(完整版)自然地理学专业英语重点词汇

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地理相关英语词汇(1)

地理相关英语词汇（1）一、基础词汇1. 地球（Earth）：我们生活的星球，位于太阳系中的第三颗行星。

2. 大陆（Continent）：地球上面积较大的陆地，如亚洲、非洲、北美洲等。

3. 海洋（Ocean）：地球上广阔的盐水区域，如太平洋、大西洋、印度洋等。

4. 国家（Country）：具有独立政治实体和固定领土的区域。

5. 地图（Map）：展示地球表面或某一区域的图形表示。

6. 河流（River）：地表自然水流，通常由源头流向海洋或湖泊。

7. 山脉（Mountain Range）：一系列相连的山峰，如喜马拉雅山脉、阿尔卑斯山脉等。

8. 气候（Climate）：一个地区长期的天气状况和大气现象。

9. 生态系统（Ecosystem）：生物与非生物环境相互作用的一个自然系统。

10. 自然资源（Natural Resources）：自然界中人类可以利用的物质和能量，如水、土地、矿产等。

二、地形地貌词汇1. 高原（Plateau）：相对平坦且海拔较高的地区，如青藏高原。

2. 平原（Plain）：地势低平，起伏较小的地区，如华北平原。

3. 山峰（Mountain）：地形高耸，尖锐或圆形的陆地部分。

4. 峡谷（Canyon）：河流长期侵蚀形成的深而狭窄的地形。

5. 沙漠（Desert）：降水量极少的地区，地表覆盖沙子或石块。

6. 湖泊（Lake）：位于陆地上的淡水或咸水水域，如青海湖、洞庭湖等。

7. 沼泽（Marsh）：土壤水分饱和，生长有特殊植被的地区。

三、地理现象词汇1. 地震（Earthquake）：地球表层快速释放能量，导致地面震动的一种自然现象。

2. 火山爆发（Volcanic Eruption）：地球内部岩浆喷发到地表的现象。

4. 洪水（Flood）：河流、湖泊水位急剧上涨，淹没周边地区的一种自然现象。

5. 干旱（Drought）：长时间无降水或降水量明显减少，导致土壤水分不足的现象。

四、地理学术词汇1. 地理信息系统（GIS）：一种用于捕捉、存储、分析和管理地理空间数据的系统。

地理学相关雅思英语词汇

地理学相关雅思英语词汇地理学是一个高度跨学科性的学科，涉及了多种主题例如经济、安康、气候、植物及动物。

下面是分享的地理学相关，欢迎大家阅读!solar energy n. 太阳能harness n. 马具,系在身上的绳子,甲胄 vt. 束以马具,披上甲胄,利用(产生动力)recurrent adj. 再发生的,定期重覆的,循环的phenomenon n. 现象, 非凡的人或事物reclaim v. 开垦, 纠正, 收回drainage n. 排水;排水系统;污水;排水面积deterioration n. 恶化,降低,退化radiation n. 辐射,放射线acid rain 酸雨fossil adj. 化石的 n. 化石,食古不化的人,过时的词stainless steel 不锈钢Fahrenheit adj. 华氏的 n. 华氏温度计terrain n. 地带,地域,地形rust n. 铁,锈 vi. 生锈,变成红棕色 vt. 使...生锈,损害crust n. 外壳,坚硬的外壳,面包皮 vt. 盖以硬皮 vi. 结硬皮zinc n. 锌 vt. 在…上镀锌windy adj. 有风的, 多风的layer n.层，层次; 膜; [植]压条; 放置者，方案者 vt.把…分层堆放; 借助压条法; 生根繁殖; 将(头发)剪成不同层次 vi.形成或分成层次; [植]通过压条法而生根humid adj. 潮湿的mantle n. 斗篷, 覆罩之物, 罩子 v. 罩住, 覆盖, 脸红ultraviolet adj. 紫外线的 n.紫外线demographic 人口统计学的 adj. 人口的,人口统计的petrol n. 汽油counterbalance n. 平衡,平衡力 v. 抵销 vt. 使平衡,抵销tide n. 潮,趋势,潮流 vt. 使...随潮漂流 vi. 涌动toxic adj. 有毒的 n. 有毒物质poisonous adj. 有毒的venomous adj. 恶意的, 有毒的mechanism n. 机制,原理，机械,机构,构造precipitation n. 坠落, 沉淀, 凝结; 冰雹nuclear plant 核电站fumes n.(强烈而刺激的)气味，气体名词fume的复数形式circulation n. 流通,循环,发行量,消息传播sewage n. 脏水, 污水dump n. 垃圾场,堆放处 vt. 丢弃,抛售,导出 vi. 骤降,扔垃圾Wind power 风力contaminate vt. 弄脏,污染water power n.水力biodegradable adj. 生物所能分解的irreversible adj. 不可逆转的。

地理专业英语词汇

erosion cycle
rejuvenation
相关沉积
地壳均衡
新构造运动
构造地貌学
丹霞地貌
构造高原
构造阶地
单面山
方山
猪背脊
线形现象
断层崖
断层线崖
断层三角面
correlated sediments
isostasy
neotectonic movement
structural geomorphology, tectonic geomorphology
slope
坡度
基岩
地貌过程
侵蚀[作用]
雨滴侵蚀
剥蚀[作用]
刻蚀
溶蚀
冲刷
片蚀
溯源侵蚀
下切侵蚀
侧[向侵]
slope, gradient
bedrock
geomorphological process
erosion
raindrop erosion
denudation
corrasion
corrosion
wash, erosion
normal landform
inverted landform
inversion of landform
erosional landform
planation surface
peneplain
denudation suface
erosion surface
pediment
pediplain
summit plane
“Danxia” landform
structural plateau
structural terrace
cuesta(西）

自然地理专业英语自然地理英语（一）

自然地理专业英语自然地理英语(一)Lesson OneNEW WORDS1.sleet n.冻雨，雨夹雪11. particle n.粒子,微粒20.instead ad.代替,替换30.toss vt.,vi.抛,扔,颠簸2. depend vi.依赖,取决于12. nucleus n.核,原子核21.snowflake n.雪片31.acquire vt.取得,获得3. hail n.雹13.dew n.露水22.shape n.形状32.hailstone n.冰雹4. form vt.,vi.形成14.crystal n.晶体23. flake n.薄片33.stick vi.粘住5. low a.低的15.condensation n.冷凝,24.hexagonal a.六角形的34.theory n.理论6. temperature n.温度凝结25.lens n.透镜35.explain vt.说明,解释,7. molecule n.分子16. rapid a.快的26.strike vt.,vi.打击击中,撞阐明8. cling vi.粘着17.moisture n.湿气,水分27.thunderstorm n.雷雨9. droplet n.小水滴18. freeze vi.结冰28.swift a.迅速的10. dust n.灰尘19.raindrop n.雨点29.current n.气流,潮流PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSThe more the more越… T ake place发生Well below 远远低于 A mass of 一块越… As soon as 一… 就… T ake on 呈现Start out 出发,着手进行So that 如此… 以致… High above 大大高于 A bit of 一点layer of 一层TEXTRAIN, SNOW, SLEET, AND HAILThe forming of rain in a cloud depends upon temperature. The lower the temperature, the more the molecules of water vapor in the cloud cling together. Then they form droplets of water. Usually droplets form around dust or other particles in the air when the dew point is reached. If ice crystals are in the cloud, even more droplets may form.In clouds, condensation may be so rapid that millions ofdroplets of water are formed. As these droplets collect more molecules and therefore become heavier, their weight makes them fall to the earth. If the temperature of the air is above freezing the drops will fall as rain.When the air high above the earth is well below freezing, the moisture in the air does not form raindrops. Instead, it forms snow. Snowflakes take on many interesting shapes. They seem to be formed around a center. Snow is made up of millions of these flakes, each a bit of water vapor that in freezing temperatures was changed into a flake of snow. Snowflakes are really crystals; they are water molecules grouped in a hexagonal pattern. It is interesting to study snowflake crystals under a hand lens.Sometimes droplets of water start out as rain and change into another form on their way to the earth. The raindrops may start downward through a layer of warm air and then strike a mass of cold air, where each raindrop freezes. These frozen raindrops fall to the earth as sleet; skeet us frozen rain.Sometimes still another change may take place in drops of rain. During a thunderstorm, swift upward currents of air usually carry raindrops with them. As the air grows colder,these raindrops may form little balls of ice. In a mass of warm air, they may get a coating of moisture, which freezes as soon as they are tossed up again into a colder mass of air. Up and down they are carried, acquiring more and more layers of ice. This goes on until the balls of ice become heavy enough to fall to the earth as hailstones. If you cut a hailstone in two, you can see the layers of ice.Some scientists think that hailstones are formed in a different way. A hailstone nucleus, a tiny droplet of water that is frozen, may form high in the atmosphere. As it falls through a cloud, it meets cold water droplets and snowflakes which stick to this nucleus. The hailstone may meet many of these droplets and snowflakes before it falls from the cloud to the earth. As the droplets of water stick to the hailstone, they add a clear layer of ice. As snowflakes stick to it, they form a cloudy layer. This theory explains why clear and cloudy layers are found inside the hailstone when it is cut open.Lesson TwoNEW WORDS1.mineral n.矿物2.property n.性质,特性3.naked a.裸露的 4.detail n.详情5.reveal vt.暴露19.precise a.精确的32.division n.分类,划分许多多6.magnify vt.放大20.garnet n.柘榴石33.divide vt. (into)划分,43.simplification n.简单化,7.magnification n.放大率position n.构成组成把…分成为… 单一化8.hang vt.,vi.悬挂,吊22.variety n.多种,异种种类34.igneous a.火成的44.rare a.稀少的,少见的9.particularly ad.特别,格外23.range n.范围,领域35.sedimentary a.沉淀的,45.unusual a.不平常的,少10.distinguish vt.区别,辨24.proportion n.比例沉积的见的认,把…区别分类25.hence ad.因此36.metamorphic a.变形的,46.subspecies n.亚种11.define vt.规定,下定义26.immense a.无限的, 变质的47.recognize vt.承认,认出12.unique a.唯一的,独特的广大的37.kingdom n.领域王国,界48.sophisticate n.世故的人13.grain n.颗粒27.bewilder vt.使为难,使38.distinctivea.特殊的,49.glean vt.苦心搜集,选14.quartz n.石英手足无措有特色的集15.quality n.质量28.array n.排列39.earmark n.记号50.explanation n.解释plex a.复杂的,复29.classify vt.分类40.remarkable a.值得注51.professional a.职业的,合的30.sort vt. (out)分类,划分意的,显著的本职的17.mixture n.混合物31.major a.较重要的,主41.accurate a.精确的52.petrologist n.岩石学家18.vary vi.变化,不同要的42.dozen n.一打,若干,许53.mineralogy n.矿物学PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS For example例如(to)make order 整理on the one hand…on the other hand…Because of 由于,因为despite of 不管,任凭一方面…另一方面…Regardless of不管,不顾even if 即使(to) be faced with …面对着…,面临either…or… 或…或…TEXTROCKS ARE MADE UP OF MINERALSMost of a rock‟s properties are easily seen with the naked eye, though the details are better revealed with a low-power magnifying glass (magnification of 5 ×to 10×) —the hand lens that field geologists usually have hanging around their necks. From the characteristics show, particularly thephysical and chemical properties we can distinguish several thousand minerals, each defined by its unique set of properties. Thus all grains or crystals of quartz have just about the same qualities, regardless of the kind of rock in which they are found. Some minerals, particularly those that have a more complex mixture of atoms, vary slightly in their properties, depending on their precise composition. A mineral like garnet, for example, has a number of varieties, each with its own range of composition, such as the proportions of iron and other elements, and hence, properties.Rocks are not as uniquely defined by their properties as minerals are. Because of the immense number of ways in which the thousands of minerals can be combined, the geologist is faced with a bewildering array of rock types. The only way for us to make order out of this array is to classify like with like and to sort out by general type. The major division of rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic is just such an aid. Within each major division there are many groups and types. Using characteristic properties, we can divide the rock kingdom into several hundred general types, each with its own more or lessdistinctive earmarks.Despite all of these numbers, it is remarkable how much can be done even if only a small number of the most common minerals and rocks are known. In most parts of the world a field geologist can make an accurate geologic map by knowing only a few dozen major minerals and even fewer common rock types. This simplification is possible because most of the thousands of known minerals are either rare or unusual on the one hand or subspecies or varieties on the other. Thus the geologist who can recognize garnet will do well, even though a mineral sophisticate who can distinguish the many varieties of garnet by their slightly different chemical compositions might do better. Naturally, the more we can distinguish, the more the information gleaned, and the greater the power of our theories of explanation. Than is why professional petrologists have to know a great deal about mineralogy.Lesson ThreeNEW WORDS1.volcanism n.火山活动(作用) 18. extrude vt.挤出,使喷出28. froth vt.,vi.,n.(使)起2.crust n.地壳11. fluid n.流体,液体19. eruption n.喷发,爆发泡沫,泡沫3.fracture vi.破碎,断裂12.escape vi.,vt.逃走,漏出,20. occur vi.发生,出现29. burst vt.,vi.破裂,爆发,4.molten a.熔化的逸出,避免21. magma n.岩浆喷出5.extend vi.延伸,延展13. crack n.裂隙22. dissolve vt.,vi.溶解30. bubble n.泡,泡沫6.interior n.,a.内部的14.volcanologist n.火山23. fissure n.裂缝31. vent n.喷口7.volcano n.火山学家24. atmospheric a.大气32. cone n.圆锥形(物)8.behavior n.行为,举止,15. refer vt.,vi将…归入,25. explosively ad.爆炸33.glow vi.燃烧,放光情况认为…属于,提到(爆发)性的34. column n.圆柱9.volcanology n.火山学16.extrusive a.,n.喷出的26. chill vt.使冷却10. crystallization n.结晶17. toothpaste n.牙膏27. atmosphere n.大气PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be charged with …充满着at all 完全,根本(常用在否定句中)less and less 越来越少in much the same way以大体相同的方式TEXTVOLCANISMWhen the earth‟s crust fractures, molten matter may flow from the break if it extends deep enough into the interior of the earth.A volcano may form. Earth scientists have studied the behavior and composition of molten rock materials and the forms that are produced . This branch of earth science is called volcanology.Some igneous rocks are formed by crystallization of fluid matter that has escaped through deep cracks in the earth‟s crust. Volcanologists refer to these rocks as extrusive rocks, or extrusives. If a tube of toothpaste has a crack in it and you press on the tube, some of the paste is pushed out. That is, the paste has been extruded. Volcanic eruptions occur in much the same way. The magma within the earth may be heavily charged with gases and steam. These are under such great pressure that they are dissolved in the magma. If a fissure develops in a region where the magma is heavily charged with steam and other dissolved gases, the fluid magma rises through the fissure. As it rises, the pressure onit becomes less and less. The gases and steam expand, producing a force that helps to move the molten materials to the surface of the earth.When they reach the surface of the earth, the only pressure against them is atmospheric pressure—14.7 pounds per square inch. The steam and gases now expand suddenly and explosively , producing additional great force. The molten materials, laden with rapidly expanding gas and steam, may be thrown high into the air in a wild and noisy eruption.In this kind of an eruption, the molten materials are quickly chilled by the much cooler atmosphere. They fall back to the earth as solid fragments of extrusive igneous rocks. During an explosive eruption the molten fluids may be so heavily charged with gas and steam that they froth. Bursting of the bubbles in the molten froth produces billions of tiny fragments of mineral matter, which were once part of the bubble walls. These tiny fragments may be carried upward into the atmosphere by the explosive force of the eruption. These they form great clouds of volcanic dust. Slightly larger fragments of the froth may fall back around the vent, or opening, in the crust to make a cone-shaped pileof volcanic ash.The light produced during volcanic activity is the result of the glowing of gases and molten fluids. The “smoke” of a volcano is not smoke at all, but the column of volcanic dust, steam, and other gases that are given off fro m the molten fluid.Lesson FourNEW WORDS1.deposit n.矿床,沉积用的,有开采价值的8.average a.平均的,普通的12.segregate vt.分开,凝离2.globe n.地球,天体 5.distribute vt.分配,分布9.abundance n.丰富13.occurrence n发生,出3.readily ad.容易地6.portion n.一部分10.homogenize vt.使均匀现,(矿物的)埋藏4.available a.有用的,可利7.amount n.总数,量11.segregation n.分开,凝离14.ore n.矿物15.sulfide n.硫化物24.enormous a.巨大的,庞30.concentrate vt.集中集合37.hydrothermal a.热水的, 16.dominant a.主要的大的31.relate vt.使有关系热水作用的17.oxide n.氧化物25.sufficiently ad.充分的,32.affinityn.亲缘关系,38.Miami n.迈阿密(美国18.silicate n.硅酸盐足够的亲和力佛罗里达州一城市,是著名19.aluminum n.铝26.worthwhile a.值得做33.increase vi.增加的休养地)20.magnesium n.镁的,有价值的34.decrease vi.减少21.conceivably ad.想象上,27.valuable a.价值大的，35.solubility n.可溶性,溶想得到的有价值的解度22. platinum n.白金,铂28.ratio n.比率,比例36.solution n.分解,溶解,23. mercury n.汞,水银29.copper n.铜溶液PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS In terms of … 在…方面In addition 此外(to) be used as … 用作TEXTWHAT IS A MINERAL DEPOSIT?The chemical elements of the earth‟s crust — the portion of the globe that is readily available to us for mining — are widely distributed in many different kinds of minerals, and those minerals are found in a great veriety of rocks. In most places, a particular element will be found in amounts that tend to be close to its average abundance in the crust — thatis ,it is homogenized with other elements. Segregation occurs in a smaller number of geologic situations. The occurrences of elements in much higher abundance—those in which some geologic process has operated to segregate much higher quantities of the element than normal—are the ones that interest us, because the richer the deposit, the cheaper it is to recover the resource, both in terms of energy and in terms of money. Rich deposits of metals are ores; the minerals containing these metals are ore minerals. Ore minerals include sulfides (the dominant group), oxides, and silicates. In addition, some metals, such as gold, are found in their native state — that is ,uncombined with other elements. Elements such as aluminum, iron, and magnesium, are so abundant that any average crustal rock could conceivably be used as a raw material, though not necessarily economically. In contrast are the elements of low abundance, such as gold, platinum, and mercury, which are present in such small amounts in the average rock that enormous quantities of rock would have to be refined to recover even small amounts. Mineral deposits of economic value are those in which an element occurs in much higher abundance than the average crustal rock, sufficiently high to make it economicallyworthwhile to mine. Many of the most valuable mineral deposits are metal-ore deposits.The concentration factor —that is, the ratio of the abundance of an element in a mineral deposit to its average abundance—is highly variable and depends on the particular element and its average crustal abundance. Iron, one of the common elements of the crust, has an average abundance of 5.8℅. A good iron ore contains 50℅iron; thus, its concentration factor is about 10. A less abundant metal, such as copper, which has a crustal abundance of 0.0058℅, is concentrated by factors from 60 to 100 in its economic ores. Even more spectacular are the rarer elements, such as mercury or gold, which have concentration factors in the thousands. The crustal abundances of the elements are related to their atomic number and chemical affinities in a complex way. But the concentration factors though generally increasing with decreasing crustal abundance, depend largely on the ways in which the metals are held in crystal structures, and their solubilities in various geologic solutions, such as groundwaters, hydrothermal solutions, or sea water.Lesson FiveNEW WORDS1.soil n.土壤7.article n.物品k n.牛奶19.sheep n.羊群2.pocket n.袋8.dependent a.依赖…的14.bread n.面包20.cattle n.牲畜3.growth n.生长9.meat n.肉类15.butter n.奶油21.wool n.羊毛4.crop n.农作物,庄稼10.vegetable n.蔬菜16.woolena.羊毛的22.feed vt.喂养,供给5.guard vt.保护11.fruit n.水果17.cotton n.棉花23.top-soil n.表土6.manage vt.处理管理经营12.cereal n.谷物,谷类18.leather n.皮革24.starve vi.挨饿25.fortunate a.幸运的29.plow vt.耕种n.犁33.silt n.淤泥37.remains n.剩余物,残骸26.seafood n.海味30.backyard n.后院34.float vt.,vi (使)漂浮38.loam n.肥泥27.wealth n.财富31.stir vt.搅拌anic a.有机(物)的39.weathering n.风化28.quart n.夸特32.spoon n.匙,调羹36.humus n.腐殖土PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSAt least 至少On the bottom of 在…底部As a rusult of …因…结果,由于(to) feed on 靠吃…过日子,用…喂养TEXTSOILWherever there is a pocket of soil in the sunlight , some plant is likely to grow; but a rich growth of farm crops requires deep soil with the right kind and amount of minerals in it and the right amount of moisture. Under these conditions, animal life can be abundant and varied, for animals cannot exist without the plants that grow in soil. Soil is truly a resource that must be guarded well and managed wisely.Try to list some of the everyday articles you need that make you dependent upon soil. You may think first of food — meat, vegetables, fruit, cereal, milk, bread, and butter. Where do we get woolen and cotton clothes and leather shoes? Cotton comes from the cotton plant. Sheep and cattle, from which come wool for clothes and leather for shoes, feed on grass that is grown in the soil. At least part of your home is built of wood that comes from trees. You certainly could not live without the things that depend on soil for life.Most of these things that you need for life grow in certainkinds of soil. They depend on the topsoil— the layer of soil on top of the ground.If all topsoil should disappear from the land, millions of people would be sure to starve. Only those fortunate ones who could get seafood could live. T opsoil is important to the wealth of a nation.The best way to find out about topsoil is to examine it. Fill a quart jar one quarter full of soil from the surface of a plowed field or from your own backyard. Then add enough water to fill the jar. Stir the soil and water for about two minutes with a long spoon, and then let the jar stand for twenty minutes. What do you notice about the soil?On the bottom of the jar you will see coarse particles of sand and perhaps gravel. Next will be a layer of vary fine particles. These particles are called silt. On top of the silt, making the water cloudy, are clay particles even finer than silt. Floating on the surface and suspended in the water will be particles of dark-colored organic matter called humus. Organic matter consists of remains of dead plants and animals.T opsoil that is made up of a mixture of sand, silt, clay, and humus is called loam. Of course, loam is not the sameeverywhere. Have you ever seen loam of different colors in different places? A light brown loam has more sand in it, a gray-brown loam has more clay, a red loam may be colored by iron oxide, while a brownish-black or black loam has more humus. The sand, silt, and clay are particles that came from the earth‟s rocks as a result of weathering.Lesson SixNEW WORDS1.subsidence n.沉下陷下11.solvable a.能解决的18.claim vt.索取25.quiver vi.摇动,抖动2.level n.水平水平线水平12.T exas n.得克萨斯(美19.Baytown n.贝敦(美国26.gelatin n.明胶,胶质面国一西南部的州) 南部城市) 27.accompany vt.伴随3.drop vi.掉下,沉下13.Houston n.休斯敦(美国20.showplace n.展出地,28.hurricane n.飓风,十二4.gradually ad.逐渐地得克萨斯州东南部港市) 供参观的地方级风5.suddenly ad.突然地14.Galveston n.加尔维斯21.Brownwood n.布朗29.awash a.被水覆盖的,6.collapse vi.,n.倒塌,坍下顿(美国得克萨斯州东南伍德(美国南部城市) 被波浪冲打的7.settlement n.下沉部港市) 22.waterfront n.(都市等30.catastrophic a.灾难性的8.phenomenon n.现象15.bay n.湾,深山凹地的)靠水地,江边31.Florida n.佛罗里达(美9.hazard n.危险16.inhabitant n.居民,住户23.inundate vt.淹没国东南部一州)10.aware a.意识到的17.sink vi.下沉24.abandon vt.放弃,舍弃32.Weeki wachee n.威基瓦奇(美国东南部城市) 39.slip vi.滑动48.destructive a.破坏的力压紧33.gobble vt.狼吞虎咽40.Adriatic n.亚得里亚海49.withdrawal n.抽取,移54.tectonic a.地质构造的34.Birmingham n.伯明翰41.New Zealand n.新西兰开,收回55.disturbance n.骚动,妨碍35.Alabama n.亚拉巴马42.Venezuela n.委内瑞拉50.consolidate vt.使坚固,56.permafrost n.永久冻土(美国南部一州) 43.threaten vt.恐吓,威胁结合36.warehouse n.仓库,栈44.Mexico City n.墨西哥城51.sediment a.沉积,沉淀房,大零售店45.T okyo n.东京52.deficient a.缺乏的,不37.abruptly ad.突然,仓猝间46.dike n.堤,堤防完全的,不足的38.Venice n.威尼斯47.alter vt. 变更,改变53.hydrocompaction n.水PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSSo far 到目前为止Sea level海拔,海面T o a greater extent 在很大程度上A load of …重载,大量(to) be deficient in …欠缺TEXTSUBSIDENCEIn numerous places throughout the world, land levels are dropping, sometimes gradually, sometimes suddenly. Yet, to many people, the subsidence, collapse, or settlement of the ground surface is almost an unknown phenomenon. It usually is not considered a major geologic hazard or problem, even by those aware of it. Yet the problem is both serious and solvable. In the United States the quickly growing region of T exas between Houston and Galveston Bay, which includes some 2 million inhabitants and 10,000 square kilometers(2.5 million acres ) of land, is sinking. The seawater from the bay is claiming the land. In Baytown‟s showplace subdivision of Brownwood, many waterfront homes are inundated or have been abandoned, and the land under other homes is often so saturated that it quivers like gelatin. Given the 4-meter tides that sometimes accompanyhurricanes, and continued subsidence, parts of the Houston Space Center could be awash in ten years.Although the occurrence is gradual in most places, collapse can be sudden and catastrophic. Near Weeki Wachee, in Florida, an 11-meter high drilling rig, two trucks, and a load of steel pipe worth more than $100,000 were gobbled up in less than ten minutes. In Birmingham, Alabama, a warehouse three stories high was destroyed when a sinkhole collapsed abruptly beneath it. Subsidence elsewhere in the world is equally serious. Venice has been slipping into the Adriatic for hundreds of years. Parts of London, Shanghai, New Zealand, Venezuela, and T aiwan are threatened with collapse. Mexico City has sunk so far into its valley—9.5 meters — that sewage must be pumped uphill to the mains and you must walk downstairs to reach the ground floors of older buildings. In T okyo, a million people live below sea level and are protected by dikes.Surface collapse and subsidence are extremely wide spread phenomena that can occur as a result of many natural processes and now, to a greater extent than ever before, as a result of human activities. Wherever the supporting subsurface material is altered or removed, the groundsurface may subside or collapse. In uninhabited areas this is of no serious consequence. Wherever people or structures are involved the results may be destructive.The major causes of land surface subsidence or collapse are varied and include the following.1.the withdrawal of large volumes of fluids(water, natural gas, or oil) from weakly consolidated sediments2.the application of water to moisture-deficient deposits above the water table(hydrocompaction)3.tectonic activity4.the solution or leaching of soluble subsurface material (limestone, for example) by circulating groundwater5.the removal of subsurface mineral deposits(coal, for example) without leaving sufficient support for the surface6.the melting or disturbance of permafrostLesson SevenNEW WORDS1.picture vt.描绘 lion n.百万9.calcium n.钙13.trace n.痕迹,踪迹ke n.湖 6.salt n.盐10.sulfur n.硫,硫磺14.radium n.镭3.cubic a.立方的7.chlorine n.氯气11.arsenic a.砷的15.fasten vt.把…结在,4.suppose vt.假设,假想8.billion n.(美)十亿,(英)兆12.iodine n.碘拴在,固定16.rope n.绳子23.gulf n.海湾紧,停泊36.unless conj.如不是,除非17.ring n.环24.Mediterranean,n.地中海30.barge n.大平底船,驳船37.protect vt.保护,防止18.messenger n.引绳25.Persian Gulf n.波斯湾31.tap vt.开发,发掘38.penetrate vt.,vi渗入,19.release vt.放出26.Pier n.码头32.slant vt.使倾斜透入,穿透20.basalt n.玄武岩27.equipment n.设备,装备33.offshore a.离岸的, 39.inky a.墨一样的,漆黑的21.oceanographer n.海洋学28.pump n.泵,抽机vt. 近海的40.adapt vt.使适合,适于家用抽机抽34.mantle n.地幔41.survive vi.活下去,残22.coast n.海岸29.anchor vt.用锚系住,系35.core n.核心,蕊在,还活着PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS(to) be filled with … 充满着(to) protect against…使…不受…侵犯in this way用此方法,这样地(to) adapt to 适应at once 立即,马上TEXTELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS IN THE SEASClose your eyes and see if you can picture a rather large lake 26 miles long, 10 miles wide, and about 29 feet deep. You are picturing a cubic mile of water. Now suppose this lake is filled with sea water. This cubic mile of sea water would contain about 166 million tons of salts of various kinds.If you could evaporate one cubic mile of sea water, you would obtain about 166 million tons of salts. Now you have some idea of the amount of salts in the sea. Perhaps you think of these as table salt, a compound of sodium and chlorine; however, there are many kinds of salts in the ocean. There are billions of tons of substances, most of them salts, in the 330 million cubic miles of sea water. Compounds of magnesium, calcium, potassium, sulfur, chlorine, arsenic, iron, copper, iodine, and many more are present. There is also a little gold and a little silver, and even a trace of radium. Geologists say these substances washed into the sea from the land.Scientists sample the sea special “water bottles” called Nansen bottles. A number of metal bottles, open on both ends, are fastened to a wire rope and lowered into the sea. Then a metal ring called a messenger is dropped down the rope. The messenger closes both ends of the first bottle and releases a second messenger, which closes the second bottle, and so on. In this way, samples from various depths are gathered at once. The samples are studied by oceanographers, chemists, biologists, and geologists, who study oceans and ocean life.The solid earth beneath the sea is of interest too. Oil has been found in the earth beneath the water along the coasts of California, under the Gulf of Mexico, the Mediterranean, the North Sea, the Persian Gulf, and in many other parts of the world. Oil wells have been drilled from piers built out into the water along the coasts. Farther out, steel platforms hold the drilling equipment and the oil pumps. Wells are also drilled from anchored barges. Some underwater oil reservoirs are tapped by drilling slanted holes from the shore. Offshore oil, as it is sometimes called, is a very important source of the world supply.The crust of the earth is perhaps less than four miles thickunder some parts of the sea. Geologists interested in getting through the crust of the sea. Geologists interested in getting through the crust of the earth to investigate the mantle may some day drill through a part of the crust that is under water about one mile deep.Drilling through the crust under deep water presents many problems; however, the problems can be solved. Some of the drill cores taken from the ocean bottom show that the crust under parts of the ocean is a layer of sediment covering hardened volcanic rock known as basalt.Man, unless he has special oxygen equipment, cannot live under water. T o go more than a few hundred feet into the depths of the ocean, he must also be protected against the increasing pressure of the weight of water above him. No sunlight penetrates to the depths of the ocean, yet in the inky blackness are fish and other water-living animals adapted to survive under these conditions of pressure and darkness.Lesson EightNEW WORDS1.catch vt.捉，抓13.effectively ad.有效的24.momentary a.倾刻间35.prevalence n.优势,流行2.lean vi.靠,依14.desert n.沙漠的,瞬息间的36.dune n.沙丘3.sandstorm n.沙暴15.describe vt.叙述,描写25.prevail vi.胜过,占优势37.beach n.海滨,河滩4.attest vt.证明,证实16.eolian a.风神的26.westerly a.从西面来(风) 38.flood n.洪水,大水5.turbulent a.狂暴的17.Aeolus n.风神27.equatoriala.赤道的39.duration n.延续,持续期6.traceable a.起源于…的,18.God n.神28.belt n.带间能追纵的19.breeze n.微风,和风29.fluctuation n.波动,(上40.tornado n.龙卷风7.confine vt.限制20.moderately ad.适度,中下变动) 41.exceed vt.超过8.restrict vt.约束等,普通30.valley n.山谷,流域,盆地42.strip n.条,带狭长的土地9.channel n.水道,河床21.gust n.阵风,突然刮风31.relief n.地势的起伏43.typhoon n.台风petence n.能力,胜任22.intermittently ad.间歇32.terrain n.地带,岩层44.maritime a.海的,海岸的11.enable vt.使能,使可以的,断断续续的33.steady a.坚固的,稳定的45.pickup n.拾起12. discharge n.流量23.spawn vt.引起34.letup n.停止,中止PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONSat one time or another 有时,曾经in combination with 和…共同,协同,协力as well 同样, 也,又(to) have (much) to do with与…有(很大)关系in contrast to 和…成对比(to) be responsible for 对…负责任TEXTWINDAll of us have been caught, at one time of another, in a high wind so strong that it could have blown us over if we hadn‟t leaned into it or held on to something solid. A wind strong enough to move a body weighing more than 50 kilograms (110 poands) is easily capable of blowing sand grains into the air, as anyone who has ever been in a sandstorm can attest. Wind is a turbulent stream of air, and its ability to erode, transport, and deposit sediment is much like that of water, for the same general laws of fluid motion that govern liquids govern gases as well. There are differences, of course, and they are traceable to two properties of wind: its low density and the fact that its flowis unconfined, not restricted to, channels, the low density of air limits its competence to move larger particles, and the fact that its flow need not be confined enables it to spread over wide areas and high into the atmosphere. In contrast to rivers, whose discharge is dependent upon rainfall, it is the lack of rain that allows wind to work most effectively.Many of the geologic processes of desert are related to the work of the wind. Winds are also important because they are coupled to the waters of the ocean as they blow waves into being and influence the general circulation of the oceans. A common term used to describe the activity and deposits of the wind is eolian, from Aeolus, Greek God of the winds. Winds are highly variable in direction and power. Though the average wind on a breezy day might be about 15 kilometers(9 miles) per hour, gusts up to twice that speed occur intermittently and may spawn momentary blowing up of dust or sand clouds. Most people in temperate climates are used to winds that come mainly from one direction, the prevailing westerlies. Those in the tropics are familiar with the equatorial easterlies. Yet within these belts the winds will be variable in direction and power, depending on the movement of air masses and storms. Many of us live with。

现代自然地理学词汇表

现代自然地理学］词汇表A 岸礁（fringing reef）又称“裾礁”。

一种与海岸相连、宽度不等的珊瑚礁平台。

珊瑚向上生长以低潮位为准，故其表面大致与低潮潮位高度相当，外缘向海洋方向倾斜。

我国台湾恒春半岛、海南岛东岸都有分布，最阔处可达千米。

［10］B半岛（peninsula）伸入海洋或湖泊中的陆地，三面环水，一面同陆地相连。

如我国的辽东半岛、山东半岛、雷州半岛等［10］饱和带（saturation zone）地下自由水面以下被水充满的地带。

由于自由水面以下的岩石处于大于大气压条件下，岩石的空隙几乎被水充满。

储存在饱和带第一无压含水层中的潜水，以及充满两相对隔水层之间的承压水，是地下水资源的重要组成部分。

［14］堡礁（barrier reef）又称“离岸礁”。

有泻湖同陆地隔开的珊瑚礁。

成堤状，而多数成不连续的岛状，围绕着海岸延伸，距海岸十数千米至二百千米不等。

最长的如澳大利亚东海岸的大堡礁，延伸达2000千米以上。

［10］暴雨径流（storm flow）由暴雨产生的水流。

包括坡面流和河槽流。

因历时短而强度大，故陆地水文学研究中比较核心的问题。

古算其大小的标准一般用重现期或频率概念，如百年一遇，千年一遇。

［12］雹灾（hail damage）雹是发展得特别旺盛的积雨云的产物。

直径往往大于5毫米。

由于从几千米的高空降落，冲击力极大，往往会损坏房屋庄稼人畜造成灾害。

［12］北半球（northern hemisphere）赤道以北，夏至日（6月22日）白昼最长，冬至日（12月22日）白昼最短的半个地球。

［15］北回归线（Tropic of Cancer）太阳光线在地球上的直射点在一年内可能达到的最北点所在的纬线。

［11］，［12］北极（North Pole）轴北端与北半球表面的交点。

［11］，［12］辫状河（braided stream）河流纵横交错，形似鱼网的水系。

常出现在土质疏松的河漫滩和河流三角洲上。

地理学英语单词表

地理专业名词中英文对照1、大气ATMOSPHERE大气组成Atmospheric composition空气质量Air quality大气化学Atmospheric chemistry大气成分Atmospheric components大气颗粒物Atmospheric particulates二氧化碳Carbon dioxide温室气体Greenhouse gases氧气Oxygen臭氧层Ozone layer大气过程Atmospheric processes空气,水相互作用Air-water interaction大气环流Atmospheric circulation大气降水Atmospheric precipitation碳循环Carbon cycle蒸发作用Evaporation降水增加Precipitation enhancement降雨Rainfall太阳辐射Solar radiation蒸腾作用Transpiration风Winds空气污染Air pollution酸雨Acid rain空气污染物Air pollutants氯氟碳Chlorofluorocarbons沉降的颗粒物Deposited particulate matter飞灰Fly ash雾Fog薄烟Haze空内空气污染Indoor air pollution 烟雾Smog气候问题Climatic issues农业气象学Agrometeorology气候Climate气候变化Climatic change气候带Climatic zones干旱Drought全球变暖Global warming温室效应Greenhouse effect湿度Humidity微气候影响Microclimate effects海平面上升Sea level rise人工影响天气Weather modification2、岩石圈LITHOSPHERE固态地球Solid Earth洞穴Caves地震活动Seismic activity地震监测Seismic monitoring火山Volcanoes风蚀Wind erosion3、陆地生态系统TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS土壤Soils农用土地Agricultural land碱地Alkali lands污染的土地Contaminated land污染的土壤Contaminated soil沙坑Gravel pits荒地Heath lands土地承载能力Land carrying capacity土地污染Land pollution土地开垦Land reclamation土地恢复Land restoration土地使用分类Land use classification边缘土地Marginal lands沙石开采Sand extraction沉积Sedimentation土壤潜力Soil capabilities土壤保持Soil conservation土壤污染Soil contamination土壤退化Soil degradation土壤侵蚀Soil erosion土壤改良Soil improvement土壤盐碱化Soil salination水蚀Water erosion干旱地区生态系统Arid land ecosystems干旱土地Arid lands沙漠化Desertification抗旱Drought control旱作Dry farming沙丘固定Sand dune fixation沙丘Sand dunes半干旱地区生态系统Semi-arid land ecosystems 森林生态系统Forest ecosystems植树造林Afforestation针叶林Coniferous forests森林砍伐Deforestation森林保护Forest conservation森林火灾Forest fires草地火灾Grass fires绿化带Greenbelts本地森林Indigenous forests再造林Reforestation植被恢复Revegetation亚热带生态系统Sub-tropical ecosystems温带森林Temperate forests温带林地Temperate woodlands树木Trees热带生态系统Tropical ecosystems热带森林Tropical forests热带森林生态系统Tropical forest ecosystems林地生态系统Woodland ecosystems温带生态系统和寒带生态系统Temperate ecosystems and cold zone ecosystems 南极生态系统Antarctic ecosystems南极地区Antarctic region北极生态系统Arctic ecosystems北极地区Arctic region寒带生态系统Cold zone ecosystems草地生态系统Grassland ecosystems永久冻土生态系统Permafrost ecosystems极地生态系统Polar ecosystems温带生态系统Temperate ecosystems山地生态系统Mountain ecosystems高原生态系统Highland ecosystems登山运动Mountaineering湿地生态系统Wetlands ecosystems红树沼泽Mangrove swamps水禽Waterfowl水涝地Waterlogged lands流域管理Watershed management水边开发Waterside development生物多样性和保护区Biological diversity and protected areas适应性强的物种Adaptable species藻类Algae两栖动物Amphibians动物习性Animal behaviour动物资源Animal resources节肢动物Arthropods生物多样性Biological diversity生物资源Biological resources生物圈保护区Biosphere reserves群落生境Biotopes鸟类Birds植物园Botanical gardens基因资源保护Conservation of genetic resources 生态平衡Ecological balance濒危动物物种Endangered animal species濒危植物物种Endangered plant species河口保护区Estuarine conservation areas动物区系Fauna植物区系Flora食物链Food chain捕猎Hunting无脊椎动物Invertebrates陆地哺乳动物Land mammals哺乳动物Mammals海洋保护区Marine conservation areas微生物Microorganisms移栖种Migratory species国家公园National parks国家保护区National reserves寄生生物Parasites偷猎Poaching灵长目Primates保护区Protected areas受保护的物种Protected species爬行动物Reptiles陆地生物资源Terrestrial biological resources植被Vegetation杂草Weeds野生生物Wildlife野生生物保护Wildlife conservation野生生物生境Wildlife habitats动物园Zoological gardens细菌Bacteria酶Enzymes真菌Fungi基因库Gene banks种质Germ plasm微生物资源Microbial resources原生生物Protozoa病毒Viruses酵母Yeasts生物技术问题Biotechnological issues农业生物技术Agricultural biotechnologies生物伦理学Bioethics生物安全Biosafety生物技术Biotechnologies无性繁殖Cloning与健康有关的生物技术Health-related biotechnologies诱变剂Mutagens突变微生物释放Mutated microorganisms release突变体Mutants繁殖控制Reproductive manipulationDNA重组技术Recombinant DNA technology动物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of animals植物的选择性繁殖Selective breeding of plants生物技术的社会,经济影响Socio-economic impact of biotechnologies 致畸剂Teratogens4、淡水FRESHWATER淡水资源Freshwater resources淡水保护Conservation of freshwater水坝Dams冰Ice湖泊Lakes自然排水系统Natural drainage systems河流流域开发River basin development河流Rivers雪Snow地下水Subterranean water地表水Surface waters水资源保护Water resources conservation水资源开发Water resources development淡水生态系统Freshwater ecosystems集水区Catchment areas国际河流流域International river basins湖泊流域Lake basins池塘尾渣Ponds tailings河流流域River basins淡水恶化Freshwater degradation河流污染River pollution径流Run-off沉积物移动Sediment mobilization沉积物运移Sediment transport沉积盆地Sedimentary basins渗漏Seepage凤眼蓝Water hyacinth水葫芦;凤眼兰;凤眼莲;凤眼蓝;风信花水污染Water pollution水的盐化Water salination饮用水供应Drinking water supply脱盐Desalination饮用水Drinking water饮用水处理Drinking water treatment城市配水系统Municipal water distribution systems 农村供水Rural water supply污水处理厂Sewage treatment plants水泵Water pumps水处理Water treatment水井Water wells5、海洋环境MARINE ENVIRONMENTS海洋生态系统Marine ecosystems藻花Algal bloom海底生态系统Benthic ecosystems海洋污染Marine pollution污染沉积物Marine sediments海洋环境Ocean circulation洋流Ocean currents海洋Oceans海洋温度Ocean temperature赤潮Red tide海平面Sea level潮,潮汐Tides沿海生态系统Coastal ecosystems群岛Archipelagoes沿海地区Coastal areas沿海开发Coastal development沿海环境Coastal environments海岸侵蚀Coastal erosion疏浚Dredging河口生态系统Estuarine ecosystems岛屿生态系统Island ecosystems小岛屿Small islands海洋生物资源Living marine resources水生哺乳动物Aquatic mammals水生微生物Aquatic microorganisms水生植物Aquatic plants珊瑚礁Coral reefs甲壳纲动物Crustaceans鱼类Fish海洋资源保护Marine resources conservation软体动物Molluscs水生贝壳类动物Shellfish6、环境管理ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT资源管理Resources management深海矿藏Deep sea deposits森林管理Forest management森林政策Forest policy资源的地埋分布Geographic distribution of resources土地价值Land values矿产资源Mineral resources国家保护计划National conservation programs自然资源Natural resources自然保护Nature conservation不可再生资源Non-renewable resources资源净损耗Net resource depletion矿床Ore deposits石油资源保护Petroleum resources conservation可再生资源Renewable resources资源估价Resource appraisal资源保护Resource conservation海底开发Sea bed exploitation海底采矿Sea bed mining本地资源的利用Utilization of local resources环境规划Environmental planning发展合作Development cooperation发展计划Development planning生态发展Ecodevelopment经济发展Economic development经济计划Economic planning环境核算Environmental accounting环境审计Environmental auditing环境健康影响评价Environmental health impact assessment 环境影响Environmental impact环境影响评价Environmental impact assessment环境影响状报告书Environmental impact statement环境指标Environmental indicators环境政策Environmental policy环境风险评估Environmental risk assessment财政资助Financial assistance土地利用规划Land use planning环境管理指标Environmental management indicators环境质量指标Environmental quality indicators试验项目Pilot projects政策规划Policy planning施压集团Pressure groups区域规划Regional planning自助计划Self-help programmes工农业选址Siting of industry社会调查Social surveys发展状况Status of development可持续发展Sustainable development可持续发展指标Sustainable development indicators技术评价Technology assessment运输计划Transport planning环境经济问题Environmental economic issues环境定价Environmental valuation环境成本Environmental costs外部Externalities重置成本Replacement costs贸易对环境的影响Trade impact on environment已定价值的生态系统组成部分valued ecosystem components 经济管理手段Economic management instruments成本-效益分析Cost-benefit analysis发展中国家债务Developing countries debt环境股票交易Environmental stock exchange政府环境开支Government environmental expenditures绿色财政手段Green fiscal instruments环境成本内在化Internalisation of environmental costs以绿色标志促销Marketing with green labelling资源的定价政策Pricing policies of resources结构调整计划Structural adjustment programs税收差别Tax differentiation可交易的许可证Tradeable permits7、人类住区HUMAN SETTLEMENTS人类住区管理Human settlements management建成区Built-up areas经济规划Economic zoning用火安全要求Fire safety requirements历史遗址Historical sites住房改善Housing improvements住房需求Housing needs住房规划Housing programmes住房质量标准Housing quality standards工业区Industrial areas非高峰时间工作Off-peak working办公室Offices城区发展模式Patterns of urban growth规划的城区发展Planned urban development 再建房屋Rehousing租赁房屋Rental housing居民区Residential areas建筑安全标准Safety standards for buildings 商店Shops建筑业标准Standards for building industry 城区设计Urban design建成结构Built structures桥梁Bridges建筑材料Building materials建筑物Buildings建筑技术Building technology施工技术Construction technology建筑工程Construction works农业建筑Farm buildings政府建筑Government buildings高层建筑High-rise buildings工业建筑Industrial buildings本地建筑材料Local materials for building拖车住房Mobile homes核研究中心Nuclear research centres装配式房屋Prefabricated buildings结构Structures隔热Thermal insulation基础设施Infrastructure通道Access roads水上娱乐活动Aquatic recreational amenities 汽车停放Automobile parking建成的排水系统Built drainage systems电力分配Electric power distribution公共花园Public gardens公路Highways空地Open spaces管道Pipelines运动场Playgrounds公园Public parks公用事业Public utilities道路建设Road construction道路养护Road maintenance体育设施Sports facilities电信Telecommunications运输系统Transport systems隧道Tunnels城市供水Urban water supply公共服务Public services人类住区的社会,经济方面Socio-economic aspects of human settlements 生育控制Birth control社区服务Community services社区参与Community participation通勤Commuting消费方式Consumption patterns文化指标Cultural indicators发展模式Development patterns残疾人Disabled persons毒品滥用Drug abuse生态旅游Ecotourism计划生育Family planning性别问题Gender issues无家可归Homelessness住房集资Housing finance人类迁居Human migration人口Human population人权Human rights土地分配Land allotment生活方式Lifestyles低价住房Low-cost housing流动工人Migrant workers少数民族Minorities社区改善计划Neighbourhood improvement schemes新社区New communities流浪者Nomads非高峰时间通勤Off-peak commuting公共卫生Public health种族关系Race relations娱乐Recreation农村地区Rural areas环境卫生Sanitation社会指数Social indicators社会-经济因素Socio-economic factors旅游Tourism旅行Travel贫困阶层Under-privileged people 城市地区Urban areas城区改造Urban renewal城区压力Urban stress妇女地位Women status8、人类住区的环境方面Environmental aspects of human settlements空调Air conditioning尸体处置Disposal of the dead区城供热District heating住房密度Housing density过度拥挤Overcrowding难民Refugees旅游设施Tourist facilities城市衰败Urban decay9、农业AGRICULTURE农业方式Agricultural practices农业设备Agricultural equipment农业管理Agricultural management农业方法Agricultural methods农业害虫Agricultural pests农业生产Agricultural production农业储藏Agricultural storage动物疾病Animal diseases动物营养Animal nutrition养蜂业Apiculture水产养殖Aquaculture害虫的生物控制Biological control of pests 生物固氮Biological nitrogen fixation堆肥Composts等高耕作Contour farming受控燃烧Controlled burning作物保护Crop protection挽畜Draught animals鱼类养殖Fish culture渔业管理Fisheries management谷物Grains作物虫害传染Infestation of crops粮食虫害传染Infestation of food灌溉Irrigation灌溉渠Irrigation canals灌溉农业Irrigation farming天然肥料Natural fertilizers有机农业Organic farming病虫害控制Pest management杀虫剂标准控制Pesticide control standards 植物病害Plant diseases家禽饲养Poultry farming林农轮作Shifting cultivation树木苗圃Tree nurseries滴灌Trickle irrigation农工业Agro-industry畜产品Animal products饮料工业Beverage industry酿造业Brewing industry蒸馏业Distilling industry食品辐照Food irradiation食品保存Food preservation食品贮藏Food storage食品运输Food transport林产品Forest products烟草Tobacco农用化学品Agrochemicals化学肥料Chemical fertilizers杀真菌剂Fungicides除草剂Herbicides杀虫剂的代谢Metabolism of pesticides硝酸盐Nitrates亚硝酸盐Nitrites亚硝胺Nitrosamines营养物Nutrients有机磷化物Organophosphorus compounds 杀虫剂的持久性Persistence of pesticides杀虫剂路径Pesticide pathways杀虫剂Pesticides磷酸盐Phosphates杀虫剂的毒性Toxicity of pesticides杀虫剂的使用Utilization of pesticides10、工业INDUSTRY工业生产过程Industrial processes制铝工业Aluminium industry适用技术Appropriate technology高炉Blast furnaces纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry纤维素Cellulose化学工业Chemical industry清洁技术Clean technologies服装工业Clothing industry乳品业Dairy industry脱盐工厂Desalination plants干洗Dry cleaning炼铁工业Iron industry洗烫衣服Laundering皮革工业Leather industry金属加工Metal finishing金属电镀Metal plating金属冶炼Metal smelting矿产业Mineral industry采矿Mining天然气开采Natural gas extraction原油开采Oil extraction石油提炼Petroleum refining印刷工业Printing industry纸浆工业Pulp industry采石Quarrying橡胶加工Rubber processing炼钢工业Steel industry露天剥采Strip mining焦油生产Tar production焦油使用Tar use木材保存Wood preservation工业产品Industrial products消费品Consumer goods危险品Dangerous goods工业材料Industrial materials天然纤维Natural fibres包装Packaging涂料Paints产品标签Product labelling可再用容器Reusable containers合成洗涤剂Synthetic detergents合成纺织纤维Synthetic textile fibres漆Varnishes木产品Wood products11、运输TRANSPORTATION空运Air transportation空中交通规则Air traffic regulations飞机Aircraft飞机发动机排放物Aircraft engine emissions飞机噪音Aircraft noise机场Airports航天运输Space transportation陆上运输Land transportation自行车Bicycles内燃机Combustion engines铁路运输Railway transport道路安全Road safety道路交通工程Road traffic engineering 道路运输Road transport道路Roads城市交通Urban traffic车辆检验Vehicle inspection水上运输Water transportation渔轮Fishing vessels内河运输Inland water transport内陆水道Inland waterways国际水道International watercourses 海运Maritime transport航运的危害Navigational hazards油轮Oil tankers港口Ports潜水艇Submarines12、能ENERGY能源Energy sources动物粪便作燃料Animal dung as fuel 沼气Biogas生物量Biomass生物质能Biomass energy木炭Charcoal煤Coal原油Crude oil能源资源Energy resources浓缩铀Enriched uranium矿物燃料Fossil fuels燃料酒精Fuel alcohol薪柴Fuel wood地热能Geothermal energy碳氢化合物Hydrocarbon compounds 烃Hydrocarbons水电Hydroelectric power液化气Liquefied gas甲烷Methane天然气Natural gas可再生能源Renewable energy sources不可再生能源Non-renewable energy resources 无污染能源Non-polluting energy sources核能Nuclear energy核燃料Nuclear fuels油类Oils油页岩Oil shales泥炭、泥煤Peat汽油Petrols从废料中提取的燃料Refuse derived fuels太阳能Solar energy焦油砂Tar sands海洋热能Thermal sea power潮汐能Tidal energy铀Uranium波浪能Wave energy风能Wind energy能源过程Energy processes煤气化Coal gasification煤液化Coal liquefaction电力Electric power发电厂Electric power plants蓄电装置Electrical storage devices能源保护Energy conservation能源转换Energy conversion能源效率Energy efficiency能源政策Energy policy能源生产Energy production能源利用Energy use能源利用方式Energy utilization patterns气体液化Gas liquefaction照明Lighting天然气勘探Natural gas exploration核能利用Nuclear energy uses核电站Nuclear power plants近海石油钻探Offshore oil drilling石油勘探Oil exploration日照加热Solar heating13、环境化学ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 无机物质Inorganic substances酸Acids氧化铝Alumina氯Chlorine盐酸Hydrochloric acid硫化氢Hydrogen sulphide硫酸盐Sulphates硫酸Sulphuric acid光化学试剂Photochemical agents光化学效应Photochemical effects有机物质Organic substances有机硅化合物Organosilicon compounds酚Phenols外激素，信息素Pheromones植物油Vegetable oils生物化学过程Biochemical processes 酸化Acidification 需氧过程Aerobic processes厌氧过程Anaerobic processes生物降解Biodegradation脱氮作用Denitrification富营氧化Eutrophication杀虫剂的相互作用Interaction of pesticides电离辐射Ionizing radiation代谢(作用)，新陈代谢(作用) Metabolism固氮Nitrogen fixation非电离辐射Non-ionizing radiation光合作用Photosynthesis物理,化学过程Physico-chemical processes放射性Radioactivity毒性Toxicity污染POLLUTION污染物Pollutants气溶胶，气雾剂Aerosols农业废物Agricultural wastes石棉Asbestos商业噪音Commercial noise混合污染Composite pollution作物废物Crop waste二恶英Dioxins农家场院废物Farmyard waste火、火灾Fire危险物质Hazardous substances危险废物Hazardous wastes重金属Heavy metals医院废物Hospital wastes工业废水Industrial effluents工业排放物Industrial emissions工业烟尘Industrial fumes工业噪声Industrial noise无机污染物Inorganic pollutants铅污染Lead contamination液体废物Liquid wastes丢弃物，废气物Litter汞污染Mercury contamination微污染物Micropollutants采矿废物Mining wastes机动车辆排放物Motor vehicle emissions城市废物Municipal waste氮氧化物Nitrogen oxides噪声污染Noise pollution恶臭公害Odour nuisance有机物污染Organic pollutants难降解有机污染物Persistent organic pollutants 有机溶剂Organic solvents有机卤化物Organohalogen compounds医药废物Pharmaceutical wastes塑料废物Plastic wastes多氯联苯Polychlorinated biphenyls聚合物废物Polymer wastes放射性物质Radioactive substances氡Radon橡胶废物Rubber waste锯屑Sawdust污水Sewage屠宰场废物Slaughterhouse waste固体废物Solid wastes热污染Thermal pollution有毒物质Toxic substances有毒废物Toxic waste毒素Toxins痕量元素Trace elements痕量物质Trace materials交通噪音Traffic noise废物，垃圾Trash废热Waste heat木材废料Wood waste对流层臭氧Tropospheric ozone污染源Pollution sources生物武器Biological weapons水泥工业Cement industry化学武器Chemical weapons烟囱Chimneys冷却水Cooling waters机动车辆Motor vehicles摩托车Motorcycles核武器Nuclear weapons海洋倾倒Ocean dumping石油泄漏Oil spills废金属Scrap metals挖掘堆积Excavation heaps污染治理Pollution abatement隔音Acoustic insulation化学污染清除Chemical decontamination燃料脱硫Desulphurization of fuels过滤器Filters噪音治理Noise abatement污染治理设备Pollution abatement equipment 污染控制技术Pollution control technology辐射防护Radiation protection洗涤器Scrubbers分离器Separators防烟Smoke prevention废物最少化Waste minimization废物Wastes电池处理Battery disposal废物的化学处理Chemical treatment of waste处置场所Disposal sites废物焚烧Incineration of waste矿山回填Mine filling残油回收Oil residue recuperation放射性废物管理Radioactive waste management 回收的材料Recycled materials回收Recycling材料再利用Reuse of materials卫生填埋Sanitary landfills海洋排泄口Sea outfall化粪池Septic tanks污水处置Sewage disposal污水处理系统Sewage treatment systems固体废物处置Solid waste disposal废物同化处置Waste assimilation capacities废物转化技术Waste conversion techniques废物处置Waste disposal废物土地处置Waste disposal in the ground废物处置税Waste disposal taxes废物回收Waste recovery废物利用Waste use水的再利用Water reuse14、人体健康HUMAN HEALTH污染物的危害Hazards of pollutants在人体组织中的积累Accumulation in body tissues镉污染Cadmium contamination环境健康危害Environmental health hazards人体接触污染物Human exposure to pollutants污染物的长期效应Long-term effects of pollutants核安全Nuclear safety污染物的影响Pollutant effects污染风险Pollution risk辐射效应Radiation effects药物的副作用Side effects of pharmaceutical drugs有毒物质的协同效应Synergistic effects of toxic substances 与环境有关的疾病Environmentally related diseases致癌物Carcinogens南美锥虫病Chagas'' disease人类的疾病Human diseases免疫疾病Immunological diseases婴儿死亡率Infant mortality疟疾Malaria盘尾丝虫病Onchocerciasis病原生物体Pathogenic organisms辐射病Radiation sickness血吸虫病Schistosomiasis人类疾病传染媒介Vectors of human diseases工作环境Working environment人机工程学Ergonomics职业健康Occupational health职业安全Occupational safety振动Vibration营养与保健Nutrition and health care过敏素Allergens基本食物要求Basic food requirements食品Food食品添加剂Food additives食用色素Food colourants食品污染Food contamination保健Health care卫生设施Health facilities高蛋白食品High protein foods医院Hospitals营养不良Malnutrition医疗Medical treatment药用植物Medicinal plants营养Nutrition食品的营养价值Nutritive value of food毒物Poisons吸烟Smoking主食Staple foods传统保健Traditional health care15、灾难DISASTERS灾难现象Catastrophic phenomena生物体的意外释放Accidental release of organisms 雪崩Avalanches旋风Cyclones沙漠蝗虫Desert locusts地震Earthquakes环境事故Environmental accidents流行病Epidemics洪水Floods飓风Hurricanes山崩Landslides人为灾难Human-made disasters核事故Nuclear accidents放射性污染Radioactive contamination释放Release地震海浪Seismic sea waves泄漏Spillage暴风雨Storms台风Typhoons应急减灾措施Emergency relief measures灾难清理作业Disaster clean-up operations防灾准备Disaster preparedness防灾Disaster prevention灾难救援Disaster relief流离失所人员Displaced persons紧急救援Emergency relief应急避难所Emergency shelter环境应急计划Environmental contingency planning 防洪Flood control放射性污染清除Radioactive decontamination临时住房Temporary housing临时避难所Temporary shelter生境破坏Habitat destruction陆地活动Land-based activities自然改变Physical alterations16、监测MONITORING环境监测Environmental monitoring生物指标Biological indicators生态标志Ecolabelling污染物鉴别Identification of pollutants噪声监制Noise monitoring污染物分析Pollutant analysis污染物分布Pollutant distribution污染物浓度Pollutant levels污染物监测Pollutant monitoring污染物路径Pollutant pathways污染物来源鉴别Pollutant source identification 污染监测Pollution monitoring辐射监测Radiation monitoring交通监测Traffic monitoring监测数据Monitoring data空气质量管理Air quality management大气监测Atmospheric monitoring本底监测Baseline monitoring环境标准Environmental criteria环境评价Environmental assessment部门评价Sectoral assessment环境统计Environmental statistics森林资源评估Forest resource assessment洪水监测Freshwater monitoring工业生产统计Industrial production statistics长期预报Long-term forecasting长期趋势Long-term trends海洋监测Marine monitoring监测基准Monitoring criteria污染基准Pollution criteria污染标准Pollution norms质量控制Quality control水盾Water quality天气监测Weather monitoring天气预报Weather prediction野生生物种群统计Wildlife population statistics 监测技术Monitoring techniques分析设备Analytical equipment大气模型Atmospheric models自动检测Automatic detection测量仪器的标定Calibration of measuring equipment 色谱分析Chromatographic analysis气象色谱法Gas chromatography模型制作，模型设计Modelling监测仪器Monitoring equipment放射性示踪技术Radioactive tracer techniques采样技术Sampling techniques模拟Simulation河道观测Stream measurement毒理测定Toxicological testing报警系统Warning systems监测系统Monitoring systems17、环境法ENVIRONMENTAL LAW国内立法National legislation农业立法Agricultural legislation污染防治激励措施Antipollution incentives环境犯罪Environmental crimes环境激励措施Environmental incentives环境责任Environmental liability环境过失Environmental misconduct环境质量标准Environmental quality standards环境补贴Environmental subsidies林业立法Forestry legislation健康立法Health legislation住房立法Housing legislation工业立法Industrial legislation对破坏环境的惩罚Penalties for environmental damage 污染者付费原则Polluter-pays principle污染控制法规Pollution control regulations污染责任Pollution liabilities公众对土地的获取Public access to land法规控制Regulatory control国际环境关系International environmental relations入海通道Access to the sea双边协定Bilateral conventions环境安全Environmental security环境破坏行为Environmental vandalism环境冲突Environmental warfare危险废物的出口Export of hazardous wastes全球性公约Global conventions国际标准化International standardization国际贸易International trade国际性重要的失态系统Internationally important ecosystems海洋事故的责任Liability for marine accidents核破坏的责任Liability for nuclear damages军事活动Military activity事先知情同意Prior informed consent危险废物运输的事先通告Prior notification for hazardous waste transport 区域性公约Regional conventions技术转让Technology transfer贸易避垒Trade barriers越境污染Trans-frontier pollution危险物质的运输Transport of hazardous materials18、环境信息ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION信息基础设施Information infrastructure图书馆Library信息中心Information centre数据中心Data centre培训中心Training centre因特网服务提供商Internet service provider信息网络Information networks环境术语Environmental terminology电子信息网络Electronic information network广域网Wide area network因特网Internet万维网World Wide Web主页Homepage超文本Hypertext公告牌系统Bulletin board system新闻组Newsgroup邮寄清单Mailing list电子函件Electronic mail信息技术Information technology多媒体技术Multimedia technology遥感中心Remote sensing centre地理信息系统实验室GIS laboratory环境意识Environmental awareness公共信息Public information新闻发布Press release视听演示Audio-visual presentation信息工具包Information kit录象Video展示Exhibit照片Photograph新闻通讯Newsletter广播节目Radio programme电视节目Television programme环境教育Environmental education环境培训Environmental training公共关系Public relations联络渠道Communication channels信息系统Information systems文献目录信息系统Bibliographic information system文献目录信息Bibliographic information技术信息Technical information本地知识Indigenous knowledge信息查询系统Referral information system供查询的信息Referral information统计信息系统Statistical information system统计信息Statistical information术语Terminology同义词Thesaurus分类Classification图书馆服务Library services查阅服务Reference service文件编索引Indexing of document文件出错document lending图书馆之间的借贷Inter-library loan信息的选择性传播Selective dissemination of information 光盘只读存储查询服务CD-ROM search service因特网查询服务Internet search service信息服务Information services在线服务On-line services信息交流中心Information clearing-house数据处理Data processing数据收集Data collection数据记录技术Data recording techniques信息处理Information processing专家系统Expert system决策支持系统Decision-support system软件开发Software development数据库Database相关数据库Relational database信息交换Information exchange与地学有关的信息Geo-referenced information遥感Remote sensing多谱线扫描器Multispectral scanner分辨率Resolution像素Pixel谱带Spectral bands红外线Infrared紫外线Ultraviolet雷达Radar轨迹Path景物确认Scene identification图象处理数字系统Image processing digital systems数字图象处理技术Digital image processing techniques 图象识别Pattern recognition镶嵌图案Mosaics图象滤光Image filtering图象增强Image enhancement几何修正Geometric corrections影像配准Image registration图象分类Image classification受监视的图象分类Supervised image classification未被监视的图象分类Unsupervised image classification 彩色组成Colour composition大气修正Atmospheric corrections地理信息系统Geographic information systems地理信息系统的数字系统GIS digital systems地理信息系统的数字格式GIS digital formats矢量Vector点Point线Lines多边形Polygons光栅Raster属性Attributes地理信息系统的数字技术GIS digital techniques内插Interpolation布网格Gridding光栅到矢量Raster to vector矢量到光栅Vector to raster边界Boundaries国家边界National boundaries次国家边界Sub-national boundaries行政边界Administrative boundaries与地理相关的数据Geo-referenced data地理投影Geographical projections坐标系统Coordinate system纬度Latitude经度Longitude19、联合国United Nations政府间的Intergovernmental政府的Governmental工业的或商业的Industrial or commercial非政府组织Non-governmental organization专业团体Professional society学术的Academic进入术语Terms of access协商费用Charges negotiable按回收成本为基础Cost recovery basis固定的收费时间表Fixed schedule of charges一般情况下免费Normally without charge在交换的基础上On exchange basis20、学科SUBJECT DISCIPLINES科目Subjects 声学Acoustics农业生态学Agricultural ecology 农业经济学Agricultural economics农业工程Agricultural engineering 农业林学Agroforestry分析化学Analytical chemistry 动物生态学Animal ecology动物遗传学Animal genetics 畜牧学Animal husbandry动物生理学Animal physiology 建筑学Architecture大气物理学Atmospheric physics 细菌学Bacteriology生物化学Biochemistry 生物气候学Bioclimatology生物地球化学Biogeochemistry 生物学Biology植物学Botany 心脏病学Cardiology制图学Cartography 化学工程Chemical engineering化学海洋学Chemical oceanography 土木工程Civil engineering气候学Climatology 细胞学Cytology电气工程Electrical engineering 内分泌学Endocrinology流行病学Epidemiology 河口生物学Estuarine biology河口海洋学Estuarine oceanography 食品科学Food science林学Forestry 淡水生物学Freshwater biology遗传工程学Genetic engineering 遗传学Genetics地质学Geology 地貌学Geomorphology地球物理学Geophysics 工艺地质学Geotechnology冰川学Glaciology 血液学Haematology园艺学Horticulture 人体生物学Human biology人体生理学Human physiology 水文地理学Hydrography水文学Hydrology 溶液培养学Hydroponics免疫学Immunology 无机化学Inorganic chemistry湖沼学，淡水生物学Limnology 海洋生物学Marine biology船舶工程Marine engineering 海洋地质学Marine geology材料科学Materials science 机械工程学Mechanical engineering 气象学Meteorology 微生物学Microbiology微气候学Microclimatology 采矿工程Mining engineering。

地理英语词汇大全

地理英语词汇大全地理英语是学习地理学的一门重要内容，其中包含了大量的地理词汇。

本文将为您提供一份地理英语词汇大全，包括自然地理、人文地理以及地理工具和技术的词汇。

希望这个地理英语词汇大全对您学习和理解地理学有所帮助。

一、自然地理词汇1. 地球（Earth）2. 大陆（continent）3. 海洋（ocean）4. 山脉（mountain range）5. 河流（river）6. 湖泊（lake）7. 湿地（wetland）8. 沙漠（desert）9. 森林（forest）10. 草原（grassland）11. 冰川（glacier）12. 岛屿（island）13. 半岛（peninsula）14. 海峡（strait）15. 瀑布（waterfall）16. 火山（volcano）17. 地震（earthquake）18. 气候（climate）19. 天气（weather）20. 水循环（water cycle）二、人文地理词汇1. 国家（country）2. 首都（capital）3. 城市（city）4. 人口（population）5. 民族（ethnicity）6. 文化（culture）7. 经济（economy）8. 政府（government）9. 历史（history）10. 旅游（tourism）11. 建筑（architecture）12. 交通（transportation）13. 教育（education）14. 语言（language）15. 风俗（custom）16. 宗教（religion）17. 市场（market）18. 商业（business）19. 社会（society）20. 城市化（urbanization）三、地理工具和技术词汇1. 地图（map）2. 高程图（topographic map）3. 气象图（weather map）4. 卫星图像（satellite image）5. 三维模型（3D model）6. 地理信息系统（Geographic Information System，GIS）7. 遥感（remote sensing）8. 地层（geological stratum）9. 地质勘探（geological exploration）10. 测量（surveying）11. 定位（positioning）12. GPS导航（GPS navigation）13. 地理坐标（geographic coordinates）14. 地理统计（geographic statistics）15. 水文测量（hydrological measurement）16. 地质灾害（geological hazard）17. 地形分析（terrain analysis）18. 空间数据（spatial data）19. 环境监测（environmental monitoring）20. 城市规划（urban planning）以上是地理英语词汇的大致分类及部分常用词汇，通过掌握这些词汇，您将能更好地理解和应用地理学的知识。

自然地理词汇

［现代自然地理学］词汇表A岸礁（fringing reef）又称“裾礁”。

一种与海岸相连、宽度不等的珊瑚礁平台。

珊瑚向上生长以低潮位为准，故其表面大致与低潮潮位高度相当，外缘向海洋方向倾斜。

我国台湾恒春半岛、海南岛东岸都有分布，最阔处可达千米。

［10］返回B半岛（peninsula）伸入海洋或湖泊中的陆地，三面环水，一面同陆地相连。

如我国的辽东半岛、山东半岛、雷州半岛等［10］饱和带（saturation zone）地下自由水面以下被水充满的地带。

由于自由水面以下的岩石处于大于大气压条件下，岩石的空隙几乎被水充满。

储存在饱和带第一无压含水层中的潜水，以及充满两相对隔水层之间的承压水，是地下水资源的重要组成部分。

［14］堡礁（barrier reef）又称“离岸礁”。

有泻湖同陆地隔开的珊瑚礁。

成堤状，而多数成不连续的岛状，围绕着海岸延伸，距海岸十数千米至二百千米不等。

最长的如澳大利亚东海岸的大堡礁，延伸达2000千米以上。

［10］暴雨径流（storm flow）由暴雨产生的水流。

包括坡面流和河槽流。

因历时短而强度大，故陆地水文学研究中比较核心的问题。

古算其大小的标准一般用重现期或频率概念，如百年一遇，千年一遇。

［12］雹灾（hail damage）雹是发展得特别旺盛的积雨云的产物。

直径往往大于5毫米。

由于从几千米的高空降落，冲击力极大，往往会损坏房屋庄稼人畜造成灾害。

［12］北半球（northern hemisphere）赤道以北，夏至日（6月22日）白昼最长，冬至日（12月22日）白昼最短的半个地球。

［15］北回归线（Tropic of Cancer）太阳光线在地球上的直射点在一年内可能达到的最北点所在的纬线。

［11］，［12］北极（North Pole）轴北端与北半球表面的交点。

［11］，［12］辫状河（braided stream）河流纵横交错，形似鱼网的水系。

常出现在土质疏松的河漫滩和河流三角洲上。

地理学英语词汇大全地理学专业英语词汇

地理学英语词汇大全地理学专业英语词汇Geography is a fascinating field that involves the study of the Earth's physical features, climate patterns, and the interaction between humans and the environment. As with any subject, learning the vocabulary specific to geography is essential for effective communication and understanding. In this article, we will provide a comprehensive list of English vocabulary words commonly used in geography studies. This compilation aims to assist geography students, researchers, and enthusiasts in expanding their knowledge and fluency in the subject.1. Physical Geography Terms:1.1 Landforms: mountains, plains, plateaus, hills, valleys, canyons, ridges, etc.1.2 Water Bodies: oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, streams, ponds, waterfalls, etc.1.3 Climate: tropical, arid, temperate, polar, humid, continental, monsoon, etc.1.4 Weather: precipitation, humidity, temperature, wind speed, atmospheric pressure, etc.1.5 Ecosystems: forests, deserts, grasslands, wetlands, tundra, coral reefs, etc.1.6 Natural Disasters: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, hurricanes, tornadoes, floods, etc.2. Human Geography Terms:2.1 Population: demographics, birth rate, death rate, population density, population growth, migration, etc.2.2 Urbanization: cities, urban areas, urban planning, urban expansion, slums, skyscrapers, etc.2.3 Transportation: roads, highways, railways, airports, ports, bridges, tunnels, public transportation, etc.2.4 Agriculture: farming, crop cultivation, livestock rearing, irrigation, agribusiness, sustainable agriculture, etc.2.5 Economic Systems: capitalism, socialism, market economy, planned economy, globalization, trade, etc.2.6 Cultural Geography: language, religion, traditions, customs, folklore, national identity, ethnicity, etc.3. Geographical Tools and Techniques:3.1 Maps: topographic maps, thematic maps, political maps, physical maps, cartography, map scale, symbols, etc.3.2 Remote Sensing: satellite imagery, aerial photography, GIS (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System), etc.3.3 Fieldwork: surveys, observations, sampling, data collection, experiments, analysis, etc.3.4 Geographic Information: coordinates, latitude, longitude, elevation, GIS data layers, geospatial analysis, etc.3.5 Land Surveying: land measurement, boundary determination, survey instruments, geodetic surveying, etc.3.6 Computer Applications: geospatial software, data visualization, modeling, remote sensing software, etc.4. Environmental Geography Terms:4.1 Pollution: air pollution, water pollution, soil contamination, noise pollution, waste management, recycling, etc.4.2 Climate Change: greenhouse effect, global warming, carbon footprint, renewable energy, climate adaptation, mitigation, etc.4.3 Conservation: biodiversity, endangered species, habitat preservation, national parks, sustainable development, etc.4.4 Natural Resources: minerals, fossil fuels, renewable resources, water resources, forestry, sustainable use, etc.4.5 Environmental Impact: deforestation, desertification, soil erosion, land degradation, pollution control, conservation strategies, etc.4.6 Sustainability: environmental stewardship, eco-friendly practices, sustainable lifestyles, green technologies, circular economy, etc.5. Geopolitical and International Relations Terms:5.1 Borders: international borders, geopolitical boundaries, border disputes, border control, immigration, etc.5.2 Global Organizations: United Nations (UN), World Bank, International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), etc.5.3 Geopolitical Concepts: geopolitics, superpowers, regional integration, imperialism, colonialism, nation-state, etc.5.4 Global Issues: globalization, inequality, poverty, human rights, peacekeeping, conflict, diplomacy, international cooperation, etc.5.5 Development: developed countries, developing countries, sustainable development goals (SDGs), economic indicators, etc.5.6 Migration: immigration, emigration, refugees, asylum seekers, push factors, pull factors, brain drain, etc.Please note that this list of geography vocabulary words is not exhaustive but provides a broad overview of the most commonly used terms in the field. Remember to continuously expand your understanding of geographical concepts and their associated vocabulary through readings, research, and practical applications.。

地理学英语词汇大全了解地理学研究的地理现象和地貌特征的英文表达

地理学英语词汇大全了解地理学研究的地理现象和地貌特征的英文表达Introduction:In the world of geography, studying geographical phenomena and landforms is crucial. To assist in this endeavor, a comprehensive knowledge of English vocabulary related to geography is essential. This article aims to provide a comprehensive list of English terms commonly used in geography to understand and communicate various geographical phenomena and landform features.1. Physical Geography:Physical geography involves the study of natural features and processes on the Earth's surface. Here are some English terms related to physical geography:1.1 Atmosphere:- Air pressure: the force exerted by the weight of the air- Climate: the long-term atmospheric conditions of a specific region- Precipitation: any form of water that falls from the atmosphere to the Earth's surface (e.g., rain, snow)1.2 Hydrosphere:- Ocean: a large body of saltwater covering a significant portion of the Earth's surface- Lake: a large body of freshwater surrounded by land- River: a natural flowing watercourse that drains into a larger body of water1.3 Lithosphere:- Mountain: a large natural elevation of the Earth's surface, typically with steep sides and a defined peak- Plateau: a flat elevated area characterized by a relatively level surface- Desert: a barren area with little to no vegetation due to low precipitation2. Human Geography:Human geography focuses on the study of human activities and their impact on the Earth's surface. Some English terms related to human geography are as follows:2.1 Population:- Demographics: statistical data relating to the population- Urbanization: the process of population shift from rural to urban areas- Migration: the movement of people from one place to another with the intention of permanent settlement2.2 Settlements:- City: a large and highly populated urban area- Town: an urban area larger than a village but smaller than a city- Village: a small community in a rural area2.3 Cultural Geography:- Language: a system of communication used by a particular community or country- Religion: a set of beliefs and practices followed by a group of people- Customs: traditional practices or habits of a particular cultural or social group3. Geographical Phenomena:Understanding and describing geographical phenomena is essential in geography. Here are some English terms related to common geographical phenomena:3.1 Erosion:- Weathering: the breaking down of rocks and minerals on the Earth's surface- Deposition: the process of sediment settling on the Earth's surface or other solid objects- Erosion: the removal and transport of weathered materials by wind, water, or ice3.2 Volcanoes:- Volcano: a mountain or hill with a vent or crater through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor, and gas are or have been erupted- Magma: molten rock beneath the Earth's surface- Lava: molten rock on the Earth's surface3.3 Earthquakes:- Earthquake: a sudden and violent shaking of the ground caused by the movement of tectonic plates- Seismic waves: waves of energy that travel through the Earth during an earthquake- Epicenter: the point on the Earth's surface directly above the focus of an earthquakeConclusion:Having a solid understanding of the English vocabulary used in geography is crucial for effectively studying geographical phenomena and communication within the field. This comprehensive list of terms related to physical geography, human geography, and geographical phenomena serves as a valuable resource for those wishing to expand their knowledge in this area. Whether it is discussing atmospheric conditions or describing landforms, the use of precise English vocabulary aids in clear communication within the field of geography.。

(完整版)地理专业英语词汇

高地
丘陵
geomorphology
landform
geomorphochronology
geomorphogenesis, landform genesis
landform forming process
climatic geomorphology
dynamic geomorphology
geomorphometry
applied geography
metageography
physiography
chorography
paleogeogpraphy
geographical system
geographical environment
地理因子
地理过程
地理分布
地理界线
地理综合
地理考察
综合考察
区域分析
区域分异
生存空间
regional analysis
regional differentiation
living space
life-carrying capacity
environmental determinism
catastrophe theory
earth
earth surface
地球表层
地理系统
地理圈
景观圈
ubac, shady slope
Massenerhebungseffekt(德）,
integrated physicogeographical
regionalization
nival belt
subnival belt
alpine
subalpine
mountains

地理英语名词汇总

地理英语名词汇总地理是研究地球的各种现象、规律和特征的学科。

在地理学中，有许多重要的英语名词术语。

下面将详细介绍一些常用的地理英语名词，以帮助读者更好地了解地理学术语。

1. Earth（地球）The third planet from the Sun, also known as the Blue Planet.2. Geology（地质学）The study of the solid Earth, including rocks, minerals, and the processesthat shape its surface.3. Geography（地理学）The study of the Earth's physical features, climate, vegetation, and human populations.4. Topography（地形学）The physical features of a region or area, including its elevation, slope, and relief.5. Continent（大陆）One of the seven major land masses on Earth, including Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia.6. Ocean（海洋）A large body of saltwater that covers 71% of the Earth's surface, including the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Southern, and Arctic oceans.7. Sea（海）A large body of saltwater that is partially enclosed by land, smaller than an ocean.8. River（河流）A large natural stream of water that flows into another body of water, such as a lake, sea, or ocean.9. Lake（湖泊）A large body of water that is surrounded by land.10. Mountain（山）A large landform that rises steeply above the surrounding land, typically with a peak or summit.11. Hill（小山）A rounded, elevated landform that is lower than a mountain.12. Valley（山谷）A low area of land between hills or mountains, often with a river flowing through it.13. Plain（平原）A large, flat area of land with few or no trees.14. Plateau（高原）A flat, elevated area of land that is higher than the surrounding land.15. Desert（沙漠）A barren and dry region with little or no vegetation, often characterized by high temperatures and low rainfall.16. Tundra（冻土带）A cold and treeless biome found in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, characterized by low temperatures and permanently frozen ground.17. Rainforest（热带雨林）A dense forest with high levels of rainfall, typically found in tropical regions.18. Climate（气候）The long-term average weather conditions of a region, including temperature, precipitation, and wind patterns.19. Weather（天气）The current state of the atmosphere, including temperature, humidity, precipitation, and wind.20. Erosion（侵蚀）The process by which rocks and soil are moved from one place to another by natural forces, such as water, wind, or glaciation.21. Volcano（火山）A mountain or hill with a vent or crater through which lava, rock fragments, hot gases, and ash are expelled during an eruption.22. Earthquake（地震）A sudden and violent shaking of the ground, often caused by the movement of tectonic plates.23. Tsunami（海啸）A series of ocean waves caused by an underwater earthquake, volcanic eruption, or landslide.24. Glacier（冰川）A large mass of ice that moves slowly over land, usually formed in high mountainous regions.25. Wetland（湿地）An area of land that is saturated with water, such as a swamp, marsh, or bog.26. Biodiversity（生物多样性）The variety of plant and animal species within a given ecosystem or region.27. Ecosystem（生态系统）A community of living organisms that interact with each other and their environment.28. Deforestation（森林砍伐）The clearing or removal of trees from a forested area.29. Pollution（污染）The introduction of harmful substances or pollutants into the environment, causing damage to ecosystems and human health.30. Sustainability（可持续性）The ability to maintain or use resources in a way that does not deplete or harm the environment for future generations.以上是一些常用的地理英语名词，涵盖了地球的各个方面，包括地形、气候、动植物等。

现代自然地理学词汇表

［现代自然地理学］词汇表A岸礁（fringing reef）又称“裾礁”。

一种与海岸相连、宽度不等的珊瑚礁平台。

珊瑚向上生长以低潮位为准，故其表面大致与低潮潮位高度相当，外缘向海洋方向倾斜。

我国台湾恒春半岛、海南岛东岸都有分布，最阔处可达千米。

［10］返回B半岛（peninsula）伸入海洋或湖泊中的陆地，三面环水，一面同陆地相连。

如我国的辽东半岛、山东半岛、雷州半岛等［10］饱和带（saturation zone）地下自由水面以下被水充满的地带。

由于自由水面以下的岩石处于大于大气压条件下，岩石的空隙几乎被水充满。

储存在饱和带第一无压含水层中的潜水，以及充满两相对隔水层之间的承压水，是地下水资源的重要组成部分。

［14］堡礁（barrier reef）又称“离岸礁”。

有泻湖同陆地隔开的珊瑚礁。

成堤状，而多数成不连续的岛状，围绕着海岸延伸，距海岸十数千米至二百千米不等。

最长的如澳大利亚东海岸的大堡礁，延伸达2000千米以上。

［10］暴雨径流（storm flow）由暴雨产生的水流。

包括坡面流和河槽流。

因历时短而强度大，故陆地水文学研究中比较核心的问题。

古算其大小的标准一般用重现期或频率概念，如百年一遇，千年一遇。

［12］雹灾（hail damage）雹是发展得特别旺盛的积雨云的产物。

直径往往大于5毫米。

由于从几千米的高空降落，冲击力极大，往往会损坏房屋庄稼人畜造成灾害。

［12］北半球（northern hemisphere）赤道以北，夏至日（6月22日）白昼最长，冬至日（12月22日）白昼最短的半个地球。

［15］北回归线（Tropic of Cancer）太阳光线在地球上的直射点在一年内可能达到的最北点所在的纬线。

［11］，［12］北极（North Pole）轴北端与北半球表面的交点。

［11］，［12］辫状河（braided stream）河流纵横交错，形似鱼网的水系。

常出现在土质疏松的河漫滩和河流三角洲上。

地理专业常用词汇.docx

physical geography 自然地理economic geography 经济地理geology地理学oceanography 海洋学meteorology 气象学hydroaraphy 水文学vegetation 植被relief地形，地貌climate 气候Earth地球，大地open system开放系统opportunity cost 机会成本optimal choice 最佳选择optimal location 最优区位optimum condition最适宜情况；最佳条件optimum population 适度人口outlying business district 外围商业发展区out-migration向夕卜迁移output⑴产出;(2)产量overcrowding过度拥挤over-cultivation 过度耕作overgrazing 过度放牧overpopulation人口过多；人口过剩perceived environment 感观环境physical feature 自然特征physiographic factor地文因素；自然地理因素physiographic factor地文因素；自然地理因素pollution 污染polycentric 多中心population agglomeration 人口集聚population boom 人口激增population composition人口构成；人口组成；人口组合population concentration 人口集中population density (1)人口密度,(2)种群密度population dispersion K口分散population distribution 人口分布population explosion 人口爆炸population growth 人口增长population migration 人丨丨迁移population movement 人口流动；人口移动population policy 人口政策population pressure 人口压丿J population projection 人口预测；人口推计population pyramid 人口金字塔population size人口总数；人口规模population structure 人口结申勾positive correlation 正相关positive feedback 正反馈positive relationship 正关系；正相关primate city首市；首位城市process作用；过程processing industry 力n工业productivity 生产力recycling再循环regional map区域地图regional planning 区域规划regional primacy地区性首市现象regional shopping center 区域购物中心regional variation IX域差异residential land use 住宅用地reproductive age 生育年龄retailing 零售revenue 收益rural area农村；乡村；郊区rural settlement 农村聚落rural urbanization 农村城市化rural-urban (urban-rural) continuum 城乡连续帯rural-urban migration农村城市迁移；乡城迁移sample population 抽样人口service center 服务中心service industry服务性行业sex ratio性别比率sex structure 性别结构social benefit社会利益；社会收益social cost社会成木spatial distribution 空间分布spatial interaction空间相互作用spatial organization 空间组织spatial pattern 空间形态spatial process 空间过程spatial structure 空间结构spatial transformation 空间转变Special Economic Zone 经济特区suburban zone近郊地带；市郊地带suburbanization 近郊化;市郊化tertiary industry第三产业；三级产业tourism旅游业townscape城镇景观traffic congestion 交通挤塞traffic facilities 交通设施transitional zone过渡区；过渡带urban blight城市萎缩urban decay城市衰落urban ecological process城市生境过程；城市生态过程urban fringe城市边缘urban function城市功能；城市职能urban land use城市土地利用urban morphology 城市形态urban planning 城市规划urban problem城市问题urban region 城市区域urban renewal 市区重建urban settlement 城市聚落urban system城市系统；城市体系urbanism城市生活方式urbanization城市化；城镇化urbanized area城市化地区urban-rural (l-ural-urban)continuum 城乡连续带environmental capacity 环境容暈envir on mental conservation 环境保护environmental impact 环境影响environmental planning 环境规则environmental resources 环境资源external migration国外迁移；境外迁移factor of location区位因素；布局因素factor of production 生产因素financial center 金融中心gross domestic product (GDP)国内生产总值；本地生产总值gross national product (GNP)国民生产总值gross national product (GNP) per capita 人均国民生产总值heat island 热岛industrial base 工业基地industrial land use 工业土地利用industrial location 丄业区位industrialization 工业化in-migration国内人口迁移；向内人口迁移inner city decay 内城衰落land pollution陆地污染；土地污染land use 土地利用land value 地价land use type 土地利用类型locational analysis 区位分析locational factor 区位因素man-land relationship 人地关系megalopolis大城市群区；巨大城市带；巨大都会带age structure年龄结构age-sex pyramid年龄性别金字塔aging of population 人口老化biogeography生物地理学centrality 中心性commercial center 商业中心commercial zone 商业区commercialization 商业化urban ecological system 城市生态系统。

(完整版)自然地理学专业英语重点词汇

ecotope
ecosite
natural resources
renewable resources
nonrenewable resources
hazard geography
natural hazard
03地貌学
地貌学
地貌
地貌年代学
地貌成因
地貌形成作用
气候地貌学
动力地貌学
地貌量计学
人工地貌
平原
低地
页状剥落
块状崩落
结壳作用
块状崩落
结壳作用
盐屑堆
盐屑锥
orthoeluvial weathered crust
clastic weathered crust
siallite-clay weathered crust
siallite-carbonate weathered crust
siallite-chloride-sulphate wea-thered crust
ubac, shady slope
Massenerhebungseffekt(德）,
integrated physicogeographical
regionalization
nival belt
subnival belt
alpine
subalpine
mountains
荒漠
荒漠化
沙漠
岩漠
砾漠
泥漠
盐漠
戈壁
岩石圈
水圈
大气圈
土壤圈
生物圈
地圈
智能圈
技术圈
北半球
南半球
地球体
epigeosphere
geosystem
geographical sphere