. The monopoly of oil-producing countries.C. Speculation in the oil futures markets.D. Oil companies salivating over profits.35、What can we infer form the last paragraph?A. The nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve is more than adequate.B. Democrats argue that greedy oil companies are the key factor of jumping oil price.C. President Bush used to be reluctant to drag down the oil price.D. The federal law bans the windfall profits tax in Bush Government.Text 4Florence Nightingale is most remembered as a pioneer of nursing and a reformer of hospital sanitation methods. For most of her ninety years, Nightingale pushed for reform of the British military health-care system and with that the profession of nursing started to gain the respect it deserved. Unknown to many, however, was her use of new techniques, of statistical analysis, such as during the Crimean War when she plotted the incidence of preventable deaths in the military. She developed a method to prevent the needless deaths caused by unsanitary conditions and the need for reform. With her analysis, Florence Nightingale revolutionized the idea that social phenomena could be objectively measured andsubjected to mathematical analysis. She was an innovator in the collection, interpretation, and display of statistics.Florence Nightingale's two greatest life achievements-pioneering of nursing and the reform of hospitals-were amazing considering that most Victorian women of her age group did not attend universities or pursue professional careers. It was her father, William Nightingale, who believed women, especially his children, should get an education. So Nightingale and her sister learned Italian, Latin, Greek, history, and mathematics. She in particular received excellent early preparation in mathematics.During Nightingale's time at Scutari, she collected data and systematized record-keeping practices. Nightingale was able to use the data as a tool for improving city and military hospitals. Nightingale's calculations of the death rate showed that with an improvement of sanitary methods, deaths would decrease. In February, 1855, the death rate at the hospital was 42.7 percent of the cases treated. When Nightingale's sanitary reform was implemented, the death rate declined. Nightingale took her statistical data and represented them graphically.As Nightingale demonstrated, statistics provided an organized way of learning and lead to improvements in medical and surgical practices. She also developed a Model Hospital Statistical Form for hospitals to collect and generate consistent data and statistics. She became a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1858 and an honorary member of the American Statistical Association in 1874. Karl Pearson acknowledged Nightingale as a "prophetess" in the development of applied statistics.36、What does the word "sanitation" mean in the passage?A. Medication.B. Cleanness.C. Nursing.D. Reforms37、What does this passage talk about Nightingale?A. As a pioneer of nursing.B. As a reformer of hospital sanitation methods.C. As a successful woman.D. As a innovator of statistical analysis in hospitals.38、What can be inferred about the women living in the same era as Nightingale?A. They chose to stay at home after graduating from colleges and universities.B. They tended to choose courses in Italian, Latin, Greek, history and so on.C. They seldom chose mathematics as their course.D. They did not have a equal education opportunities with men as they do today.39、Where did Nightingale prove her method could really reduce the death rates?A. Scutari.B. Victorian.C. Crimean.D. Royal Statistical Society.40、What does the author try to prove in this passage?A.Women can be as successful as men.B. Education plays a vital role in one's success.C. Mathematics could be used to improve medical practices.D. A career in medical field is also available for women.Part BDirections:You are going to read a text about how to keep your job, followed by a list of important examples. Choose the best examples from the list A - F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra examples which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. However, the production of TG is controlled by an enzyme that is, in turn, encoded by a gene called UGT2B17. This gene comes in two varieties, one of which has a part missing and therefore does not work properly. A person may thus have none, one or two working copies of UGT2B17, since he inherits one copy from each parent. Dr Schulze guessed that different numbers of working copies would produce different test results. She therefore gave healthy male volunteers whose genes had been examined a single 360mg shot of testosterone (the standard dose for legitimate medical use) and checked their urine to see whether the shot could be detected.B. Dr Schulze also says there is substantial ethnic variation in UGT2B17 genotypes. Two-thirds of Asians have no functional copies of the gene (which means they have a naturally low ratio of TG to EG., compared with under a tenth of Caucasians--something the anti-doping bodies may wish to take into account.C. The test usually employed for testosterone abuse relies on measuring the ratio of two chemicals found in the urine, testosterone glucuronide (TG. and epitestosterone glucuronide (EG.. The former is produced when testosterone is broken down, while the latter is unrelated to testosterone metabolism, and can thus serve as a reference point for the test. Any ratio above four of the former to one of the latter is, according to official Olympic policy, considered suspicious and leads to more tests.D. The result was remarkable. Nearly half of the men who carried no functional copies of UGT2B17 would have gone undetected in the standard doping test. By contrast, 14% of those with two functional copies of the gene were over the detection threshold before they had even received an injection. The researchers estimate this would give a false-positive testing rate of 9% in a random population of young men.E. The agencies have had remarkable success. Testing for anabolic steroids (in other words, artificial testosterone) was introduced in the 1970s, and the incidence of cheating seems to have fallen dramatically as a result (see chart). The tests, however, are not foolproof. And a study just published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism by Jenny Jakobsson Schulze and her colleagues at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden suggests that an individual's genetic make-up could confound them in two different ways. One genotype, to use the jargon, may allow athletes who use anabolic steroids to escape detection altogether. Another may actually be convicting the innocent.F. Cheating in sport is as old as sport itself. The athletes of ancient Greece used potions to fortify themselves before a contest, and their modern counterparts have everything from anabolic steroids and growth hormones to doses of extra redblood cells with which to invigorate their bodies. These days, however, such stimulants are frowned on, and those athletes must therefore run the gauntlet of organisations such as the World Anti-Doping Agency, which would rather they competed without resorting to them.G. In the meantime, Dr Schulze' s study does seem to offer innocents a way of defending themselves. Athletes travelling to Beijing for the Olympic games later this year may be wise to travel armed not only with courage and the "spirit of Olympianism", but also with a copy of their genetic profile, just in case.Order:Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Society not only continues to exist by transmission, by communication, but it may fairly be said to exist in transmission, in communication. There is more than a verbal tie between the words common, community, and communication. 46 Men live in a community in virtue of the things which they have in common; and communication is the way in which they come to possess things in common. 47 What they must have in common in order to form a community or society are aims, beliefs, aspirations, knowledge—a common understanding—like-mindedness as the sociologists say. Such things cannot be passed physically from one to another, like bricks; they cannot be shared as persons would share a pie by dividing it into physical pieces. 48 The communication which insures participation in a common understanding is one which secures similar emotional and intellectual dispositions—like ways of responding to expectations and requirements.Persons do not become a society by living in physical proximity, any more than a man ceases to be socially influenced by being so many feet or miles removed from others. 49 A book or a letter may institute a more intimate association between human beings separated thousands of miles from each other than exists between dwellers under the same roof. Individuals do not even compose a social group because they all work for a common end. The parts of a machine work with a maximum of cooperativeness for a common result, but they do not form a community. If, however, they were all cognizant of the common end and all interested in it so that they regulated their specific activity in view of it, then they would form a community. But this would involve communication. Each would have to know what the other was about and would have to have some way of keeping the other informed as to his own purpose and progress. Consensus demands communication.We are thus compelled to recognize that within even the most social group there are many relations which are not as yet social. A large number of human relationships in any social group are still upon the machine-like plane. Individuals use one another so as to get desired results, without reference to the emotional andintellectual disposition and consent of those used. Such uses express physical superiority, or superiority of position, skill, technical ability, and command of tools, mechanical or fiscal. 50 So far as the relations of parent and child, teacher and pupil, employer and employee, governor and governed, remain upon this level, they form no true social group, no matter how closely their respective activities touch one another. Giving and taking of orders modifies action and results, but does not of itself effect a sharing of purposes, a communication of interests.Section ⅢWritingPart A51、Directions: You are a graduate student majoring in Business English. You are interested in the position of a translator in a multinational corporation. Write a letter to the HR manager to1) state the reason of writing this letter,2) introduce yourself briefly,3) express your gratitude.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your name at the end of the letter. Use "Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address.Part B52、Study the following picture carefully and write an essay to1) describe the picture and interpret the meaning,2) analyze the phenomenon, and3) give your comments on this issue.答案:Section ⅠUse of English1、A[解题思路] 本题考核的知识点是：名词辨析。
考研英语模拟试题及答案
考研英语模拟试题及答案Part I Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A) At a bookstore.B) At a library.C) At a lecture.D) At a post office.M: Excuse me, do you have the latest edition of "The Economist"?F: Yes, it's right over here on the new releases shelf.2. A) She is going to the doctor's.B) She is going to the dentist's.C) She is going to the hairdresser's.D) She is going to the supermarket.M: What time are you planning to leave?F: As soon as I finish this chapter, I'll head to the dentist.3. A) He is a teacher.B) He is a student.C) He is a librarian.D) He is a writer.M: I'm working on a paper for my history class.F: Well, you're in the right place. The library has a vast collection of resources.4-8. (Similar format)...Conversation 1M: I heard you're going to take the GRE next month. Are you feeling prepared?F: Yes, I am. I've been attending a prep course and doing a lot of practice tests.Questions:9. A) He is curious about her preparation.B) He is offering to help her study.C) He is asking about the exam date.D) He is surprised she is taking the exam.10. A) She is confident about her preparation.B) She is worried about the cost of the course.C) She is considering dropping out of the course.D) She is unsure about the test format.Conversation 2...Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.Passage 1[Recording will describe a historical event or a scientific discovery.]11-13. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 2[Recording will describe a current social issue or a cultural phenomenon.]14-16. (Questions based on the passage)Passage 3[Recording will describe a personal story or a biographical sketch.]17-19. (Questions based on the passage)Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a longconversation or a lecture. You will hear the conversation or lecture only once. After you hear the conversation or lecture, you will read the four possible answers on your paper and decide which one would be the best answer to the question you have heard.20-25. (Questions based on the long conversation or lecture)Part II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Section ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions that follow each text by choosing the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D). After reading the text, you will find questions based on the content, main idea, and details of the text.Text 1[A short passage about an environmental issue.]26. What is the main cause of the environmental issue discussed in the text?A) Industrial pollution.B) Deforestation.C) Climate change.D) Agricultural runoff.27. What is the primary solution proposed by the author?A) Stricter regulations on factories.B) Reforestation efforts.C) International cooperation.D) Public awareness campaigns.Text 2[A short passage about a technological innovation.]28-31. (Questions based on the text)Text 3[A short passage about a historical figure.]32-35. (Questions based on the text)Text 4[A short passage about an economic theory.]36-39. (Questions based on the text)Section BDirections: The following texts are of a more complex nature. After reading each text, answer the questions that follow.You may choose the best answer from the four options (A, B, C, and D).Text 5[A more complex passage about a social issue.]40. What is the author's opinion on the social issue?A) It is a pressing concern that requires immediate action.。
2020年全国硕士研究生英语一模拟题中公考研
2020年全国硕士研究生英语一模拟题中公考研全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Hey guys! Today I want to talk to you about the 2020 National Master's Degree English Exam Simulation Questions from GONGKAO YANJI. It's a big deal for anyone who wants to study for their master's degree, so let's dive in and see what kind of questions might pop up!The first question is about reading comprehension. You'll have to read a passage and answer questions about it. Remember to read carefully and pay attention to details!Next up is vocabulary and grammar. Make sure you know your words and how to use them in sentences. Also, brush up on your grammar rules so you can ace this part of the exam.Then there's the writing section. You might have to write an essay or a short response to a prompt. Remember to organize your thoughts and use proper grammar and punctuation.Lastly, there might be a listening section where you have to listen to a recording and answer questions about it. Make sure to focus and pay attention so you can get all the answers right.Overall, studying for the National Master's Degree English Exam Simulation Questions is a lot of work, but if you put in the effort and practice, you can do well. Good luck to all of you who are preparing for the exam, and remember to stay confident and believe in yourself! You've got this!篇2Hello everyone! Today I want to talk to you all about the national master's entrance exam for 2020. It's a big deal for anyone who wants to continue their studies after finishing their bachelor's degree. So let's dive into the details of the exam so we can all be prepared!First of all, the exam will test your English skills. That means you need to be good at reading, writing, listening, and speaking. Make sure to practice all of these things before the exam so you can do your best.For the reading part, you'll need to read passages and answer questions about them. It's important to understand themain ideas and details of the passages, so pay attention to the facts and opinions presented in the text.Next up is the writing part. You'll have to write essays on different topics, so make sure to organize your ideas and use good grammar and vocabulary. You can practice by writing a little every day and asking for feedback from your teachers or friends.Now let's talk about the listening section. You'll listen to conversations and speeches and answer questions about them. It's important to listen carefully and take notes so you can remember the important information.Last but not least is the speaking part. You'll have to talk about different topics and answer questions in front of a microphone. Make sure to speak clearly and confidently, and don't be afraid to express your opinions.In conclusion, the national master's entrance exam is a big challenge, but with hard work and practice, we can all do our best and succeed. Good luck to everyone taking the exam, and remember to stay calm and focused!篇3Hello everyone! Today, I want to talk about the 2020 National Master's Entrance Examination English Mock Test. I know it sounds very fancy and difficult, but don't worry, I will try my best to explain it in a simple way.First of all, let me tell you what the exam is about. It's a test that people take when they want to go to graduate school. This test is very important because it can decide if you can get into a good school or not. So, it's super important to do your best!The exam usually has different parts, like listening, reading, writing, and speaking. You have to be good at all of them to do well on the test. But don't worry, with enough practice and hard work, you can definitely do it!In the reading part, you will have to read some passages and answer questions about them. It's like a little adventure where you have to find the answers in the text. Just remember to read carefully and try to understand what the passage is talking about.In the writing part, you will have to write essays or summaries of what you have read. This part is a bit tricky because you have to organize your ideas and write them down clearly. But don't worry, just take your time and think about what you want to say.In the speaking part, you will have to talk about a topic in front of other people. This part can be a bit scary, but just relax and speak from your heart. Remember, practice makes perfect!Overall, the key to doing well on the exam is to practice a lot and stay calm. Don't stress out too much, just do your best and believe in yourself. And who knows, you might just ace the exam and get into your dream school!That's all for today! I hope you found my explanation helpful. Good luck with your studies and remember, you can do anything you set your mind to! Thank you for listening!篇4Hello everyone! Today I'm going to talk about the 2020 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (GRE) English mock exam prepared by Munkao. This test is really important for students who are preparing for the postgraduate entrance examination. Let's take a look at some of the questions and discuss how to approach them.First of all, let's talk about the reading comprehension section. This part consists of several passages followed by questions. The key to doing well in this section is to read the passages carefully and understand the main ideas. Then, whenanswering the questions, make sure to go back to the passage to find the specific details needed to support your answer.Next, let's move on to the vocabulary and grammar section. This part tests your knowledge of English words and grammar rules. Make sure to review your vocabulary and practice using different grammar structures before the exam. Pay attention to the context in which the words are used, as this can help you determine their meanings.The writing section is also important as it tests your ability to express your ideas clearly and coherently. Make sure to practice writing essays on different topics and pay attention to your grammar and vocabulary use. Remember to plan your essay before you start writing and leave some time to reread and edit your work.In conclusion, the 2020 National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (GRE) English mock exam by Munkao is a great resource for students preparing for the postgraduate entrance exam. Make sure to practice regularly and review your vocabulary and grammar to increase your chances of success. Good luck with your studies!篇5Title: My Experience of Taking the 2020 National Master's Entrance ExamHey everyone! Today I want to share with you my experience of taking the 2020 National Master's Entrance Exam. As a little kid, I never thought I would be taking such a big test, but here I am, all grown up and ready to tackle it!Before the exam, I was feeling super nervous. I studied so hard for this test, I didn't want to mess it up! But my parents and teachers all supported me and told me to just do my best. So I tried to relax and stay calm.When the big day finally came, I woke up bright and early, had a good breakfast, and headed to the exam center. There were so many people there, all looking nervous just like me. But I knew I had prepared well, so I walked in with confidence.The exam itself was tough, but I tried my best to stay focused and answer all the questions. There were sections on English, math, and my specialty subject, and I did my best in each one. Time went by so quickly, and before I knew it, the exam was over.After the exam, I felt a mix of relief and anxiety. I couldn't stop thinking about the questions I might have answered wrong.But I tried to stay positive and think about all the hard work I put in to prepare for the test.Now that it's all over, I'm just waiting for the results to come out. I hope all my hard work paid off and that I did well on the exam. But no matter what happens, I'm proud of myself for taking on this challenge and giving it my all.So that's my experience of taking the 2020 National Master's Entrance Exam. It was a tough test, but I'm glad I did it. And who knows, maybe one day I'll be able to look back and laugh at how nervous I was!篇6Hello everyone, I'm so excited to share with you about the 【2020 National Postgraduate English Level One Mock Exam】organized by GJY Education.First of all, let me tell you how this exam was like. It had multiple choice questions, reading comprehension, cloze tests, and writing tasks. Phew, that's a lot to cover in just one test! But don't worry, with a bit of practice and some help from your teachers, you can definitely ace it.For the reading comprehension part, we had to read passages and answer questions about them. Some were easy to understand, while others were a bit tricky. But if you pay attention to the details and take your time to think, you'll do just fine.The cloze tests were a bit challenging as well. We had to fill in the blanks with the right words, so make sure you know your vocabulary and grammar rules well. It's a good idea to practice with some cloze test exercises before the exam to get familiar with the format.And finally, the writing tasks. We had to write an essay on a given topic, and let me tell you, it was fun! You get to express your thoughts and ideas in your own words, so be creative and don't be afraid to make mistakes. Just remember to use proper grammar and punctuation.Overall, the 【2020 National Postgraduate English Level One Mock Exam】was a great experience. It challenged us to think critically, improve our English skills, and prepare for the real thing. So don't be afraid to give it a try and show off your English skills. Good luck, everyone!篇7Hey guys, do you know that there is a big exam coming up for all the master students in China? It's called the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination, or the "kaoyan" in Chinese. And today, I want to talk about the English test part of the exam.The English test is super important because it's worth a lot of points. It has different sections like reading, listening, translation, and writing. In the reading part, you have to read some passages and answer questions about them. It's not easy because the passages are usually pretty long and the questions can be tricky.Then there's the listening part where you have to listen to some conversations or speeches and answer questions about them. It can be tough because sometimes the speakers talk really fast and you have to concentrate really hard to understand what they are saying.The translation part is also difficult because you have to translate some sentences from Chinese to English or vice versa. You have to know a lot of vocabulary and grammar rules to do well in this section.But the writing part is probably the hardest because you have to write an essay in English on a given topic. You have to organize your ideas, use proper grammar and vocabulary, andmake sure your essay makes sense. It's a lot of pressure because you only have a limited amount of time to complete it.So, if you want to do well in the English test, you have to practice a lot, read English books, watch English movies, and listen to English songs. And most importantly, don't be afraid to make mistakes because that's how you learn and improve. Good luck to all the students taking the exam this year! Let's do our best!篇8Hey guys, today I want to talk about the 2020 National Master of Arts in English Examination, which is really important for those who want to go to graduate school. I know it sounds super hard, but don't worry, I'm here to help you!First of all, let's talk about the exam format. There are three parts to the exam: listening, reading, and writing. For the listening part, you need to listen to some conversations and answer questions about them. Make sure you pay attention to the details! In the reading part, you'll read some passages and answer questions about them. Remember to underline key points as you read. And finally, for the writing part, you'll have towrite an essay about a given topic. Make sure you organize your ideas and use good grammar and vocabulary.Next, let's talk about some tips for studying. One of the best ways to prepare for the exam is to practice, practice, practice! Try doing some practice tests to get a feel for the format and types of questions you'll see. Also, make sure to review your grammar and vocabulary. It's super important to know the basics!Lastly, don't forget to take care of yourself during exam time. Make sure you get plenty of rest, eat healthy, and stay positive. Remember, you've worked hard to get to this point, so believe in yourself and do your best!Good luck on the exam, everyone! You've got this!篇9Oh my goodness, guys! Have you heard about the 2020 National Master's Degree English Exam? It's like, super tough, but we can totally do it if we stay positive and work hard! I mean, I know it's a big deal, but we got this!So, like, in the exam, there are gonna be reading, writing, and listening sections. We have to, like, read passages andanswer questions, write essays, and listen to recordings. It sounds kinda scary, but we just gotta stay calm and do our best!For the reading section, we should, like, read the passage carefully and underline key points. Then we can, like, answer the questions based on what we read. We gotta pay attention to details and, like, make sure our answers make sense.And for the writing section, we should, like, plan our essay before we start writing. We gotta, like, have an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. We should also use good grammar and, like, transition words to make our essay flow.And don't forget about the listening section! We gotta, like, listen carefully to the recordings and take notes. Then we can, like, answer the questions based on what we heard. We should, like, focus and stay concentrated during this part.Guys, I know the exam seems really hard, but we just gotta stay positive and give it our all! We've been studying so hard, and we can totally rock this exam! Let's do this, guys! Woo!Alright, that's it for my pep talk, haha! Let's keep studying and stay confident. We got this, guys! Good luck on the exam! Yay!篇10Title: My Experience with the 2020 National Master's Entrance ExamHi everyone, I want to tell you all about my experience with the 2020 National Master's Entrance Exam. It was a big deal for me because I've been studying really hard for it. I was so nervous on the day of the exam, but I tried my best to stay calm.The exam had three parts: listening, reading, and writing. The listening part was a bit tricky because they played the recordings really fast. I had to concentrate really hard to catch all the information. The reading part was a bit easier for me because I love reading English books. I practiced a lot before the exam, so I was able to understand most of the passages.The writing part was the most challenging for me. I had to write an essay on a given topic within a limited time. I was worried that I wouldn't finish on time, but I managed to write a good essay with proper grammar and vocabulary.Overall, I think I did pretty well in the exam. I'm proud of my hard work and determination. No matter what the results are, I know that I gave it my all. I hope that my experience can inspire other students to never give up on their dreams, no matter how tough the challenge may seem.That's all for now, guys. Thanks for listening to my story!。
河南考研英语一模拟试题
河南考研英语一模拟试题一、阅读理解阅读下面的短文，从每题所给的四个选项中选出最佳答案。
Once upon a time, a shopkeeper put a sign in his window that read "Puppies for Sale." The sign brought lots of young children into the store, and they chattered about various breeds. But soon an old man approached. "They're so cute," said the old man, "but I'm looking for a friend, not just a pet." The old man pointed to a lone puppy sitting in the corner. "What about that one?"The shopkeeper explained that the little puppy had been born with a deformed leg and would never run or play like the other dogs. The old man leaned down and gently touched the puppy's head. "That's the friend I am looking for," he said. "I'll take him."Years passed, and the old man and the puppy, named Tiny, became inseparable. Tiny quickly learned to hop around on three legs and could even keep up with his owner on long walks. The town's children would laugh and point at Tiny, but the old man simply smiled and kept walking.One stormy night, an earthquake shook the town and a fire broke out in the old man's home. People rushed to help, but the flames were too strong for anyone to enter the burning building. Suddenly, Tiny ran into the chaos. Barking and tugging at the firefighters, Tiny led them to the old man, who was trapped inside. Thanks to Tiny's bravery, the old man was saved.After the fire, the old man and Tiny were hailed as heroes. The children who used to laugh at Tiny now admired him. The shopkeeper felt ashamed for having doubted Tiny's ability to be a true friend. From that day on, Tiny was not seen as a disabled dog, but as a loyal companion and a superhero in the eyes of the townspeople.1. Why did the shopkeeper put a sign in his window?A. To attract more customers to his shop.B. To inform people about the puppies for sale.C. To show off the different breeds of the puppies.D. To advertise the puppies for sale.2. What distinguished Tiny from the other puppies?A. Tiny was the smallest puppy in the store.B. Tiny was the only puppy with a deformed leg.C. Tiny was the most playful puppy in the store.D. Tiny was the oldest puppy in the store.3. How did Tiny prove to be a true friend to the old man?A. By running away from the old man during storms.B. By staying by the old man's side through thick and thin.C. By being the most popular dog in the town.D. By showing off his jumping skills to the other dogs.4. What happened during the stormy night?A. Tiny got lost and the old man couldn't find him.B. A fire broke out in the old man's home.C. Tiny fell and hurt his deformed leg.D. People rushed to buy the puppies for sale.5. How did the townspeople view Tiny after the fire?A. They still mocked him and laughed at his disabilities.B. They admired him for his bravery and loyalty.C. They felt sorry for him and gave him special treatment.D. They were indifferent to his heroic actions.二、作文请根据以下题目，写一篇短文。
(完整版)考研英语模拟试题及答案 ,推荐文档
考研英语模拟试题及答案部门：xxx时间：xxx整理范文，仅供参考，可下载自行编辑模拟试卷[13]Simulated Test[PREVIOUS][NEXT]Part I Structure and VocabularySection ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (5 points>b5E2RGbCAPMany foreign students come to study in the U.S.,some by Fulbright scholarships, others by the U.S.government's Agency for International Development,bythe Ford Foundation,and so on.A.to be supportedB.being supportedC.are supportedD.having been supportedp1EanqFDPwAdvertising can be a service to the customer.This istrue when advertisements give liable information aboutthe goods .A．advertisedB．being advertisedC．to be advertisedD．having been advertisedDXDiTa9E3dThere was clearly nothing left to do but sit down on the shabby little couch and weep. .A．Did so DellaB.So did DellaC.Della so didD.So Della didRTCrpUDGiTHe said it was impossible for a mistake in a computer's calculation,so you can rely on that.A.there beingB.there would beC.there to beD.there was5PCzVD7HxAOf course they could not look at the elephant with their eyes,but they thought they might learn what kind of animal it was by touching and feeling. ,you see,they trusted their own sense of touch very much.A．MoreoverB．ForC．NeverthelessD．BecausejLBHrnAILgA man of less courage to stand up to such a complicated situation.A.would not have daredB.could not have daredC.will not dareD.did not darexHAQX74J0Xotherwise directed by a doctor,this medicine should be taken three times a day.A．Even ifB．UnlessC．Except thatD．AsLDAYtRyKfEMore importance needs to be given to sports,and a careful choice of forms are most suitable should be made。
英语一考研模拟试题
英语一考研模拟试题Section I: Reading ComprehensionDirections: There are four passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Passage 1Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage:CCTV’s English-language channel announced that a narrowband IoT system will make its debut at the upcoming 2021 Beijing Horticultural Expo, promoting smart agriculture in the capital.This phase of the expo is hosted by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Beijing municipal government.A total of 51 types of sensors will be used across the expo for health monitoring, precise irrigation and fertilization, and environmental control. A smart unmanned tractor has also been equipped to show how it could be controlled through a phone application.“The system is abl e to identify the precise location of farmland and distribute water and fertilizers accordingly,” said Zhang Yuping, the director of the Beijing Horticultural Engineering Center. “We’re exploring more possibilities to apply this advanced technology in the field.”Zhang added that special areas at the expo are set up to showcase the automated management of a seedling company and explore cutting-edge agricultural technology provided by tech giant Huawei.The expo has taken place in Beijing every year since 1999, 10 years before the founding of China Central Television (CCTV), to address the challenges facing the industry. The expo was issued a special commemorative postage stamp earlier this month by the State Post Bureau.1. According to the passage, what will be promoted at the upcoming 2021 Beijing Horticultural Expo?A) Smart citiesB) Smart agricultureC) Smart homesD) Smart schools2. Who is hosting this phase of the Beijing Horticultural Expo?A) CCTVB) The State Post BureauC) The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsD) Huawei3. How many types of sensors will be used across the expo?A) 51B) 21C) 31D) 414. What is mentioned about a smart unmanned tractor at the expo?A) It will be controlled through a phone application.B) It will be used for cooking demonstrations.C) It will perform on-stage during a music concert.D) It will be showcased at the opening ceremony.5. When did the Beijing Horticultural Expo start taking place every year?A) 1999B) 2009C) 2019D) 2001Passage 2Questions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage:China on Thursday announced a guideline on exploring stronger social forces whose import and export activities are in compliance with laws in a bid to promote higher-level opening-up.With the core content of the guideline released by the State Council, China will unremittingly and steadily promote the development of social forces to participate in import and export activities, build a more open andtransparent import and export market, and create a more fair and competitive trading environment.The guidelines encourage exploring new channels for social forces to engage in import and export trading, promote innovation and upgrading of China’s foreign trade by supporting the participation of social forces in import and export activities, the guideline stated.According to the guideline, more efforts will be made to push forward the reforms to streamline administration, delegate power, and improve regulations. Procedures for starting a business and obtaining various licenses and certificates will be further simplified. And measures to reduce taxes and fees should be implemented to lower market thresholds.The guideline also asked authorities to guide social forces to enhance their abilities to participate in international cooperation in production capacity and investment...6. What did China announce a guideline on exploring?A) More restrictions on social forcesB) The participation of social forces in illegal activitiesC) Stronger social forces and their import and export activities that comply with lawsD) The abolishment of import and export trading7. According to the passage, what will China promote with the development of social forces participating in import and export activities?A) A more closed and opaque import and export marketB) Lower standards for import and export tradingC) Innovation and upgrading of China’s foreign tradeD) Higher taxes and fees8. What does the guideline encourage exploring according to the passage?A) More channels for social forces to engage in import and export tradingB) Less participation of social forces in import and export activitiesC) Halting all foreign tradeD) Stricter regulations for obtaining licenses and certificates9. Which procedures will be simplified according to the guideline mentioned in the passage?A) Procedures for importing banned goodsB) Procedures for obtaining various licenses and certificatesC) Procedures for increasing taxes and feesD) Procedures for making trading environments more complex10. What will be done to lower market thresholds according to the article?A) Increase regulationsB) Expand taxes and feesC) Implement measures to reduce taxes and feesD) Streamline administration---请注意，在这篇文章中，我根据给定的标题"英语一考研模拟试题"选择了阅读理解部分的模拟试题，以帮助您练习英语一部分考研内容的理解和应用。
考研英语一模拟试卷及详解
考研英语一模考试卷及详解SectionⅠUse of EnglishDirections：Read the following text.Choose the best word（s）for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）Science has now proved humans can’t help talking about themselves.It just feels too good.In a new study,Harvard University researchers conducted a series of experiments to1how much people liked talking about themselves and why.In one study,they scanned people’s brains2those people either revealed personal information about themselves or3the opinions of others.In another experiment, researchers tested whether people preferred to answer questions about themselves, other people or4facts—participants got differing levels of monetary compensation5on the question they chose.No matter the test,the researchers found the results pointed the same way:humans get a biochemical excitement from6.That’s7we spend almost40%of conversation talking about ourselves,says the study—our brain chemistry8us to do it.In the first experiment,researchers found that sharing personal information led to9in the reward areas of the brain —the same ones that are10in response to rewards like food.Talking about other people did not11the circuits as much.In the second experiment,people were willing to1217%of their earnings in order to answer questions about themselves. The researchers also noted that people13enjoyed self-disclosure if they knew other people were listening.When people were given a choice to share their responses with others or to keep them14,they sacrificed25%of their potential earnings in order to15the personal information.Previously,humans’16for talking about themselves was thought to be caused by a desire for17with others,a way to open up to people and get them to trust us18in hopes of setting the foundation for friendship.19this appears to be the first study to20that people talk about themselves mainly because they like the way it feels.1.[A]assess[B]value[C]emphasize[D]sustain2.[A]and[B]while[C]whereas[D]since3.[A]collected[B]followed[C]judged[D]changed4.[A]indifferent[B]unconcerned[C]neutral[D]detached5.[A]depending[B]relying[C]reacting[D]deciding6.[A]self-talk[B]self-disclosure[C]self-confidence[D]self-evaluation7.[A]How[B]where[C]why[D]what8.[A]allows[B]drives[C]urges[D]lures9.[A]impairment[B]abnormality[C]activity[D]motivation10.[A]included[B]engaged[C]participated[D]absorbed11.[A]create[B]introduce[C]summon[D]trigger12.[A]give up[B]give away[C]give out[D]give in13.[A]barely[B]particularly[C]rarely[D]seldom考研英语一模考试卷及详解14.[A]private[B]individual[C]safe[D]accurate15.[A]conceal[B]broadcast[C]register[D]protect16.[A]pursuit[B]prejudice[C]Preference[D]demand17.[A]competition[B]intimacy[C]comparison[D]imitation18.[A]in return[B]in reply[C]in reference[D]in turn19.[A]Hence[B]However[C]Although[D]But20.[A]suppose[B]require[C]mention[D]suggestSectionⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections：Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing A，B，C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（40points）Text1The World Wide Web was invented—initially,with the intention of making it easier for scientists to share their results—and everything changed.Now,any scientist worth his grant has a website,and that site will often let the casual visitor download copies of its owner’s work.And,though it has taken a while,some publishers have decided they do mind about this—indeed one,Elsevier,based in the Netherlands, has been fighting back.It is using the Digital Millennium Copyright Act(DMCA),an American law that lets copyright holders demand the removal of anything posted online without their permission,to require individual scientists to eliminate from their websites papers published in its journals.Elsevier seems to have the law on its side.Like journalists writing for a newspaper, academics submitting an article to a journal usually sign contracts which transfer copyright to the publisher.But,though the firm may be right legally,culturally it is on trickier ground,given the ubiquity of current practice.As Thomas Hickerson, the University of Calgary’s chief librarian,puts it,"requesting such removals…seems at odds with the nature of an academic enterprise,in which the sharing of research information is an essential element."The short-term response from scientists and their employers seems to be that if Elsevier persists,and other publishers join in,they will try to find legal workarounds.As the University of California,Irvine,which was on the receiving end of some of the takedown notices,points out in advice to its staff,it is usually only the final version of an article,as it appears in a journal,that is covered by publisher’s copyright.There is nothing to stop scientists making earlier versions available.Many universities run repositories in which such drafts can be deposited for anyone to read.In an article posted shortly after the row started,Elsevier itself pointed out that such earlier versions can be shared freely.In the longer run,however,cracking down in this way risks having the perverse effect, from the publishers’point of view,of accelerating the rise of"open access" publishing,in which papers are made available online at no cost to the reader,and which therefore sidesteps at least some of the administrative headaches oftraditional journal publishing.Many advocates of open access make a moral case for it,too,arguing that freely available research is a public good—and that much of it is paid for by taxpayers in the first place.Ross Mounce,a paleontologist at the University of Bath,in England,and an advocate of open access,is enthusiastic about what has happened."This",he says,referring to the row,"has been great for open-access advocates.Lots of people who were completely apathetic before are starting to realize the importance of how we distribute scientific research."21.Elsevier has the legal right to remove papers from its authors’website because_____.[A]research has to be published exclusively.[B]the DMCA applies to multinational businesses.[C]copyright has already been signed over to it.[D]the window allowing free download has been closed.22.Thomas Hickers on would most likely agree that_____.[A]Elsevier should demand the removals.[B]research should be distributed freely.[C]academic publishers should be protected.[D]libraries are entitled to free papers.23.It can be inferred from Paragraph3that_____.[A]it is legal for a scientist to use a draft of are search paper.[B]universities are ready to go against publishers in court.[C]Elsevier grants the use of copies of its papers to teaching.[D]other publishers are expected to follow suit soon enough.24.The author believes that"open access"publishing may_____.[A]solve academic publishers’problems.[B]thrive due to Elsevier’s course of action.[C]accelerate the rate of scientific discoveries.[D]help expose science to the general public.25.Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?[A]It is immoral for Elsevier to hinder the circulation of its papers.[B]Most college professors are passionate advocates of open access.[C]Government-funded research can be seen as public property.[D]The open access movement is losing popularity due to the row.Text2A poll of Nature’s readers suggests that feelings about metrics are mixed.Many researchers say that,in principle,they welcome the use of quantitative performance metrics because of the potential for clarity and objectivity.Yet they also worry that the hiring,promotion and tenure committees that control their fate will ignore考研英语一模考试卷及详解crucial but hard-to-quantify aspects of scientific performance such as mentor ship and collaboration building,and instead focus exclusively on a handful of easy-to-measure numbers related mostly to their publication and citation rates. Academic administrators contacted by Nature suggest that this fear may be exaggerated.Most institutions seem to take a gratifyingly nuanced approach to hiring and tenure decisions,relying less on numbers and more on wide-ranging,qualitative assessments of a candidate’s performance made by experts in the relevant field. Yet such enlightenednuancing cannot be taken for granted.Numbers can be surprisingly seductive,and evaluation committees need to guard against letting a superficial precision undermine their time-consuming assessment of a scientist’s full body of work.This is particularly true in countries such as Britain,where metrics-heavy national assessments of universities can trickle down,so that individuals feel more rewarded for quantity than for quality--and change theirbehavior to match.New measures of scientific impact are being developed all the time,in part driven by government agencies looking to quantify the results they are getting for their investment.Such innovation is to be encouraged.But researchers must be mindful of how and why the metrics they are making are being used.There needs to be much discussion between specialists such as social scientists,economists and scientometricians to ensure that metrics development goes hand-in-hand with a discussion of what the metrics are for,and how they are affecting people.Only then can good suggestions be made about how to improve the system.Academic administrators,conversely,need to understand what the various metrics can and cannot tell them.Many measures—including the classic"impact factor"that attempts to describe a journal’s influence—were not designed to assess individual scientists.Yet people still sometimes try to apply them in that way.Given that scientometricians continue to devise metrics of ever-increasing sophistication, universities and scientific societies need to help decision-makers keep abreast.Setting a good example is the European Summer School for Scientometrics, a program that is being inaugurated in Berlin.It promises a science-based approach to tutoring on the merits and pitfalls of various metrics.Institutions must also ensure that they give their researchers a clear and complete picture of how assessments are made.This can be awkward—but transparency is essential:no matter how earnestly evaluation committees say that they are assessing the full body of a scientist’s work,not being open about the criteria breeds the impression that a fixed number of publications is a strict requirement,that teaching is undervalued and that service to the community is worthless.Such impressions do more than breed discontent--they alter the way that scientists behave.To promote good science,those doors must be opened wide.26.What will relieve researchers of their worries according to the passage?[A]Quantitative metrics system will be soon abolished.[B]Qualitative performance is more valued by committees.[C]Synthetic assessment is now adopted by institutions.[D]Quantitative versus qualitative debate will disappear.27.The author refers to Britain in the third paragraph as______.[A]a warning of possible threats therein.[B]a qualitative example for others to follow.[C]a disproof of quantitative evaluation.[D]a support to enlightenment institutions.28.What is essential to perfect the evaluation system according to the author?[A]Full discussions among experts over metrics.[B]Fair criteria of institutions to devise metrics.[C]Clear knowledge of the purpose of new metrics.[D]Definitive definition by scientists of metrics.29.In Paragraph5,the author shows his concern of______.[A]the confusion of scientists about evaluation criteria.[B]the ineffectiveness of evaluation measures applied.[C]the ignorance of decision-makers to metrics influence.[D]the incompetence of the assessment committee.30.What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A]Most researchers are not aware of assessment criteria.[B]Superficial evaluation could lead to misconceptions.[C]Community service is highly admired by the academia.[D]Current assessment system distorts scientists’behavior.Text3A cluster of state-owned power plants in north-western Greece have been spewing smoke and toxic ash over nearby villages for decades.The plants are fueled by lignite, a dirty brown coal extracted from open-pit mines that scar the local countryside. Studies have shown that mining communities suffer above-average rates of lung disease and cancer,yet jobs in other sectors are scarce in a region with chronically high unemployment.Changes may be on the way.Kyriakos Mitsotakis,the new centre-right prime minister, has promised to shut down all of Greece’s14lignite-fired power stations by2024. Fleets of wind turbines and solar panels will be rolled out across rehabilitated mining areas.Mr Mitsotakis is anxious to boost Greece’s green credentials:at present its annual carbon-equivalent emissions are a third higher than those of Portugal,a similar-sized EU member state.Despite being blessed by abundant sunshine and strong winds that blow year-round across the Aegean sea,Greece is still a clean-energy laggard.That is mostly due to PPC,the state electricity utility,which has stuck to lignite to save money, rather than switching to natural gas and renewables.In2017some70%of homes and businesses consumed electricity that was produced at PPC’s lignite-fired power stations.This year the figure may fall to50%:small private suppliers that run natural-gas-fired plants have picked up customers fleeing PPC after Mr Mitsotakis’考研英语一模考试卷及详解s government raised its electricity prices.The prime minister has set himself a remarkably ambitious target:renewable sources are to cover35%of Greece’s energy needs by2030.That would mean tripling current wind and solar output,at a cost of around 40bn.Consultants predict a bonanza for foreign investors:Chinese,American,Spanish and Italian companies already own Greek wind and solar installations and are acquiring licences to build more. Oddly,they will face strong opposition from Greece’s increasingly active environmental movement.It takes up to seven years for a licence for a wind park to be granted;many applications are rejected by specialist judges at the council of state,Greece’s highest legal body.Apostolos Pantelis,a hill-walker,is campaigning against plans to build wind parks on mountain ridges in the remote Agrafa region,a refuge for rare griffon vultures, brown bears and wolves.Greece’s environment is"too fragile"to sustain such big projects,he says.New roads would erode the mountainsides and noisy,200m-high turbines would scare away its wildlife.He says that"people used to think wind energy would be beneficial for tourism.But it just ruins the view."31.The Greece government is going to______in north-western Greece.[A]shut down lignite power plants[B]solve the problem of unemployment[C]lower the rate of lung disease[D]revitalize the mining communities32.Which of the following is true of PPC?[A]It uses lignite in that Greece lacks clean energy.[B]It will turn to wind and solar energy soon.[C]It owns14lignite-fired power stations.[D]It dominated power supply in Greece.33.The prime minister’s energy reform may benefit______.[A]foreign investors[B]lignite miners[C]power plants[D]hill-walkers34.Mr.Apostolos Pantelis objects to wind-park plans because he______.[A]strongly advocates opposing environmental movement[B]wants to preserve the landscape and wildlife in Agafra[C]regards wind parks as bonanza for foreign investors[D]believes it is time-consuming to realize the plans35.Which of the following is the best title for the text?[A]The Abuse of Lignite[B]Environment or Tourism[C]Greening Greece[D]More Wind ParksText4The Obama administration released new pollution rules on oil and natural gas production Tuesday to predictable howls from industry.The danger,though,is that the rules won’t do enough to achieve the United States’climate goals.The fracking boom has opened vast deposits of American oil and natural gas for extraction,and that’s been a good thing.The industry has created jobs and cut fuel imports.Natural gas,now cheap,has substituted for dirty coal in electricity production.When burned,natural gas produces significantly fewer greenhouse emissions than coal.But there’s a major problem:Methane,the primary constituent in natural gas,is an extremely potent greenhouse agent when it escapes from wells or pipelines without being burned.Even relatively small amounts of leakage can wipe away the climate benefits of switching to natural gas.That’s why President Obama set a goal of reducing methane leakage by40percent to45percent by2025.The Environmental Protection Agency took a step toward that goal on Tuesday.The agency rolled out rules requiring the oil and gas industry to take more care not to leak methane from new or significantly altered wells,compressors,pneumaticpumps and other potential sources.Environmental groups have long argued that these sorts of upgrades are among the cheapest ways to cut greenhouse emissions.The EPA,meanwhile,points out that the rules should also prevent unhealthful air pollution around oil and gas facilities. The industry counters that companies have already cut methane leakage even as oil and gas production have shot up,pointing out it has an economic incentive to keep its product from leaking.That’s true,up to a point,but these companies don’t have to account for the climate impacts of that leakage so their incentive may be less than what society’s interests would dictate.Until the country has an effective price on carbon that would force companies to account for their greenhouse impact, this line of argument will not be convincing.Also released Tuesday was a report underscoring the need to act on methane emissions, and soon.The study,published in the journal Environmental Science&Technology, found that previous EPA estimates of leakage rates from natural gas collection and processing facilities were far too low.It is findings such as these that have convinced environmental groups that the Obama administration must set comprehensive rules that would be much more ambitious than those announced Tuesday,covering existing infrastructure,not just new or significantly rebuilt facilities.If,after serious study,the EPA is confident that the government will reach its methane goal without a broader crackdown,so much the better.But federal and state regulators shouldn’t hesitate to go further if that promise won’t be realized.36.It can be inferred from Paragraphs2and3that_____.[A]the primary compound in natural gas is the main culprit of greenhouse[B]methane leakage may neutralize the climate benefits of natural gas use[C]anti-leak technologies should be introduced to cutmethane emissions考研英语一模考试卷及详解[D]fracking contributes to over-extraction of American oil and natural gas37.The EPA urged the oil and gas companies to_____.[A]reinforce their facilities supervision[B]renew their production equipment[C]eliminate potential exploding dangers[D]enhance their storage methodspanies reluctantly cut methane leakage because_____.[A]they are juggling emission reduction with production growth.[B]the material rewards they get doesn’t offset their expenses.[C]they have no vested interest in complying with anti-leakage policies.[D]they don’t get the punishment they deserve for the pollution.39.It can be learned from the passage that the oil and natural gas industry_____.[A]is an emerging job creator.[B]isn’t bound by the existing rules.[C]is in a paradoxical situation.[D]take exception to the new rules.40.Which of the following is the best title of the text?[A]The Limits of Obama’s New Rules on Pollution.[B]New Methane Rules Don’t Cover Existing Pollution.[C]Obama Takes Unprecedented Steps to Cut Methane Pollution.[D]New U.S.Climate Rules Target Methane Leaks.Part BDirections：In the following text，some sentences have been removed.For questions41-45，choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the gaps.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）PHYSICAL ACTIVITY CAN help optimize the body’s defenses against infection.And in the age of novel coronavirus,to many people,that’s more important than ever.Taking the right approach to most effectively exercise in the name of immune health is key. 41______The regularity of your exercise routine may be the most important factor in ensuring the immune benefits of activity,says Jim Beitzel,clinical athletic trainer and clinical coordinator for the Northwestern Medicine Athletic Training&Sports Performance Clinic in Warrenville,Illinois.For most adults,60minutes of exercise five days per week is the immunity sweet spot,he says.However,if you’re new to working out,start small with perhaps10or20minutes of low-to moderate-intensity exercise per day,and increase your activity level over the course of weeks or months as you feel comfortable.As long as you stay consistent,every little bit will help.42______A2020paper in Exercise Immunology Reviews confirms that increasing exercise intensity does not suppress immunity or increase the risk of infection. High-intensity exercise,generally considered to be anything that increases your heart rate to more than85%of its max(220minus your age),can be part of any exercise routine that’s aimed at improving you immune health,Beitzel says.Options include running,cycling and rowing sprints as well as fast-paced plyometric strength training.43______Instead,illness following high-intensity exercise is typically related to inadequate recovery,according to the authors of the Exercise Immunology Reviews paper.As exercise intensity,frequency and duration increase,so does the amount of rest your body needs to recover from the stressors of exercise and grow back stronger,explains exercise physiologist Mike T.Nelson,based in Minneapolis.What’s more,non-exercise-related stressors—such as financial worries,sleepless nights and existing illness—occur in large doses,so increasing your recovery efforts is important to recovering from exercise and reducing the risk of overstressing your systems,including your immune one,Nelson says.44______It’s OK to enjoy one style of training more than the other,but for optimal immunity (and overall health),integrate both into your weekly routine,Beitzel says.Federal guidelines from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend engaging in75to150minutes of aerobic activity(the lower the intensity,the more time advised)per week and total-body strengthening activities at least two days per week. Examples of aerobic activity include jogging,swimming and cycling.Strength training can include bodyweight exercises(such as squats and pushups)as well as exercises such as rows and shoulder presses that use free weights,resistance bands or other equipment.45______Whether you’re exercising in your living room or in a park,you can benefit your immune system.But there may be additional benefits of breaking a sweat outdoors. Being outside increases the body’s levels of immune-system-supporting vitamin D, according to Parikh.Plus,taking your exercise outdoors may strengthen the immune system by activating the body’s parasympathetic"rest and digest"system,according to2015research published in Frontiers in Psychology.This system works in opposition with your sympathetic"fight or flight"system to reduce physiological stress levels and lower inflammation that can inhibit healthy immunity.A.Make sure to recover.B.Focus on consistency.C.Enjoy one style of training.D.Don’t be afraid of intensity.E.Get outside.F.Optimize the body’s defenses.G.Do both cardio and strength training.考研英语一模考试卷及详解Part CDirections：Read the following text carefully and then translate underlined segments into Chinese.Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.（10points）Before entering on the question of the relation of morality to our exiting social environment,it will be advisable to inquire what we mean by moral progress,and what evidence there is that any such progress has occurred in recent times,or even within the period of well-established history.(46)By morals we mean right conduct,not only in our immediate social relations, but also in our dealings with our fellow citizens and with the whole human race.It is based upon the possession of clear ideals as to what actions are right and what are wrong and the determination of our conduct by a constant reference to those ideals.(47)The beliefs was once prevalent,and is still held by many persons,that a knowledge of right and wrong is inherent or instinctive in everyone,and that the immoral person may be justly punished for such wrong doing as he commits.But that this cannot be wholly,if at all,true is shown by the fact that in different societies and at different periods the standard of right and wrong changes considerably.That which at one time and place is held to be right and proper is,at another time or place,considered to be not only wrong,but one of the greatest of crimes.We are obliged to conclude,therefore,that what is commonly termed morality is not wholly due to any inherent perception of what is right or wrong conduct,but that it is to some extent and often very largely a matter of convention,varying at different times and places in accordance with the degree and kind of social development which has been attained often under different conditions of existence.The actual morality of a community is largely a product of the environment, but it is local and temporary,not permanently affecting the character.(48)To bring together the evidence in support of this view,to distinguish between what is permanent and inherited and what is superficial and not inherited,and to trace out some of the consequences as regards what we term"morality"is the purpose of the present volume.Though much of what we term morality has no absolute sanction in human nature,yet it is to some extent,and perhaps very largely,based upon it.(49)It will be well, therefore,to consider briefly the nature and probable origin of what we term "character"—in individuals,in societies,and especially in those more ancient and more fundamental divisions of mankind which we term"races".Character may be defined as the integration of mental faculties and emotions which constitute personal or national individuality.It is very strongly inherited,yet it is probably subject to more inherent variation than is the form and structure of the body.(50)The combinations of its constituent elements are so numerous as, in common language,to be termed infinite;and this gives to each person a very distinct individuality,as manifested in speech,in emotional expression,and in action.SectionⅢWritingPart A51.Directions：Suppose you were invited by Professor William to work as an assistant in his new program,but you had a plan for writing a paper.Write an email to him to refuse his invitation,make an apology,and recommend your roommate to him.You should write about100words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.Do not sign your own name at the end of the e"Li Ming"instead.(10points)Part B52.Directions：Write an essay of160—200words based on the following drawing.In your essay,you should1)describe the drawing briefly,2)explain its intended meaning,and then3)give your comments.You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(20points)。
2021年考研《英语一》模拟试题及答案(卷二)
2021年考研《英语一》模拟试题及答案（卷二）Amy High is decked out in the traditional pink dress and golden stole of ancient Rome. She bursts into a third-grade classroom and greets her students：“Salvete，omnes!”(Hello，everyone!) The kids respond in kind，and soon they are studying derivatives. “How many people are in a duet?”High asks. All the kids know the answer，and when she asks how they know，a boy responds，“Because duo is 'two' in Latin.”High replies，“Plaudite!”and the 14 kids erupt in applause. They learn the Latin root later，or side，and construct such English words as bilateral and quadrilateral. “Latin's going to open up so many doors for you，”High says. “You're going to be able to figure out the meaning of words you've never seen before.”High teaches at Providence Elementary School in Fairfax City，Va.，which has a lot riding on the success of her efforts. As part of Virginia's high-stakes testing program，schools that don't boost their scores by the year 2007 could lose state funding. So Fairfax City，just 18 miles southwest of the White House，has upgraded its two crumbling elementary schools with new high-tech television studios，computer labs and one very old feature——mandatory Latin.Here lies one of the more counterintuitive developments of the standardized-testing movement：Though some critics complain that teachers are forced to dumb down their lessons and “teach to thetest，”some schools are offering more challenging course work as a way of engaging students. In the past three years，scores of elementary schools in high-stakes testing states such as Texas，Virginia and Massachusetts have added Latin programs. Says Allen Griffith， a member of the Fairfax City school board：“If we're trying to improve English skills，teaching Latin is an awfully effective，proved method.”This is not your father's Latin，which was taught to elite college-bound high schoolers and drilled into them through memorization. Its tedium and perceived irrelevance almost drove Latin from public schools. Today's growth in elementary school Latin has been spurred by new，interactive oral curriculums，enlivened by lessons in Roman mythology and culture. “One thing that makes it engaging for kids is the goofy fun of investigating these guys in togas，”says Marion Polsky，author of First Latin：A Language Discovery Program，the textbook used in Fairfax City.Latin enthusiasts believe that if young students learn word roots，they will be able to decipher unfamiliar words. (By some estimates，65% of all English words have Latin roots.) Latin is an almost purely phonetic language. There are no silent letters，and each letter represents a single sound. That makes it useful in teaching reading. And once kids master the grammatical structure of Latin——which is simple，logical and consistent——they will more easily grasp the many grammaticalexceptions in English.1. From the first Paragraph we learn that _____.[A] the students show little interest in learning Latin[B] the students say hello to their teacher in Latin[C] Amy High teaches the students to read Bible in Latin[D] learning English is unnecessary if you have perfectly mastered Latin2. Which of the following statements is not true according to the text?[A] The testing program is crucial to the schools.[B] Latin is compulsory to the elementary schools students in Fairfax City.[C] Providence Elementary School will not get state funding this year.[D] Fairfax City government had done a lot to equip its elementary schools.3. According to Allen Griffith，Latin _______.[A] has little to do with English[B] is very helpful to one‘s learning English[C] will replace English in the near future[D] should be taught to kids even when they are in elementary school4. Which of the following best defines the word “plaudite”? _______.[A] Great.[B] Sorry.[C] Class is over.[D] Sad.5. One reason for Latin enthusiasts to support young students ‘learning Latin is _______.[A] Latin has a longer history than English[B] Latin has less word roots[C] every letter in English word represent a single sound[D] it is easier to grasp Latin grammar参考答案:BCBADAs Gilbert White，Darwin，and others observed long ago，all species appear to have the innate capacity to increase their numbers from generation to generation. The task for ecologists is to untangle the environmental and biological factors that hold this intrinsic capacity for population growth in check over the long run. The great variety of dynamic behaviors exhibited by different population makes this task more difficult：some populations remain roughly constant from year to year; others exhibit regular cycles of abundance and scarcity; still others vary wildly，with outbreaks and crashes that are in some cases plainlycorrelated with the weather，and in other cases not.To impose some order on this kaleidoscope of patterns，one school of thought proposes dividing populations into two groups. These ecologists posit that the relatively steady populations have density-dependent growth parameters; that is，rates of birth，death，and migration which depend strongly on population density. The highly varying populations have density-independent growth parameters，with vital rates buffeted by environmental events; these rates fluctuate in a way that is wholly independent of population density.This dichotomy has its uses，but it can cause problems if taken too literally. For one thing，no population can be driven entirely by density-independent factors all the time. No matter how severely or unpredictably birth，death，and migration rates may be fluctuating around their long-term averages，if there were no density-dependent effects，the population would，in the long run，either increase or decrease without bound (barring a miracle by which gains and losses canceled exactly)。
考研英语模拟试题一
考研英语模拟试题一20XX年考研英语模拟试题一Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) The fitness movement that began in the late 1960s and early 1970s centered around aerobic exercise. Millions of individuals became 1 in a variety of aerobic activities, and 2 thousands of health spas 3 around the country to capitalize on his 4 interest in fitness, particularly aerobic dancing for females. A number of fitness spas existed 5 to this aerobic fitness movement, even a national chain with spas in most major cities. However, their 6 was not on aerobics, 7 on weight-training programs designed to develop muscular mass, 8 , and endurance in their primarily male 9 . These fitness spas did not seem to benefit 10 from the aerobic fitness movement to better health, since medical opinion suggested that weight-training programs 11 few, if 12, health benefits. In recent years, however, weight training has again become increasingly 13 for males and for females. Many 14 programs focus not only on developing muscular strength and endurance but on aerobic fitness as well. 15, most physical fitness tests have usually included measures of muscular strength andendurance, not for health related reasons, but primarily 16 such fitness components have been related to 17 in athletics. 18, in recent years, evidence has shown that training programs designed primarily to improve muscular strength and endurance might also offer some health 19 as well. The American College of Sports Medicine now 20 that weight training be part of a totalfitness program for healthy Americans.1.[A] imposed [B] engaged [C] confined [D] illustrated2.[A] affluently [B] eligibly [C] gorgeously [D] literally3.[A] enhanced [B] manifested [C] developed [D] established4.[A] emerging [B] hovering [C] intriguing [D] mingling5.[A] prior [B] entitled [C] liable [D] subjected6.[A] action [B] focus [C] cement [D] snap7.[A] or [B] or else [C] and [D] but rather8.[A] strength [B] nutrition [C] tolerance [D] ambition9.[A] practitioners [B] enthusiasts [C] referees [D] recipients10.[A] financially [B] particularly [C] legitimately [D] excessively11.[A] presented [B] offered [C] indicated [D] demonstrated12.[A] something [B] some [C] anything [D] any13.[A] popular [B] vigorous [C] intelligible [D] formidable14.[A] current [B] primitive [C] uneven [D] incredible15.[A] Practically [B] Eventually [C] Essentially [D] Historically16.[A] because [B] in only [C] although [D] now that17.[A] performance [B] harassment [C] identification [D] portrayal18.[A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] However [D] Anyway19.[A] advantages [B] benefits [C] interests [D] profits20.[A] recommends [B] reassures [C] speculates [D] mediatesSection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections: Reading the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1Gene therapy and gene-based drugs are two ways we could benefit from our growing mastery of genetic science. But there will be others as well. Here is one of the remarkable therapies on the cutting edge of genetic research that could make their way into mainstream medicine in the coming years.While it's true that just about every cell in the body has the instructions to make a complete human, most of those instructions are inactivated, and with good reason: the last thing you want for your brain cells is to start churning out stomach acid or your nose to turn into a kidney. The only time cells truly have the potential to turn into any and all body parts is very early in a pregnancy, when so-called stem cells haven't begun to specialize.Yet this untapped potential could be a terrific boon to medicine. Most diseases involve the death of healthy cells - brain cells in Alzheimer's, cardiac cells in heart disease, pancreatic cells in diabetes, to name a few; if doctors could isolate stem cells, then direct their growth, they might be able to furnish patients with healthyreplacement tissue.It was incredibly difficult, but last fall scientists at the University of Wisconsin managed to isolate stem cells and get them to grow into neural, gut, muscle and bone cells. The process still can't be controlled, and may have unforeseen limitations; but if efforts to understand and master stem-cell development prove successful, doctors will have a therapeutic tool of incredible power.The same applies to cloning, which is really just the other side of the coin; true cloning, as first shown with the sheep Dolly two years ago, involves taking a developed cell and reactivating the genome within, resetting its developmental instructions to a pristine state. Once that happens, the rejuvenated cell can develop into a full-fledged animal, genetically identical to its parent.For agriculture, in which purely physical characteristics like milk production in a cow or low fat in a hog have real market value, biological carbon copies could become routine within a few years. This past year scientists have done for mice and cows what Ian Wilmut did for Dolly, andother creatures are bound to join the cloned menagerie in the coming year.Human cloning, on the other hand, may be technically feasible but legally and emotionally more difficult. Still, one day it will happen. The ability to reset body cells to a pristine, undeveloped state could give doctors exactly the same advantages they would get from stem cells: the potential to make healthy body tissues of all sorts, and thus to cure disease. That could prove to be a true “miraclecure."21.The writer holds that the potential to make healthy body tissues will[A] aggravate moral issues of human cloning.[B] bring great benefits to human beings.[C] help scientists decode body instructions.[D] involve employing surgical instruments.22.The word "rejuvenated" (Para. 5) most probably means[A] modified. [B] re-collected. [C] classified. [D] reactivated.23.The research at the University of Wisconsin is mentioned to show[A] the isolation of stem cells. [B] the effects of gene therapies.[C] the advantages of human cloning. [D] the limitations of tissue replacements.24.Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] The principle of gene therapy is applicable to that of cloning.[B] The isolation of stem cells is too difficult to be feasible.[C] It is reasonable for all body instructions to be activated.[D] Cloned animals will eventually take control of the world.25.Towards the genetic research, the author's attitude can best be said to be that of[A] Frustration. [B] Indifference. [C] Amazement. [D] Opposition.Text 2What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be; such consensus cannot be gained from society's present stage, or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified, and the future too uncertain, to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past, as Homer's epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek, and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.Most societies derive consensus from a long history, a language all their own, a common religion, common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants, coming from a great variety of nations. Lately, it has been emphasized that an asocial, narcissistic personality has becomecharacteristic of Americans, and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being, because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism, Christopher Lash says that modern man, "tortured by self-consciousness, turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life, to find something to live for". There is widespread distress because national morale has declined, and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs, as are found in totalitarian societies, our culture is one of the great individual differences, at least in principle and in theory; but this leads to disunity, even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity, but just because our is a society based on individual diversity, it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence, if we are to have consensus, it must be based on a myth - a vision about a common experience, a conquest that made us Americans, as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings ofisolations, guilt, anxiety, and purposelessness - in short, they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.26.In the eyes of the author, the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in[A] the nonexistence of consensus on the forms of the society should take.[B] the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life.[C] the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversity.[D] the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline.27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from[A] the absence of a common religion and ancestry.[B] the multiracial constituents of the US society.[C] the want of a shared myths they possess in life.[D] the counterbalance to narcissistic personality.28.Homer's epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to[A] exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets.[B] illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society.[C] show an ideal stage of eternal social progress.[D] make known myths of what a society ought to be.29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans[A] to bring about the uniformity of their culture.[B] to regain their consensus about a common experience.[C] to stay away from negative feelings in their life.[D] to counteract the effects of consensus about society.30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably[A] a reform advocate.[B] a senior psychologist.[C] a reputed poet.[D] a social historian.Text 3The early retirement of experienced workers is seriously harming the U.S. economy, according to a new report from the Hudson Institute, a public policy research organization. Currently, many older experienced workers retire at an earlyage. According to the recently issued statistics, 79 percent of qualified workers begin collecting retirement benefits at age 62; if that trend continues, there will be a labor shortage that will hinder the economic growth in the twenty-first century. Older Americans constitute an increasing proportion of the population, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, and the population of those over age 65 will grow by 60% between 20XX年and 20XX年. During the same period, the group aged 18 to 44 will increase by only 4%. Keeping older skilled workers employed, even part time, would increase U.S. economic output and strengthen the tax base; but without significant policy reforms, massive early retirement amongbaby boomers seems more likely.Retirement at age 62 is an economically rational decision today. Social Security and Medicaid earnings limits and tax penalties subject our most experienced workers to marginal tax rates as high as 67%. Social Security formulas encourage early retirement. Although incomes usually rise with additional years of work, any pay increases after the 35-year mark result in higher social Security taxes but only small increases in benefits.Hudson Institute researchers believe that federal tax and benefit policies are at fault and reforms are urgently needed, but they disagree with the popular proposal that much older Americans will have to work because Social Security will not support them and that baby boomers are not saving enough for retirement. According to the increase in 401 (k) and Keogh retirement plans, the ongoing stockmarket on Wall Street, and the likelihood of large inheritances, there is evidence that baby boomers will reach age 65 with greater financial assets than previous generations.The Hudson institute advocates reforming government policies that now discourage work and savings, especially for older worker. Among the report's recommendations: Tax half of all Social Security benefits, regardless of other income; provide 8% larger benefits for each year beyond 65; and permit workers nearing retirement to negotiate compensation packages that may include a lower salary but with greaterhealthcare benefits. However, it may take real and fruitful planning to find the right solution to the early retirement of older experienced workers; any measures taken must be allowed to prolong the serviceability of older experienced workers.31.According to Hudson Institute researchers, the effect of the early retirement of qualified workers in the U.S. economy is[A] constructive. [B] significant. [C] inconclusive. [D] detrimental.32.The older experienced workers in America tend to retire early because their prolonged service may[A] do harm to younger generations. [B] end up with few or no benefits.[C] give play to their potentials. [D] shed light on social trends.33.The second paragraph is written chiefly to show that[A] there will be an acute labor shortage in the near future.[B] baby-boomers contribute much to the US economic output.[C] government policies concerning older people are out-dated.[D] older workers are enthusiastic about collecting social benefits.34.When mentioning "the ongoing stock market on Wall Street", the writer[A] is calling attention to the privileges to which baby-boomers are entitled.[B] is calling for the government to take countermeasures againstlabor shortage.[C] is refuting a notion about experienced workers' early retirement.[D] is justifying the ineffectiveness of federal tax and benefit policies.35.Towards the issue, what the writer is most concerned about will be[A] to advocate radically reforming government policies.[B] to take into account the benefits upon retirement.[C] to put in practice what Hudson researchers believe in.[D] to prolong the practicability of older experienced employees.Text 4The history of responses to the work of the artist Sandro Botticelli (1444-1510) suggests that widespread appreciation by critics is a relatively recent phenomenon. Writing in 1550, Vasari expressed an unease with Botticelli's work, admitting that the artist fitted awkwardly into his evolutionary scheme of the history of art. Over the next two centuries, academic art historians defamed Botticelli in favor of hisfellows Florentine, Michelangelo. Even when anti-academic art historians of the early nineteenth century rejected many of the standards of evaluation adopted by their predecessors, Botticelli's work remained outside of accepted taste, pleasing neither amateur observers nor connoisseurs. (Many of his best paintings, however, remained hidden away in obscure churches and private homes.)The primary reason for Botticelli's unpopularity is not difficult tounderstand: most observers, up until the mid-nineteenth century, did not consider him to be noteworthy, because his work, for the most part, did not seem to these observers to exhibit the traditional characteristics of fifteenth-century Florentine art. For example, Botticelli rarely employed the technique of strict perspective and, unlike Michelangelo, never used chiaroscuro.Another reason for Botticelli's unpopularity may have been that his attitude toward the style of classical art was very different from that of his contemporaries. Although he was thoroughly exposed to classical art, he showed little interest in borrowing from the classical style. Indeed, it is paradoxical that a painter of large-scale classical subjects adopted a style that was only slightly similar to that of classical art.In any case, when viewers began to examine more closely the relationship of Botticelli's work to the tradition of fifteenth-century Florentine art, his reputation began to grow. Analyses and assessments of Botticelli made between 1850 and 1870 by the artists of the Pre-Raphaelite movement, as well as by the writer Pater(although he, unfortunately, based his assessment on an incorrect analysis of Botticelli's personality), inspired a new appreciation of Botticelli throughout the English-speaking world. Yet Botticelli's work, especially the Sistine frescoes, did not generate worldwide attention until it was finally subjected to a comprehensive and scrupulous analysis by Home in 1908.Home rightly demonstrated that the frescoes shared important features with paintings by other fifteenth-century Florentines - features such as skillful representation of anatomical proportions, and of the human figure in motion. However, Home argued that Botticelli did not treat these qualities as ends in themselves - rather, that he emphasized clear depletion of a story, a unique achievement and one that made the traditional Florentine qualities less central. Because of Home's emphasis crucial to any study of art, the twentieth century has come to appreciate Botticelli's achievements.36.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?[A] The Role of Standard Art Analyses and Appraisals.[B] Sandro Botticelli: From Rejection to Appreciation.[C] The History of Critics' Responses to Art Works.[D] Botticelli and Florentine: A Comparative Study.37.We can learn from the text that art critics have a history of[A] suppressing painters' art initiatives.[B] favoring a Botticelli's best paintings.[C] rejecting traditional art characteristics.[D] undervaluing Botticelli's achievements.38.The views of Vasari and Home on Botticelli's products are[A] identical. [B] complementary. [C] opposite. [D] similar.39.The word "connoisseurs" (Paragraph 1) most probably means[A] representatives in the Pre-Raphaelite Movement.[B] people who are in favor of Florentine.[C] critics who are likely to make assessments.[D] conservatives clinging to classical art.40.What does the author think of Botticelli's representation skills?[A] They are to be fully appreciated.[B] They evolve from an uncertain source.[C] They underlie his personality.[D] They conform to the classical style. Part BSample OneDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Many of the philosophers we have been reading in class seem to me to be hopelessly dated. Of course, it's easy to become trapped in writing only for the period a person lives in, and a philosophy is necessarily dependent on the historical situation and the extent of man's knowledge.(41).However, Victor Hugo said that if he were writing for his own time only, he would have to break his pen and throw it away. (42) . And it seemsto me that the most frequent objections to modern and pre-modern philosophers come from the incompatibility of their philosophies with what is considered to be established scientific fact. For instance, Plato's theory of forms does not, to me, seem to jibe with modern physics and cosmology. And although I can only vaguely glimpse the psychology which underlies Kant, it seems to be highly questionable.(43) .(44) . History is, of course, necessary to any understanding of a philosophy: how it came about, what people did with it, etc. Sartre, although he developed some of his ideas from Nietzsche and Kierkegaard, probably could not have expounded those same ideas of existentialism in their times; Nietzsche, who popularized the idea that "God is dead", could not have written in the time of Descartes; and Descartes could not have expressed his radically individualist ideas during the time of Plato.I suppose that my point, which I am being exceedingly long-winded about, is that philosophy does not (and should not, and must not) stand apart from the rest of the sciences. (45) . Although the other sciences can provide us with data, observations, and theories, only philosophy can integrate those into a coherent whole, tell us what to do with them, or provide a meaningful context for using these facts in our daily lives.[A] In my view, application of Kant's epistemology and metaphysics could never produce an artificial intelligence capable of passing a Turingtest.[B] Rather, philosophy should be integrated with the rest of the sciences through a method of rational judgment. Rather than sailing behind, or next to but away from, the rest of the sciences, Philosophy should be the flagship of the group.[C] And many of the philosophers who have existed over the course of the centuries have necessarily had to worry about governmental, church, or societal disapproval, censorship, or punishment.[D] After all, physics can give us insights into metaphysics, since both seek different ways to do the same thing; psychology, sociology, anthropology, and archeology can give us insights into epistemology; various "soft" sciences dealing with comparative cultures can provide food for thought in ethnics, and so on.[E] Although some philosophical people are not necessarily considered as philosophers today，whose work was influential and instrumental in developing one of the social sciences ( psychology, sociology, political science, education) or in advancing theoretical science (what is now called philosophy of science).[F] And so, it seems to me, the best way that a philosopher can keep from being dated is to be aware of scientific knowledge, and integrate it into philosophy. Of course, this necessitates an independent evaluation of the merits and drawbacks of a given scientific idea, which necessitates, inturn, a thorough knowledge of that theory.[G] And so, it seems to me that, in order for a philosopher to be relevant for the future as well as the present, he must take into account all of the objections to his philosophy which can be anticipated at the present time.Sample TwoDirections: The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)[A] Is that what the American viewing public is getting? Perhaps 10% of primetime network programming is a happy combination of entertainment and enrichment. There used to be television movies rich in human values, but they have now become an endangered species. I find television too much concerned with what people have and too little concerned with who they are, very concerned with taking care of No. 1 and not at all concerned with sharing themselves with other people. All too often it tells us the half truth we want to hear rather than the whole truth we need to hear.[B] Why is television not more fully realizing its humanizing potential? Is the creative community at fault? Partially. But not primarily. I have livedand worked in that community for 32 years, as both priest and producer. As a group, these people have values. In fact, in Hollywood in recent months, audience enrichment hasbecome the in thing. A coalition of media companies has endowed the Humanitas Prize so that it can recognize and celebrate those who accomplish it.[C] Every good story will not only captivate its viewers but also give them some insight into what it means to be a human being. By so doing, it can help them grow into the deeply centered, sovereignly free, joyously loving human being God made them to be. Meaning, freedom and love――the supreme human values. And this is the kind of human enrichment the American viewing public has a right to expect from those who make its entertainment.[D] The problem with American TV is not the lack of storytellers of conscience but the commercial system within which they have to operate. Television in the U.S. is a business. In the past, the business side has been balanced by a commitment to public service. But in recent years the fragmentation of the mass audience, huge interest payments and skyrocketing production costs have combined with the FCC's abdication of its responsibility to protect the common good to produce an almost total preoccupation with the bottom line. The networks are struggling to survive. And that, the statistics seem to indicate, is mindless, heartless,escapist fare. If we are dissatisfied with the moral content of what we are invited to watch, I think we should begin by examining our own consciences. When we tune in, are we ready to plunge into reality, so as to extract its meaning, or are we hoping to escape into a sedated world of illusion? And if church leaders want to elevate the quality of the country's entertainment, they should forget about boycotts, production codes and censorship. They should work at educating their people in media literacy and at mobilizing them to support quality shows in huge numbers.[E] It is not a question of entertainment or enrichment. These are complementary concerns and presuppose each other. The story that entertains without enriching is superficial and escapist. The story that enriches without entertaining is simply dull. The story that does both is a delight.[F] That is the only sure way to improve the moral content of America's entertainment.[G] Despite questions of the motivation behind them, the attacks by the President and the Vice President on the moral content of television entertainment have found an echo in the chambers of the American soul. Many who reject the messengers still accept the message. They do not like the moral tone of American TV. In our society only the human family surpasses television in its capacity to communicate values, provide role models, form consciences and motivate human behavior. Few educator,church leaders or politicians possess the moral influence of those who create the nation's entertainment.Order:G 41 42 43 44 45 FSample ThreeDirection: You are going to read a text about New Rules for Landing a Job, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for eachnumbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) When Nick A. Corcodilos started out in the headhunting business 20 years ago, he had a keen eye for tracking talent. From his base in Silicon Valley he would send all-star performers to blue-chip companies like Xerox, IBM and General Electric. But while he would succeed in his part of the hunt, the job-seekers he located would often fail in theirs. They were striking out before, during or after the interview.So instead of simply accounting for talent, Corcodilos began advising job candidates as well. He helped improve their success ratio by teaching them to pursue fewer companies, make the right contacts and deliver what companies are looking for in an interview. In his myth-busting book, Ask the Headhunter (Plume, 1997), Corcodilos has reinvented the rules of the job search, from preparation to interview techniques. Here are his six new。
考研英语模拟测试题及答案
考研英语模拟测试题及答案阅读理解题题目一：In the early years of satellite television, when bankers and bond traders were first acquiring their gigantic sky dishes, many analysts predicted that the emerging technologies would quickly transform television in ways few of us could imagine. “The real potential of satellite signals,” said a typical observer, “is that they will make it possible for viewers to have access to a much wider range of programming.”This prediction, as it turns out, has been only partially accurate. In fact, the actual development of satellite television has fallen far short of the ambitions expressed by its early advocates. While it is true that viewers today have access to more channels than in the past, most of these channels are merely shallow and unimaginative clones of the three networks that existed before the age of satellite. And satellite television has made little progress in reaching an audience that is more sophisticated or discriminating in its habits than the audience that was served by network television in the past.Given the many disappointments that have accompanied our experience with satellite television, it seems only appropriate to express a few words of caution and skepticism as we begin to explore the possibilities of another emerging technology: the digital revolution.What does the passage suggest about the potential of satellite television?A.The potential of satellite television has been largely realized.B.The development of satellite television has validated the arguments of its early advocates.C.Viewers today have access to more channels than before the age of satellite.D.The potential of satellite television has not been fully realized.答案一：D解析一：The author of this passage notes that while some early observers predicted that satellite television would transform television in ways the public could not imagine, these predictions have not exactly come to fruition. While viewers today have access to more channels, these channels may fall short in terms of quality and substance. The tone of the passage is cautious and skeptical.题目二：The modern desire for privacy, in almost all its forms, is really a desire for respect and control. People want to keep certain information away from the public sphere because they believe that if it were made available to others, their status or reputation would suffer accordingly. They also want to be able to choose the conditions under which they interact with others. In other words, they want to be able to protect their autonomy and control how others perceive them.These desires are grounded in good reasons. In democratic societies, respect for individual privacy is essential to the well-being of both society and its citizens. The ability to engage in political and social activity without fear of reprisal is critical to a vibrant democratic culture. Privacy is also important for personal development. Individuals need a space in which to be themselves, to experiment with new ideas and to develop relationships with people of their choosing.However, privacy is not an absolute value. It needs to be balanced against other important societal values, such as transparency, accountability, and security. When these values are in conflict, the challenge for democratic societies is to strike a balance that protects individual liberties while also safeguarding public interests.What does the passage suggest about why people desire privacy?A.People want privacy because they believe it will afford them respect and control.B.People want privacy because they believe it will protect them from reprisal.C.People want privacy because it is necessary to experiment with new ideas.D.People desire privacy for all of the above reasons.答案二：A解析二：The passage suggests that people desire privacy because they believe it will afford them respect and control. Specifically, people want to keep certain information away from the public sphere because they fear that if it were made available to others, their status or reputation would suffer accordingly. They also want to be able to choose the conditions under which they interact with others. These desires are grounded in good reasons, as respect for individual privacy is essential to the well-being of both society and its citizens.。
考研英语模拟测试题
考研英语模拟测试题在这个高质量1500字的文章中，我会根据你给的题目“考研英语模拟测试题”，按照考研英语模拟测试题的格式来写。
以下是文章的内容：第一部分：听力理解（听力题不需要列出选项）Section ADirections：In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A)， B)， C) and D)， and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.1. M: Have you packed your suitcase yet? We need to leave for the airport soon.W: No, but I've made a list of everything I want to take. I'll start packing as soon as I finish dressing.Q: What will the woman do next?2. W: I heard Professor Smith didn't give a lecture yesterday. Is that true?M: Yes, he had to attend his son's graduation. He'll make it up next week.Q: Why didn't Professor Smith give a lecture yesterday?...注意：听力题列表只需提供题号和问题的部分内容，选项内容可以省略，并在每道题后面都标注答案。
考研英语(一)模拟试卷207(题后含答案及解析)
考研英语（一）模拟试卷207(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. WritingSection I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)Europe’s biggest countries were once among the biggest anywhere. In 1950, four of the world’s ten most 【C1】______ states were in western Europe. But decades of falling birth rates have 【C2】______ slow population growth in Europe. By 2017, Europe’s most populous country【C3】______ just 16th globally. The continent’s birth rate is now so low that the total population in many European countries has begun to 【C4】______. One solution is to attract foreigners. Eurostat said that the region’s population rose in 2016【C5】______ immigration. The number of births and deaths were equal at 5.1m, while net migration 【C6】______ the population to 511.8m. In 13 【C7】______ its 28 member countries, more people died than were born last year. 【C8】______ not all saw their populations fall. A large intake of migrants to Germany meant that populations there still 【C9】______ grow. By 2050, Eurostat estimates that only Ireland, France, Norway and Britain would see their populations rise 【C10】______ migration. 【C11】______ , Germany and Italy need migrants badly. 【C12】______migration does continue, Eurostat’s central forecast 【C13】______ that Germany will still only maintain its current population. Even 【C14】______ migration at current levels is unlikely to prevent most eastern and Mediterranean countries 【C15】______ shrinking. The former group has been losing people 【C16】______ the break-up of the Soviet Union. 【C17】______ those countries joined the EU, large shares of their populations emigrated to richer EU member countries to work. For those who leave, the freedom to live and work is an immense boon. But the countries 【C18】______ they were raised face a hard task. They must attract and 【C19】______ new workers, increase their birth rates, or learn to 【C20】______ a declining population.1．【C1】A．powerfulB．populousC．wealthyD．prosperous正确答案：B解析：语义辨析题。
大学生考研英语考试模拟试卷(带答案)
大学生考研英语考试模拟试卷Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 Points)In some early attempts by psychologists to describe the basic learning process, the terms 'stimulus', 'response' and 'reinforcement' were introduced. In an educational setting, these 1 could be defined as follows. When a teacher gives an 2 , or sets a problem, or asks a question, the pupil 3 in some way, and the teacher then tells the pupil if he has responded correctly. The teacher's first action is called the 4 . The pupil’s action, carrying out the instruction, or solving the problem, or answering the question, is 5 the response. When the teacher tells the pupil his response is 6 , the bond between the stimulus and the response is strengthened and reinforcement is positive. If the response is incorrect, the bond is weakened, and reinforcement is 7Some psychologists laid great 8 on the importance of reinforcement for continued learning. They 9 that if a learner is not given information about his responses (feedback) he may not continue to respond. 10 , if his homework is not marked regularly, he will stop doing it. If in class, the answers he gives to the teacher’s questions are 11 or brushed aside, he will stop trying to give any.Educational psychologists are, 12 , moving away from this simple, early 13 of the basic learning process. The effects of feedback, for example, are seen to be more 14 than this description suggests. Feedback does not merely positively or negatively 15 the stimulus-response bond. It may 16 confirm previously learned meanings and associations, correct mistakes, 17 misunderstandings and show how well or badly different parts of the material have been learned. Thus 18 may have the effect of increasing the learner's confidence, backing up his previously 19 knowledge, and showing him which items he has not 20 grasped.1、A. words B. terms C. phrases D. jargons2、A. instance B. analysis C. instruction D. advice3、A. answers B. responds C. retorts D. replies4、A. incentive B. response C. stimulus D. reinforcement5、A. seen as B. regarded as C. thought as D. known as6、A. false B. correct C. artificial D. true7、A. wrong B. minus C. negative D. unworkable8、A. emphasis B. focus C. concentration D. attention9、A. decided B. discussed C. argued D. debated10、A. Above all B. In a word C. As a result D. For example11、A. criticized B. blamed C. omitted D. ignored12、A. however B. therefore C. furthermore D. otherwise13、A. approach B. method C. model D. way14、A. simple B. complex C. particular D. necessary15、A. unite B. consolidate C. reinforce D. associate16、A. much B. seldom C. never D. also17、A. clear up B. take up C. make up D. set up18、A. response B. reaction C. praise D. feedback19、A. inquired B. acquired C. required D. requested20、A. absolutely B. wholly C. partly D. fullySection ⅡReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 Points) Text 1A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One’s physical assets and liabilities don't count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look her best.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how we react to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks do matter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractive individuals are more likely to be treated well by their patents, sought out as friends, and pursued romantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also more likely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.The scientists’typical experiment works something like this. They give each member of a group--college students, perhaps, or teachers or corporate personnel managers a piece of paper relating an individual’s accomplishments. Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the pictures are different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average looking character, and some an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual on certain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will be promoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In the phrase, borrowed from Sappo, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception, what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A Utah State University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: in terms of their careers, the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on females can be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where they are in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to conclude that attractive women who aspire to managerial positions do not get on as well as women who may be less attractive.21、According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as a managerA. a person’s property or debts do not matter much.B. a person's outward appearance is not a critical qualification.C. women should always dress fashionably.D. women should not only be attractive but also high-minded.22、The result of research carried out by social scientists shows thatA. people do not realize the importance of looking one’s best.B. women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid well.C. good-looking women aspire to managerial positions.D. attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not.23、Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certain attributesA. they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deep.B. they do not usually act according to the views they support.C. they give ordinary-looking persons the low ratings.D. they tend to base their judgment on the individual's accomplishments.24、The sentence "good looks cut both ways for women" ( Line 1, Paragraph 5 ) means thatA. attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobs.B. good-looking women always get the best of everything.C. being attractive is not always an advantage for women.D. attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions.25、It can be inferred from the passage that in the business worldA. handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women are.B. physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite well.C. physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite well.D. good looks are important for women as they are for men.Text 2Now and again I have had horrible dreams, but not enough of them to make me Jose my delight in dreams. To begin with, I like the idea of dreaming, of going to bed and lying still and then, by some queer magic, wandering into another kind of existence. I could never understand why grown- ups took dreaming so calmly when they could make such a fuss about any holiday. This still puzzles me. I am mystified by people who say they never dream and appear to have no interest in the subject. It is much more astonishing than if they said they never went out for a walk. Most people -- or at least most Western Europeans -- do not seem to accept dreaming as part of their lives. They appear to see it as an annoying little habit, like sneezing or yawning.I have never understood this. My dream life does not seem as important as my waking life only because there is far less of it, but to me it is important. As if there were at least two extra continents added to the world, and lightning excursions running to them at any moment between midnight and breakfast. Then again, the dream life, though queer and confusing and unsatisfactory in many respects, has its own advantages. The dead are there, smiling and talking. The past is there,some-times all broken and confused but occasionally as fresh as a daisy. And perhaps, the future is there too, waving at us. This dream life is often overshadowed by huge mysterious anxieties, with luggage that cannot be packed and trains that refuse to be caught; and both persons and scenes there are not as dependable and solid as they are in waking life, so that Brown and Smith merge into one person while Robinson splits into two, and there are thick woods outside the bathroom door and the dining-room is somehow part of a theater balcony; and there are moments of sorrow or terror in the dream world that are worse than anything else we have known under the sun. Yet this other life has its interests, its enjoyments, its satisfactions, and, at certain rare intervals, a peaceful glow or a sudden excitement, like glimpses of another form of existence altogether, that we cannot match with open eyes.26、As for dreams, we can conclude thatA. when the author has wonderful dreams, he will be happy for the whole day.B. if the author had too much terrible dreams, he would feel annoyed.C. the author wishes that he could make no fuss about any holiday.D. the author wishes that he could have more strange dreams.27、It can be inferred from the first paragraph that the author isA. a child.B. an adult.C. a psychologist.D. a doctor.28、What has the author never understood?A. Most people like sneezing or yawing.B. Most people consider dreaming to be all unimportant habit.C. Most people treat sneezing or yawning as an unimportant little habit.D. Most people regard dreaming as an unpleasant little habit.29、The passage tells us that in the dream world there is/areA. nothing terrible or delightful.B. only moments of sorrow or terror.C. mysterious anxieties as well as enjoyments.D. only moments of peaceful glow or sudden excitement.30、Brown, Smith and Robinson areA. dead friends of the writer.B. people you or I might know.C. living friends of the writer.D. some well-known people.Text 3There is a confused notion in the minds of many people that the gathering of the property of the poor into the hands of the rich does no ultimate harm, since in whosever hands it may be, it must be spent at last, and thus, they think, return to the poor again. This fallacy has been again and again exposed; but granting the plea true, the same apology may, of course, be made for blackmail, or any other form of robbery. It might be ( though practically it never is) as advantageous for the notion that the robber should have the spending of the money he extorts, as that the person robbed should have spent it. But this is no excuse for the theft. If I were to put a tollgate on the road where it passes my own gate, and endeavor to extract a shilling from every passenger, the public would soon do away with my gate, without listening to any pleas on my part that it was as advantageous to them, in the end, that I should spend their shillings, as that they themselves should. But if, instead ofoutfacing them with a tollgate, I can only persuade them to come in and buy stones, or old iron, or any other useless thing, out of my ground, I may rob them to the same extent and, moreover, be thanked as a public benefactor and promoter of commercial prosperity.And this main question for the poor of England -- for the poor of all countries -- is wholly omitted in every writing on the subject of wealth. Even by the laborers themselves, the operation of capital is regarded only in its effect on their immediate interests, never in the far more terrific power of its appointment of the kind and the object of labor. It matters little, ultimately, how much a laborer is paid for making anything, but it matters fearfully what the thing is which he is compelled to make. If his labor is so ordered as to produce food, fresh air, and fresh water, no matter that his wages are low, the food and the fresh air and water will be at last there, and he will at last get them. But if he is paid to destroy food and fresh air, or to produce iron bars instead of them, the food and air will finally not be there, and he will not get them, to his great and final inconvenience. So that, conclusively, in political as in household economy, the great question is not so much what money you have in your pocket, as what you will buy with it and do with it.31、The author gives the example of a tollgate in the first paragraph to indicate thatA. it is an act of robbery.B. it is an impractical plan.C. it will break the law.D. it can make people rich.32、The word "fallacy" (Line 3, Paragraph 1 ) most probably meansA. incorrect explanations.B. arbitrary decisions.C. reasonable excuses.D. logical errors in argument.33、What is the "main question for the poor" (Line 1, Paragraph 2) according to the passage?A. The poor are not the master of themselves.B. The poor fail to see the real power of the operation of capital.C. The poor do not understand that they are buying things they do not need.D. The laborers are always deceived by the rich who pretend to be benefactors.34、It can be inferred from the passage that the author believesA. there are few honest businessmen.B. the rich are the same as thieves in their accumulation of wealth.C. robbers are also benefactors to society seen from a different angle.D. equal distribution of property leads to increase of consumer demand.35、It can be inferred that the author’s attitude toward the early stage of British industrialization should be one ofA. ambiguity.B. indifference.C. disgust.D. admiration.Text 4The historian Frederick J. Turner wrote in the 1890’s that the agrarian discontent that had been developing steadily in the United States since about 1870 had been speeded by the closing of the internal frontier -- that is, the depletion of available new land needed for further expansion of the American farming system. Not only was Turner’s thesis influential at the time, it was later adopted andelaborated by other scholars, such as John D. Hicks in The populist Revolt 36. Actually, however, new lands were taken up for farming in the United States throughout and beyond the nineteenth century. In the 1890’s, when agrarian discontent had become most acute, 1,100,000 new farms were settled, which was 500,000 more than had been settled during the previous decade. After 1890, under the terms of the Homestead Act and its successors, more new land was taken up for fanning than had been taken up for this purpose in the United states up until that time. It is true that a high proportion of the newly fanned land was suitable only for grazing and dry farming, but agricultural practices had become sufficiently advanced to make it possible to increase the profitability of farming by utilizing even these relatively barren lands.The emphasis given by both scholars and statesmen to the presumed disappearance 'of the American frontier helped to obscure the great importance of changes in the conditions and consequences of international trade that occurred during the second half of the nineteenth century. In 1869 the Suez Canal was opened and the first transcontinental railroad in the United States was completed. An extensive network of telegraph and telephone communications was spun: Europe was connected by submarine cable with the United States in 1866 and with South America in 1874. By about 1870 improvements in agricultural technology made possible the full exploitation of areas that were most suitable for extensive farming on a mechanized basis. Huge tracts of land were being settled and farmed in Argentina, Australia, Canada, and in the American West, and these areas were joined with one another and with the countries of Europe into an interdependent market system. As a consequence, agrarian depressions no longer were local or national in scope, and they struck several nations whose internal frontiers had not vanished or were not about to vanish. Between the early 1870's and the 1890's the mounting agrarian discontent in America paralleled the almost uninterrupted decline in the prices of American agricultural products on foreign markets. Those staple-growing farmers in the United States who exhibited the greatest discontent were who had become most dependent on foreign markets for the sale of their products. In so far as Americans had been deterred from taking up new land for farming, it was because market conditions had made this period a perilous time in which to do so.36、The author provides information concerning newly farmed lands in the United States in paragraph 1 to supportA. a proposal by Frederick J. Turner that was later disputed by John D. Hicks.B. an elaboration by John D. Hicks of thesis that formerly had been questioned by Turner.C. the thesis that important changes occurred in the nature of international trade during the second half of the 19th century.D. the view that the American frontier did not become closed during the 19th century or soon thereafter.37、The author implies that the cause of the agrarian discontent wasA. masked by the vagueness of the official records on newly settled farms.B. overshadowed by disputes on the reliability of the existing historicalevidence.C. misidentified as a result of influential but erroneous theorizing.D. overlooked because of a preoccupation with market conditions.38、According to the passage which of the following occurred prior to 1890.9A. Frederick J. Turner’s thesis regarding the American frontier became influential.B. Technological advances made it fruitful to farm extensively on a mechanized basis.C. Direct lines of communication were constructed between the US and South America.D. The Homestead Act led to an increase in the amount of newly farmed land in the US.39、Changes in the conditions of international trade resulted in anA. underestimation of the amount of new land that was being farmed in the US.B. underutilization of relatively small but rich plots of land.C. overexpansion of the world transportation network for agricultural products.D. extension of agrarian depressions beyond national boundaries.40、Compared to the yearly price changes that actually occurred on foreign agricultural markets during the 1880’s American farmers would have most preferred yearly price changes that wereA. similar in size but in the opposite direction.B. much smaller and in the same direction.C. much smaller but in the opposite direction.D. slightly greater and in the same direction.Part BDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about the Internet addicts. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41 -45 ). The first and last para- graphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)A. Different behaviors of the Internet addictsB. The finding of a research on the Internet addictsC. The Internet addiction may destroy a familyD. The establishment of a new service for web addictsE. Two examples of harm of the Internet addictionF. The Internet addiction may cause many problemsIt's the equivalent of inviting sex addicts to a brothel or holding an Alcoholics Anonymous (AA. meeting at the pub. Internet addicts tired of their square-eyed, keyboard tapping ways need look no further than the Web for counseling.41.__________.There is now an online counselling service at www. relate, org. nz for Internet obsessives. Just email the details of your Internet-induced crisis and help comes direct to your inbox. The new breed of cyber-therapists see nothing strange aboutoffering help through the very medium that is swallowing their clients’free time and splitting their marriages.42.__________.Though some may regard Internet addiction as another dubious ailment dreamed up to keep therapists in work, Relationship Services says the problem is real. Therapist Robin Paul says there tend to be two scenarios. Some people meet through chat rooms and fall in love. It’s like having an affair, then they meet and it’s like a whirlwind honeymoon. It’s devastating for the person left behind and quite often it has no real foundation. The second scenario is that a person starts spending more and more time on the Net. They may not meet Someone else but they don't spend any time with their partner and of course the relationship suffers.43.__________.Such stories may appear to be almost urban legends, so ashamed are Internet addicts and their partners. A recent survey of 17,251 Internet users found nearly 6 per cent had some sort of addiction to the medium. They revealed that their online habit contributed to disrupted marriages, childhood delinquency, crime and over-spending. Tap into online addiction sites and you'll find messages such as: "Hello, my name is Bob and I'm a Webaholic."44.__________.Witness the plight of Ohio woman Kelli Michetti, who literally became a computer hacker because of her husband’s constant online chatting. When she crashed a meat cleaver through her husband’s computer terminal that solved the problem, although naturally it led to difficulties with the police. Or take the classic Internet addiction story of Ingrid Parker, a woman who became such a slave to the Internet -- especially chat rooms -- that it took over her life. She made do with two hours’sleep a night, had marathon weekend computer sessions of up to 17 hours and fell in love with a married man in the US state of Oregon.45.__________.Dr. Kimberly Young, who set up The Centre for Online Addiction (www. netaddiction, com) in America, studied 396 people whom she considered were psychologically dependent on the Net. They ranged in age from 14 to 70 and spent an average of 38.5 hours a week on the Web. Her study, backed by further research in Britain, found that women were more likely to become addicts. So while the old stereotypical addict was a young man who spent hours playing games, downloading software or reading messages on newsgroups, the new image is of a young woman who fritters away hours e-mailing friends. buying books and CDs online, talking in chat rooms and looking for information for next year's holiday."I guess I was a typical example of someone hooked on the Internet," says Parker, who now spends just an hour a day online. "I don't think anyone who is married or in a sound relationship should really be spending hours talking to someone else and ignoring their nearest and dearest." While Parker provided her own therapy by putting her experiences down on paper, she recommends others take up the online counselling offer, or log off from the Worldwide Web gradually.41、43、44、45、Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 Points)The biggest danger facing the global airline industry is not the effects of terrorism, war, SARS and economic downturn. It is that these blows, which have helped ground three national flag carriers and force two American airlines into bankruptcy, will divert attention from the inherent weaknesses of aviation, which they have exacerbated. 46 As in the crisis that attended the first Gulf War, many airlines hope that traffic will soon bounce back, and a few catastrophic years will be followed by fuller planes, happier passengers and a return to profitability. Yet the industry’s problems are deeper -- and older -- than the trauma of the past two years implies.As the centenary of the first powered flight approaches in December, the industry it launched is still remarkably primitive. 47 The car industry, created not long after the Wright Brothers made history, is now a global industry dominated by a dozen firms, at least half of which make good profits. Yet commercial aviation consists of 267 international carriers and another 500-plus domestic ones. 48 The world's biggest carrier, American Airlines, has barely 7% of the global market, whereas the world’s biggest carmaker, General Motors, has (with its associated firms) about a quarter of the world’s automobile market.Aviation has been incompletely deregulated, and in only two markets: America and Europe. Everywhere else deals between governments dictate who flies under what rules. 49 These aim to preserve state-owned national flag-carriers, run for prestige rather than profit and numerous restrictions on foreign ownership hinder cross-border airline mergers.In America, the big network carriers face barriers to exit, which have kept their route networks too large. Trade unions resisting job cuts and Congressmen opposing route closures in their territory conspire to block change. In Europe, liberalization is limited by bilateral deals that prevent, for instance, British Airways (BA. flying to America from Frankfurt or Paris. To use the car industry analogy, it is as if only Renaults were allowed to drive on French motorways.50 In airlines, the optimists are those who think that things are now so bad that the industry has no option but to evolve. Frederick Reid, president of Delta Air Lines, said that events since the September 11th attacks are the equivalent of a meteor strike, changing the climate and leading to a "compressed evolutionary cycle". So how, looking on the bright side, might the industry look after five years of accelerated development?46、48、49、50、Section ⅢWritingPart A51、Directions:Jack Blackman, a good friend of yours is leaving for New York. Write a letter to Tom, a friend in New York to introduce Jack to him. Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter; use "Li Ming" instead. You do not need to write the address. ( 10 points)Part B52、Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should first describe the drawing, then interpret its meaning, and give your comment on it.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案:Section ⅠUse of English1、B[解析] 语义衔接题。
考研模拟试题及答案英语一
20**考研模拟试题及答案英语一since 1996. Most of his group’s money comes from transport and logistics, wi th a strong position in Africa, and from petrol distribution in France. Mr Boll oré has also made billions from financial investments such as in Rue Imperiale, a holding company. Autolib will be keenly watched throughout the car industry. It is the first largescale city carsharing service to use only electric vehicl es from the outset; a scheme in Ulm in Germany, by contrast, started with diese l vehicles. Running Autolib could mean shouldering substantial losses for the B olloré Group. Mr Bolloré was not expected to win the contract, but did so mainl y because he offered low rental charges for drivers.[F] Mr Bolloré’s LMP batteries are said to be more stable when being charg ed and discharged, which is when batteries come under most strain. Just two Eur opean carmakers have seen the batteries, which are made only by the Bolloré Gro up. One carindustry executive says that though the LMP technology is attractive from a safety point of view, the batteries have to be heated up to function—w hich takes power and makes them less convenient to use.[G] Mr Bolloré’s technology is about to hit the road. In 20** his group wo n a contract to run Autolib, a carsharing scheme designed by Bertrand Delan e,the mayor of Paris, which will put 3,000 electric vehicles on the city’ s str eets along with 1,120 stations for parking and recharging. Construction of the stations started in the summer, and Mr Bolloré will begin testing the service o n October 1st before opening it to the public in December. Rechargeable batteri es are now an important technology for the global car industry as it starts to make ever more electric and hybrid vehicles. Renault, a French manufacturer, is alone investing 4 billion ($5.6 billion) in a range of electric models which i t will start selling this autumn. Many producers will unveil new electric vehic les next week when the Frankfurt Motor Show opens.1→2→3→C→4→F→5 Passage 4Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Parag raphs A and D have been correctly placed.[A] The contest has been held in anticipation of a new era of pylon buildin g. By 2020, a quarter of the country’s current generating capacity will need r eplacing; the government hopes the new supply will come from renewable sources such as onshore and offshore wind farms. Today’s offshore capacity is just 7% of ministers’ targets for the end of the decade—and all of the new generation out to sea will need to land transmission cables ashore. The existing electricity grid is in the wrong place for many of these new sources of power. That crea tes a paradox: trying to save the world by cutting carbon emissions means scarr ing particular bits of it by dragging new power lines through scenic countrysid e.[B] This is an old problem. The launch of Britain’s national electricity grid in 1933 was decried for desecrating the landscape. More recently, the loca tion of wind farms has prompted similar debates. The difficulty with pylons is that they go everywhere. Scotland has had nearly five years of disputes over th e planned 600pylon upgrade of a transmission line running from Beauly in the Hi ghlands to the central belt where more electricity is used. The same clashes wi ll now play out in England and Wales. A new planning commission was set up in 2 0** to speed up the glacial pace of infrastructure decisionmaking. But weighing economic demands against beauty remains a thorny and potentially time-consumin g job.[C] Opponents of towering pylons say the answer is to bury power lines: at present only 950km of Britain’s 13,000km of highvoltage cable runs underground, most of it in urban areas. But sinking wires, which means clearing a corridor 17m to 40m wide and cannot be done in all terrains, carries an environmental to ll too. “You are effectively sterilising land use in the area,” says RichardSmith of National Grid; no planting, digging or building is allowed. That makes installing subsurface cables 12 to 17 times as pricey as overhead lines, accor ding to National Grid (they also need replacing sooner). Since consumers pay fo r this through their electricity bills, everyone would have to fork out to prot ect the views and house prices of a few people.[D] So finding a new shape for pylons may be only one aspect of the coming power rows. But it will be a tricky one. Typically the best designs combine ele gance with utility. Yet rather than being a feature in itself, the optimal pylo n blends in with nature. That’s a tough task for 20 tons of steel, however imp ressively shaped.[E] The skeletal, lattice design of Britain’s electricity pylons has chang ed little since the first one was raised in 1928. Many countries have copied th ese “striding steel sentries”, as the poet Stephen Spender called them; more than 88,000 now march across the country’s intermittently green and pleasant l and.[F] Now six new models are vying to replace these familiar steel towers. Th e finalists in a governmentsponsored competition to design a new pylon include a single shard spiking into the sky and an arced, open bow. After a winner is picked in October, National Grid, which runs the electricitytransmission network, will decide whether to construct it.[G] But the price of despoiling pretty scenery is hard to calculate. The ri sk is that the cost of damaging the landscape is ignored because it is not ascr ibed a monetary value, says Steve Albon, coauthor of a governmentcommissioned r eport on how much the natural environment contributes to Britain’s economy. As yet, though, no one has found an easy or accepted measure of this worth to help make decisions.1→2→A→3→4→5→DPassage 5Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs C and E have been correctly placed.[A] Nor can it buy companies as freely as postal services in Europe, Canada or Asia have been doing for the past decade. Many European countries, as well as New Zealand and Japan, have already privatised or liberalised their postal services. Combined, foreign posts now get most of their revenue from new businesses such as retailing or banking for consumers, or warehousing and logistics for companies.[B] THE US Postal Service has an unofficial creed that harks back to Herodotus, who was admiring the Persian Empire’s stalwart messengers. Its own history is impressive too, dating to a royal license by William and Mary in 1692, and including Benjamin Franklin as a notable post master, both for the crownand then for the newly independent country. Ever since, the post has existed “to bind the Nation together”.[C] Quasiindependent since 1970, the post gets no public money. And yet it is obliged (as FedEx and UPS are not) to visit every mailbox, no matter how remote, six days a week. This has driven the average cost of each piece of mail up from 34 cents in 20** to 41 cents. Yet the post is not allowed to raise prices (of stamps and such) willynilly; a 20** law set formulas for that. So in effect, the post cannot control either its costs or its revenues.[D] So America’s post is looking for other solutions. It is planning to close post offices; up to 3,653, out of about 32,000. This month it announced plans to lay off another 120,000 workers by 20**, having already bidden adieu to some 110,000 over the past four years (for a total of about 560,000 now). It also wants to fiddle with its workers’ pensions and health care. [E] Ultimately, says Mr Donahoe, the post will have to stop delivering mail on Saturdays. Then perhaps on other days too. The post has survived new technologies before, he points out. “In 1910, we ownedthe most horses, by 1920 we owned the most vehicles.” But the internet just might send it the way of the pony express.[F] But as ever more Americans go online instead of sending paper, the volume of mail has been plummeting. The decline is steeper than even pessimists expected a decade ago, says Patrick Donahoe, the current post master general. Worse, because the post must deliver to every address in the country—about 150m, with some 1.4m additions every year—costs are simultaneously going up. As a result, the post has lost $20 billion in the last four years and expects to lose another $8 billion this fiscal year.[G] And although the recession made everything worse, the internet is the main culprit. As Christmas cards have gone online (and “green”), so have bills. In 20**, 5% of Americans paid utilities online. Last year 55% did, and eventually everybody will, says Mr Donahoe. Photos now go on Face book, magazines come on iPads. Already, at least for Americans under a certain age, the post delivers only bad news or nuisances, from jury summonses to junk mail. Pleasant deliveries probably arrive by a parcel service such as UPS or FedEx.Passage 6Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitableparagraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and B have been correctly placed.[A] Among national newspapers, paywalls are still rare, though the New York Times and the Times of London both have them. Most wallbuilding is being done by small local outfits. “Local newspapers are more vital to their communities, and they have less competition,” explains Ken Doctor, the author of “Newsonomics”[B] The paywallbuilders tend to report a drop in online traffic. But not usually a steep drop, and not always an enduring one. Oklahoma’s Tulsa World, which started demanding subscriptions from heavy online readers in April, reports that traffic in August of this year was higher than a year earlier. One possible explanation, odd as it may sound, is that readers are still discovering its website. “We have paper subscribers who want nothing to do with the internet,” explains Robert Lorton, the Tulsa World’s publisher. Fewer than half of the newspaper’s print subscribers have so far signed up for unrestricted free access to the website. Other newspapers report similar proportions.[C] That suggests the game is not over. The earlyadopting young abandoned print newspapers long ago. But many newspapers have a surprisingly large, if dwindling, herd of paying customers. They will milk them as hard as they can.[D] On October 10th the Baltimore Sun will join a fastgrowing club. The newspaper will start tracking the number of times people read its stories online; when they reach a limit of 15 a month, they will be asked to pay. Local bloggers may squawk about content wanting to be free. But perhaps not as much as they would have done a few months ago. There is a sense of inevitability about paywalls. In April 20** PaidContent, an online publication, found 26 American local and metropolitan newspapers charging for online access. Several times that number now do so. More than 100 newspapers are using Press+, an online payment system developed in part by a former publisher of the Wall Street Journal. Media News, a newspaper group, put up two paywalls in 20**; it has erected 23 so far this year.[E] Why the rush? One reason is that building paywalls has become easier: Press+ and Google’s One Pass will collect online subscriptions on behalf of newspapers, skimming a little off the top. The popularity of Apple’s iPad is another explanation. Many newspapers have created paidfor apps. There is little point doing that if a tablet user can simply read the news for free on a web browser. But the big push comes from advertising—or the lack of it.[F] The most ambitious architects are in Europe. Since May Slovakia has had a virtual national paywall—a single payment system that encompasses nine of the country’s biggest publications. Slovaks who want to read news online pay 2.90 ($3.90)a month, which is split between the newspapers according to a formula that accounts for where people signed up and how heavily they use each publication’s website. Piano Media, which built the system, plans to launch another national paywall in Europe early next year.[G] Jim Moroney, publisher of the Dallas Morning News, says American newspapers used to abide by an “8020” rule. That is, 80% of their revenuescame from advertising and 20% came from subscriptions. Those days are over. Newspaper advertising, print and online combined, has crashed from $9.6 billion in the second quarter of 20** to $6 billion in the second quarter of 20**, according to the Newspaper Association of America. Few believe it will ever fully recover. So the race is on to build a subscription business, both in print (cover prices are going up) and online.Passage 7Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs A and G have been correctly placed.[A] A GOOD unit of measurement, writes Robert Crease, must satisfy three conditions. It has to be easy to relate to, match the things it is meant to measure in scale (no point using inches to describe geographical distances) and be stable.In his new book, “World in the Balance”, Mr Crease, who teaches philosophy at Stony Brook University on Long Island and writes a column for the magazine Physics World, describes man’s quest for that metrological holy grail. In the process, he shows that the story of metrology, not obvious material for a pageturner, can in the right hands make for a riveting read.[B] In response the metre, from the Greek metron, meaning “measure”, was ushered in, helped along by French revolutionaries, eager to replace the Bourbon toise (just under two metres) with an allnew, universal unit. The metre was to be defined as a fraction of the Paris meridian whose precise measurement was under way. Together with the kilogram, initially the mass of a decaliter of distilled water, it formed the basis of the metric system.[C] Successful French metrological diplomacy meant that in the ensuing decades the metric system supplanted a hotchpotch of regional units in all bar a handful of nations. Even Britain, long wedded to its imperial measures, caved in. (Americans are taking longer to persuade.) In 1875 Nature, a British magazine, hailed the metric system as “one of the greatest triumphs of modern civilisation”. Paradoxically, Mr Crease argues, it thrived in part as a consequence of British imperialism, which all but wiped out innumerable indigenous measurement systems, creating a vacuum that the new framework was able to fill.[D] For all its diplomatic success, though, the metre failed to live up to its original promise. Tying it to the meridian, or any other natural benchmark, proved intractable. As a result, the unit continued to be defined in explicit reference to a unique platinumiridium ingot until 1960. Only then was it recast in less fleeting terms: as a multiple of the wavelength of a particular type of light. Finally, in 1983, it was tied to a fundamental physical constant, the speed of light, becoming the distance light travels in 1/299,792,458 of a second. (The second had by then itself got a metrological makeover: no longer a 60th of a 60th of a 24th of the period of the Earth’s rotation, it is currently the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of a phenomenon called microwave transition in an atom of caesium133.)[E] The earliest known units met the first two of Mr Crease’s requirements well. Most were drawn from things to hand: the human body (the foot or the mile, which derives from the Latin milia passuum, or 1,000 paces) and tools (barrels, cups). Others were more abstract. The journal (from jour, French for “day”), used in medieval France, was equivalent to the area a man could plough in a day with a single ox, as was the acre in Britain or the morgen in north Germany and Holland.[F] But no two feet, barrels or workdays are quite the same. What was needed was “a foot, not yours or mine”. Calls for a firm standard that was not subject to fluctuations or the whim of feudal lords, grew louder in the late 17th century.They were a consequence of the beginnings of international trade and modern science. Both required greater precision to advance.[G] Now the kilogram, the last artefactbased unit, awaits its turn. Adding urgency is the fact the “real” kilogram, stored in a safe in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in Sèvres, near Paris, seems to be shedding weight relative to its official copies. Metrologists are busy trying to recast it in terms of Planck’s constant, a formula which is deemed cosmicly inviolate, as is the speed of light (pending further findings from CERN, anyway). In his jolly book, Mr Crease is cheering them on.A→1→2→3→4→5→GPassage 8Directions: For question 1—5, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A—G and fill them into the numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraphs B and G have been correctly placed.[A] There are doubters, of course. The cost of electricity may rise, and some polluters may flee the state, taking jobs away. But California already has one in four of America’s solarenergy jobs and will add many more. Sun, wind, geothermal, nuclear: “We need it all,” says Terry Tamminen, who advised Mr Schwarzenegger.The state is setting up an “interesting experiment”, he thinks. “California goes one way, the United States another.”[B] To Europeans, Asians and Australians, this may seem nothing much. After all, the European Union already has a similar emissionstrading market, and a carbon tax is now wending its way through the Australian legislature. India have adopted versions of carbon taxes or emissions trading. But California is in America, which has taken a sharp turn in the opposite direction. Congress debated a capandtrade system in 20**, but then allowed it to die. Republicans attacked it as “capandtax”, and increasingly deny that climate change is a problem at all. Some even point to the bankruptcy of Solyndra, a Californian maker of solar panels which had received lots of federal money, as proof that renewable energy is a wasteful pinko pipedream.[C] But California is staying its course. Besides capandtrade, its climatechange law calls for lower exhaustpipe emissions from vehicles and cleaner appliances, and requires the state’s utilities to use renewable energy for onethird of the state’s electricity by 2020. In the Californian mainstream the controversy is not whether to do this, but how.[D] More complex and less elegant (but politically easier) than a simple carbon tax, a capandtrade system limits the emissions of dirty industries and puts a price on their remaining pollution so that market forces, in theroy, provide an incentivefor reductions. In California’s case, starting in 20** the government will “cap”the amount of gases (such as carbon dioxide) that industry may emit, and gradually lower that cap. It will also issue permits to companies for their carbon allowance. Firms that reduce their emissions faster than the cap decreases may sell (“trade”) their permits and make money. Firms that pollute beyond their quota must buy credits.[E] Jerry Brown started talking about solar power in the 1970s, when he was California’s governor for the first time. He was lampooned for it, but the vision gradually became attractive in a state that is naturally sunny and, especially along the coastline, cares about the environment. So in 20**, under a Republican governor, Arnold Schwarzenegger, California set a goal to reduce its green house gas emissions to 1990 levels by 2020. This year Mr Brown, governor once again, signed the last bits of that goal into law. And this month the state’s airquality regulators unanimously voted to adopt its most controversial but crucial component:a cap andtrade system.[F] Some firms are building vast fields of mirrors in the Mojave desert to focus the sun onto water boilers and use the steam to spin turbines. But this also requires costly power grids to carry the electricity to the distant cities. Unexpectedly, it has also drawn the ire of some environmentalists, who love renewable energy buthate the mirrors (or wind farms) that ruin lands cap es. In the Mojave they fret about a新题型参考答案一、七选五Passage 1 DGAEBPassage 2 BGDACPassage 3 CBFEAPassage 4 EDBFAPassage 5 BFACDPassage 6 CEFADPassage 7 FCEGAPassage 8 DCAFB二、排序题Passage 1 EBCGFPassage 2 FCAGBPassage 3 AGEBDPassage 4 EFBCGPassage 5 BFGADPassage 6 DFEGCPassage 7 EFBCD Passage 8 BFDGA 三、标题匹配题Passage 1 ECDFA Passage 2 CAFBD Passage 3 BFADC Passage 4 DCGBE Passage 5 DFBCG Passage 6 ABFGE。
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考研英语（一）模拟试卷207(总分：144.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Use of English(总题数：2，分数：80.00)1.Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D.（分数：40.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ Europe's biggest countries were once among the biggest anywhere. In 1950, four of the world's ten most 【C1】______ states were in western Europe. But decades of falling birth rates have 【C2】______ slow population growth in Europe. By 2017, Europe's most populous country【C3】______ just 16th globally. The continent's birth rate is now so low that the total population in many European countries has begun to 【C4】______. One solution is to attract foreigners. Eurostat said that the region's population rose in 2016【C5】______ immigration. The number of births and deaths were equal at 5.1m, while net migration 【C6】______ the population to 511.8m. In 13 【C7】______ its 28 member countries, more people died than were born last year. 【C8】______ not all saw their populations fall. A large intake of migrants to Germany meant that populations there still 【C9】______ grow. By 2050, Eurostat estimates that only Ireland, France, Norway and Britain would see their populations rise 【C10】______ migration. 【C11】______ , Germany and Italy need migrants badly. 【C12】______migration does continue, Eurostat's central forecast 【C13】______ that Germany will still only maintain its current population. Even 【C14】______ migration at current levels is unlikely to prevent most eastern and Mediterranean countries 【C15】______ shrinking. The former group has been losing people 【C16】______ the break-up of the Soviet Union. 【C17】______ those countries joined the EU, large shares of their populations emigrated to richer EU member countries to work. For those who leave, the freedom to live and work is an immense boon. But the countries 【C18】______ they were raised face a hard task. They must attract and 【C19】______ new workers, increase their birth rates, or learn to 【C20】______ a declining population.（分数：40.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.powerfulB.populousC.wealthyD.prosperous(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.resulted inB.stemmed fromC.contributed toD.influenced by(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.ratedB.rangedC.rankedD.stood(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.diminishB.declineC.dwindleD.drop(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.apart fromB.in spite ofC.according toD.because of(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.acceleratedB.promotedC.boostedD.raised(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.inB.ofC.withD.for(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.AndB.SoC.ButD.Despite(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.remained toB.longed toC.intended toD.managed to(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.withB.withoutC.forD.during(11).【C11】（分数：2.00）A.On the other handB.In the same wayC.In contrastD.In addition(12).【C12】（分数：2.00）A.NeverthelessB.SinceC.Even ifD.When(13).【C13】（分数：2.00）A.assertsB.claimsC.reckonsD.declares(14).【C14】（分数：2.00）A.attainingB.detainingC.retainingD.sustaining(15).【C15】（分数：2.00）A.fromB.inC.onD.out of(16).【C16】（分数：2.00）A.now thatB.ever sinceC.even thoughD.as if(17).【C17】（分数：2.00）A.BecauseB.AlthoughC.SinceD.When(18).【C18】（分数：2.00）A.whereB.whichC.thatD./(19).【C19】（分数：2.00）A.superviseB.retainC.fireD.pay(20).【C20】（分数：2.00）A.rely onB.fight againstC.deal withD.live with二、Reading Comprehensio(总题数：10，分数：60.00)2.Section II Reading Comprehension__________________________________________________________________________________________ 3.Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.__________________________________________________________________________________________A new website from the U.S, Department of Agriculture (USDA) shows that 10% of the country is now a "food desert". The Food Desert Locator is an online map highlighting thousands of areas where, the USDA says, low-income families have no or little access to healthy fresh food. First identified in Scotland in the 1990s, food deserts have come to symbolize urban decay. They suggest images of endless fast-food restaurants and convenience stores serving fatty, sugary junk food to overweight customers who have never tasted a Brussels sprout (抱子甘蓝). The USDA links food deserts to a growing weight problem that has seen childhood obesity in America triple since 1980 and the annual cost of treating obesity swell to nearly $150 billion. Accordingly, Michelle Obama announced a $400m Healthy Food Financing Initiative last year with the aim of eliminating food deserts nationwide by 2017. Official figures for the number of people living in food deserts already show a decline, from 23.5m in 2009 to 13.5m at the launch of the website in May, 2010. In America, the definition of a food desert is any census area where at least 20% of inhabitants are below the poverty line and 33% live more than a mile from a supermarket. By simply extending the cut-off in rural areas to ten miles, the USDA managed to rescue 10m people from desert life.Some academics would go further, calling the appearance of many food deserts nothing but a mirage and not the real problem. Research by the Centre for Public Health Nutrition at the University of Washington found that only 15% of people shopped for food within their own census area. Critics also note that focusing on supermarkets means that the USDA ignores tens of thousands of larger and smaller retailers, farmers markets and roadside greengrocers, many of which are excellent sources of fresh food. A visit to Renton, a depressed suburb of Seattle, demonstrates the problem. The town sits in the middle of a USDA food desert stretching miles in every direction. Yet it is home to a roadside stand serving organic fruit and vegetables, a health-food shop packed with nutritious grains and a superstore that attracts flocks of shoppers from well outside the desert. No surprise, then, that neither USDA nor the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has been able to establish a causal link between food deserts and dietary health. In fact, both agree that merely improving access to healthy food does not change consumer behavior. Open a full-service supermarket in a food desert and shoppers tend to buy the same artery-clogging junk food as before — they just pay less for it. The unpalatable truth seems to be that some Americans simply do not care to eat a balanced diet, while others, increasingly, cannot afford to. Over the last four years, the price of the healthiest foods has increased at around twice the rate of energy-dense junk food. That is the nutshell (概括) of the whole problem.（分数：10.00）(1).What can we learn about the food desert?（分数：2.00）A.It is an area where the locals can't grow fresh food.B.It is an area where a lot of people are starving.C.It is an area where fresh food is hardly available to the locals.D.It is an area where people are mostly overweight.(2).According to Para. 2, how did USDA reduce the number of people in food desert by 10m?（分数：2.00）A.By promoting the concept of organic food.B.By raising people's awareness of dietary health.C.By establishing more full-service supermarkets.D.By extending the definition of food desert in rural areas.(3).The critics of food desert hold the view that ______.（分数：2.00）DA overemphasizes the importance of supermarketsB.shoppers should go outside their residence areas for foodDA should expand the census areas to locate food desertsD.shoppers should visit supermarkets more frequently(4).According to the passage, which of the following can hardly be a source of fresh food?（分数：2.00）A.Wal-Mart.B.Farmers market.C.Convenience store.D.Roadside stand.(5).According to the last paragraph, which of the following statements is true?（分数：2.00）A.It is a simple matter to change consumers' preference for food.B.The relationship between food desert and dietary health is certain.C.Price can be a decisive factor when consumers buy food.D.Opening full-service supermarkets will eliminate food deserts in the U.S.Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. That compulsion has resulted in robotics—the science of conferring various human capabilities on machines. And if scientists have yet to create the mechanical version of science fiction, they have begun to come close. As a result, the modern world is increasingly populated by intelligent gizmos whose presence we barelynotice but whose universal existence has removed much human labor. Our factories hum to the rhythm of robot assembly arms. Our banking is done at automated teller terminals that thank us with mechanical politeness for the transaction. Our subway trains are controlled by tirelessrobot-drivers. And thanks to the continual miniaturization of electronics and micro-mechanics, there are already robot systems that can perform some kinds of brain and bone surgery with submillimeter accuracy—far greater precision than highly skilled physicians can achieve with their hands alone. But if robots are to reach the next stage of laborsaving utility, they will have to operate with less human supervision and be able to make at least a few decisions for themselves—goals that pose a real challenge. "While we know how to tell a robot to handle a specific error," says Dave Lavery, manager of a robotics program at NASA, "we can't yet give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world." Indeed the quest for true artificial intelligence has produced very mixed results. Despite a spell of initial optimism in the 1960s and 1970s when it appeared that transistor circuits and microprocessors might be able to copy the action of the human brain by the year 2010, researchers lately have begun to extend that forecast by decades if not centuries. What they found, in attempting to model thought, is that the human brain's roughly one hundred billion nerve cells are much more talented—and human perception far more complicated—than previously imagined. They have built robots that can recognize the error of a machine panel by a fraction of a millimeter in a controlled factory environment. But the human mind can glimpse a rapidly changing scene and immediately disregard the 98 percent that is irrelevant, instantaneously focusing on the monkey at the side of a winding forest road or the single suspicious face in a big crowd. The most advanced computer systems on Earth can't approach that kind of ability, and neu-roscientists still don't know quite how we do it.（分数：10.00）(1).Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.（分数：2.00）A.the use of machines to produce science fictionB.the wide use of machines in manufacturing industryC.the invention of tools for difficult and dangerous workD.the elite's cunning tackling of dangerous and boring work(2).The word "gizmos" (Line 1, Para.2) most probably means ______.（分数：2.00）A.programsB.expertsC.devicesD.creatures(3).According to the text, what is beyond man's ability now is to design a robot that can ______.（分数：2.00）A.fulfill delicate tasks like performing brain surgeryB.interact with human beings verballyC.have a little common senseD.respond independently to a changing world(4).Besides reducing human labor, robots can also ______.（分数：2.00）A.make a few decisions for themselvesB.deal with some errors with human interventionC.improve factory environmentsD.cultivate human creativity(5).The author uses the example of a monkey to argue that robots are ______.（分数：2.00）A.expected to copy human brain in internal structureB.able to perceive abnormalities immediatelyC.far less able than human brain in focusing on relevant informationD.best used in a controlled environmentFor more than a decade, the prevailing view of innovation has been that little guys had the edge. Innovation bubbled up from the bottom, from upstarts and insurgents. Big companies didn't innovate, and government got in the way. In the dominant innovation narrative, venture-backed start-up companies were cast as the nimble winners and large corporations as the sluggish losers. There was a rich vein of business-school research supporting the notion that innovation comes most naturally from small-scale outsiders. That was the headline point that a generation of business people, venture investors and policy makers took away from Clayton M. Christensen's 1997 classic, The Innovator's Dilemma, which examined the process of disruptive change. But a shift in thinking is under way, driven by altered circumstances. In the United States and abroad, the biggest economic and social challenges—and potential business opportunities—are problems in multifaceted fields like the environment, energy and health care that rely on complex systems. Solutions won't come from the next new gadget or clever software, though such innovations will help. Instead, they must plug into a larger network of change shaped by economics, regulation and policy. Progress, experts say, will depend on people in a wide range of disciplines, and collaboration across the public and private sectors. "These days, more than ever, size matters in the innovation game," said John Kao, a former professor at the Harvard business school and an innovation consultant to governments and corporations. In its economic recovery package, the Obama administration is financing programs to generate innovation with technology in health care and energy. The government will spend billions to accelerate the adoption of electronic patient records to help improve care and curb costs, and billions more to spur the installation of so called smart grids that use sensors and computerized meters to reduce electricity consumption. In other developed nations, where energy costs are higher than in the United States, government and corporate projects to cut fuel use and reduce carbon emissions are further along. But the Obama administration is pushing environmental and energy conservation policy more in the direction of Europe and Japan. The change will bolster demand for more efficient and more environmentally friendly systems for managing commuter traffic, food distribution, electric grids and waterways. These systems are animated by inexpensive sensors and ever-increasing computing power but also require the skills to analyze, model and optimize complex networks, factoring in things as diverse as weather patterns and human behavior. Big companies like General Electric and IBM that employ scientists in many disciplines typically have the skills and scale to tackle such projects.（分数：10.00）(1).In his book Christensen comes to the conclusion that ______.（分数：2.00）A.business people are more innovative than government officialsB.all kinds of changes are disruptive activities in some senseC.the dilemma of any innovation is its disruptive natureD.small businesses are more creative than large companies(2).Due to the complicated circumstances, a single innovation ______.（分数：2.00）A.will stimulate a chain of other innovations in related fieldsB.should fit into a network of changes to become more effectiveC.should meet economic challenges to assume social significanceD.can never solve any problem but only serves to complicate it(3).In the author's opinion, Obama's approach to the health and energy problem ______.（分数：2.00）A.is a doomed endeavor at its very beginningB.typically illustrates the complexity of the situationcks a proper vision though effective in a short termD.shows why large organizations are less innovative(4).Big companies have the advantage of ______.（分数：2.00）A.making complex networks work in a coordinated wayB.reducing the cost by producing things in large quantitiesC.being able to integrate innovations across complex systemsD.controlling human behavior with imposed restraints on creativity(5).The text is written to answer the question ______.（分数：2.00）A.Does innovation belongs to the small?B.Why small businesses are more innovative?C.Are Americans more creative than Europeans and Japanese?D.Why is technological innovation important to today's world?The Supreme Court's decisions on physician-assisted suicide carry important implications for how medicine seeks to relieve dying patients of pain and suffering. Although it ruled that there is no constitutional right to physician-assisted suicide, the Court in effect supported the medical principle of "double effect," a centuries-old moral principle holding that an action having two effects—a good one that is intended and a harmful one that is foreseen—is permissible if the actor intends only the good effect. Doctors have used that principle in recent years to justify using high doses of morphine to control terminally ill patients' pain, even though increasing dosages will eventually kill the patient. Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who "until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient mediation to control their pain if that might hasten death." George Annas, chair of the health law department at Boston University, maintains that, as long as a doctor prescribes a drug for a legitimate medical purpose, the doctor has done nothing illegal even if the patient uses the drug to hasten death. "It's like surgery," he says. "We don't call those deaths homicides because the doctors didn't intend to kill their patients, although they risked their death. If you're a physician, you can risk your patient's suicide as long as you don't intend their suicide." On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. Just three weeks before the Court's ruling on physician-assisted suicide, the National Academy of Science (NAS) released a two-volume report, Approaching Death: Improving Care at the End of Life. It identifies the undertreatment of pain and the aggressive use of "ineffectual and forced medical procedures that may prolong and even dishonor the period of dying" as the twin problems of end-of-life care. The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. Annas says lawyers can play a key role in insisting that these well-meaning medical initiatives translate into better care. "Large numbers of physicians seem unconcerned with the pain their patients are needlessly and predictably suffering," to the extent that it constitutes "systematic patient abuse." He says medical licensing boards "must make it clear...that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension."（分数：10.00）(1).From the first three paragraphs, we learn that ______.（分数：2.00）A.doctors used to increase drug dosages to control their patients' painB.it is still illegal for doctors to help the dying end their livesC.the Supreme Court strongly opposes physician-assisted suicideD.patients have no constitutional right to commit suicide(2).Which of the following statements is true according to the text?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors will be held guilty if they risk their patients' death.B.Modern medicine has assisted terminally ill patients in painless recovery.C.The Court ruled that high-dosage pain-relieving medication can be prescribed.D.A doctor's medication is no longer justified by his intentions.(3).According to the NAS's report, one of the problems in end-of-life care is ______.（分数：2.00）A.prolonged medical proceduresB.inadequate treatment of painC.systematic drug abuseD.insufficient hospital care(4).Which of the following best replaces the word "aggressive" (Line 4, Para. 7)?（分数：2.00）A.boldB.harmfulC.carelessD.desperate(5).George Annas would probably agree that doctors should be punished if they ______.（分数：2.00）A.manage their patients incompetentlyB.give patients more medicine than neededC.reduce drug dosages for their patientsD.prolong the needless suffering of the patients4.Part B__________________________________________________________________________________________ [A] Build friendships at work.[B] Constant challenges breed frustration.[C] Developself-awareness.[D] Employ emotional self-control.[E] Schedule time for self-reflection.[F] Stress feeds conflict—and conflict breeds anger, resentment, and unhappiness.[G] Toxic emotions are stressful. Bring to mind a conflict at work, and you'll probably have the perpetrator in mind: your incompetent boss, that passive-aggressive colleague, or the resource-hoarding peer in another department. We spend an inordinate amount of time complaining about these people, avoiding them, and fighting with them. If you want less fighting and a more enjoyable, productive workplace, you have to understand your own role in it and what you can do to break a vicious cycle that starts with frustration and stress and ends with workplace wars. 1 A healthy dose of frustration can be good, leading to determination and creativity. Unfortunately, instead of the occasional obstacle at work, we are often buried in an avalanche of problems. We don't have the resources we need to do our job, and the goalposts keep moving. We blame the relentless, do-more-with-less nature of our shortsighted, quarterly-results-driven business climate for our frustration, or we pin responsibility on unending change or corporate culture. Whatever the reason, many of us are chronically frustrated at work. 2 Chronic frustration often morphs into fear and anger. When the alarm rings, our bodies go into high alert, adrenaline and hormones course through our veins, muscles tighten so that we can move quickly, hands sweat, and breathing and heart rates speed up. This would all be well and good if it happened infrequently and saved us from actual danger. Unfortunately, frustration, low-grade fear, irritation, and even rage are familiar companions at work. This is when the vicious cycle becomes an endless loop. A Three-Step Process to Interrupt the Vicious Cycle. 3 To interrupt the frustration-stress-conflict cycle, you need to begin by recognizing what causes you to feel thwarted, scared, or threatened and what drives you to the battleground. This sounds easy, but even well-intentioned people typically put self-reflection last on the list—there just aren't enough hours in the day. Instead, make time and tap into curiosity and courage to try to figure out what kinds of situations send you into the stratosphere. The more you know about your triggers, the better you can control your emotions. 4 Once you're aware of the emotions that are driving your behavior, you can employ another important emotional intelligence competency: emotional self-control. This is what enables us to check and channel our emotions so that we don't get stuck in a permanent amygdala hijack. We can manage negative feelings, see reality through a clear lens, and stop lashing out when we feel threatened. 5. Tominimize stress and conflict at work, we need to replace "I, me, mine" with "we, us, ours." We need to stop seeing each other in terms of what we can get, and replace it with what we can give. This shift would result in less stress and fewer negative emotions. It would also lead to warmer, friendlier relationships.（分数：10.00）填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________填空项1:__________________6.Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.__________________________________________________________________________________________ "Nobody really knows" was Donald Trump's assessment of man-made global warming, in an interview on December 11th. 【F1】 As far as the atmosphere is concerned, that puts him at odds with most scientists who have studied the matter . They do know that the atmosphere is warming, and they also know by how much. But turn to the sea and Mr. Trump has a point. Though the oceans are warming too, climatologists readily admit that they have only a rough idea how much heat is going into them, and how much is already there. Many suspect that the heat capacity of seawater explains the climate pause of recent years, in which the rate of atmospheric warning has slowed. 【F2】But without decent data, it is hard to be sure to what extent the oceans are acting as a heat sink that damps the temperature rise humanity is visiting upon the planet—and, equally important, how long they can keep that up. This state of affairs will change, though, if a project described by Robert Tyler and Terence Sabaka to a meeting of the American Geophysical Union, held in San Francisco this week, is successful. Dr Tyler and Dr Sabaka, who work at the Goddard Space Flight Centre, observe that satellites can detect small changes in Earth's magnetic field induced by the movement of water. They also observe that the magnitude of such changes depends on the water's temperature all the way down to the ocean floor. That, they think, opens a window into the oceans which has, until now, been lacking. To measure things in the deep sea almost always requires placing instruments there. 【F3】 The supply of oceanographic research vessels, though, is limited, and even the addition in recent years of several thousand "Argo" probes (floating robots that roam the oceans and are capable of diving to a depth of 2,000 metres) still leaves ocean temperatures severely under-sampled. Satellites, however, can look at the whole ocean—and, if they are properly equipped, can plot ways in which Earth's magnetic field is deflected by seawater. This deflection happens because seawater is both electrically conductive and always on the move. Crucially, saltwater's conductivity increases with its temperature. This means the deflection increases, too. 【F4】 And since the magnetic field originates from within Earth, it penetrates the whole ocean, from bottom to top. So any heat contributes to the deflection. 【F5】 All this means that, if you know where and how ocean water is displaced, the changes in the magnetic field, as seen from a satellite, will tell you the heat content of that water. Dr Tyler and Dr Sabaka therefore built a computer model which tried this approach on one reasonably well-understood form of oceanic displacement, the twice-daily tidal movement caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon.（分数：10.00）(1).【F1】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (2).【F2】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (3).【F3】（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ (4).【F4】（分数：2.00）。