Textual cohesion共26页文档
语篇衔接与连贯关系初探
语篇衔接与连贯关系初探中山大学外国语学院2002级研究生徐蓓蓓1.引言谈到语篇中的衔接(cohesion)现象时就不免会涉及到连贯(coherence)。
衔接和连贯时篇章语言学(text linguistics)中的两个重要术语，二者是两个不同的概念。
Thompson(1996/2000:7)认为，衔接是语篇现象，指的是发话者用来表示语篇的经验和人际方面连贯的语法手段；而连贯是心理现象，它存在与发话者的头脑中，无法在语篇层面上找到线索(Cohesion refers to the linguistic devices by which the speaker can signal the experiential and interpersonal coherence of the text, and is thus a textual phenomenon…Coherence, on the other hand, is in the mind of writer and reader: it is a mental phenomenon and cannot be identified and qualified in the same way as cohesion)。
简单的说，衔接是语篇的有形网络，而连贯则是语篇整体意义的无形框架，二者共同作用，建构语篇。
2.衔接2.1 衔接的定义Halliday在1962年首次提出了衔接的概念(Halliday, 1962)。
1976年，Halliday 和Hasan出版了Cohesion in English一书，系统的研究了英语语言系统中可用来建构衔接关系的语料，形成了完整的理论体系。
在此书中，Halliday&Hasan (1976/2001:4)认为，衔接是一种语义上的概念，他们把衔接定义为“存在于语篇中并使之成为语篇的意义间的联系”(The concept of cohesion is a semantic one; it refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and that define it as a text)。
Lexical cohesion and discourse intonation
2. Grammatical and lexical cohesion The contribution of lexical cohesion to the organizational properties of texts has long been acknowledged by discourse analysts. According to Hoey (1991:10), lexical cohesion, which forms multiple relationships within a text, is the main source of textual coherence, and lexical cohesion is the most common form of cohesive tie, accounting for 40% of the cohesive ties cited in Hasan (1984). While some studies tend to distinguish between grammatical and lexical cohesion or repetition (see for example Halliday & Hasan 1976), the notion of what may be considered to be part of the same cohesive chain in a discourse proposed by Winter (1974, 1979) is broader because he includes ellipsis, substitution, reference and lexical repetition. In the present study examining cohesion in spoken discourse, Winter’s (1974, 1979) approach to the ties between lexical and non-lexical cohesion is adopted as a more appropriate way of portraying the complexity of lexical cohesion, especially when the use of ellipsis and reference are generally far more prevalent in spoken discourse than in written discourse (see, for example, Cheng & Warren 1999). Hoey (1991) notes that Winter’s broad definition of cohesion basically describes all of the cohesive devices as functioning as repetition, and Hoey then asks an important question which he says needs further investigation: ‘under what circumstances do we use one rather than the other?’ (Hoey 1991:17). This study attempts to offer at least a partial explanation to Hoey’s question. In his research on vocabulary patterns in conversation, McCarthy (1988:185) examines the lexical chains in the form of what he terms ‘relexicalisations’ across turns and across speakers in conversational data. These relexicalisations cover non-identical repetitions that have been re-formulated or re-structured. McCarthy’s study is relevant to this study because he also studies
chapter 6 (2)cohesion
The concept of cohesion, as defined by Halliday & Hasan (1985: 4), is a semantic one. It refers to relations of meaning that exist within the text, which is realized by cohesive ties （衔接纽带）, which may be grammatical cohesive devices such as references （指称）, ellipsis （省略）, substitution （替代）, conjunction （连接） and lexical cohesion （词汇衔接）.
B. Every morning Tom’s mother got up early to prepare breakfast. But Tom preferred music to math at school. Last week there was a traffic jam due to a car accident, which was caused by the carelessness of the driver. However, the schoolmaster decided to keep the secret for Tom. Although he was not too rich, Tom’s father managed to buy a beautiful dress for his wife as a Christmas gift.
Take the following two passages for example. A. Throughout the long history of mathematics, men have always wished that they could calculate quickly. As each mathematical discovery was made and knowledge advanced a little the calculations facing mathematicians became more and more complicated and demanded an even greater time. There are some people who like doing long and difficult arithmetic, but most of us do not and are eager to finish our sums in the shortest and easiest way.
生物医学工程专业英语
III. Product Manual -----Medical Devices Manual
Structur e Information
n
for the User 用户须知 Technical Description and Features Specifications Modes of Operation Operating Instructions Cleaning and Disinfecting 清洗和消毒 Maintenance Warranty
Informative function advertisement
Language feature
Definition
The product manual (commodity specification) is a text description of the commodity structure , performance , specifications , use, repair and maintenance, etc. . Its main content includes an objective description of the safe use of the product , working principle, technical parameters , structure , installation, operation and maintenance. Its main language form is generally explanation, rule, recommendations . commodity [kə’mɔditi] n.商品，货物 specification [,spesifi’keiʃən] n.[ pl.]规范；明 确说明；说明书
语篇功能
语篇功能
张玮 （副教授、硕士生导师）
语篇功能及其体现
语篇功能的含义 Halliday （1985/1994/2004）认为，所谓语 篇功能，指的是语言使自身前后连贯，并与 语域发生联系的功能。具体说来，语篇功能 指的是语篇的完整性（integrity）、一致性 （consistency）与衔接性（cohesion）。
（3）小句性替代
A: He is a thief. B: I don’t think so.
照应与省略（替代）的区别
（1）前者是一种语义关系；后者是一种结构关 系（具有可还原性）
（2）前者在同一事物之间建立联系；后者在不 同事物之间建立联系
（3）前者语义成分之间的距离不受限制；后者 成分之间的距离很短（一般不超过一个小句）
连接
指的是通过表示过渡意义的连接成分体现语 篇中各种逻辑关系（时间、因果、条件等等 ）的手段。连接手段既可以是显性的，也可 是隐性的。试比较：
(1) She didn’t know the rules, so she died. (2) She didn’t know the rure many beautiful flowers in the garden. But I like roses best.
（4）搭配（同语域的词汇共现）
---Do you like winter? ---No, it’s cold and snows sometimes.
信息结构
信息结构分类
（1）已知信息（Given）：言语活动中已经出现 过的或根据语境可以断定的成分
（2）新信息（New）：言语活动中尚未出现或 者根据语境难以断定的成分
信息结构的特点
coherence 课件
Coherence1. The Definition of CoherenceIn the past two decades, foreign language schools have seen a greater importance on textual coherence. Although different linguists believe that coherence is the essential property of a text，they approach the concept from different angles．Van．Dijk interprets coherence from the perspective of semantics．He believes “coherence is a semantic property of discourse，based on the interpretation of each individual sentence relative to the interpretation of other sentences”（1973：）．Halliday's full attention is given to those cohesive devices such as reference，substitution，ellipsis，conjunction and lexical cohesion.Widdowson（1978）believes coherence is a pragmatic concept．Coherence is the relationship between illocutionary acts．Beaugrande（1981），coherence is defined as the procedures which ensure conceptual connectivity，including（1）logical relations，（2）organization of events，objects and situations，（3）continuity in human experience．It concerns “the way in which the components of the textual world which underlie the surface text are mutually accessible and relevant”（1981：4）In Brown and Yule's opinion（1983），coherence is the result of the interaction of the text and the receiver．It is provided by readers' processing of the text．We can see that they focus on different aspects of discoursal coherence.Coherence is a multi-level notion.(1) At the semantic level. Coherence is established through cohesive devices andpropositional development(2) At the pragmatic level. Coherence is often achieved through the illocutionsor implicatures of discourse in linguistic communication on certainoccasions(3) At the mutual mental interactive level. Coherence is considered as a processof mental interaction between the producer and the receiver. It is aboutinterlocutors’ interaction.To sum up, coherence is the study of the connectedness in multi-level notion, varying from semantic level, to pragmatic level and to mental level.2. Coherence in Discourse2.1 Coherence and DiscourseCoherence is a key concept of discourse analysis and a research subject of general interest as well. So far, there has been no systematic and generally accepted criterion by which discoursal coherence is explained due to the complexity of the concept itself.2.2 Cohesion and CoherenceBefore we come to the study of coherence, we must notify another relatively existing concept, i.e., cohesion.2.2.1 Cohesion vs. CoherenceThe sentences in a text (also larger units than a sentence, such asparagraphs) can be related to each other in various ways. Firstly, you canuse words and phrases in one sentence which relate to other words orphrases in a preceding sentence. This type of relation is a more visiblerelation and it is called Cohesion. But there is a deeper, more underlyingkind of connectedness, where the items form logical connections with oneanother. This form of connectedness is called Coherence as we havestated above.2.2.2 The relationship between Coherence and Cohesion.Cohesion is not the necessary condition, nor is it a sufficient condition of discoursal coherence (Enkvist).(1) Formly cohesive discourse may not be a coherent one. (A)(A) In the morning, I brush my teeth, turn on the radio, open my eyes and get up.This sentence is cohesive, but it doesn’t coherent in chorological order.(a) In the morning, I open my eyes, get up, turn on the radio and brush my teeth.(2) Formly incohesive discourse may be coherent through commonsense, cultural background, contextual information, imagination,logical assumption, ect. instead of cohesion in form(B).(A) Husband: That’s the telephone.Wife: I’m in the bath.Husband: OK.Formally, this conversation is not cohesive at all. Telephone, bath, andOK seem irrelevant to each other. But they are coherent by consideringthe context of situation: The husband is lying on the sofa reading apiece of newspaper. Then the phone rings. At this time the wife isbathing. So taking this non-linguistic context into account we caninterpret the conversation in this way.(a) Husband: Can you answer it, please?Wife: No, I can’t answer it because I’m in the bath.Husband: I’ll answer it.Thus this interpretation seems rather coherent nowCohesion and coherence co-work to make a whole discourse.3. Levels of Coherence.Views on how to classify coherence levels also varies.(1) According to Halliday, coherence can divided into three levels: the semanticlevel, the pragmatic level and the mutual mental interactive level.(2) According to Jane Austin, there are three levels of coherence in discourse:explicit—implicit—invisible, which could be expressed as: context --- social/cultural/situational context---mutual mental interaction;To make a conclusion, coherence can be generally classified into two large scales: overt coherence and covert coherence.3.1 Overt coherence refers to the visible cohesive devices at the semantic level,including grammatical devices and lexical device.Eg. Grammatical devices. Eg. reference, ellipsis, conjunction, substitution ,ect.Lexical devices. such as repetition, synonyms, antonyms, ect.3.2 Covert coherence can be further divided in to two categories.Context-based coherence. Users in community of very language have their own culture, history, customs, idioms, values, ect, through thethinking patterns, cognitive habits and speech act, which would penetrateinto their individual behavior and reflect in discourse. In such cases, wemust understand such discourse based on both situational context andcultural background.(C) A: What’s the temperature?B: A hundred and two.Pragmatic-base coherence. It has some thing to do with CP. It also deal with the points about how the illocutioner express his/her illocutionaryintention in the surface meaning and how the hearer realize suchconversational implicature of the speakers’ illocutionary intention.(D) A: What are the police doing?B: (I don’t know what the police are doing because) I have just arrived.4. SummaryEnlightened by their opinions，I believe that coherence should be defined in a broader sense．Coherence is a general notion for the overall connectedness in texts．Coherence should be detected and rendered by referring to the interplay of semantic，pragmatic and contextual devices．。
Coherence
the text
coherence readjustment& complement
textual intension
(连贯的调整和补充） conversion in the line of thought
(叙述思路的转换）
(语篇意向）
textual progressing
ordered arrangement of the infomation. ways •explicit：lexical devices, or coherence markers; •implicit: ordered arrangement of the infomation.
non-coherence
Cohesion& Coherence
Group4: Song Xin Yu Dandan
Chapter 6 Cohesion
definition: It is an umbrella term of grammatical devices and lexical devices, and a visible network of texts, which is displayed on the surface structure of texts. significance: As one of the important factors to form discourse, cohesion plays a key role in the process of discourse translation. ways: According to Halliday, cohesion can be realized through the use of ellipsis -----------the phenomenon of vocabulary vacancy(词语空位现 象), a grammatical device. and substitution, conjunction, related to the use of words lexical cohesion, reference. purpose: to form an explicit lexical chain(词语链）
在英语写作中研究话语标记语
在英语写作中研究话语标记语科技信息人文社科话语标记语是口语和书面语中常见的一种语言现象，用来指示话语之间的逻辑关系。
自从Halliday和Hasan的《英语衔接》及Schiffrin的《话语标记语》出版后，人们对话语标记语产生了浓厚兴趣。
20世纪50、60年代是语言学这门学科开始大发展的阶段，作为其分支的话语标记语研究是在70年代后期才真正形成和发展起来的。
许多学者从不同角度对话语标记语进行了研究，譬如，Ostman以you know为第一个研究对象来研究话语标记语；Schourup也是对话语标记语较早研究的学者，使用的名称为“普通话语小品词”；Watts 根据话语标记语出现的常见位置将它们分成“左标记语”和“右标记语”；Fraser采用“自上而下”的方法并从语法-语用的角度对话语标记语进行了研究。
Schiffrin是对话语标记语进行系统研究最有影响的学者，其终极成果集中于专著《话语标记语》一书。
Schiffrin采用了“自下而上”的研究方法，她认为，话语标记语对话语连贯起着重要作用，并提出了话语连贯模式。
从现有的对话语标记语的研究来看，绝大多数都是从Sperber ＆Wilson的关联理论角度进行探讨。
Blakemore就是以Sperber＆Wilson 的关联理论为基础，从认知-语用的角度出发，对话语标记语的作用进行了研究，关联理论从人的认知特点与过程出发，将交际当作是一种认知活动，认为人类的认知有一个总的目标，即在认知过程中力图以最小的投入去获取最大的认知效果。
为了实现这一目的，人们必须将注意力集中在最为关联的信息上。
这一认识是语言认知研究的巨大进步。
根据该理论，说话者一般总会最大程度地表达话语信息，以便让对方话语理解时付出尽可能小的代价，为此，说话者便会制约听话者对话语关联性的寻找。
Sperber＆Wilson从认知的角度提出了人类交往的关联理论。
根据该理论，人类的交际行为是明示-推理过程，说话人通过明示交际行为，让听话人获取某种信息。
当代高级英语语法_目录结构
686 722
第十四章 句子的成分（Members of the Sentence/Sentence Elements)
723 753
第十五章 简单句与并列句（The Simple Sentence and The Compound Sentence)
829 868
第十六章 复合句（The Complex Sentence)
第三十四章 强调（Emphasis)
1346 1364
第三十五章 倒装（Inversion)
1365 1383
第三十六章 否定（Negation)
1384 1411
第三十七章 省略（Ellipsis)
1413 1446
第三十八章 插人语（Parenthesis)
1447 1453
第三十九章 同位语（Appositive)
871 900
第十七章 定语从句（The Attributive Clause)
901 941
第十八章 状语从句（The Adverbial Clause)
942 1021
第十九章 动词的时态（Tense)
1023 1080
第二十章 被动语态（Passive Voice)
1081 1126
第二十—章 虚拟语气（Subjunctive Mood)
惊、愤怒、嫉妒等
零冠词，如果表示特定的某个社 会要用定冠词
71. 用于指特定用途的事物（用于否定句或疑问句）
19. 成对使用的名词或某些名词固定搭配用零冠词
72. the 与 day、month 等时间单位词连用，表示“当前的， 20. 新闻标题前一般省略定冠词
本，此”
21. 由具体转为抽象的名词前一般用零冠词
语篇分析的基本内容
语篇分析的基本内容语篇分析包括以下几点：1、衔接手段：常见手段有：1）语法手段（照应、替代、省略等）和词汇手段（复现关系、同现关系等）的使用都可以表现结构上的粘着性，即结构上的衔接。
衔接是语篇的有形网络，或称为形连（cohesion）。
2、连贯（connection）指的是语篇中语义的关联连贯存在于语篇的底层，通过逻辑推理来打到语义连接，它是语篇的无形网络，或称为意连或连贯性（coherence）3、影响意连的几种因素：语篇中句子的排列会影响到句与句之间在语义上的连贯，句子的排列如果违反逻辑那就会影响到语篇的连贯性。
语义连贯是个十分复杂的问题，有时语篇的连贯取决于说话的前提和发话者与受话者双方的共有知识。
在有些现代小说中，有些句子的排列不符合逻辑这主要是为了表示人物的潜意识活动，展现人物的心理结构。
而诗篇的连贯性主要依靠读者的联想和想象。
编辑本段语篇分析与语境语篇与语境的关系体现在以下几点：1、语篇的含义主要依赖于语境。
语篇与语境相互依存、相辅相成。
语篇产生于语境，也是语境组成的部分。
2、语言性语境与非语言性语境：前者通常指的是上下文。
后者通常是指话段或句子的意义所反映的外部世界的特征。
非语言性语境有时可以告诉我们句子所陈述的内容是哪一种言外之力（illocutionary force）.如：I warn you that I will tell everything to your boss. 此句不是说了就完了，而是在说的过程中就实施了警告，这种言外之力可以说是允诺、也可以是预言。
因此，要研究用来交际的一句话或动作，就必须从以下几个方面来考虑问题：这句话（动作）是谁，在何时，何地，何种场合发出的？交际双方的关系如何？说出这句话（做出这个动作）之前发生了什么事情？交际的双方期待着什么？当时双方的心境如何？发话人说这句话的目的和动机是什么？受话者的感受和反应如何？等等。
语篇的指向性（textual orientation）包括了上述四个部分（时间、地点、场合和交际双方的关系）当语篇的指向性不明确时，就需要受话人或读者去想象、去联想，然而，由于读者对事物的接受能力存在差异，生活阅历不尽一致，想象力的强弱不一，学养的高低也不同，对语篇的指向性理解和感受各不相同。
Lecture 8 Cohesion in Translation
Cohesive Devices Commonly Used in English and Chinese Halliday & Hasan (1976，1985/1994)五大 类:照应(reference),替代(substitution),省略 (ellipsis),连接(conjunction)及词汇衔接 (lexical cohesion)。其中前四类属于语法 衔接手段,后一类属于词汇衔接手段。语 法衔接是语篇具有的典型特征之一。
grammatical function of the substitute item. In English, the substitute may function as a noun, as a verb, or as a clause. To these correspond the three types of substitution:
Text is not a mere aggregation of sentences; rather, it is a semantic unity. Cohesion 衔接 Coherence 连贯
COHESION
M.A.K. Halliday (2000:4) : cohesion is a semantic concept, referring to relations of meaning that exist within the text, and it occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another.
2) Adversative: yet, though, only, but, however, nevertheless, despite this, In fact, actually, as matter of fact, on the other hand, at the same time, instead, rather, on the contrary, at least, (rather, I mean) In any case, in either case, whichever way it is, anyhow, at any rate, however ers to the repetition of a
语言使用任务特征框架
• Instructions: language (native, target)
Channel (aural, visual)
Specification of procedures & tasks
• Structure: Number of parts/tasks
Salience of parts/tasks
语言使用任 务特征框架
单击此处可添加副标题
Bachman 和 Palmer（1996）区分了“语言使用任务” （language use task）和“测试任务”（test task）。
“语言使用任务”（language use task）是指“在特定 场景下人们运用语言实现某一特定目标或达到某一特殊目 的的活动”，是人们在现实生活中需要运用语言完成的任 务。
Language of expected response
language characteristics organizational characteristics grammatical (vocabulary, syntax, phonology, graphology) textual (cohesion, rhetorical/conversational organization) pragmatic characteristics Functional (ideational, manipulative, heuristic, imaginative) Sociolinguistic (dialect/variety, register, naturalness, cultural references & figurative language)
托福 2000任务特征模型
汉英语篇衔接手段对比研究
汉英语篇衔接⼿段对⽐研究2019-10-01摘要：汉英两种语⾔虽然各⾃有其不同的思维模式、语⾔结构和写作⽅式，但⽆论⼝头还是书⾯交流都必须衔接合理、符合逻辑、语义连贯。
对⽐研究两种语⾔的衔接⼿段可以有效地对英汉语篇章结构进⾏系统性认识，从⽽更深刻地理解和领会语篇所要传达的信息和意思。
此外，此类分析对汉英阅读教学有着重要的实践指导意义。
关键词：衔接⼿段连贯汉英语篇1. 引⾔不同语⾔的词语和词组的组合遵循不同的规则。
或许更重要的是，思想的表述⽅式会因语⾔的差异⽽不同。
尽管英汉两种语⾔有其各⾃不同的思维模式、语⾔结构和写作⽅式，但有⼀点是相同的，即⽆论写或说两者都要求衔接。
衔接是语篇中⼀个成分与另⼀个可以与之相互解释的成分之间的关系。
当语篇中⼀个成分的含义依赖于另⼀个成分的解释时，便产⽣了衔接关系。
衔接与词素、单词、词组、⼩句、句⼦等概念不同。
衔接主要从语义上来分析语⾔。
⽽后⾯这些主要从语法词汇上来分析语⾔。
由于衔接是实现连贯的⾮常重要的⼿段，对⽐研究英汉语篇的衔接能够有效地对英汉语篇章结构进⾏系统性认识，从⽽更深刻地理解和领会语篇所要传达的信息和意思。
2. 衔接（cohesion）和连贯(coherence)语篇⽆论是⼝头表达，还是书⾯表达，都必须衔接合理，符合逻辑，语义连贯。
衔接和连贯都属于韩礼德功能语法中的语篇纯理功能，有很强的实⽤性和实践性。
我们在谈到语篇中的衔接现象时常常会涉及“连贯”（coherence）。
其实，衔接和连贯是两个不同的概念。
简单地说，衔接是语篇现象，指的是发话者⽤来表⽰经验和⼈际⽅⾯语⾔连贯的语法⼿段；⽽连贯是⼼理现象，它存在于发话者的头脑中，⽆法在语篇层⾯上找到线索。
有⼈认为，衔接是语篇的有形⽹络，⽽连贯是语篇整体意义的⽆形框架。
（《功能语法⼊门》黄国⽂导读）连贯不但要依靠语篇表层结构中各个句⼦之间的衔接，⽽且要符合语义、语⽤和认知原则。
语篇正是通过衔接⼿段（cohesive devices）才实现了它的连贯性（cohence）。
textual function定义
Textual Function 定义目录：一、引言二、文本的功能三、文本的功能分类3.1 信息传递功能3.2表达功能3.3交际功能3.4感情功能四、文本功能在写作中的应用五、结论一、引言文本的功能是指文本在传递信息、表达观点、交际互动和表达感情等方面所起的作用。
文本的功能对于写作者来说是非常重要的，具体而言，文本的功能决定了文本的目的、意图和效果。
了解文本的功能对于提高写作能力、提升文学水平具有重要意义。
二、文本的功能文本的功能主要包括信息传递功能、表达功能、交际功能和感情功能。
这些功能既可以相互作用，又有各自的独特性，体现了文本的多重功能性。
三、文本的功能分类3.1 信息传递功能信息传递功能是文本最基本的功能，也是最主要的功能。
文字作为信息的载体，通过文本传递各种信息，包括事实、数据、观点、见解等。
信息传递功能要求文本要准确、清晰、简洁、具体，能够让读者快速获取所需的信息。
3.2 表达功能表达功能是指文本通过语言表达作者的思想、情感和态度。
文字具有表达观点、表达情感、表达态度的功能，通过文字可以对事物进行评价、赞美、批评、反思等。
表达功能要求文本要生动、形象、富有个性，能够引起读者的共鸣和情感共鸣。
3.3 交际功能交际功能是指文本通过语言实现人与人之间的交流和互动。
文字不仅是作者表达自己的工具，也是作者与读者沟通的桥梁。
交际功能要求文本要贴近读者、易懂、易接受，能够引起读者的兴趣和注意。
3.4 感情功能感情功能是指文本通过语言表达作者的情感和情绪。
文字具有表达爱、恨、喜、怒、哀、乐等感情的功能，通过文字可以让读者感受到作者的情感体验，产生情感共鸣。
感情功能要求文本要真诚、深刻、感人，能够打动读者的心灵。
四、文本功能在写作中的应用在写作过程中，作者需要根据文本的功能来确定文本的目的、意图和效果，从而更好地实现写作的目标。
在写作中，作者可以灵活运用不同的文本功能，使文本更具有说服力、感染力和吸引力。
Cohesion语言学衔接
The first and second persons I and you naturally retain this deictic sense; their meaning is defined in the act of speaking.
11
Personal Reference
The third person forms he, she, it, they can be used exophorically; but more often than not, in all languages as we know them, such items are anaphoric: that is they point not ‘outwards’ to the environment but ‘backwards’ to the preceding text.
For example:
(A mother said to her child) e here and pick it up.
In this utterance, the interpretation of here and it is dependent on the situation in which the utterance is produced.
文体学8-textual
Context-bound text
Excuse me, I hate to do this, but I‘m bring it back ‗cause it‘s stale. Ow, well. I‘ll make you another one. Ok, thanks a lot. I kinda feel bad doing that but… Is that more to your liking? Yeah. Oh, well, I feel rotten bring it back.
Phonological device
Sound pattern can be used as means for cohesion, such as alliteration or assonance.
Alliteration and semi-alliteration
In autumn the partridges whirred up, birds in flocks blew like spray across the fallow They mounted their horses, and held life between the grip of their knees, they harnessed their horses at the wagon, and, with hand on the bridle-rings, drew the heaving of the horses after their will.
Personal reference refers to the phenomenon that an item sands for a person, such as he, she, we, etc.
衔接cohesion是指在语篇中
4.2 Translation of Texts of English News
• 4.2.1 省略衔接词
• 英语语篇注重显性衔接，表示各种关系的关联词如关系代词、关系副 英语语篇注重显性衔接，表示各种关系的关联词如关系代词、
词都起着重要的纽带作用，主从、并列以及因果、条件、 词都起着重要的纽带作用，主从、并列以及因果、条件、转折等关系 十分清楚。汉语译文如果也保留这些衔接词， 十分清楚。汉语译文如果也保留这些衔接词，也一味保留英语的形合 特点，那么译文往往生硬，翻译腔十足，所以在翻译中， 特点，那么译文往往生硬，翻译腔十足，所以在翻译中，英语中表示 各种连接关系的词语可以根据情况略去，以顺应汉语的表达习惯。 各种连接关系的词语可以根据情况略去，以顺应汉语的表达习惯。例 如： • [5] The UN Security Council also called on the warring parties to observe a September 3 peace accord, signed by Russia and Georgia, which affirms that the territorial integrity of Georgia shall be ensured and which constitutes the basis for an overall solution. • 译文：联合国安理会还呼吁交战双方遵守由俄罗斯和格鲁吉亚签署的 译文： 三和平协议” 该协议重申格鲁吉亚的领土完整应予以保证， “九·三和平协议”，该协议重申格鲁吉亚的领土完整应予以保证， 争端的全面解决也由此协议为基础。 争端的全面解决也由此协议为基础。
• 风，早已将执行51-L飞行任务的航天飞机在天空留下的最 风，早已将执行51后一丝痕迹吹得无影无踪。但发射场上所有的穿梭机飞行 记时器仍在一秒一秒地计算着时间，似乎它们坚信这一切 都是一场虚惊，希望穿梭机绕地球半圈后会随时在雷达荧 光屏上一下子冒出来，同时驾驶员会简短地表示歉意，向 大家说，飞船与地面的联络刚刚发生了一点小小的故障。 机器也像整个国家的人民一样，对应付一去不返的穿梭机 没有丝毫准备。摄像机瞪大了眼睛，凝视着天空中三条呈 放射状的滚滚烟云；穿梭机控制终端上，正显示着无声的、 令人困惑不解的电子信号；计算机仿佛对从遇难的飞船上 挣脱出来的最后几项数据百思不得其解。似乎它们，也像 我们一样，不愿相信自己的感官所感受到的事实。
grammatical cohersion
Thus, the fMaSC-enriched population exhibits the multi-lineage cell differentiation and self-renewal characteristics expected of mammary（乳腺） stem cells, but at considerably higher concentration than found （the concentration ） in the adult.
（名词性替代）
Definition: Nominal substitution means the replacement of a noun or a noun phrase by a nominal substitute
1.Although the results of these studies are inconsistent, with no compelling support for any candidate, details about many of these, including those of biologically plausible candidates such as BDNF and COMT, are available in published reviews. 2. Table 1 lists published bipolar disorder genome-wide association studies, in which all samples are of European origin.
（并列连词）
Definition: Coordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that join two or more items of equal syntactic importance, such as words, main clauses, or sentences.
文体学 Reference and Substitution
Topic 1—Reference
1.3 Classification of Cohesion Cohesion is divided in into two kinds: grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. Grammatical cohesion is subdivided into reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. And Lexical cohesion is subdivided into repetition, synonymy/atonymy, hyponymy/meronymy and collocation.
4. Activities
1) Peter had a wife but couldn‟t keep her. (Personal; endophoric → anaphoric) 2) I‟ll put you through into the Looking-glass House. How would you like that? (Demonstrative; endophoric → anaphoric) 3) Do you want to have another biscuit? (Comparative; endophoric →anaphoric) 4) This is the house(that) Jack built. (Demonstrative; endophoric → cataphoric) In 4) we know which „house‟ is being referred to, because we are told — it is the one built by Jack; and notice that the information comes after the occurrence of the the. 5) He who hesitates is lost. (Personal; endophoric → cataphoric)