2011中科院南海海洋研究所微生物考博真题
2011年中国科学院水生生物研究所生物化学考研真题【圣才出品】
2011年中国科学院水生生物研究所生物化学考研真题一、名词解释（共30分，每小题3分）1．延伸肽（extension peptides）2．细胞骨架（cytoskeleton）3．尿酸（uric acid）4．端粒酶（telomerase）5．环形构象（loop conformation）6．自身互补（self-complementary）7．渗透裂解（osmotic lysis）8．氨基肽酶（aminopeptidases）9．辅酶（coenzyme）10．辅基（prosthetic group）二、选择（共20分，每题1分，请选最佳答案）1．测酶活性可不必考虑a．温度b．pHc．底物不充分d．底物浓度2．不可逆抑制指抑制剂a．与酶不可逆结合b．与酶任意部位的氨基酸结合c．形成共价键d．使酶暂时失活3．反馈调节可a．产生多个中间体b．发生在代谢过程中的多个阶段c．限制代谢物d．发生在代谢途径后期4．膜脂质a．不溶于有机溶剂b．是膜的成分c．非燃料分子d．不能储存能量5．有吞噬作用的细胞是a．成纤维细胞b．嗜中性粒细胞c．上皮细胞d．红细胞6．细菌DNAa．是单链DNAb．位于核内c．与糖蛋白形成复合物d．结合在一个蛋白支架上7．在真核细胞中a．染色体复制发生在G1期b．染色体线性DNA分子复制起始于一个位点c．复制单向进行d．半保留复制8．如下编码氨基酸的密码是a．UAGb．UGAc．UAAd．AUG9．可终止DNA链合成的核苷酸类似物是a．dATPb．dCTPc．ddGTP d．dTTP10．糖异生作用a．合成乳糖b．存在于肠道中c．对保持血糖水平重要d．由碳水化合物前体合成11．使糖原降解的酶a．糖原磷酸化酶b．葡萄糖变位酶c．糖原合酶d．分支酶12．多数脂肪酸a．有奇数碳原子b．含支链c．链长25个碳原子以上d．含一个终端羧基13．三酰甘油a．存在于各种细胞中b．溶于水c．不作为能量储存物d．主要膳食脂肪14．可使细胞内cAMP水平降低的是a．胰高血糖b．肾上腺素c．去甲肾上腺素d．胰岛15．胆汁盐（胆质酸）a．是胆固醇的主要储存形式b．形成于胆囊中c．分泌到肠中d．对膳食中脂质消化不利16．如下叙述正确的是a．维生素D源于胆固醇b．缺乏胆固醇会造成儿童佝偻病c．缺乏胆固醇会造成成人软骨病d．细胞膜中不含胆固醇17．脂蛋白a．线性结构b．具有亲水性c．功能是三酰甘油等的体内运输d．不利于脂质溶解18．高密度脂蛋白a．在肠道中合成b．经胞吞作用被肝脏吸收c．不能运输胆固醇d．与其他脂蛋白无关19．关于固氮a．只要有固氮酶就可实现生物固氮b．多种微生物能够固氮c．具有固氮能力的微生物并非都是原核微生物d．将大气中的氮转化成氨称为固氮20．转氨酶催化的反应a．是需能反应b．需输入代谢能。
微生物细胞中的聚磷酸及研究方法
微生物细胞中的聚磷酸及研究方法杨瑞恒;姚青;郭俊;龙良鲲;朱红惠【摘要】Polyphosphate, linked by "high-energy" phosphoanhydride bonds, is a linear polymer and presents in all organisms.Polyphosphate plays important roles in many metabolism processes. However, the lack of specific methods hinders the researches in the metabolism and functioning of polyphosphate. In this paper, the literature in this field was reviewed with main focus on the polyphosphate in microorganisms, including the key enzymes in biosnynthesize and decompose metabolisms-PPK, PPX, PPN, Polyp: AMP transferase; the functions, the regulation and hypothetical model of polyphosphate functioning on gene expression under stress conditions; and industrial application. The techniques in the research of polyphosphate, from separation and extraction, localization and quantitative analysis of polyphosphate were emphasized.%聚磷酸是一种由多个磷酸基通过高能磷酸键连接而成的线性聚合分子,存在于所有生物体中,具有重要的生理功能.由于缺少特异的研究方法,为聚磷酸代谢和生理功能的研究带来很大的困难.对迄今为止的相关文献进行了综述,主要介绍微生物细胞内的聚磷酸.其中包括参与生物合成和降解过程的几种重要的酶、聚磷酸生物学功能、胁迫作用下调节聚磷酸以及聚磷酸对基因表达的调控模型和工业应用;还从分离技术、定位技术、定量分析技术3个方面重点概述了聚磷酸的研究方法.【期刊名称】《生物学杂志》【年(卷),期】2011(028)002【总页数】6页(P90-94,100)【关键词】聚磷酸;生理功能及工业应用;分离提取;细胞定位;定量分析【作者】杨瑞恒;姚青;郭俊;龙良鲲;朱红惠【作者单位】广东省微生物研究所,广东省微生物研究所菌种保藏与应用重点实验室广东省微生物应用新技术公共实验室,广州510070;中国科学院南海海洋研究所,广州510301;中国科学院研究生院,北京100049;华南农业大学园艺学院,广州510642;中国科学院南海海洋研究所,广州510301;中国科学院南海海洋研究所,广州510301;中国科学院南海海洋研究所,广州510301【正文语种】中文【中图分类】Q93Abstract:Polyphosphate,linked by“high-energy”phosphoanhydride bonds,is a linear polymer and presents in all organisms.Polyphosphate plays i mportant roles inmanymetabolism processes.However,the lack of specificmethods hinders the researches in the metabolism and functioning of polyphosphate.In this paper,the literature in this field was reviewed with main focus on the polyphosphate in microorganis ms,including the key enzymes in biosnynthesize and decompose metabolisms-PPK,PPX,PPN,Polyp:AMP transferase;the functions,the regulation and hypothetical model of polyphosphate functioning on gene expression under stress conditions;and industrial application.The techniques in the research of polyphosphate,from separation and extraction,localization and quantitative analysis of polyphosphate were emphasized.Keywords:polyphosphate;biological functions and industrial application;separation and extraction;cell localization;quantification analysis聚磷酸 (Polyphosphate,Polyp)是一种线性的聚合分子,由多个磷酸基团通过高能磷酸键连接而成,普遍存在于生物体中[1]。
微生物考博试题及答案
微生物考博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 微生物学是研究下列哪类生物的科学？A. 植物B. 动物C. 微生物D. 病毒答案：C2. 以下哪种微生物是原核生物？A. 酵母菌B. 霉菌C. 细菌D. 原生动物答案：C3. 微生物的分类依据不包括以下哪项？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：D4. 微生物的培养基中通常不包含以下哪种成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：D5. 以下哪种微生物是厌氧性微生物？A. 大肠杆菌B. 酵母菌C. 乳酸菌D. 金黄色葡萄球菌答案：C6. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪种是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C7. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于哪个部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A8. 以下哪种微生物是病毒？A. 噬菌体B. 酵母菌C. 霉菌D. 细菌答案：A9. 微生物的分类中，以下哪种分类单位最大？A. 种B. 属C. 科D. 门答案：D10. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪种条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：C二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 微生物的分类依据包括以下哪些？A. 形态特征B. 生理特性C. 遗传信息D. 地理分布答案：A, B, C12. 微生物的培养基中通常包含以下哪些成分？A. 碳源B. 氮源C. 无机盐D. 空气答案：A, B, C13. 微生物的代谢类型中，以下哪些是异养微生物的代谢方式？A. 光合作用B. 化学合成C. 异化作用D. 同化作用答案：C, D14. 微生物的遗传物质主要存在于以下哪些部位？A. 细胞核B. 线粒体C. 核糖体D. 质粒答案：A, D15. 微生物的培养过程中，以下哪些条件是必需的？A. 光照B. 氧气C. 温度D. 湿度答案：B, C16. 微生物是指那些肉眼不可见的微小生物，包括______、______、______和病毒等。
2011年中国科学院研究生院851微生物学考研真题(回忆版)(不完整)【圣才出品】
2011年中国科学院研究生院851微生物学考研真题（回忆版）（不完整）一、名词解释（40分）1．肽聚糖和脂多糖2．菌核和子实体3．SSUrRNA和LSUrRNA4．基因突变和饰变5．接合作用和遗传转化6．生长曲线和比生长速率7．生物降解和生物修复8．T细胞核B细胞9．抗原和抗体10．内毒素和外毒素二、匹配题（20分）（一）1．假单胞菌a．革兰氏阳性菌2．甲烷杆菌b．革兰氏阴性菌3．乳酸杆菌c．广古菌4．子囊菌d．泉古菌5．链霉菌e．真菌（二）1．Ames2．Newcombe 涂布试验b．证明DNA 是遗传物质3．经典转化试验c．证明RNA可以作为遗传物质4．植物病毒重建试验d．证明细菌突变检测致癌物质5．Lederberg和Taturm 杂交试验e．抗性突变是可以自发产生的（三）1．TCA 循环a．次级代谢产物2．逆向TCA 循环b．柠檬酸合（成）酶3．卵孢子c．柠檬酸裂解酶4．子囊孢子d．水酶5．卡那霉素e．酵母（四）1．TMV a．细菌dsDNA病毒2．腺病毒b．动物dsRNA 病毒3．噬菌体c．植物ssRNA 病毒4．HIV d．动物ssRNA 病毒5．呼肠腺病毒e．动物dsDNA 病毒三、填空题（30分）不记得了四、问答题（30分）1．简述常用于获得微生物纯培养的5种分离技术。
2．简述ppGpp在转录和翻译调控中所起的作用。
3．简要说明细菌乳酸发酵类型及每种类型的代谢类型。
五、实验设计（20分）1．设计实验快速分析某农田土壤中优势细菌种类。
2．一种新型病毒感染严重威胁人类健康，请设计2～3种病毒疫苗。
中科院生物物理所2011-2016年生物化学考博真题
目录2011生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (2)2012生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (3)2013生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (4)2014生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (5)2015生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (6)2016生物物理所秋季入学考博真题 (7)简答题：10分/题1.生物膜的基本成分，每种成分又分为哪几类？2.信号肽的含义，作用？以及整么起作用的？3.体外蛋白质的相互作用方法有哪些，举出3例说明其原理？4.现代结构生物学中三种最重要的研究方法是什么？个有什么优缺点？5.一个嗜热菌中的一个蛋白的最适温度为65度，等电点5作用，ph小于5时易沉淀，分子量为30kd，有histag，已在大肠杆菌里过表达，设计实验得到纯度高且单分散的蛋白质。
6.染色质的基本成分是什么，核小体怎样组装成染色体的？论述题1.给出一段204bp的目的片段，标出了所有的酶切位点，另有一个图为pet15b的多克隆位点图，以及酶切位点，让你把这段基因克隆到pet15b载体，并到有表达的设计和详细过程（引物设计，PCR，酶切，链接，转化，诱导表达等等过程）（20分）2.2、给出一个3肽，让你标出其中的肽键，肽平面，二面角？a螺旋和b折叠的结构特点？给出一个拉氏构象图，让你标出a螺旋和b折叠的分布位置？（20分）简答题1.四种蛋白质相互作用的方法及原理2.RNA编辑及其生物学意义3.蛋白纯化方法和原理4.表观遗传学及其生物学意义5.双链DNA断裂的修复方式6.蛋白质的共价修饰及功能论述题1.重组蛋白表达系统及其优缺点（真核及原核）2.转录因子与启动子结合区域的判定简答题1.指出下列氨基酸中哪些是疏水氨基酸，哪些是极性碱性氨基酸、哪些是必须氨基酸、哪些是可磷酸化的氨基酸？2.染色质的结构单位是什么？它是如何组装成染色质的？3.原核表达系统和真核表达系统的优缺点是什么？4.简述GPCR（G蛋白偶联受体）的结构和研究意义？5.什么是简并密码子、错义突变、无义突变？6.蛋白质前体的加工修饰的方式有哪些？论述题1.给出两个蛋白A和蛋白B的基因序列，（1）将蛋白A基因的一段序列去除的方法。
中科院海洋所博士笔试
中科院海洋所博士笔试英文回答：The research topic for my doctoral dissertation is the development of a novel optical imaging system for the non-invasive detection of early-stage neurodegenerative diseases. This system will utilize advanced optical techniques, such as multiphoton microscopy and optical coherence tomography, to image the morphological and functional changes in the brain that are associated with the onset of neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of this research is to develop a diagnostic tool that can be used to identify and monitor these diseases at an early stage, when treatment is most effective.My research will focus on the development of newoptical imaging techniques that can provide high-resolution images of the brain. These techniques will be used to image the microstructural and functional changes that occur in the brain during the early stages of neurodegenerativediseases. I will also develop image processing and analysis algorithms to extract quantitative information from the images that can be used to diagnose and monitor these diseases.The development of a non-invasive optical imagingsystem for the early detection of neurodegenerativediseases has the potential to revolutionize the way these diseases are diagnosed and treated. This system could provide a much earlier and more accurate diagnosis of these diseases, which could lead to more effective treatment and improved patient outcomes.中文回答：我的博士论文研究课题是开发一种用于无创检测早期神经退行性疾病的新型光学成像系统。
中科院博士考试样卷附答案
中国科学院研究生院英语B考试大纲笔试部分笔试部分由试卷一和试卷二构成。
试卷一包括：听力、英语知识运用与阅读理解两部分。
试卷二为书面表达部分。
时间总长共150分钟，满分100分。
试卷一（75分）第一部分：听力（20分）本部分考查考生理解英语口语、获取特定信息以及简要笔记的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的10段对话，从每题所给的4个选项中找出最佳答案。
每题有12-15秒答题时间。
每段对话的录音只播放一遍。
B节：共10题，每题1分。
要求考生根据所听到的3篇对话或独白简要回答10道有关该对话或独白的问题。
问题在试卷中印出但不在录音中读出。
录音材料只播放一遍。
本部分大约需要25分钟。
第二部分：英语知识运用与阅读理解（55分）本部分考查考生对用于一定语境中的词汇、表达方式和结构的掌握和理解书面英语的能力，由A、B和C三节组成。
A节：共15题，每题1分。
在1篇约300词的短文中留出15个空白，要求考生从短文后提供的30个词或表达式中选出最佳选项，使补足后的短文意义通顺，前后连贯，结构完整。
其中有11-12道题考查词汇和表达方式，3-4道题考查语法和语篇结构。
本节大约需要20分钟。
B节：共20题，每题1.5分，共30分。
考查考生理解总体和特定信息、猜词悟义、推断作者态度和意图的能力。
要求考生根据所提供的4篇文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，从每题所给的4个选择项中选出最佳选项。
本节大约需要35分钟。
C节：共10题，每题1分。
考查考生对诸如连贯性和一致性等语段特征的理解。
要求考生根据2篇留有5段空白的文章（平均每篇约400词）的内容，在每篇文后所提供的6段文字中选择能分别放进该文章中5个空白处的5段。
本节大约需要20分钟。
本部分总需时间约75分钟。
试卷二（25分）本部分考查考生英语书面表达的能力，由A、B两节组成。
A节：共1题，10分。
要求考生根据所提供的1篇长约450词的、有相当难度的文章写出1篇字数为120—150词的内容提要（约占原文的1/4-1/3）。
中科院历年考博试题免费下载
中科院历年考博试题免费下载中科院农业中心.rar.rar中科院农业中心exam-microeconomics-2001.doc.rar中科院农业中心exam-microeconomics-2001.rar.rar中科院农业中心exam-microeconomics-2002.doc.rar中科院农业中心exam-microeconomics-2002.rar.rar中科院农业中心exam-microeconomics-2003.doc.rar中科院农业中心exam-microeconomics-2003.rar.rar中科院农业中心exam-microeconomics-2004.rar中科院动物研究所2001-2005年考博专业课试题-分子遗传学.rar.rar中科院动物研究所2001-2005年考博专业课试题-普通动物学、动物生态学.rar.rar 中科院化学所03年考博题.rar中科院化学所2000-2007年考博专业课试题-高分子化学.rar.rar中科院化学所2000-2007年考博专业课试题-高分子物理.rar中科院化学所2003年高分子化学合高分子物理博士试题.rar.rar中科院化学所2003年高分子化学合高分子物理博士试题，需要的快下.rar中科院化学所2004年高分子物理考博试题 .rar中科院化学所高分子物理及化学（1999-2007）.rar中科院南京地理与湖泊所考博专业课试题.rar.rar中科院南京地理与湖泊研究所2002-2008.rar.rar中科院南京地理与湖泊研究所Exam.rar.rar中科院历年考博英语作文题目(1999-2011).rar中科院发育所06年生物化学考博试题.rar中科院和中国农科院分子遗传学试题.rar中科院完形填空分析与解答要领.rar中科院实验心理学考博真题1998-2003.rar.rar中科院微生物所2005年生物化学考博试题.rar中科院心理学基础考博真题2004-2010.rar.rar中科院心理学考博试题2001-1999及1998-2002考研试题汇编.rar.rar中科院成都有机所有机化学博士03-06试题.rar中科院数字信号处理2003春.rar中科院昆明植物所2011年药理学考博试题.rar中科院普通心理学考博真题1998-2003.rar.rar中科院材料-化学考博试题 .rar.rar中科院植物所1997-2001 年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题.rar.rar中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题(1997-1999).rar中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题(1997-2001).rar中科院植物所考博题（植物学和生态学）.rar中科院水保所土壤学（1999-2011）.rar.rar中科院水保所自然地理学.rar.rar中科院水生生物研究所1999年植物生理学考博试题.rar中科院水生生物研究所2000年植物生理学考博试题.rar中科院沉阳自动化研究所数字信号处理考博试题（2005秋季）.rar中科院沉阳自动化研究所数字信号处理考博试题（2006春季）.rar中科院海洋所考博04年遗传学试题.rar中科院海洋所考博生化试题02-04.rar中科院海洋研究所2011年普通生物考博试题.rar中科院渗流所油层物理.rar.rar中科院渗流所渗流力学试卷A.rar.rar中科院渗流所渗流力学试卷B.rar.rar中科院生态环境研究中心2009年博士入学考试生态学专业生态学试题.rar 中科院生态环境研究中心2011年环境化学考博试题.rar中科院神经生物学博士入学考试试题01-02.rar中科院考博英语08年3月份答案.rar.rar中科院考博英语1997年至2000年真题重点词汇.doc.rar中科院考博英语1997年至2000年真题重点词汇.rar.rar中科院考博英语2010年3月和10月答案.rar中科院考博英语命题特点和解题思路.rar中科院考博英语大纲.rar中科院考博英语时间安排计划.rar中科院考博英语真题1(199903-200810).rar.rar中科院考博英语真题2(199903-200810).rar.rar中科院考博英语真题2007.rar.rar中科院考博英语真题2007年3月的答案.rar.rar中科院考博英语真题3(199903-200810).rar.rar中科院考博英语答案0903.rar中科院考博英语答案0912.rar中科院考博英语语法重点总结.pps.rar中科院考博英语语法重点总结.rar.rar中科院考博词汇、阅读、翻译与写作方法.rar中科院考博面试无敌模板.rar中科院自然地理试卷答案(2002-2007).rar中科院自然科学史研究所2001年科技通史考博试题.rar中科院英语1999-2009考博真题.rar.rar中科院英语往年（1999-2004）作文题目及部分范文欣赏.rar中科院英语真题1999-2008及答案解释.rar.rar中科院认知心理学考博真题1999-2010.rar.rar中科院过程工程研究所各专业考博真题.rar.rar中科院过程所2011年冶金原理考博试题.rar中科院遗传所1996-2008生物化学试题.rar中科院遗传所1996-2008遗传学试题.rar中科院遗传所96－2005博士入学考试题目－－分子遗传学.rar.rar中科院遗传所96－2005博士入学考试题目－－生化.rar.rar中科院遥感所rs历年考题.rar中科院遥感所——RS，GIS试题2000～2002年博士研究生入学考试试题.rar 中科院金属所金属物理考博 1.rar中科院金属所金属物理考博 2.rar中科院金属所金属物理考博 3.rar中科院金属所金属物理考博 4.rar中科院金属所金属物理考博 5.rar中科院金属所金属物理考博 6.rar中科院金属所金属物理考博.rar中科院长春应化所2006年年考博专业课试题-高等有机化学.pdf.rar中科院长春应化所2006年年考博专业课试题-高等有机化学.rar.rar中科院长春应化所2007年考博专业课试题-有机化学.rar中科院长春应化所2007细胞生物学.rar中科院长春应化所2008年考博专业课试题-高等有机化学.rar中科院长春应化所2011年考博结构化学试试题.rar中科院高分子化学08年考博试题.rar中科院－数学院－分析与代数（2002）.rar.rar中科院－数学院－分析与代数（2003）.rar.rar060317中科院上海生化所考博蛋白质部分题目（回忆版）.rar2008中科院英语答案.rar.rar2008年中国科学院心理研究所心理学基础考博试题(1).rar2008年中国科学院心理研究所神经生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院心理研究所管理心理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院心理研究所认知心理学考博试题.rar 2008年中国科学院心理研究所认知神经科学考博试题.rar 2008年中国科学院研究生院医学免疫学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院发展心理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院工程心理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院心理学基础考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院心理测量学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院生理心理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院神经心理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院神经生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院管理心理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院行为决策考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院认知心理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院研究生院认知神经科学考博试题.rar 2008年中国科学院研究生院遗传学考博试题.rar2008年中科院分子生物学试题.rar2008年中科院考博英语７８分经验谈.rar2008有机化学(中科院考博).rar2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所微生物学考博试题.rar 2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所植物生理学考博试题.rar 2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所环境生物学考博试题.rar 2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所生物化学考博试题.rar 2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所遗传学考博试题.rar 2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所鱼类学考博试题.rar 2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所鱼类生态学考博试题.rar 2010中科院培训讲义.part1.rar.rar2010中科院培训讲义.part2.rar.rar2010年10月中科院考博英语真题及答案详解(pdf).rar 2010年10月中科院考博英语试题.rar2010年中国科学院北京基因组研究所生物信息学考博试题.rar 2010年中国科学院北京基因组研究所细胞生物学考博试题.rar 2010年中国科学院北京基因组研究所遗传学考博试题.rar 2010年中国科学院北京基因组研究所遗传学考博试题1.rar 2010年中科院北京基因组研究所生物信息学考博试题.rar 2010年中科院北京基因组研究所生物化学考博试题.rar 2010年中科院考博英语辅导班.rar.rar2010年中科院考博英语辅导班1.rar.rar2010年中科院考博英语辅导班2.rar.rar2010年博士生考试真题（中科院地理学专业）.rar 201103中科院成都光电所博士光学试题.rar 2011中科院微生物统考试题（回忆版）.rar 2011年3月中科院考博英语真题及答案详解.rar 2011年中科院考博英语作文.rar2012中科院化学所考博高分子化学真题.rar 2012中科院化学所考博高分子物理真题.rar 2012中科院考博英语真题及答案.rar.rar2012年中科院遗传所遗传学考博真题(回忆版).rar 2013中科院考博认知神经科学真题.rar中科院0567年专业课考题.rar中科院1998发展心理学考博真题.rar中科院2001年细胞生物学考博试题.rar中科院2001年的生物化学试题.rar中科院2002发展心理学考博真题.rar中科院2002年的生物化学试题.rar中科院2002考博英语.doc .rar.rar中科院2003年生物化学试题.rar中科院2003生化考博题.rar.rar中科院2005年3月考博真题及答案详解.rar中科院2005年物理化学试题及答案.rar中科院2005年考博试题-概率统计.rar.rar中科院2005弹性力学.rar中科院2005数值分析.rar中科院2005考博专业课试题-有机化学.pdf.rar中科院2005考博专业课试题-有机化学.rar.rar中科院2006年3月考博真题及答案详解.rar中科院2006年英语试题考博答案分析.rar中科院2006弹性力学.rar中科院2006数值分析.rar中科院2007年3月考博真题及答案详解.rar中科院2007弹性力学.rar中科院2007数值分析.rar中科院2008发展心理学考博真题.rar中科院2008年10月份考博真题（清晰版）.rar.rar中科院2008物理化学考博试卷.rar中科院2008考博专业课试题-心理学基础.pdf.rar中科院2008考博专业课试题-心理学基础.rar.rar中科院2009年3月考博英语真题.rar.rar中科院2009年秋季考博部分题目及答案.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part1.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part2.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part3.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part4.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part5.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part6.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part7.rar.rar中科院2010年3月考博英语真题.part8.rar.rar中科院2010年大连化学物理研究所考博物理化学试题.rar中科院2011年春季入学考博真题作文.rar中科院北京基因组研究所07考博基因组学.rar.rar中科院北京基因组研究所07考博生物化学.rar.rar中科院博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题（2001-2007）.rar 中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rar.rar中科院博士入学英语辅导班资料.rarnew.rar中科院博士英语往年作文题目及部分范文欣赏.rar中科院博士英语试题解析99-04.rar05年中科院山地所博士入学自然地理试题.rar07年3月中科院考博英语及答案.rar.rar07年中科院生态环境研究中心土壤学试题（回忆版试题）.rar07年中科院过程工程研究所考博专业课.rar.rar08中科院全国_生物化学_统考试卷.rar09中科院广州地化研所分析化学.rar.rar1999-2002中科院植物所考博题（植物学和生态学）.rar.rar2000年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2001~2005中科院动物生态学考博试题.rar.rar2001年中科院植物研究所植物生理试题.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.rar.rar2002年中科院考博英语试题.txt.rar2006中科院有机化学(秋).rar2006年中科院生态中心生态学专业试题.rar.rar2007中科院量子力学及答案.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第一部分0.rar2007年3月中科院博士英语试题第二部分.rar2007年中科院无机化学考研真题.rar.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所植物生理学考博试题.rar2008年中国科学院水生生物研究所环境生物学考博试题.rar【人文地理】中科院2007年博士入学考试人文地理（区域发展、经济地理）专业考试题.rar.rar【岩溶环境学】中科院2008年考博试题.rar.rar【植物生理学】中科院植物所植物生理学考博真题（2000-2001）.rar【生物化学】中科院植物所攻读博士学位研究生入学试题（1997-2001）.rar【神经生理学】中科院神经科学研究所2001年神经生理学考博试题.rar【细胞生物学】中科院2012年考博试题.rar【计算机科学与基础】中科院计算技术研究所2011年考博试题.rar【遗传学】中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年考博试题.rar（内部资料）中科院考博英语命题特点.rar.rar。
2009年,2010年和2011年中科院遗传所生物化学考博真题
2009年中国科学院遗传与发育生物研究所生物化学考博试题1. 某研究生得转基因植物，并得到了该转基因。
1.1 证明转基因至基因组？1.2 证明该基因转录成mRNA?1.3 证明该基因表达成蛋白质2. 三种蛋白质之间相互作用的方法。
3. 在细胞受到X-ray伤害是，P21基因相应P53蛋白3.1 P21基因与P53结合的最小启动子？3.2 为找到P21基因与P53结合区，证明体外能结合？3.3 在细胞内证明P53能与P21启动子结合？4. 在细胞发生凋亡时，凋亡抑制因子AAP1下调。
4.1 实验证明AAP1是否转录下降？4.2 实验证明AAP1稳定性下降？4.3 蛋白水平是否下调？若是，写出降解方法。
5. 某研究生得一cDNA，想研究其开放读码框架，问有几种读码框架？6. 激素加可刺激拟南芥生长，现有一研究生用诱变剂基因筛选的方法得到突变株x，用该激素处理不敏感，呈矮株。
6.1 有哪几种方法可克隆得到该基因？6.2 如何验证已得到正确的基因？6.3 X若编码转录因子，则说明为何突变为显性？7. 果蝇基因x编码蛋白X，蛋白X为一种重要受体家族，有研究生的缺失突变x纯合体，欲研究x在发育中的作用，但果蝇发育正常，表型正常，育性正常，试述x突变体表型、育性正常果蝇的原因，并证明其理由。
8. 通过药物诱变得到a序列，通过T载体插入得到b 和c序列。
8.1 证明a序列和b序列是同一序列，而c序列是另外的序列？8.2 系统研究受a基因编码的A蛋白正调控的X蛋白的方法1、谈谈你对缺陷血红蛋白有关疾病的致病分子机制的认识。
（15 分）2、谈谈你对蛋白质变性的认识？为什么说十二烷基磺酸钠（SDS）是蛋白质的变形剂？（15 分）3、论述糖脂代谢途径的相互关系。
（15 分）4、真核生物的基因组及基因比原核生物复杂，体现在哪几方面？（20 分）5、逆转座子的类型和意义。
（15 分）6、随着人类基因组计划的完成，单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotidepolymorphism, SNP）的筛选及检测成为核酸研究的焦点之一。
微生物博士面试题目(3篇)
第1篇1. 请简要介绍一下您的研究方向及其背景。
2. 您在博士期间，参与过哪些科研项目？请具体说明您的角色和贡献。
3. 请谈谈您在微生物领域有哪些研究兴趣，为什么选择这个领域？4. 您在研究过程中，遇到过哪些困难？如何克服这些困难？5. 请结合实际案例，谈谈微生物在生物技术、医药、环保等领域中的应用。
6. 您如何看待微生物学在当前社会发展中的地位和作用？7. 请简要介绍您在微生物遗传学、分子生物学、微生物生态学等方面的研究方法。
8. 您认为微生物学与其他学科（如化学、物理、计算机科学等）之间的交叉点有哪些？9. 请谈谈您对微生物基因组学、微生物组学等新兴领域的看法。
10. 您在研究过程中，如何保持与同行的交流与合作？11. 请谈谈您在微生物领域的研究成果，包括论文发表、专利申请等。
12. 您认为微生物学在未来的发展趋势是什么？13. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的研究目标。
14. 您如何平衡科研与生活？15. 您在科研过程中，如何保持创新思维？16. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的未来职业规划。
17. 您如何看待科研诚信问题？18. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的职业道德。
19. 您在研究过程中，如何处理与导师、同事之间的关系？20. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的团队合作经验。
21. 您如何看待微生物学领域的竞争与合作？22. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的风险管理意识。
23. 您在研究过程中，如何保持对科研的热情和动力？24. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的国际合作与交流经验。
25. 您认为微生物学在国内外研究水平上存在哪些差距？26. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的创新点。
27. 您在研究过程中，如何提高实验效率？28. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的跨学科研究能力。
29. 您认为微生物学在解决全球性问题（如食品安全、环境治理等）中扮演什么角色？30. 请谈谈您在微生物学领域的可持续发展理念。
二、面试注意事项1. 面试过程中，请保持自信、谦虚的态度。
2011博士学位研究生入学考试试题-综合解释
名词解释
1.简述最优化测井定量解释方法基本原理。
2.电阻率时间推移测井
3.曲线重叠技术
4.测井相
简答
1.写出阿尔奇公式及双水模型，各参数代表意义，影响因素，选取原则
2.试述岩石体积模型方法建立测井解释模型的要点，用其推导地层因素（相对电阻率）理
论公式，
综合题
给一段材料（某储层上部为第三系砂岩储层下部为碳酸盐岩储层，及各自的特点）
1.根据材料说明测井解释面临的主要困难及任务
2.自己设计一定的测井系列及说明选取原则
3.如何用测井资料快速定性的判断储层含油性
4.根据设计的模型如何定量的确定储层性质。
5.。
中国科学院(中科院)生物学考博专业课试题汇总
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2000-2001年细胞生物学（博士）2000年一、名词解释（每词3分，共30分）1．着丝粒 6. 核骨架2．微管 7. 核糖体3．溶酶体 8. 细胞的程序死亡4．核孔复合体 9. 主动运输5．细胞周期蛋白 10. 静息电位二、试述核小体的结构，核小体与DNA复制、转录的关系。
（20分）三、扼要阐述细胞通讯中信息跨膜传递的方式与机制。
（20分）四、以克隆大熊猫为题设计一个研究课题，包括立项依据、研究目的、研究内容、技术路线及预期结果。
（30分）2001年一、名词解释：（每条4分，共40分）1．原核细胞 6. 类囊体2．核纤层 7. 溶酶体3．着丝粒 8. 协同运输4．异染色质 9. 微管5．核糖体 10. 细胞的程序死亡二、细胞连接有哪几种类型，各有何功能？（20分）三、简述内质网的结构和功能。
（10分）四、就你感兴趣的课题，写一份研究设计方案。
包括题目名称、立项依据、目的意义、技术路线、创新之处及预期结果。
（30分）中科院动物所2000年细胞生物学（博士）一、解释题（每题3分，共30分）1、周期细胞2、PCR技术3、MPF4、通讯连接5、细胞分化6、溶酶体7、信号肽8、整合素9、基因组10、巨大染色体二、有丝分裂及其调控（有丝分裂的过程、变异及其调控）（18分）三、以哺乳动物精子和卵子发生为例。
简述减数分裂。
（17分）四、线粒体基因组与细胞核基因组两套遗传装置的相互作用关系。
（18分）五、图解某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，并加以简述（17分）中科院动物所2001年细胞生物学（博士）一、哺乳动物（或人）细胞膜化学组分有几种？并简述其内容（17分）二、某些细胞调节系统对细胞骨架系统的调节，请以图解说明（17分）三、哺乳动物生殖细胞（配子）发生为例，简述减数分裂异同点（18分）四、详述造血干细胞的增殖分化的调节（18分）五、解释题（请选择10个小题，每题3分，共30分）1、整合素?2、信号肽?3、奢侈基因?4、PCR技术?5、 MAPK 信号通路6、巨大染色体?7、钙泵?8、通讯连接?9、细胞分化?10、细胞周期11、溶酶体?12、MPF?13、基因组?14、核仁组织区?15、G0期细胞中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年细胞生物学（博士）一、请解释以下概念（每题4分，共20分）1、有丝分裂2、减数分裂3、受精过程4、信号转导5、编程性细胞死亡二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）：1、细胞的发现要归功于英国科学家（）。
2011年3月中科院考博英语真题及答案解析
GRADUATE UNIVERSITY, CHINESE ACADEMYOF SCIENCES ENGLISH ENTRANCEEXAMINATIONFORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2011PAPER ONEPART ⅠVOCABULARY(15 minutes, 10points, 0. 5point each)Directions: Choose the word or expression below each sentence that best completes the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.1. My father was a nuclear engineer, a very academically _________ Man with multiple degrees from prestigious institutions.A. promotedB. activatedC. orientedD. functioned2. Public _________ for the usually low-budget, high-quality films has enabled the independent film industry to grow and thrive.A. appreciationB. recognitionC. gratitudeD. tolerance3. Dirty Jobs on the Discovery Channel, an unlikely television program, has become a surprising success with a _________ fan base.A. contributedB. devotedC. reveredD. scared4. Pop culture doesn't _________ to strict rules; it enjoys being jazzy, unpredictable, chaotic.A. adhereB. lendC. exposeD. commit5. Intellectual property is a kind of _________ monopoly, which should be used properly or else would disrupt healthy competition order.A. legibleB. legendaryC. lenientD. legitimate6. I am thankful to the company for giving me such a chance, and I earnestly hope that I will _________ everyone’s expectations.A. boil down toB. look forward toC. live up toD. catch on to7. The image of an unfortunate resident having to climb 20 flights of stairs because the lift is _________ is now a common one.A. out of the wayB. on orderC. out of orderD. in no way8. My eyes had become _________ to the now semi-darkness, so I could pick out shapes about seventy-five yards away.A. inclinedB. accustomedC. vulnerableD. sensitive9. Despite what I’d been told about the local people’s attitude to strangers, _________ did I encounter any rudeness.A. at no timeB. in no timeC. at any timeD. at some time10. In times of severe _________ companies are often forced to make massive job cuts in order to survive.A. retreat B, retrospect C. reduction D. recession11. Sport was integral to the national and local press, TV and, to a diminishing _________ , to radio.A. extentB. scopeC. scaleD. range12. Unless your handwriting is _________ , or the form specifically asks for typewriting, the form should be neatly handwritten.A. illegitimate B, illegal C. illegible D. illiterate13. The profession fell into , with some physicists sticking to existing theories, while others came up with the big-bang theory.A. harmonyB. turmoilC. distortionD. accord14. With the purchasing power of many middle-class households _________ behind the cost of living, there was an urgent demand for credit.A. leavingB. leveringC. lackingD. lagging15. Frank stormed into the room and _________ the door, but it wasn’t that easy to close the door on what Jack had said.A. slashedB. slammedC. slippedD. slapped16. When I was having dinner with you and Edward at his apartment, I sensed a certain _________ between the two of you.A. intimacyB. proximityC. discrepancyD. diversity17. I decided to _________ between Ralph and his brother, who were arguing endlessly.A. interfereB. interveneC. interruptD. interact18. “I mean Gildas and Ludens are both wise, reasonable and tactful; but naturally they’re _________ , they want to know what’s happening, and make judgments on it all. ”A. indifferentB. innocentC. inquisitiveD. instinctive19. In Africa HIV and AIDS continue to _________ the population; nearly 60 percent of those infected are women.A. alleviateB. boostC. captureD. ravage20. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period slave society was _________ disintegration.A. on the ground ofB. on the top ofC. in the light ofD. on the verge ofPART ⅡCLOZE TEST(15 minutes, 15 points)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the four choices given below. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Tomorrow Japan and South Korea will celebrate White Day, an annual event when men are expected to buy a gift for the adored women in their lives. It is a relatively new 21 that was commercially created as payback for Valentine’s Day. That’s 22 in both countries, 14 February is all about the man.On Valentine’s Day, women are expected to buy all the important male 23 in their lives a token gift; not just their partners, 24 their bosses or older relatives too.This seems 25 enough. Surely it’s reas onable for men to be indulged on one day of the year, 26 the number of times they’re expected to produce bouquets of flowers and 27 their woman with perfume or pearls.But the idea of a woman 28 a man didn’t sit easily with people. In 1978, the NationalConfectionery Industry Association(糖果业协会) 29 an idea to solve this problem. They started to market white chocolate that men could give to women on 14 March, as 30 for the male-oriented Valentine’s Day.It started with a handful of sweet-makers’ producing candy 31 a simple gift idea. The day 32 the public imagination, and is now a nationally 33 date in the diary-and one where men are 34 to whip out their credit cards. In fact, men are now expected to give gifts worth 35 the value of those they received. What a complication: not only do men have to remember who bought them what, they have to estimate the value and multiply it by three.21. A. copy B. concept C. choice D. belief22. A. because B. as C. so D. why23. A. clients B. friends C. figures D. colleagues24. A. but B. and C. instead of D. rather than25. A. odd B. good C. fair D. rare26. A. given B. if C. but D. though27. A. attract B. frustrate C. surprise D. touch28. A. supporting B. spoiling C. comforting D. fooling29. A. came up with B. come out of C. came up toD. came along with30. A. companion B. compromise C. competence D. compensation31. A. via B. as C. with D. for32. A. captured B. appealed C. favored D. held33. A. documented B. recognized C. illustrated D. scheduled34. A. volunteered B. embarrassed C. sponsoredD. obliged35. A. triple B. double C. fourfold D. equalPART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSIONSection A(60 minutes, 30 points)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square bracket on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAt many colleges, smokers are being run not just out of school buildings but off the premises. On Nov. 19 , the University of Kentucky, the tobacco state’s flagship public institution, Launched a campus wide ban on cigarettes and all other forms of tobacco on school grounds and parking areas. Pro-nicotine students staged a “smoke-out”to protest the new policy, which even rules out smoking inside cars if they’re on school property.Kentucky joins more than 365 U. S. colleges and universities that in recent years have instituted antismoking rules both indoors and out. In most places, the issue doesn’t seem to be secondhand smoke. Rather, the rationale for going smoke-free in wide open spaces is a desire to model healthy behavior.Purdue University, which has 30-ft. buffer zones, recently considered adopting a campuswide ban but tempered its proposal after receiving campus input. Smoking will now be restricted tolimited outdoor areas.One big problem with a total ban is enforcing it. Take the University of Iowa. In July 2008, the school went smoke-free in accordance with the Iowa Smokefree Air Act, violations of which can result in a $50 fine. But so far, the university has ticketed only about 25 offenders. “Our campus is about 1, 800 acres, so to think that we could keep track of who is smoking on campus at any given time isn’t really feasible, ”says Joni Troester, director of the university’s campus wellness program. Instead, the school helps those trying to kick the habit by offering smoking-cessation programs and providing reimbursement for nicotine patches, gum and prescription medications like Zyban.The University of Michigan will probably take a similar approach when its ban takes effect in July 2011. “We don’t have a desire to give tickets or levy punishments, ”says Robert Winfield, the school’s chief health officer. “We want to encourage people to stop smoking, set a good example for students and make this a healthier community. ”Naturally, there has been pushback from students. “Where do we draw the line between a culture of health and individual choice?”asks Jnathan Slemrod, a University of Michigan senior and president of the school’s College Libertarians. “If they truly want a culture of health, I expect them to go through all our cafeterias and get rid of all our Taco Bells, all our pizza places. ”Students might want to enjoy those Burrito Supremes while they can. In today’s health-obsessed culture, those may be next.36. We can infer that the “newness”of the antismoking policy at the University of Kentucky lies in _________ .A. its extended scope of no-smoking placesB. its prohibition of cigarette sales on campusC. its penalty for bringing tobacco to schoolD. its ban on smoke when people are driving37. By setting the antismoking rules the University of Kentucky mainly aims for _________ .A. protecting students against passive smokingB. modeling itself on many other universitiesC. promoting the students’ health awarenessD. punishing those who dare smoke on campus38. One of the problems enforcing the ban on smoking at the University of Iows is _________ .A. limiting the smoke-free areasB. tracing smokers on campusC. forcing smokers to give up smokingD. providing alternative ways for smokers39. The word “levy”(in Paragraph 5)most probably means_________ .A. imposeB. avoidC. deserveD. receive40. According to Jonathan Slemrod, Taco Bell is _________ .A. a tobacco shopB. a school cafeteriaC. an organic food storeD. an unhealthy food chain41. The author’s tone in the essay is _________ .A. radicalB. optimisticC. objectiveD. criticalPassage TwoThe familiar sounds of an early English summer are with us once again. Millions of children sit down to SATs, GCSEs, AS-levels, A-levels and a host of lesser exams, and the argument over educational standards starts. Depending on whom you listen to, we should either be letting up on over-examined pupils by abolishing SATs, and even GCSEs, or else making exams far more rigorous.The chorus will reach a peak when GCSE and A-level results are published in August. If pass rates rise again, commentators will say that standards are falling because exams are getting easier. If pass rates drop, they will say that standards are falling because children are getting lower marks. Parents like myself try to ignore this and base our judgments on what our children are learning. But it’s not easy given how much education has changed since we were at school.Some trends are encouraging-education has been made more relevant and enthuses many children that it would have previously bored. My sons’ A-level French revision involved listening to radio debates on current affairs, whereas mine involved rereading Moliere. And among their peers, a far greater proportion stayed in education for longer.On the other hand, some aspects of schooling today are incomprehensible to my generation, such as gaps in general knowledge and the hand-holding that goes with ensuring that students leave with good grades. Even when we parents resist the temptation to help with GCSE or A-level coursework, a teacher with the child’s interests at he art may send a draft piece of work back several times with pointers to how it can be improved before the examiners see it.The debate about standards persists because there is no single objective answer to the question: “Are standards better or worse than they were a generation ago?”Each side points to indicators that favor them, in the knowledge that there is no authoritative definition, let alone a measure that has been consistently applied over the decades. But the annual soul-searching over exams is about more than student assessment. It reveals a national insecurity about whether our education system is teaching the right things. It is also fed by an anxiety about whether, in a country with a history of upholding standards by ensuring that plenty of students fail, we can attain the more modern objective of ensuring that every child leaves school with something to show for it.42. It can be concluded from Paragraph 1 that _________ .A. SA Ts is one of the most rigorous exams mentionedB. it has been debated if children should b given examsC. few parents approve of the exam systems in EnglandD. each year children have to face up to some new exams43. Parents try to judge the educational standards by _________ .A. whether their children have passed the examsB. what knowledge their children have acquiredC. what educators say about curriculum planningD. whether their children’s school scores are stable44. To the author, the rereading of Moliere was _________ .A. drearyB. routineC. outmodedD. arduous45. To the author’s generation, it is beyond understanding today why _________ .A. teachers lay great stress on helping students obtain good gradesB. teachers show much concern for students’ futureC. parents help little with their children’s courseworkD. parents focus on their children’s general knowledge46. According to the passage, with respect to educational standards in Britain, _________ .A. no authorities have ever made a commentB. no one has ever tried to give them a definitionC. no effective ways have been taken to apply themD. no consistent yardstick has ever been used47. In the author’s opinion, the school education in Britain has been _________ .A. inflexibleB. irresponsibleC. unsuccessfulD. unforgivablePassage ThreeSuzan Fellman had a hard time with Laura Bush’s redo of the famed guest quarters named for President Lincoln: “Looking at it , I thought I was in a Radisson lobby somewhere in the Midwest long ago. I could not imagine spending a night in that space. ”Done up with Victorian furnishings, the Lincoln Bedroom is one of the residence’s least-changed spaces, said Betty Monkman, formerly chief curator of the White House for nearly 40 years. “It’s a quasi-museum room, ”she said, “with a lot of objects, such as the bed , that have symbolic importance. ”The elaborately carved bed bought for Lincoln is the centerpiece of the room.According to historian William Seale, the president was furious that his wife, Mary, spent so much money redecorating the White House during a time of war. He never slept in the bed , and the ornate piece eventually was moved to a spare room.Los Angeles designer Fellman saw parallels, calling the Obama era a period of“pulling back on extravagance. ”It is a good time, she said, to revisit pieces in storage, to rearrange old furniture in a new fashion, and use paint and fabrics to bring life and fun into a room without spending a fortune.In this re-imagining of the Lincoln Bedroom, Fellman would retain the legendary bed but paint the ceiling a sky blue and use a Cecil Beaton rose-print fabric for curtains. “Lincoln loved roses, ”Fellman said, “and this beige and ivory version keeps it from being too bold, modern or feminine. ”At a time when Americana is expected to stage a strong revival, Fellman said traditional styles such as Colonial and Federal can co-exist with European antiques if they are balanced in scale.Mindful of the recession, the designer advocated selecting furniture with longevity in mind. “If you are going to spend money, buy quality things that you never want to get rid of, ”she said. “A couple of really good things can make all the difference in a room. ”Her splurges would include a camel-hair sofa, which Fellman said was long-lasting and timeless. As a Pop Art-influenced statement about thrift, a custom rug woven with a 6-foot-diameter medallion replicates the penny’s image of Lincoln in subtle shades of ivory and copper.In bad times as in g ood, spare rooms don’t have to be grand to be effective, Fellman said. “A guest room should feel inviting and intimate, ”she said. “It has to exude serenity. ”48. To Suzan Fellman, Laura Bush’s redecoration of the Lincoln Bedroom could hardly be _________ .A. evaluatedB. imaginedC. understoodD. praised49. The Lincoln Bedroom in White House is a place for_________ .A. the president to have a restB. visitors to stay overnightC. storing Victorian furnishingsD. exhibiting classic objects50. According to Fellman, the Obama era is similar to the Lincoln era in _________ .A. decorating housesB. respecting the pastC. protecting the classicD. encouraging thrift51. The way Fellman would rearrange the Lincoln Bedroom includes _________ .A. putting some roses on the tableB. omitting some European antiquesC. adding to it some Federal stylesD. giving it the look of a strong America52. In choosing the new furniture for the room, Fellman would give top priority to _________ .A. its durabilityB. its simplicityC. its priceD. its color53. Fellman would avoid making the Lincoln Bedroom look_________ .A. tranquilB. luxuriousC. hospitableD. fascinatingPassage FourLaurance Rockefeller, the middle brother of the five prominent and benevolent grandsons of John D. Rockefeller, who concentrated his own particular generosity on conservation, recreation, ecological concerns and medical research, particularly the treatment of cancer, died of pulmonary fibrosis at his home in Manhattan.His career began on Wall Street almost 70 years ago, where he became a pioneer of modern venture capitalism, compounding his inherited wealth many times over. In the decades since he first took his seat on the New York Stock Exchange, he often used his native instinct for identifying the next big thing, not content simply to make more money but to make the money produce something of lasting value.Less sociable than his older brother Nelson, who was a four-term governor of New York and the country’s vice president under Gerald R. Ford, Laurance Spelman Rockefeller was also more reserved and private than his flamboyant younger brother Winthrop who was the governor of Arkansas. A philosophy major at Princeton he had long wrestled with the question of how he might most efficiently and satisfyingly use the great wealth to which he was born and which he later kept compounding as a successful pioneer of modern venture capitalism.Using significant amounts of his money as well as his connections and prestige and negotiating skills he was instrumental in establishing and enlarging National Parks in Wyoming, California, the Virgin Islands, Vermont, Maine and Hawaii. As an active member of the Palisade Interstate Parkway Commission, he helped create a chain of parks that blocked the advance of sprawl, thus maintaining the majestic view that he first saw as a child looking out from Kykuit, the Rockefeller country home in Pocantico.His commitment to wilderness, recreation and environmental conservation had many roots.Since childhood he liked to ride hrses through unspoiled terrain. He was a passionate photographer in search of new landscapes. Even before Laurance reached adulthood the Rockefellers had included parks among their many philanthropic projects.Laurance was born on May 26, 1910. As Laurance matured he came to more closely resemble his grandfather than did any other family member, having the same pursed and seemingly serious expression that John D. Rockefeller often showed in photographs. According to family accounts he was also the one who most closely revealed his grandfather’s ability for profitable deals.54. Paragraph 1 suggests that Laurance Rockefeller was a man who is _________ .A. full of social responsibilityB. famous but short-livedC. successful in many fieldsD. zealous in social activities55. We can learn that, in making investments, Laurance Rockefeller was very _________ .A. cold-heartedB. close-fistedC. far-sightedD. half-witted56. Compared with his two brothers, Laurance _________ .A. often relied on himselfB. rarely appeared in publicC. rarely voiced his opinionsD. often worried about his wealth57. The word“instrumental”(boldfaced in Para 4)in this context can be replaced by “_________ . ”A. generousB. strategicC. resoluteD. important58. Laurance’s childhood experience led him later to make significant contributions to _________ .A. the building of national parksB. the enlargement of urban areasC. the perfection of his hometownD. the popularization of horse riding59. According to the passage, Laurance resembled his grandfather in having _________ .A. a contribution to public goodB. a talent of making moneyC. a passion for wildernessD. a bias against political affairsPassage FiveThe first three days of July 1863 saw the bloodiest hours of the Civil War, in a battle that spilled across the fields and hills surrounding Gettysburg, Pa. The fighting climaxed in the bright, hot afternoon of the third day, when more than 11, 000 Confederate soldiers mounted a disastrous assault on the heart of the Union line. That assault marked the farthest the South would penetrate into Union territory. In a much larger sense, it marked the turning point of the war.No surprise, then, than the Battle of Gettysburg would become the subject of songs, poems, funeral monuments and, ultimately, some of the biggest paintings ever displayed on this continent. Paul Philippoteaux, famed for his massive360-degree cyclorama paintings, painted four versions of the battle in the 1880s. Cycloramas were hugely popular in the United States in the last decades ofthe 19th century, before movies displaced them in the public’s affection. Conceived on a mammoth scale, a cyclorama painting was longer than a football field and almost 50 feet tall. Little thought was given to preserving these enormous works of art. They were commercial ventures, and when they stopped earning they were tossed. Most were ultimately lost-victims of water damage or fire. One of Philippoteaux’s G ettysburg renderings was cut up and hung in panels in a Newark, N. J. , department store before finding its way back to Gettysburg, where it has been displayed off and on since1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections since 1913. Along the way, the painting lost most of its sky and a few feet off the bottom. Sections were cut and moved to patch holes in other sections. And some of the restorative efforts proved almost as crippling to the original as outright neglect. Since 2003, a team of conservators has labored in a $12million effort to restore Philippoteaux’s masterwork. They have cleaned it front and back, patched it , added canvas for a new shy and returned the painting to its original shape-a key par t of a cyclorama’s optical illusion was its hyperbolic shape: it bellies out at its central point, thrusting the image toward the viewer.When restoration is completed later this year, the painting will be the centerpiece of the new Gettysburg battlefie ld visitors’ center, which opens to the public on April 14. Much work remains to be done. But even partially restored, the painting seethes with life-and death.60. With respect to the Battle of Gettysburg, Paragraph 1 mainly emphasizes _________ .A. the reason for its occurrenceB. the significance of the battleC. the place where it broke outD. the bloodiness of the battle61. To the author, that Gettysburg Battle got reflected in many art works is _________ .A. reasonableB. meaningfulC. necessaryD. impressive62. We can infer that cyclorama paintings _________ .A. has regained their popularity since 1913B. were mostly destroyed by the Civil WarC. more often than not lost than gained moneyD. had been popular before movies came in63. Work done to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting already began _________ .A. before 1900B. after 1913C. in 2003D. at its birth64. According to the author, some previous efforts to restore the Philippoteaux’s painting turned out to be _________ .A. time consumingB. fruitlessC. destructiveD. a waste of money65. What is true of the present state of the Philippoteaux’s Gettysburg rendering?A. It is illusory in depiction.B. It is a perfect restoration.C. It is a modified version.D. It is incredibly lifelike.Section B(20 minutes, 10 points)Directions: In each of the following passages, five sentences have been removed from theoriginal text. They are listed from A to F and put below the passage. Choose the most suitable sentence from the list to fill in each of the blanks(numbered 66 to 75). For each passage, there is one sentence that does not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on your Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Passage OneAdvertising is paid, nonpersonal communication that is designed to communicate in a creative manner, through the use of mass or information-directed media, the nature of products, services, and ideas. It is a form of persuasive communication that offers information about products, ideas, and services that serves the objectives determined by the advertiser. 66 Thus, the ultimate objective of advertising is to sell things persuasively and creatively. Advertising is used by commercial firms trying to sell products and services; by politicians and political interest groups to sell ideas or persuade voters; by not-for-profit organizations to raise funds, solicit volunteers, or influence the actions of viewers; and by governments seeking to encourage or discourage particular activities, such as wearing seatbelts, participating in the census, or ceasing to smoke. 67 The visual and verbal commercial messages that are a part of advertising are intended to attract attention and produce some response by the viewer. Advertising is pervasive and virtually impossible to escape. Newspapers and magazines often have more advertisements than copy; radio and television provide entertainment but are also laden with advertisements; advertisements pop up on Internet sites; and the mail brings a variety of advertisements. 68 In shopping malls, there are prominent logos on designer clothes, moviegoers regularly view advertisements for local restaurants, hair salons, and so on, and live sporting and cultural events often include signage, logos, products, and related information about the event sponsors. 69Although the primary objective of advertising is to persuade, it may achieve this objective in many different ways. An important function of advertising is the identification function, that is, to identify a product and differentiate it from others; this creates an awareness of the product and provides a basis for consumers to choose the advertised product over other products. 70 The third function of advertising is to induce consumers to try new products and to suggest reuse of the product as well as new uses; this is the persuasion function.A. Another function of advertising is to communicate information about the product, its attributes, and its location of sale; this is the information function.B. The forms that advertising takes and the media in which advertisements appear are as varied as the advertisers themselves and the messages that they wish to deliver.C. An especially important issue in the creation of advertising is related to understanding how much information consumers want about a given product.D. Advertising may influence consumers in many different ways, but the primary goal of advertising is to increase the probability that consumers exposed to an advertisement will behave or believe as the advertiser wishes.E. Advertising also exists on billboards along the freeway, in subway and train stations, on benches at bus stops, and on the frames around car license plates.F. The pervasiveness of advertising and its creative elements are designed to cause viewers to take note.Passage TwoFew numbers tell a happier story than those that measure life expectancy. An American born in 1900 could expect to live 47 years. Thanks to colossal improvements in sanitation and medicine,。
(NEW)中国科学院大学水生生物研究所《725微生物学》历年考研真题汇编
14．蓝细菌的异形胞通常是_________色，是进行_________作用的场 所。
15．阻挡微生物入侵的有效生理屏障包括_________，_________和 _________。
16．细菌的遗传转化可分为_________和_________两类。
2013年中国科学院大学水生生物研究所微生物学考研真题
2012年中国科学院水生生物研究所微生物学考研真题
2011年中国科学院水生生物研究所微生物学考研真题
2010年中国科学院水生生物研究所微生物学考研真题
2009年中国科学院水生生物研究所微生物学考研真题 一、名词解释：（每题2分，共20分，外文的要先翻译再解释） 1．ELISA 2．菌落 3．Freeze drying 4．富集培养 5．化能异养菌 6．包涵体 7．共生固氮作用 8．巴斯德效应 9．限制性内切酶 10．Cyanobacteria 二、填空题（每题1分，共40分） 1．对细菌简单染色法的一般步骤是______。常用的染料有______和 ______等。 2．在微生物培养过程中，引起培养基pH值改变的原因主要有______和 ______等。 3．蓝细菌同其它微生物的区别的一个重要特征在于它细胞内含有 ______，能进行______作用，但它仍是属于______核微生物。 4．分离到一种噬菌体DNA，分析后发现其分子中的碱基A与T、G与C 含量不相等，证明这是一种______噬菌体。
______构成。与革兰氏阴性细菌相比，革兰氏阳性细菌细胞壁的特点是 ______和______。在某些原核微生物的细胞壁外，会着生一些特殊的附 属物，例如______、______、______和______等。真菌细胞壁的主要成 份是______。
中科院生物物理所2011-2016年细胞生物学考博真题
目录2011生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (2)2012生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (3)2013生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (4)2014生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (5)2015年生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (6)2016生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题 (7)简答题：8分/题1.IPS2.脂筏模型3.细胞自噬4.核糖体功能5.端粒酶功能论述题：20分/题1.你实验室的现有结果表面A蛋白的量升高将导致B蛋白功能增加，如果你接下来以此作为博士课题，你怎样开展后续工作。
2.囊跑运输的作用于调控？3.写出你所知道的肿瘤发生和表观遗传的关系？简答题1.细胞器的结构和其功能的联系？2.胚胎干细胞的特性及其功能？3.蛋白质翻译后修饰的作用？4.细胞骨架的主动调节机理？5.细胞与细胞间是如何联系的？6.为什么核膜在细胞周期中要崩解？论述题1.细胞衰老机制及你认为该如何研究？2.给你一个新基因如何研究它的功能，用到什么技术？3.控制细胞大小的重要性以及控制细胞大小的机制？4.生化是工具，遗传是基础，细胞是主人，发育是未来。
你怎么看这句话？简答题1.蛋白质分选的机制？2.细胞间连接的类型及功能？3.钙稳态及其维持机制？4.细胞凋亡的检测方法有哪些？5.细胞自噬？论述题:10分/题1.什么是细胞周期？说明各个时期的复制、转录、翻译的变化。
2.以表观遗传学的角度谈谈你对细胞分化的认识。
3.如何设计实验来研究线粒体膜定位蛋白的功能。
4.谈谈你对细胞核重新编程的认识（2012年诺贝尔生理或医学奖）。
简答题：40分1.细胞增殖2.细胞分化3.细胞稳态4.细胞通讯5.细胞应激6.囊泡转运论述题：20分/题1.说出5种蛋白质翻译后修饰方法，并说出其特征及信号转导中的作用。
2.细胞质量的控制方式和功能。
3.谈谈你对科研的理解，你未来的科研计划，阐述你的科研梦。
2015年生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题简答题1.设计实验证明基因在染色体不同位置时表达量不同？2.举例5个感兴趣的研究问题及解决策略？3.细胞周期和细胞大小及数量的影响决定因素？4.细胞决定？5.信号识别颗粒？论述题:1.已知蛋白B参与一个信号通路，蛋白A可是蛋白质B发生磷酸化发挥功能，如可设计实验找到蛋白激酶A?2.怎样验证一个新基因的功能？2016生物物理所秋季博士入学考试真题简答题：10分/题1.CRISPA/Cas9原理及其应用？2.列举10项诺贝尔奖工作内容？3.肠道菌群的生理功能？4.为什么真核细胞要有核孔复合体？论述题：20分/题1.细胞内膜系统及其生物学功能？2.为什么细胞会衰老？细胞衰老与机体衰老的关系？3.肿瘤为什么会发生？目前有什么办法消除肿瘤细胞？。
海洋所考博试题
当时得到的试卷，希望对大家有用中国科学院研究生院2008年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
******（试题内容）一、试述海洋生态系统类型，以及它们各自的基本组分、结构和功能。
（10分）二、简述海洋初级生产力、新生产力、再生生产力的涵义，它们之间的关系及其研究方法。
（15分）三、全球变化的核心问题是什么？海洋生态系统对全球碳平衡的作用如何？(10分)四、限制海洋自养生物生长的营养盐和微量元素主要有哪些？举例说明海洋中生源要素的循环规律和作用机制。
（10分）五、有研究者发现：南海开阔海区叶绿素a和初级生产力的垂向分布峰值常出现在次表层，试分析其原因和调控机制。
（15分）六、简述现代生态学的主要研究内容与今后发展趋势，你最感兴趣的领域是什么，打算怎么做？(10分)七、请选择以下命题之一（题目可在此命题基础上自行细化），写一篇学术文章或基础研究项目申请书（30分）：1．河口海湾浮游生态动力学2．珊瑚礁样带生物多样性与气候变化关系3．海洋微食物网结构与功能作用4．人类活动影响下近海环境演变与生态安全中国科学院研究生院2009年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试卷科目名称：生态学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答卷纸上，写在本试卷纸或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、什么叫新生产力和再生生产力？试述南海开阔海域初级生产力的垂向分布特点。
（12%）二、为什么说海洋是地球上最大的生态单位？联系海洋主要分区说明海洋在纬度、深度和从近岸到大洋等三大环境梯度特征。
（10%）三、简述赤潮发生的原因、消长过程与预防对策。
（10%）四、试述海洋生物泵，并说明海洋生物泵（包括碳酸盐泵）对吸收大气CO2、缓解全球温室效应的作用机理。
（10%）五、铁是哪些海区浮游植物生长繁殖的限制元素？说明海洋中铁的主要来源，它在海洋透光层中的供应特点与N、P营养盐有什么差别？（10%）六、什么叫海洋微型生物食物环？它在海洋生态系统的能量流动和物质循环中有哪些重要作用？（10%）七、海底热液口的环境和生物组成有哪些特征？其生物群落的有机物质生产过程与光合作用有什么不同？（10%）八、试写一份生态领域的基础研究项目申请书，内容包括题目、立项依据、研究内容与目标、拟解决的关键科学问题、主要创新点、技术路线、预期成果等。
2011中科院南海海洋研究所微生物考博真题
中国科学院研究生院2011年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题科目名称：微生物学考生须知：1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、选择题（每小题2分，本题共20分）1、组成病毒粒子衣壳的化学物质是（）A. 糖类B. 蛋白质C. 核酸D. 脂肪2、属于细菌细胞特殊结构的为（）A. 荚膜B. 细胞壁C. 细胞膜D. 核质体3、以芽殖为主要繁殖方式的微生物是（）A. 细菌B. 酵母菌C. 霉菌D. 病毒4、下列孢子中属于霉菌无性孢子的是（）A. 子囊孢子B. 孢囊孢子C. 卵孢子D. 接合孢子5、下述细菌能通过细菌过滤器的是（）A. 大肠杆菌B. 立克次氏体C. 支原体D. 分枝杆菌6、一个细菌每10分钟繁殖一代，经1小时将会有多少个细菌：( )A 128B 64C 32D 167、下面关于连续培养的说法中，叙述不正确的是（）A. 恒化连续培养的控制对象是菌体密度B. 恒浊连续培养中微生物菌体以最高生长速率生长C. 恒化连续培养的产物是不同生长速率的菌体D. 恒浊连续培养无生长限制因子科目名称：微生物学第1页共2页8、下列叙述中正确的说法是（）A. 产生抗逆性强的芽孢是产芽孢细菌在不良环境条件下的一种生殖方式。
B. 厌氧的微生物需要较低的氧化还原电位。
C. 一种细菌的学名是Staphylococcus aureus,其中aureus属名，Staphyloccus是种名D. 类病毒是有侵染性的蛋白颗粒。
9、下述诱变剂中常引起移码突变的是：（）A. 亚硝酸B. 烷化剂 C 碱基类似物 D. 丫啶类染料10、质粒：( )A. 与接合没有关系B. 和染色体同时复制C. 对生物的生存是必须的D. 通过接合可在细菌间转移二、名词解释（每小题2分，本题共20分）1. 衣原体；2. 共生3. 温和噬菌体4. 高频重组菌株5. 化能异养6. 生物膜7. 阮病毒8. 侵染力9. 特异性免疫 10. 接合转移三、问答题（每小题20分，本题共60分）1、G+菌和G-菌细胞壁结构和组成上有何差别？试述革兰氏染色的步骤及机理.（20分）2、根据对分子氧的需求，微生物可分为哪几类？它们各有何特点？海洋微生物可能有哪些类型，为什么？（20分）3、从南海3100米深的海底沉积物中分离得到了一株细菌，很有可能属于放线菌。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
中国科学院研究生院
2011年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称：微生物学
考生须知：
1．本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2．所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、选择题（每小题2分，本题共20分）
1、组成病毒粒子衣壳的化学物质是（）
A. 糖类
B. 蛋白质
C. 核酸
D. 脂肪
2、属于细菌细胞特殊结构的为（）
A. 荚膜
B. 细胞壁
C. 细胞膜
D. 核质体
3、以芽殖为主要繁殖方式的微生物是（）
A. 细菌
B. 酵母菌
C. 霉菌
D. 病毒
4、下列孢子中属于霉菌无性孢子的是（）
A. 子囊孢子
B. 孢囊孢子
C. 卵孢子
D. 接合孢子
5、下述细菌能通过细菌过滤器的是（）
A. 大肠杆菌
B. 立克次氏体
C. 支原体
D. 分枝杆菌
6、一个细菌每10分钟繁殖一代，经1小时将会有多少个细菌：( )
A 128
B 64
C 32
D 16
7、下面关于连续培养的说法中，叙述不正确的是（）
A. 恒化连续培养的控制对象是菌体密度
B. 恒浊连续培养中微生物菌体以最高生长速率生长
C. 恒化连续培养的产物是不同生长速率的菌体
D. 恒浊连续培养无生长限制因子
科目名称：微生物学第1页共2页
8、下列叙述中正确的说法是（）
A. 产生抗逆性强的芽孢是产芽孢细菌在不良环境条件下的一种生殖方式。
B. 厌氧的微生物需要较低的氧化还原电位。
C. 一种细菌的学名是Staphylococcus aureus,其中aureus属名，
Staphyloccus是种名
D. 类病毒是有侵染性的蛋白颗粒。
9、下述诱变剂中常引起移码突变的是：（）
A. 亚硝酸
B. 烷化剂 C 碱基类似物 D. 丫啶类染料
10、质粒：( )
A. 与接合没有关系
B. 和染色体同时复制
C. 对生物的生存是必须的
D. 通过接合可在细菌间转移
二、名词解释（每小题2分，本题共20分）
1. 衣原体；
2. 共生
3. 温和噬菌体
4. 高频重组菌株
5. 化能异养
6. 生物膜
7. 阮病毒
8. 侵染力
9. 特异性免疫 10. 接合转移
三、问答题（每小题20分，本题共60分）
1、G+菌和G-菌细胞壁结构和组成上有何差别？试述革兰氏染色的步骤及机理.
（20分）
2、根据对分子氧的需求，微生物可分为哪几类？它们各有何特点？海洋微生
物可能有哪些类型，为什么？（20分）
3、从南海3100米深的海底沉积物中分离得到了一株细菌，很有可能属于放线
菌。
请设计一套实验方案对该株菌进行分类鉴定到具体的种，并说明实验原理和基本操作步骤。
（20分）
科目名称：微生物学第2页共2页
中国科学院研究生院研究生招生考试
命题、审题和阅卷教师保密承诺书
本人对参加命题和审题工作作如下承诺：
1.严格遵守招生考试保密工作的有关规定；
2.不以任何方式暴露自己的命题、审题及阅卷人员身份、工作内容、方式和地点，不以任何方式泄露与命题和阅卷相关的内容，不参与考生的考前辅导班或接待个别考生的咨询；
3.认真核对试题的内容、文字、每题的分数等项目，认真按评分标准进行阅卷，防止差错，保证命题和阅卷的质量；
4.试题提交后，立即销毁与试题有关的所有纸质（含草稿纸）和电子文本等材料，保证不留试题副本，防止泄题；
5.严格按照《中国科学院研究生院关于研究生招生考试安全和保密工作的规定》进行命题、审题和阅卷，按程序进行密封、签字和办理相关交接手续；
6.保证不隐瞒本人直系亲属报考当年同类、同专业研究生的情况。
命题和审题教师（签字）：
年月日。