跨文化交际复习资料

1.monochronic time (M Time) ：It schedules one event at a time. In these cultures time is

perceived as a linear structure just like a ribbon stretching from the past into the future.

2.polychronic time (P Time) ：schedules several activities at the same time. In these

culture people emphasize the involvement of people more than schedules. They do not see appointments as ironclad commitments and often break them.

3.intercultural communication ：is a face-to-face communication between people

from different cultural backgrounds

4.host culture is the mainstream culture of anyone particular country.

5.minority culture is the cultural groups that are smaller in numerical terms in relation

to the host culture.

6.subculture is a smaller, possibly nonconformist, subgroup within the host culture.

7.multiculturalism is the official recognition of a country’s cultural and ethnic diversity.

8.cross-cultural communication is a face-to-face communication between reprentatives

of business,government and professional groups from different cultures.

9.high-context culture ：a culture in which meaning is not necessarily contained in

words. Information is provided through gestures, the use of space, and even silence. 10.low-context culture ：a culture in which the majority of the information is vested in

the explicit code.

11.perception: in its simplest sense,perception is ,as Marshall singer tells us,”the process

by which an individual selects, evaluates,and organizes stimuli from the external world”In other words, perception is an internal process whereby we convert the physical energies of the world into meaningful internal experiences.

Non-verbal communication

It refers to communication through a whole variety of different types f signal come into play, including the way we more, the gestures we employ, the posture we adopt, the facial expression we wear, the direction of our gaze, to the extent to which we touch and the distance we stand from each other.

. Individualism

Individualism refers to the doctrine that the interests of the individual are or ought to be paramount, and that all values, right, and duties originate in individuals. It emphasizes individual initiative, independence，individual expression, and even privacy.

13. Paralanguage

The set of nonphonemic properties of speech, such as speaking tempo, vocal pitch, and intonational contours, that can be used to communicate attitudes or other shades of meaning.

12.人际交际interpersonal communication: a small number of individuals who are interacting

exclusively with one another and who therefore have the ability to adapt their messages specifically for those others and to obtain immediate interpretaions from them.指少数人之间的交往他们既能根据对方调整自己的信息，又能立即从对方那里获得解释。

13.内文化交际intracultural communication is defined as communication between and among

members of the same culture .指同一文化内某成员之间的交际，总的来说，同一种族，政治倾向宗教，或者具有同样兴趣的人们之间的交际。