词汇学复习材料2
英语词汇学复习提纲
英语词汇学复习提纲Part I概念题1.（glossary）a list of the difficult words used in a piece of writing or subject,with explanations of their meanings2.(phrase) a group of words that form a unit within a clause3.(expression) unclassified linguistic unit of any length: words, phrases, sentences,paragraphs, etc.4.(diction) the choice of words used in a speech or piece of writing5.(vocabulary) words in general known, learnt, used, etc. or a list of words,usually in alphabetical order and with explanations of their meanings6.(lexicon) all the words and phrases in a language or a dictionary7.(lexis) all the words in a language8.(word) the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning andcan stand alone9.(Etymology) the study of origins and development of words10.(Lexicography) the writing and making of dictionaries11.(Lexical semantics) the study of words and their meanings12.(lexicology) the study of meanings and uses of words13.(morphology) the study of how words are formed in a language14.(phraseology) the words and phrases used in a particular profession or activity, ora particular way of putting words together to express something15.(collocation) a group of words which "naturally" go together through commonusage16.Morpheme: the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms17.Root: a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the mainlexical meaning of the word.18.A ffix: a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only whenadded to another morpheme. It can further be divided inflectional and derivational types.19.Prefix: a derivational or an inflectional affix that can be added to the beginningof a morpheme.20.S uffix: a derivational or inflectional affix that can be added to the end of amorpheme.21.C ompounding /composition: a word formation process consisting of joining twoor more bases to form a new unit, a compound word.22.D erivation/ affixation: a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix or both to the base.23.C onversion: a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class isshifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.24.I nitialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a propername, a technical term or a phrase; it is pronounce letter by letter.25.A cronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, etc; they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.26.B lending/hybrid: a word-formation process in which a new word is formed bycombining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its full form or both of which are not in their full forms.27.B ack-formation: a term used to refer to a word-formation process by which ashorter word is coined by deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.28.C lipping: a word-formation process by which a word is shortened by deletingone or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.29.M otivation: refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. MostEnglish words are non-motivated. Motivation can arise in three major ways: phonetic motivation, morphological motivation and semantic motivation.30.P olysemy : a term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has arange of different meanings.31.H omonyms: words identical in sound or spelling or both but different inmeaning.32.S ynonyms: words differing in sound but identical or similar in meaning.33.A ntonyms: words that are opposite in meaning34.H yponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexicalitems, such that the former is included in the latter.35.C ontext in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that comeimmediately before and after any word in an act of communication.36.Euphemism: an act of using agreeable language when speaking of anunpleasant or embarrassing fact (such as death, disease, etc) and of taboo subjects (such as sex and the excretive processes of the body).37.M etaphor: is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based onassociation of similarity, in which a word or phrase ordinarily used for one thing is applied to another, a process which often results in semantic change or figurative extension of meaning.38.M etonymy: a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by thename of something closely related to it.Part II 常用英语词汇学术语Acronym 首字母拼音词Acronymy首字母拼音法Affix 词缀Affixation 词缀法Antonym 反义词Antonymy 反义关系Back-formation 逆构词，反成法Blend 拼缀词Blending 拼缀法Collocation 搭配，组合Complementaries 互补反义词Complete antonym 完全反义词Composition 复合法Compounding 复合构词法Compound word 复合词、Concept 概念Conceptual meaning 概念意义Connotative meaning 内涵意义Context 语境Conversion 词类转换法Denotative meaning 外延意义Degradation of meaning 词义的降格Derivation 派生法Elevation of meaning 词义的升格Etymology 词源学Euphemism 委婉语Homonymy 同音（形）异义Hyponymy 上下义关系Idiom 成语Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Initialism：首字母缩略词Metaphor：隐喻Metonymy：换喻，转喻，借代Morpheme 词素Morphology 词形学，形态学Motivation of word 词的理据Neologism 新词语Onomatopoeic word 拟声词Phonetics 语音学Polysemy 一词多义Register 语域Root 词根Semantic field语义场Semantics 语义学Synonym 同义词Synonymy 同义关系Word-formation/building 构词法Part III True or False Statements1.It is usual that some affixes have far more frequent productive uses than others.There are some significant relations between affixes, especially antonymy, as with pre- and post-, -full and –less. (T)2.Though most prefixes can occur as independent words, they can on occasion bedetached to permit coordination, as in pre- and post-hysterectomy. (F)pounding can occur only in three main word classes, nouns and to a lesserextent, adjectives and, to least extent, verbs. (F)4.Semantically, compounds can often be identified as having a main stress on thefirst element and a secondary stress on the second element. (F)5.English compounds can be analyzed according to different criteria, such asorthographic criteria, semantic criteria, and phonological criteria. (T)pounds can be divided into three categories according to word classes: nouncompounds, adjective compounds and verb compounds. (T)pounds indicate the relations of the compounding elements by syntacticparaphrases. (T)8.Conversion is the derivational process whereby an item is adapted or convertedto a new word class without the addition of an affix. (T)9.Conversions from verb to noun and from verb to adjective are the mostproductive categories. (F)10.T here are two types of conversion: full conversion and partial conversion. (T)11.T he most important kinds of alteration in conversion are the voicing of finalconsonants, and the shift of stress. (T)12.W ords formed through acronymy are called acronyms or initialisms, dependingon the spelling of the new words. (F)13.B ack-formation is the method of creating new words by removing the supposedsuffixes. (T)14.M otivation has nothing to do with the explanation for the reason that a particularform has a particular meaning. (F)15.T he conceptual meaning of a word is often unstable and hard to determine. (F)16.B y etymological motivation, we mean that the meaning of a particular word isrelated to its origin. (T)17.S ense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and thenon-linguistic world of experience, while reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. (F)18.I n semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherentrelation to the physical world of experience. (T)19.C ontextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from orreduce meaning to observable contexts. (T)20.T he meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its words andphrases put together. (F)21.B oth semantics and pragmatics study how the speakers of a language choosetheir words to effect successful communication. (F)22.T he meaning of an isolated word from a dictionary is usually abstract andcontext-independent. (T)23.I ndo-European refers to the family languages spoken originally in Europe. (F)24.L atin and French belong to the different language groups. (F)25.E nglish belongs to the West-Germanic language group of Indo-Europeanlanguage family. (T)26.T he first people in England about whose language we have definite knowledgeare the Celts. (T)27.C ertain Germanic tribes, Angles, Saxons, Frisians and Jutes were the founders ofthe English nation. (T)28.O ld English has much less loan words compared with modern English.(T)29.The Norman Conquest virtually introduced French-English bilingualism intoEngland. (T)30.C ollocation is the relationship between two words or groups of words that oftengo together and form a common expression. (T)31.C ollocations are not transparent in meaning; that is, the meaning of the wholecannot be worked out from the meaning of each of the words in it. (F)32.L exical collocations normally consist of nouns, adjectives, verbs andprepositions. (F)33.A fixed lexical collocation is a collocation of two or more co-occurring lexemesin an unchanging syntactic and semantic relationship. (T)34.A Dictionary of the English Language by Dr. Samuel Johnson in 1755 is asymbol for modern English Dictionary. (F)35.W ebster’s two-volume 1828 dictionary, The American Dictionary of the EnglishLanguage, published when he was 70 years old, was by far the largest and the most impressive dictionary produced in America up to that time. (T)36.F rom pronunciation, British dictionaries as well as American ones generally useInternational Phonetic Alphabet. (IPA). (F)37.B ilingual dictionaries usually do not have etymological labels due to thelimitation of the length. (T)Part IV. Practices for Word-formation Processes.Section A: Explain the meanings of the following compounds in English1.Pickpocket2.Housebreaking3.Off-white4.Sleepwalker5.Brainstorming6.Self-styled7.Tenderfoot8.Good-looking9.Quick-freeze10.D ragonflyKeys:1.A person who steals things from people’s pockets2.Entering a building without right or permission in order to commit a crime3.A color that is nor pure white but has some grey or yellow in it4.A person who walks around while asleep5.Method of solving problems in which all the members of a group suggest ideaswhich are then discusseding a name, title etc. which one has given oneself, esp. without having anyright to do so7.A person who has recently arrived in a rough place8.Having a pleasant appearance9.Freeze very quickly for storing so that it keeps its natural qualities10.I nsect with a long thin body and two pairs of wingsSection B 根据例词，写出另外同类型转换的例子1.Garage to garage _______ ______ _______2.Water to water ________ ________ _______3.Core to core _______ ________ _______4.Nurse to nurse _______ ________ _______5.Hand to hand _______ -________ ______6.To release release _______ ________ _______7.To catch catch _______ ________ _______8.To show off show-off ______ ________ ______9.To throw throw ______ ________ ______10.T o cook cook _______ _______ _______11.D ry to dry ________ _______ _______12.B rave to brave _________ _______ _______Section C写出下列截短词的原词1.ad2. Memo3. Auto4. mike5. Bike6. Bus7. phone 8. Champ 9. Photo10. con 11. Co-op 12. Plane13. copter 14. Dorm 15. Rhino16. flu 17. Fridge 18. Gas19. sub 20. Taxi 21. Gym22.hippo 23. Lab 24. Limo25.lunch 26. Math 27. Vet28. zoo 29. Pub 30. PopKeys:2.memorandum 6. Omnibus 10. Convict 11. Co-operative 15. Rhinoceros 16. Influenza18. gasoline 19. Submarine 20. Taxicab22. hippopotamus 24. Limousine 25. Luncheon27. veteran, veterinarian, veterinary28. zoological garden 29 public house 30. Popular music Section D 写出下列首字母缩略词、拼音词的完整写法及汉语意思1.WHO2.ASEAN3.WTO4.ISP5.IT6.WWW7.CPU8.WPS9.GM10.V IP11.C EO12.G MT13.I OC14.C IA15.B BC16.T B17.V OA18.N BA19.F BI20.R OM21.D OS22.B IOS23.U NESCO24.N ATO25.O PEC26.T OEFL27.A IDS28.G PS29.R adar30.S IM31.C DMAPart V Meaning and Sense Relation1.Flowers _______ __________ ____________ _______ _________2.Body parts ________ _________ ________ _________ ________3.Stationary _________ __________ _______ ________ _________Section B 从下列七组词语中各找出一个不属于该组语义场的词：１.P en pencil ink wallpaper pencil-box ruler pads２.S oap towel bathtub oven basin sink perfume３.D river professor clerk student nurse guard porter４.W alk stride pace plunge run stroll roam parade５.C ar truck bus train bicycle airplane steamboat６.R ed green purple pink blue sandy brown orange７.C up mug glass spoon bowl pot plate saucer１.A s lean as _____２.A s long as______３.A s white as_____４.A s flat as _________５.A s warm as_______６.A s yellow as ______７.A s plain as ________８.A s round as _______９.A s naked as _______10.As sweet as _______11. as strong as _______12. as tasteless as ______13. as red as _______14. as plum as ______15. as thick as ______16. as cool as _______Keys:1.skeleton2. arm3. flour4. pancake5. toast6. butter7. ears 8. sausage 9. eggs 10. beans11. onions 12. potatoes 13. beef 14. blackberry 15. porridge 16. a cucumberPart VI 用分类关系画出以下各组词的树形图（不多于5层）１.T rack events, hurdles, jump, high jump, discus throw, field events, throw, events, walk, run, shot put, long jump, hammer throw, relays２.C ow, reptile, organism, plant, porcine, ox, bird, human, mammal, buffalo, bovine, animal, ovine３.A rmy, tank, rifle, armed forces, air force, warships, mine hunter, navy, transport aircraft, fighter-bomber４.P rose, novel, fiction epic, literature, drama, short story, poetry, lyric, novelette, pastoral５.P lane geometry, square, trapezium, plane triangle, quadrilaterals, rectangle, irregular quadrilateral, rhombus, parallelogramsKeys:1.EventsTrack events field eventsWalk run hurdles relays shot put jump throwHigh jump long jump hammer throw discus throw2.OrganismHuman animal plantBird mammal reptileOvine bovine porcineOx cow buffalo3.Armed forcesArmy navy air force Tank rifle warships mine hunter transport aircraft fighter-bomber4.LiteratureProse fiction drama poetryNovel novelette short story epic lyric pastoral5.Plane geometryPlane triangles quadrilateralsIrregular quadrilaterals parallelograms trapeziumSquare rectangle rhombusPart VII 完成下列明喻成语1. as _______ as ink2. as _______as brass3. as ________ as silver4. as _________as crystal5. as ________ as ice6. as ________as pitch7. as ________as bone 8.as ________as a pig9. as ________as a wolf 10. as ________as marble11. as ________as fire 12. as ________as two peas14. as ________as a ghost 15. as _________ as thought16. as rich as _______ 17. As heavy as ______18. as easy as _______- 19. As blind as ______20. as yellow as ________ 21. As ripe as _______\22. as pleased as ________ 23. As green as ______24. as cunning as ________ 25. As thin as ______26. as poor as ________- 27. As gay as _______28. as busy as ________ 29. As soft as ______Keys:1.black2. bold3. bright4. clear5. cold6. dark7. dry 8. fat 9. greedy 10. hard 11. hot 12. like14.mad 15. pale 16. a Jew 17. lead 18. ABC 19. a mole20. a guinea 21. cherry 22. punch 23.grass 24. a fox25. a rake 26. a church mouse 27. a lark 28. a bee 29. Down Part VIII 将下列谚语译成对应的汉语谚语：1.Two heads are better than one.2. The leopard can’t change his spots.3. A bad penny always comes back.4. East or west, home is best.5. After supper walk a while.6. Seeing is believing.7. Never try to prove what nobody doubts.8.All are not thieves that dogs bark at.word专业资料-可复制编辑-欢迎下载9.Anger and haste hinder good counsel.10. When the cat’s away, the mince will play.11.It is as well to know which way the wind blows.12.Sow nothing, reap nothing.13.God’s mill grinds slow but sure.14.He who has health has hope.15.While the grass grows the horse starve.16. You get what you pay for.Keys:1. 三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮2.江山易改，本性难移3. 恶有恶报4.金窝银窝，不如家里草窝5.饭后百步走，活到九十九6.百闻不如一见7.此地无银三百两8.人不可貌相，海水不可斗量9.小不忍则乱大谋10.山中无老虎，猴子称大王11.识时务者为俊杰12.无功不受禄13. 天网恢恢，疏而不漏14.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧15.远水解不了近渴16. 一分价钱一分货。
自考《英语词汇学》复习资料第二章
第⼆章 Indo-European language family （Europe， the Near East， India） Balto –Slavic Indo-Iranian Italic Germanic Prussian Persian Portuguese Norwegian Lithuanian Hindi Spanish Icelandie Polish Italian Danish Bulgarian Roumanian Swedish Slovenian French English Russian German Albanian Armenian Celtic Hellenic Irish Greek Breton Scottish 2. History （时间，历史事件，特征） 1） Old English （450-1150） totally 50，000-60，000 words The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts， the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles， Saxons and Jutes and their language， Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century， the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words by combining two native words. In the 9th century， many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English， our daily life and speech. 特点： highly inflected language complex endings or vowel changes （full ending） 2） Middle English （1150-1500） English， Latin， French Until 1066， although there were borrowings from Latin， the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. By the end of the 13th century， English gradually come back into public areas. Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin come into English. 75% of them are till in use today. As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English. 特点： fewer inflections leveled ending 3） Modern English （1500-up to now） early modern English （1500-1700） late modern English（1700-up to now） The Renaissance， Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the Western world’s great literary heritage. The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization， British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe， thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world. After World War II， many new words have been created to express new ideas， inventions and scientific achievements. More words are created by means of word-formation. thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions， and scientific achievements. more words are created by means of word-formation. in modern English， word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language. science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% . mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use. 特点： ending are almost lost. 3. Three main sources new words 1.The rapid development of modern science and technology 2.Social， economic and political changes 3.The influence of other cultures and languages 4. Three modes of vocabulary development 1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials， namely roots， affixes and other elements.（This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.） 2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need. 3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（particularly in earlier time） 4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete） French 30%， Latin 8%， Japanese Italian 7%， Spanish 6%， German Greek 5%， Russian Yiddish 4%。
0832 英语词汇学 第二章考点归纳Chapter 2 The development of the
Chapter 2 The development of the English Vocabulary The Indo-European Language Family comprise 8 branchesEastern set: Balto-Slavic , Indo-lranian, American and Albanian , Western set : Celtic , Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.The major modern languages of each branch(常见选择，填空)：Armenian Albanian each the only languageBalto-Slavic : Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish , Czech , Bulgarian , Slovenian and Russian, Hellenic:GreekItalic: Portuguese, Spanish , French z Italian , Romanian ( five Romance language ) Germanic : Norwegianjcelandic, Danish , Swedish . (Scandinavian Languages) Celtic: Scottish , Irish , Welsh , Breton A History Overview of the English VocabularyThe formation of English words (常见简答，填空)Old English (450-1150):CelticLatin of the Roman Legions (55-54B.C)Anglo-Saxon of theGermanic tribes (now people generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English )-religious terms brought by the introduction of Christianity (6th century) ----Scandinavian words of Norwegian and Danish vikings (the 9th century )Middle English (1150-1500): French of Normans (1066) --English came back (13th century).Modern English (1500-up to now ): Early Modern English (1500-1700) ：Latin and Greek were borrowed in the time of Renaissance .Late Modern English ( after 1700); absorbing words from all major language s of the world with the growth of colonization ( Mid-seventeenth)--- new words created about science and technology (after World War II)Characteristics of Old English (常见填空题)Old English was a highly inflected language , language of full endings .Characteristics of Middle English (常见填空题)Middle English is alanguage of leveled endings .Characteristics of Modern English (常见填空题)English has evolved froma synthetic language ( Old English) to the present analytic language .2.1Growth of Present-day English Vocabulary The main reasons for the development of Present-day English vocabulary are:(常见简单 , 选择)Generally, there are three main source of new words : the rapid development of modern science and technology; social , economic and political changes ; the influence of other cultures and languages.2.2Modes of Vocabulary Development The Main Modes of Vocabulary Development(常见填空，简答题)Modern English vocabulary develops through three channels : creation , semantic, change , borrowing.(1)Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials , namely roots ,affixes and other elements . In modern times , this is the most important way of vocabulary expansion .(2)Semantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet he new need . This does not increase the number of word forms but increases many more new usages of the words, thus enriching the vocabulary .(3)Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times. Though still at work now, it can hardly compare with what it did in the past.。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说，掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料，帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中，词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如，英语中的词汇主要由字母组成，而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成，可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如，单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”（表示否定）和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成，可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如，汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”，表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类，例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念，动词用来表示动作或状态，形容词用来描述人或事物的特征，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词用来代替名词，介词用来表示位置、时间或方式，连词用来连接词语或句子，感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如，可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类；将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类；将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如，可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们在句子中起到实际的意义；虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词，它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中，词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
词汇学复习资料
论述题一、一般词汇与基本词汇的关系基本词汇和一般词汇都有各自特点，因此，它们是语言词汇中两个完全不同的部分。
但是，基本词汇和一般词汇又有非常密切的联系，它们相互依存，共同发展，都是语言词汇中不可缺少的部分。
第一，基本词汇是语言的基础，它也是一般词汇形成的基础，一般词汇中的大多数词都是在基本词汇基础上形成的。
第二，一般词汇反映社会的发展是非常敏感的，它几乎经常存在不吨的变动之中，因此，语言词汇中的新成分往往首先出现在一般词汇中，然后个别成分再进入基本词汇中，促成基本词汇的发展。
从这一角度讲，一般词汇又可以充当基本词汇发展的源泉。
第三，基本词汇和一般词汇中的个别成分又是可以互相转换，在词汇发展的过程中，随着社会交际需要的改变，某些基本词转化成一般词，而某些一般词也能转化为基本词汇，如过去的基本词“鬼、窝窝头”等，现在已成了一般词，又如过去的一般词“党”，现在已经由一般词转化成基本词，成为“共产党”的简称。
总之，基本词汇和一般词汇就是在这样相互依存不断转化的关系中间共同发展和丰富起来。
它们的发展又形成整个词汇的形成。
二、词义发展的概况1、新词的增加。
语言是随着社会的发展而发展的，在这发展过程当中，词汇又是最敏感的部分，因此，社会上的一切都会在词汇中有所反映，这就促成了语言中新词的不断增加。
2、双音词的增多。
随着汉语的发展，词汇中的双音词逐渐增多起来，由单音向双音发展，是汉语词汇发展的一种必然现象。
因为随着社会的发展，交际的需求越来越纷繁复杂，需要表示的事物越来越多，有限的单音节形式就必然造成语言中同音词的大量出现。
因而给人们的交际带来许多不便，汉语词的双音化就此发展起来。
3、实词虚化现象的发展。
主要表现在两个方面：一方面是由实词类变为虚词类，如“因”原为“原因”，而后发展为“因为”，充当连词使用；另一方面，是由可以充当词根词素的实词虚化成了附加词素，如“了”原为“了结”虚化成了“好了”。
“了结”是实词，后来虚化成了词尾词素，读为“le”附在动词后面，表示完成体的语法意义，如“看了”、“做了”。
英文专业词汇学考试复习资料---精品管理资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words。
According to semanticists(语义学家), a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound，meaningand syntactic function（句法功能).2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary。
3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English。
With the development of the language，more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional。
词汇学期末复习资料
1.Words Motivation言语理据：deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. There are four types of motivation, which are Onomatopoeic motivation,Morphologic motivation, Semantic motivation and etymologic motivation.(1) Onomatopoeic motivation:拟声理据Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound. For example, bow-wow, bang, ping-pong, miaow, tick-tuck ,haha and the like are Onomatopoeic words. Knowing the sounds means understanding the meaning of a word.(2) Morphologic motivation:形态理据It means that we observe the connection between morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. For example,if one knows the meaning of the affix and the base, say –able and learn, then one can immediately tell that the meaning of the word learnable is “that can be learned”. (3)Semantic motivation:语义理据Semantic motivation refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. For example: When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone.(4) etymologic motivation: 词源理据It explains the words whose meanings are closely associated with their origins, i.e. the meanings of the words. For example, now people use pen for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feather” because before modern pens were created, feathers were commonly used as writing tool.2.Meanings of meaning: There are seven types of meaning which is proposed by G. Leech.(1)conceptual meaning:概念意义it is the literal meaning. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing refers to. eg: the word "desk" is explained as a piece of furniture in the dictionary. (2)connotative meaning:内涵意义it refers to the meaning implied. eg: woman is a tiger and in this sentence, the word "woman" is connotative meaning.（3）social meaning: if refers to social circumstances. eg: the meaning of the word black differs in the two collcations of black hair and black tea.(4)affective meaning: 情感意义it refers to emotion or the feeling expressed by the speaker or writer. For example, the woman is cute. In this sentence, the word "cute" expresses the author's favor to woman..(5)reflective meaning:联想意义it refers to meaning undetected in communication. Take the word "table" as an example. It is a very common word in English. If we look it up in any dictionary, we will find that it has at least the following three meanings: a piece of furniture, all the people seated at a table, the food that is put on a table.(6)collocativemeaning:搭配意义it is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of other word..For instance, the phrase "see a film" is ofen used in everyday life but not "read a film".(7)thematic meaning: it is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of other and emphasis. For example, "It is until the midnight that my father worked in the lab", this sentence emphasis time adverbial and it's theme is that my father worked hard "until the midnight". However, in this sentence "It is my father that worked until the midnight in the lab", it emphasis the subject "my father"3.词义关系(1)Synonymy:同义关系refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. ①Dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects. Eg. British English: autumn. American English: fall.②S tylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style. Eg. Start, begin, commence ③Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning. Eg. The two words collaborator and accomplice are synonymous inthat they share the meaning of “a person who helps another”, but they differ in that a collaborator helps another in doing something good, while an accomplice helps another ina criminal act. ④S emantically different synonyms. Eg. The two words amaze and astound are very close in meaning to the word surprise, but have very subtle differences. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, astound suggests difficulty in believing. ⑤Collocational s ynonyms. Eg. charge…. With, rebuke….for, sour milk (2).Polysemy:多义现象It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. Eg. If we look up he word “table” in any dictionary, we will find the following meanings: 1)a piece of furniture, 2)all the people seated at table, 3)the food that is put on the table, 4)a thin flat piece of stone, metal, wood, etc, and so on(3).Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. 1)Homophones同音异义—when two words are identical in sound. Eg. Meet/meat; son/sun; night/knight; Homonymy Homographs同形异义—when two words are identical in spelling. Eg. minute n/minute adj; tear v./ tear n ; lead v./lead n. Complete homonyms—when two words are identical in both spelling and sound. Eg. Fast adj./ fast v. scale n./scale v.(4).Hyponymy下义关系It refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate上义词, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms下义词. Eg. Superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, tiger, lion, fox, bear.(5)Antonymy 反义关系It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning. ①Gradable antonyms分级反义词(a matter of degree). Eg.Old—middle-aged—young; hot-warm-cold .②Complementary antonyms互补反义词(the denial of one member of pair implies the assertion of the other) . Eg. Alive—dead; male—female; ③Relational opposites关系反义词(Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites)Eg. father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient; buy-sell; above-below; north-south(6)Taxonomy:分类关系it is a classified structure formed by different level of types of lexicon. The relation between different types of lexicon is taxonomy. The lexicon contains a narrow type which is called taxonyms. While the lexicon contains a wide type on a superior level is superordinate. The lexicons in the same level are co-taxonyms. For example: plant can be divided into lichen, creeper, tree and so on, tree can be divided into conifer and deciduous. Conifer can be divided into pine and spruce. From the relations, pine is a kind of conifer which is a kind of tree, which is a kind of plant, so pine is a kind of plant.(7)Partonomy (Meronymy)部分整体关系:it involves part-whole relation between words. For example: wheel, engine, window and door are parts of car. Car is called the superordinate in the relationship. wheel, engine, window and door are called the meronyms in the relationship.4.Derivation:派生it is generally defined as a word formation process by which new words are created by odding prefix, suffix or both to the base form. For example: unhappy is the derivation of happy. Proposal is the derivation of propose. Dishonest is the derivation of honest.pounding :复合法is a process of word formation by which two or more stems are put together to make one word. For example: baby-sitter, housekeeper, speed-reading, overwork are all compound words.6.Conversion :转化is a word formation process by which a word of a certain word class is shifted into a word of another word class without the addition of an affix. For example: wateris a noun and it can convert into a verb which means to pour water on. Wealthy is an adjective and it can convert into a noun “the wealthy” which means rich people.7.Back formation:逆构词法it refers to a type of word formation by which a shorter word is coin by deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already existing in the language. For example: daydreamer is a noun. We can remove the suffix-er. Then the word daydreamer turns into a verb. The meaning of them are still same.8.Abbreviation(Clipping): 缩略法it refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases. For example: quake is the abbreviation of earthquake. Fridge is the abbreviation of refrigerator.9.Hyponymy:下义词it refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example: fruit, meat, vegetable are hyponyms of the superordinate term food. Beef , pork. Mutton are hyponyms of the superordinate term meat.10.Context:generally speaking, context is consist of two aspects: one is “linguistic context” referring to the linguistic unit preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text and refer to the words, clause and sentences in which a word appears. The other is “extra-linguistic” context or “non-linguistic” context refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. It contains situational context referring to time , place, human characteristic and social status; common sense and some certain information in a certain situation.修辞：1.metaphor,隐喻:两个事物存在某一类似之处，而用一个事物的词来指另一个事物。
词汇学 期末考试复习资料
第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
词汇学复习材料 2
I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words, primarilythrough the use of _________construct.A. soundB. formC. morphemeD. root2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal3.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called _______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes4.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames5.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.prefixes B. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes6.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes7.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes8. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting9.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some natural languages10.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional11._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection12. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage13. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymyposition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A. absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contrary antonyms15.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are often employed in aconversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms16 Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns,verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal17. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words.Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. new18.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian all belongto the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon19.The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes20. ________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size21．The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes22.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting23.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, and lexicalmeaning in particular.A. arbitrary meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. grammatical meaning24.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development ofthe semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional25._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondarymeanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection26. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from itsfirst sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage28. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms29. In Shakespearean line ‘rats and mice and such small dee r’, deer obviously designates ‘_____’ ingeneral.A. a doeB.. animalC. a deerlike animalD. buck30 By hook and by crook is an example of ________.31. A word is ______of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a part32. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is not_______________.A. free rootB. free morphemesC. wordD. bound root33. Word formation excludes ________________.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration34. For the word “political”, its negative form is “_____________”.A. apoliticalB. ilpoliticalC. inpoliticalD. impolitical35. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation __________________ concatenation.A. is behindB. precedesC. is withD. makes up for36. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________.A. logicalB. arbitrary, conventionalC. certainD. objective37. The chief function of prefixation is to ______________ .A. change meanings of the stemsB. change the word-class of the stemC. change grammatical functionD. all the above38. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicatesgrammatical concept or relationship such as ____________.A. part of speech of wordsB. singular and plural meaning of nounsC. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional formsD. all the above39. In the idiom “earn one’s bread”, ___________ is used.A. synecdocheB. personificationC. metonymyD. simile40. Homographs are words identical only in _____________ but different in two other aspects.A. soundB. meaningC. spellingD. senseII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.3.Now people generally refer to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons as _______.4.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words the history of theword explains the meaning of the word.5. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. According to suffixation theory, “villager”is called denominal noun and “employer”is called__________ noun.7. Lexical meaning and ___________ meaning make up the word meaning.8. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly ___________.9. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of ___________ meaning.10. Linguistic context includes lexical context and __________.11. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative, ________and exclamative sentences.12. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.13. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general words are called the _____terms and the more specific words are called _____.14. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______15. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words.III. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.1. Functional words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.2. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is a free root.3. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally, radiation makesup for concatenation.4. Back-formation is one of the three major processes of word formation in English5. The total number of functional words is very limited in English.6. The meaning of a word, especially that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it appears.7. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.8. All transitive verbs can be used in passive sentences.9. Descriptive words can be used for evaluation in some contexts.10. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.11.Thebasicwordstockofalanguageischangingrapidlyallthetime.12. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.13. Inflectionalaffixeshaveonlygrammaticalmeanings.14. There is no intrinsic connection between sound symbols and the sense of all English words.15. Homophonesarewordsidenticalinspellingbutdifferentinmeaning.16. Root,stemandbaserefertothesamething.17. WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginareloanwords.18. “Impossible”expressesastrongernegationthan“notpossible”.19. Acronymy and derivation are all processes of shortening words or word groups.20. The three major processes of word-formation are compounding, blending and conversion.21. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.22. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.23. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.24. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.25. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.26. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.27. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.28. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.29. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000.30. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.the word “persuader”means “dagger”(匕首）, it is regarded as an argot word.of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.33. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.34. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.35. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs.IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms(complete or partialsynonyms); 2) origins of homonyms(acronymy, borrowing, homograph, homophone or change in sound and spelling) ; 3) processes of word-meaning development(radiation or concatenation).A. acronymyB. homographC. complete synonymsD. partial synonymsE. borrowingF. homophoneG. change in sound and meaningH. radiation I. concatenation( ) 2. word building/word formation ( )3. candidate ( )4. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )5. NOW ( )6. dear/ deer ( )from ear ( ) 8. fair from feria ( )9. bank /bank ( ) 10. change / alter/vary ( )V．Define the following terms .1. word2. bound morphemes3. prefixation4. hyponymy5. polysemy6. antonymy7. hyponymy8. free morpheme9. affixation 10.. root11．Affixes 12. Acronymy 13. Conversion 14. back-formation 15. semantic fieldVI．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What are the stylistic features of idioms2.. What are the main types of blendings3.. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.4．What are the main types of compounds5. What are the three main sources of new words6. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five, but, a,never.7 . Write the following words into a tree-like graph:vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake, cornflakes,cereal.。
《英语词汇学》复习资料
《英语词汇学》复习资料《英语词汇学》复习资料1Ⅰ. Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The 1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal-”in “maltreat”is a 4 prefix, while “inter-”in “interstate”is a 5prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle English languageof 6 endings, and a language of 7 endings.6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into twocategories: appreciative or12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.14 is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same 16 meaning，but differ in 17meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features..14.Radiation and 19 are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.20 deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a more specificword is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true”and F for “false”.1.Homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a wordof the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.2.Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity.3.“Can-opener” used as slang to mean “all-purpose key”.4.Native words are neutral in style.5.The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India.6.Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times.7.The smallest functioning unit in the composition of words is morpheme.8.Stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.9.Base is what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.10.Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary.11.“Fore-”in “forehead”and “fore-”in “foreknowledge”belong to two kinds ofprefix.12.Word-building and word-formation are relative synonyms.13.The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergonea process of extension of meaning.14.Parent—child and husband—wife are two pairs of converses.15.Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?3.List the four sources of synonyms.4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Ⅳ. Answer the following questions according to the requirement.Classify the three pairs of antonyms according to types of antonyms you have learned and describe the characteristics of each type of them.interviewer/interviewee; male/female; old /young成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical10. lexical11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19.concatenation 20. hyponymyII.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for “true” and F for “false”.1-5 TTTFT 6-10 TFFFT 11-15 TFFTFIII.Answer the following questions briefly.1.What are the characteristics of the basic word stock?1)All national character 2) stability 3) productivity 4) polysemy5) collocability2.Why are prefixes and suffixes divided according to different criteria?1)Prefixes primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, i.e. prefixes do notgenerally change the word-class of the base but only modify its meaning.2)Suffixes have only a small semantic role and their primary function is to changethe grammatical function of the base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slight modification of meaning.3)So prefixes are categorized on a semantic basis while suffixes are divided on agrammatical basis.3.1)Borrowing; (2) dialects and regional English (3) figurative and euphemisticuse of words (4) coincidence with idiomatic expressions4.What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?1)Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms thecore of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptualmeaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generallyhas the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speechcommunity. (3%)2)Associative meaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it isopen-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors asculture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background,education, etc…（3%）Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.1)Interviewer& interviewee are converses; male & female arecomplementaries; old & young are contraries.2)Complementaries truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are soopposite to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit nopossibility between them. The assertion of one is the denial of the other orvice versa. Complementaries are nongradable, and they cannot be used incomparative degrees and do not allow adverbs of intensity like “very”toqualify them.3)Contraries are gradable antonyms. The existence of one is in relation to theother. We can say: A man is rich or very rich and also we can say a man isrich than the other. Contraries are characteristic of semantic polarity. Theseantonyms form part of a scale of values between two poles and canaccommodate a middle ground belonging neither to one pole nor to the other.4)Converses consist of relational opposites. The pairs of words indicatereciprocal social relationships that one of them cannot be used withoutsuggesting the other. It also includes reverse terms, which compriseadjectives and adverbs signifying a quality or verbs and nouns signifying anact or state that reverse or undo the quality, action or state of the other.成考复习资料复习资料2I. 单选题1. In the sentence “I like to see a movie.”, there are ________ functional words.A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 52. Conversion is amethod________________________.A. of turning words of one part of speech to those of a different part of speechB. of converting words of one meaning into different meaningC. of deriving words through grammatical meansD. of changing words in morphological structure3. The following words have derivational affixes EXCEPT ________________.A. subseaB. prewarC. postwarD. desks4. Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectiveswhen converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5. _________ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core ofword-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning6. The words what have emotive content in themselves are said to contain __ meaning.A. collocativeB. affectiveC. stylisticD. denotative7. __________ explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word.A. Etymological motivationB. Onomatopoetic motivationC. Morphological motivationD. Semantic motivation8. The following words have inflectional affixes EXCEPT __________.A. worksB. workerC. workingD. worked9. “Smog”is formed by combining “smoke”and “fog”. So it is an example ofA. clippingB. compounding成考复习资料C. blendingD. back-formation10. The word “smog”is created by blending, with the structure of __________.A. head + tailB. head + headC. head + wordD. word + tail11. The most important mode of vocabulary development in present-day English is the creation of new words by means of ________________.A. translation-loansB. emantic loansC. word formationD. borrowings12. Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13. Words which are used to show the attitude of approval are ________________.A. appreciativeB. pejorativeC. conntativeD. collocative14. General features of English contains the following except _________.A. simplicityB. receptivityC. adaptabilityD. imprssiveness15. The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are the following except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversionII判断题1. The Indo-European language family is made up of most languages of Europe, theFar East, and India. （）2. The word manusc ript which originally denotes “handwriting” only has undergone aprocess of extension of meaning. （）3. The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the Norman Conquestwhich brought many Latin words into the English language. （）4. Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words, sothey have strong productivity. （）5. Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech, tense meaning, andstylistic coloring. （）6. Words created by compounding occupy the highest percentage of the Englishvocabulary. （）7. The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarked term.（）8. Policeman, constable, bobby and cop are synonyms differing in intensity. （）9. Borrowing has played a vital role in the development of English vocabulary,particularly in earlier times. （）10. “Radiation” shows that the derived meanings of a polysemantic word are not成考复习资料directly related to the primary meaning. （）III简答题1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning?2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.答案I． 1-5 AADDB 6-10 BDBCA 11-15 CBADCⅡ. 1-5 TFFTF 6-10 TFFTFⅢ. 1. What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning and associative meaning? Conceptual meaning is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as the same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to the speakers in the same speech community. Associativemeaning differs from the conceptual meaning in that it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc…2. List different types of associative meaning and define them.Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are words identical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear(a kind of fruit)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig) Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of an animal)复习资料3I．Fill in the blanks.Directions: Complete the following statements with proper words.1.The __1 is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. 2 are words borrowed early in the past and now are wellassimilated intothe English language.3.The problem of interrelation of the various meanings of the same word can bedealt with from two different angles: 3 approach and synchronic approach.4.“Mal” in “maltreat” is a 4 prefix, while “inter-” in “ interstate” i s a 5_prefix.5.Old English is described as a language of full endings, Middle Englishlanguage of___6__ endings, and a language of __7__ endings.成考复习资料6.In modern English, one may find some 8 words whose sounds suggesttheir meaning, for these words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.7.The word meaning is made up of 9 meaning and 10 meaning, andthe later has two components: conceptual meaning and 11 meaning.8.Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: appreciative or__12 .9.13 is thought to be the opposite process of suffixation.10.___14__ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or aword plus a part of another word.11.15 refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.12.“Pretty”and “handsome”share the same _16_ meaning, but differ in _17_meaning.13.___18___analysis is a process of breaking down the sense of a word into itsminimal components which are also known as semantic features.14.Radiation and ___19___ are the two coinages which the development of wordmeaning follows from monosemy to polysemy.15.__20____deals with the relationship of inclusion, i.e. the meaning of a morespecific word is included in that of another more general word.Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F on the answer sheet:1.Homonyms come mainly from borrowing, changes in sound and spelling, anddialects.2.“Radiation”shows that the derived meanin gs of a polysemantic word are notdirectly related to the primary meaning.3.Borrowing is a very important source of synonyms.4. A word which has a synonym naturally has an antonym.5.Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.6.Motivation explains the connection between the linguistic form and its meaning.7.Grammatical meaning or a word includes part of speech,tense meaning, andstylistic coloring.8.The origins of the words are a key factor in distinguishing homonyms frompolysemants.9.The marked term of each pair of antonyms covers the sense of the unmarkedterm.10.If the words differ in range and intensity of meaning, the words are not identicalin denotation.11.The beginning of the Middle English Period was marked by the NormanConquest which brought many Latin words into the English language./doc/3e8624236.html,ponential analysis is to break down. the conceptual sense of a word into its minimal distinctive components.13.Celtic language made great contributions to the expansion of the Englishvocabulary.14.Native words enjoy the same features as the basic word stock and more.15.Shortening includes clipping and blending.Ⅲ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.2. How would you explain the difference between backformation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1. What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?成考复习资料答案I．Fill in the blanks.1. morpheme2. denizens3. diachronic4. pejorative5. locative6. leveled7. lost8. onomatopoeic9. grammatical 10. lexical 11.associative 12. pejorative 13. backformation 14. blending 15. argot 16. conceptual 17. collocative 18. componential 19. concatenation 20. hyponymy Ⅱ. Decide whether the following statements are true or false and write T or F in the brackets:1．F 2.F 3.T 4.F 5.T 6. T 7.F 8.T 9.F 10.T11.F 12. F 13. F 14. T 15. TⅢ. Answer the following questions briefly.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes in terms of free and bound morphemes.unbearable international ex-prisoner.un+bear+able:(1)‘bear’ is a free morpheme, and ‘un’, ‘able’are bound morphemes. inter+nation+al: ‘nation’ is a free morpheme, and ‘inter, al’ are bound morphemes.ex+prison+er: ‘prison’ is a free morpheme, and ‘ex, er’ are bound morphemes.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point.1)Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.2)Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases.3)Backformation is therefore the method of creating words by removing thesupposed suffixes, so called because many of the removed endings are not suffixes but inseparable parts of the word.4)For example, it is a common practice to add –er, -or to verb bases to formagential nouns.5)Reasonably, people make verbs by dropping the ending such as –or in editor, -arin beggar and –er in butler.3. List different types of associative meaning and define them.1)Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by theconceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.2)Stylistic meaning refers to stylistic features, which make them appropriate fordifferent styles.3)Affective meaning expresses the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing inquestion.4)Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account ofthe meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.4. Explain different types of homonyms with examples.(1)Perfect homonyms are known as absolute homonyms, and they are wordsidentical both in sound and spelling. E.g bear (to put up with) and bear (a kind of fruit)(2)Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound andmeaning, e.g. sow (to scatter seeds) and sow (female adult pig)(3)Homophones are words identical only in sound but different in spelling andmeaning, e.g. dear ( a loved person) and deer (a kind of animal)Ⅳ. Analyze the following questions and explain them according to the requirement.1.What is the difference between homonyms and polysemants?1)Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with reference to spellingand pronunciation, as both have the same orthographical form but different meanings. This creates the problem of differentiation.2)The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the factthat the former refers to different lexemes which have thesame form and the latter the one and same lexeme which has several distinguishable meanings.3)One important criterion by which to differentiate them is ‘etymology’, i.e.,homonyms are descendants of different sources whereas a polysemant is a word of the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development.4)The second principal consideration is ‘semantic relatedness’. The severalmeanings of a single polysemous lexeme are related and can be traced back to成考复习资料one central meaning. On the other hand, meanings of different homonyms have nothing to do with one another.5)In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meanings all listed under one headwordwhereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.。
词汇学复习资料.docx
Episode 1: A General Survey of Word1.Word …A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.Vocabulary 一- Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words ofa language・ It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given subject and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history ・The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 2 million words.3.Con tent word (notional word) denote clear notions and thus are known as no tional words ・They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.4.BoiTOwed words (loan words, borrowing) ™ words taken over from foreign language are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing, we can bring the loan words under 4 classes: Denizens, Aliens, translation loans, Semantic loans5.Semantic loans —are not borrowed with reference to the form, but their meaning are borrowed from another language・ In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in language・ e.g. stupid old dump6.Reference- the relationship between language and the world・ By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world (including persons) are being talked ab out. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. This connection is the result of generalization and abstraction.Although reference is abstract, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.7.Concept- which beyond language is the result of human cognition reflecting the objective world in the human mind. It isn't affected by language・ Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical. Meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.A concept can have as many referring expressions as there are languages in the world.& Sense-一denotes the relationship inside the language. Every word that has meaning has sense. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language・1.What is the importance of basic word stock?The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language, which has five characteristics: all national character, stability, productivity, polysemy, collocability.2.What are the characteristics of associative meaning?Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.It is open-ended and indetenninate. It is liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc.3.Tell briefly about Martin Joos’ the Five Clocks?It suggests five degrees of formality: frozen, formal, consultative, casual and intimate.4・ What is the difference between lexical meaning and grammatical meaning?Unlike lexical meaning, different lexical items, which have different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning. On the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings. Functional words, though having little lexical meaning, possess strong grammatical meaning whereas content words have both meanings, and lexical meaning in partial. Lexical and grammatical meanings make up the word-meaning. It is known that grammatical meaning surfaces only in use. But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that the word conveys.Episode 2: Main Characteristics of English Vocabulary1.The Indo-European Language Family■一it is assumed that the world has approximately3,000(some put it 5,000)languages, which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. It is made up of most of the language of Europe, the Nera East, and India Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and AlbanianWestern set: Celtic, Italic, Hellenic, Germanic.2.Old English (450-1150)■一The 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts, the language was Celtic. The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions・ After the Romans, the Germanic tribes called angles, Saxons and Jutes and their language, Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. Old English has a vocabulary of about 50,000 to 60,000words. It was a highly inflected language just like modern German.3.Norman Conquest■一the Normans invaded England from France in 1066・ the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English・ Norman French became the polite speech・ 75% of them are still in use today. The situation of 3 languages (French, English, Latin) existing simultaneously continued for over a century..4.Renaissance■一In the early period of modem English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancient Greek and Roman classics. This is known in history as the Renaissance・ Latin and Greek were recognized as the language of the Western world's great literary heritage and of great scholarship ・5.Reviving archaic words-一words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use. They are found mainly in older poems, legal document and religious writing or speech.6.Modern English (1150-1500) ™Modern English began with the establishment of printing in English・ Word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions. Modern English is considered to be an analytic language・1.Why do we say n English is a heavy borrower?u Please justify it.English is a heavy bonower and has adopted words from all other major languages of the world. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80% of the modern English vocabulary・ As is stated in Encyclopedia Americana /The English language has vast debts・ In any dictionary some 80% of the entries are borrowed M.eg. kowtou from Chinese, long time no see from haojiubujian (Chinese), the word H dream n originally meant "joy" and ”music蔦its modern meaning was borrowed later from the Norse.2.In the Middle English Period, what made French a dominant language in England?In 1066, in the history of England, there was Norman Conquest. The French-speaking Normans were the ruling class. French was used for all state affairs and for most social and cultural matters. Therefore, those who in power spoke French, those who were literate read and wrote in French; and any young man who sought to earn his living as a scribe learned Latin or French because there was no market for such services in English・ The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English・3・ What happened in the mid-seventeenth century in England?England experienced the Bourgeois Revolution followed by the Industrial Revolution and rose to be a great economic power.Episode 3: Morphological Structure of English Words1.Morpheme—A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language・(The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.)2.Morph■一A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs・3.Monomorphenic words■一morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph-一Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. e.g. the morpheme of plurality (-s) has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context, e.g. in cats/s/, in bags/z/, in matches/iz/.5・ Free morphemes or free root—The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences, e.g. cat, walk. They are identical with root words・morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes一-The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words, e.g. recollection (re+collect+ion) collect - free morpheme re-and -ion are bound morphemes, (including bound root and affix) Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root—A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just likea free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -diet- for example: it conveys the meaning of n say or speak” as a Latin root, but not as a word. With the prefix pre-(=before) we obtain the verb predict meaning "tell beforehand”. Contradict “speak against^. Bound roots are either Latin or Greek.Although they are limited in number, their productive power is amazing・& Affixes™Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. Almost affixes are bound morphemes.9.Prefixes—Prefixes are affixes that come before the word, such as, pre+war, sub+sea10.Suffixes・・・suffixes are affixes that come after the word, for instance, blood+y.l 1・Inflectional morphemes or Inflectional affixes™Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes. The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.12.Derivational morphemes or Derivational affixes—Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words・13.Root-一A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. (What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.) .e.g. "internationalists^ removing inter-, -al-, -ist, -s, leaves the root nation.14.Stem—A form to which affixes of any kind can be added・ E・g・u internationalists,\ nation is a root and a stem as well.A stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus an affix・1・ What are the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes?Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus known as inflectional morphemes・ Modem English is an analytic language・ Most endings are lost, leaving only a few inflectional affixes, such as plural forms of nouns-s(-es), and the comparative and superlative degree forms of adjectives: -er, -est. Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. Derivational affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes ・2.What are the differences between root and stem? Explain with examples・A root is the basic form of a word, which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.(What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.) .e.g. "internationalists" removing inter-, -al-, -ist,leaves the root nation.A stem is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added・ e.g. "internationalists^, nation is a root and a stem as well.A stem may consist of a single root or two roots and a root plus an affix・A stem can be a root or a form bigger than a root.Episode 4: Major Processes of Word-formation1.Affixation (Derivation)■一the formation of words by adding word forming or derivational affixes to stems. According to their position, affixation falls into: prefixalion and suffixation.2.Pre fixationthe formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. It does not change the word-class of the stem but change its meaning3.Suffixation■一Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Change the grammatical function of stems (the word class). Suffixes can be grouped on a grammatical basis ・4.Adjective suffix™the suffix combines with noun or verb to create denominal or deverbal suffixes.一-adj suffixpounding (Composition—Compounding is a process of word・formation by joining two or more stems.6.Conversion (zero-derivation, functional shift)—Conversion is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class. These words are new only in a grammatical sense・The most productive is between nouns and verbs.1.How do you distinguish compounds from free phrases?Compounds differ from free phrases in the following three aspects.1)Phonetic features. In compounds the word stress usually occurs on the first element whereas in noun phrases the second element is generally stressed if there is only one stess.2)Semantic features. Compounds are different from free phrases in semantic unity. Every compound should express a single idea just as one word.3)Grammatical features・ A compound tends to play a single grammatical role in a sentence・Episode 5: The Minor Processes of Word-FormationDefine the following terms1 ・ Blending一-is the word formation by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word・2.Clipping-一shorten a Ion ger word by cutti ng a part of the origi n and using what remains instead ・ People tend to be economical in writing and speech to keep up the tempo of new life style.3.Acronymy■一is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special phrases and technical terms4.Initialisms-一are words fonned from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. It?s one of the word formations of acronymy.5.Acronyms■一are words formed from the initial letters of word and pronounced as words・・IFs one of the word formations of acronymy.6.Back-formation-一is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion ofa supposed affix. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.1.What are neologisms? Give one example to illustrate them.Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings. The examples go as follows:"They misunderestimated me.n M We don't want to get dixie-chicked, or anything like that, out of the gate. We’ve inves ted tens of millions of dollars in the movie.n dixie-chicked, to become the subject of ridicule and economic loss by alienating a constituency.sniglet: a term invented by comedian Rich Hall to characterize a "word that should be in the dictionary, but isn,t.,t A few examples:doork, a person who always pushes on a door marked H puH n or vice versa.lotshock, the act of parking your car, walking away, and then watching it roll past you. pupkus, the moist residue left on a window after a dog presses its nose to it.daffynition: a pun coined by reinterpreting an existing word on the basis that it sounds like another word. Under the name Uxbridge English Dictionary, making up daffynitions is a game on the BBC Radio 4 comedy quiz show Fm Sorry I Haven^t a Clue. A few examples: antelope, to run off with your mother's sister.testicle, an exploratory tickle.boomerang, what you say to frighten a meringue.pasteurize, too far to see.For more than 20 years, columnist Bob Levey of The Washington Post has been inviting readers to submit new definitions for pre-existing words. Some memorable contributions: circumvent (nJ, the opening in the front of boxer shorts.coffee (n.), a person who is coughed upon.flabbergasted (adj.), appalled over how much weight you have gained・Frisbeetarianism (nJ, the belief that, when you die, your soul flies up onto the roof and gets stuck there ・population (n.), that nice sensation you get when drinking soda.spatula (n.), a fight among vampires.testicle (n.), a humorous question on an exam.2.What are the three main sources of new English words?Three main sources of new words are:the rapid development of modem science and tech no logy;social, economic and political changes;the influence of other cultures and languages3.How do you explain the difference between backformation and suffixation? Give example to illustrate your point.Back-formation is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. It is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. As we know, Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems, and back-formation is therefore the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes・ For example,is a noun suffix, it is added to noun base engine to produce a new word-engineer, however, people make can make verbs by dropping the endings such as -or in editor, and -er in butler・ This is how we derive edit and butle. The removed suffixes are not true suffixes but inseparable pars of the words.Episode 6 Motivation1.Motivation—accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning・2.Onomatopoeic Motivation™the words whose sounds suggest their meaning・(Indicate the relationship between sound and meaning). Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning・ These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises. For example, bang, ping-pang, crow by cocks, etc.3.Morphological Motivation―Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many words are the sum total of the morphemes combined. (Indicate the relationship between word meaning and each morpheme meaning)・ For instance, airmail means4.Semantic Motivation一-refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explained the conn ection between literal sense and figurative sense of a word).5.Etymological Motivation-一The history of the word explains the meaning of the word. (Indicate the relationship between word meaning and its origin).Episode 7 Semantic Features & Componential Analysis1 ・ Grammatical meaning—refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indicates grammatical concept or relationships, such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meanings of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms. Grammatical meaning becomes important only used in actual context.2・ Lexical meaning—-is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys. It has two components, conceptual meaning and associative meaning.3.Conceptual meaning (denotative meaning)-一the meaning given in the dictionary and forms thecore of wordeaning. It is constant and relative stable. Conceptual meaning forms the basis for communicatio n.Episode 8 Semantic Changes1 • Three mode s of vocabulary development(1)Creation-一the formation of new words by using the existing materials, namely roots, affixes and other elements. (This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.)(2)Semantic change■一an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need・(3)Borrowing-一to take in words from other languages.(particularly in earlier time)2.Extension (generalization)■一is a term referring to the widening of meaning・ It is a process by which a word, which originally had a specialized meaning, has now become generalized・3.Narrowing (specialization)—is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning. It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.4.Elevation or amelioration—refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance・5.Degradation or pejoration of meaning-一It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense6.Transfer…words which were used to designate on thing but later changed to mean something else.1 ・ What are the linguistic factors that cause changes in meaning?Internal factors within the language system, and the influx of borrowing, analogy.Episode 9 Polysemy and Homonymy1・ Polysemy一-polysemy is a common feature peculiar to all natural languages that one word may have two or more senses or different meanings.Two approaches: Diachronic approach ,Synchronic approach・2.Radiation一-is a semantic change in which the primary meaning stands at the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rays.3.Concatenationmeaning "linking together二is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the beginning.4.Homonyms一-are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identi cal only in sound or spelling•5・ Perfect Homonyms-一are words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning, e.g. bank (financial institution) and bank (edge of a river)6.Homographs—are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning. e.g・sow/sow7.Homophones (most common)一-are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning・ e.g. dear/dear right/rite son/sun8.Hyponymy一-deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is，the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word・ These specific words are known as hyponyms (下义i司).For instance, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term (上义i诃)and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms (下义词).1 ・ What is the difference between the process of radiation and concatenation?In radiation, the meanings are independent of one other, but can all be traced back to the central meaning・ If we give a graphic description of the meanings of face, it would look very much like a wheel of the bicycle.In concatenation, the meaning reached by the first shift may be shifted a second time, and so on until in the end the original meaning is totally lost.2. How to differentiate homonyms from polysemies?The fundamental difference lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and the same word which has several distinguishable meanings・ One important criterion is to see its etymology, the second is semantic relatedness.Episode 10 Sense Relations1・Antonyms™words which are opposite in meaning.2. Synonyms■一are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning・ Synonyms share a likeness in denotation and in part of speech・3・ Absolute (Complete) Synonyms-一are words, which are identical in meaning in all its aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings・ Absolute (Complete) Synonyms are restricted to high-specialized vocabulary. For instance, composition / compounding. They have the perfect same meaning in Lexicology・4.Relative (Approximate) synonyms—are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.1. What are the 3 types of antonyms? Illustrate with examples.Antonyms—are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms (according to the semantic opposition)1)Contradictory terms 一these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.e.g. alive一dead, present—absent, male—female, boy—girl, true—false, same— ifferent,i mperfect—perfect2)Contrary terms■一a scale running between two poles or extremes・ The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.E.g. rich一(well-to・do)—poor; old一(middle-aged)一young, open一(ajar)—lose, beautiful—(good-looking)—(plain)—ugly,3)Relative terms 一consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other, the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair are interdependent.e.g. parent—hild; husband一wife; predecessor一successor, employer一employee。
词汇学期末考试复习资料
词汇学期末考试复习资料第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words byorigin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料Chapter 11.What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?2.What are diachronic approach历时性研究and synchronic approach共识性研究in lexicological study?lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use , and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language1.Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics 语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focuses on the study of the origin and history of words. Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of lexicology--the science of dictionaries.Translation;coal abounds in this province.Crystal water wells out of the spring.2.Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies;diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all languages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages oflanguage change(diachronic) in a course of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language use, features and variation within a certain stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.3.Chapter 21, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discussed in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?2, what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek.① Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old English period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in today’s English.②Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of Englandwas re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England.Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to learn Latin.French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scientific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite anumber of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their language.In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.Chapter31.What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph词素变体?A morpheme词素is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes(walk). None of these morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.Morpheme;free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme.bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s).inflectional morpheme\屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing，the addition of inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such asderivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possible→impossibleWhen a morpheme has variant forms, these variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different realizations of the same morpheme. Such as tooth→teeth, sheep→sheep(different pronunciation.)Chapter4The formation of English Words;derivation派生法; is the process by which new words areformed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix).Such as; self+less→selfless, self+less+ly→selflessly, un+self+ish→unselfish.compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation.A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be used alone as individual words.Eg; database, weblog, webpage, customer service, data retrieval, mass-destructionconversion转类法；is a process in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as”zero derivation,”which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes.Such as; water n, v. bottle→t o bottle, closet, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nurse, shape, tutor. n→vblending拼缀法；is a word formation process in which parts of words are put together to get a new word. Such as; smoke+ fog→smog, spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧, camcorder→camera+recorder, blog→web+log, brunch→breakfast+lunch, comcast→communication+broadcast, guestimate→guest+ estimate, intercom →internal+ communication, laundromat→laundry+automat, medicaid→medical+care+aid, medicare→medical + care, newscast→news+ broadcast, nightscape→night + landscape, paratroops→ parachute+ troops伞兵,back formation逆构法；is a process of creating a new word out of an existing word which is mistakenly assumed to be in derivative; a supposed suffix of a longer word is removed. Such as; babysit from babysitting, nominate推荐from nomination提名.clipping 截短法；is another word formation process from which a new word is formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllable word and the remaining will mean essentially the same thing as the original word.. Such as; fax from facsimile, and phone from telephone, ad→advertisement, cable→cablegram, dorm→dormitory, gas→gasoline, gym→gymnastics, kilo→kilogram, memo→ memorandum, ?acronyms缩略法；Acronymy and Initialism首字母缩略法；are word formation practices in which the first letters of the individual words of a phrase are put together to form a new word. Such as; DOB for date of birth.from proper noun to common noun从专有名词到普通名词Chapter71.How do your understand sense relations? What are the majorsense relations discussed in this chapter?2.What is polysemy? What is homonymy? How are they related? How are they different?The meaning of a word in usually related in important ways to the meanings of other words. The relations in meaning are known collectively as sense relations. The major kinds of sense relations include; synonymy同义关系antonymy反义关系hyponymy上下义关系（such as flower and rose）polysemy一词多义homonymy同形或同音异义关系（bank bear）Polysemy; refers to the capacity of a word to have multiple meanings.A polyseme is a word or a phrase with different but related meanings. There are two kinds of polysemy; regular/systematicpolysemy and irregular/nonsystematic polysemy. Regular polysemy refers to the situation where different interpretations of one word have parallel sets of meanings among one another. For example, bottle can refer both to a container( of liquids)-as in this bottle is full of water-and to a quantity( of liquids)-as in i would like to buy a bottle of wine. Irregular polysemy is different. For example, glass can refer to a certain material, or to a certain kind of container, or to a certain optical aid which is often made of this material. Although these three meanings of the word are, to some extent, related to each other, the relations among them are not systematic, since we cannot give rulesthat would account for these three meanings of glass.Homonymy is , in the strict sense in linguistics, a sense relation in which words share the same spelling and/or the same pronunciation but have different meanings. One example of homonym is left( opposite of right) and left( past tense of leave). This is an example of perfect homonyms-they are the same in spelling as well as pronunciation, but different n meaning. Besides true homonyms, there are two other types; words that are same in spelling, but not in pronunciation, are called homographs; words that are the same in pronunciation, but different in spelling, are called homophones. Bear;忍受；生育(一词多义)，bear 忍受；熊（同形异义）Chapter8Metaphor隐喻；a metaphor is an implied analogy that suggestively identified one thing with another.Eg; the city is a jungle, where the strong survive and the weak perish. The jail is a zoo, where many” animals” are caged.Life is the morning dew, which vapors away in a mere glimpse.The world is a stage.Personification拟人化; is a figurative technique by whichnon-living objects such as things and ideas are endowed with the traits, feelings, actions, characteristics, and even languages of human beings.The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,And seeing that it was a soft October night,Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.Hyperbole夸张; or exaggeration, is a figurative technique used to emphasize a point. Writers or speakers use this technique to be impressive or to emphasize a point.The fish is as small as a shrimp.To heaven or to hell, I will to with you.He feels as if he could crumb the earth into pieces.Allusion暗指;allusion is another kind of metaphor. It is used to refer to something that is well-known in literature or history to express your point.This story is actually a new version of King Lear’s tragedy.Many Americans were worried that the war in Iraq would become a second Vietnam War.After getting tired of the Tom-and-Jerry games in a high school, he quit his teaching job.Want to make a million dollars overnight? Have you got the Aladdin’s lamp yet?Paradox悖论refers to seemingly self-contradictory statement that actually is true.it may appear totally senseless on the surface but is really valid.Rewards are not always proportionate to efforts.You achieve your goal only to find out that it’s not what you want. Ignorance is joy.Onomatopoeia 拟声; means to take advantage of the words whose sounds are associated with the objects or actions they represent. Onomatopoeia generates sounds.“We won!” my boss chortled in joy.The ghost chortled as it was getting closer to him in the nightmare howl.One of the war phots recorded a mother howling over the dead body of her child.Better wind howled through the naked trees.The horses snorted when pulling the wagon up the mountain road. That old steam-engine train snorted as it left the train station. “That is my father.” she whispered to him.Leaves were whispering in the autumn wind.A little boy was wailing for a toy train.An ambulance wailed down the street.A dog barked at the stranger.“Hold it! Or I’ll shoot,” the farmer barked at the intruder.The roar of a lion echoed in the valley.“Get out!” he roared, “I don’t want to see your face again!”Several young sparrows were twittering in their nest.He could not sleep because several little girls were twittering outside the window.。
(完整word版)英文专业词汇学考试复习资料
Chapter 1 The Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1、The Definition of a WordLexicology focuses on the study of meanings and origins of words.According to semanticists（语义学家）, a word is a unit of meaning.A word is a minimal（最小的）free form of a language that has a given sound, meaningand syntactic function（句法功能）.2、 VocabularyAll the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.3、 Sound and MeaningThe relationship between sound and meaning is no logic4、 Sound and FormThere was more agreement between sound and form in Old English than in Modern English.With the development of the language, more and more differences arose between sound and form.（1）、What is the relationship between sound and meaning? Give examples to illustrate it.The relationship between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional. In differentlanguages, the same concept can be shown by different sounds. “Woman”, for example,becomes “Frau” in German, “Femme” in French and “fu nv” in Chinese. On the otherhand, the same sound [mi:t] is used to mean “meet, meat, mete”, denoting differentthings.（2）、What are the four major reasons for the differences between sound and form?The first reason (he internal reason) is that there are more phonemes （音素）than lettersin English. Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly thanspelling over the years. The third reasons that some of the differences more created bythe early scribes. The fourth reason is the borrowing.（3）、How are words classified in the course book?Words can be classified by different criteria and for different purposes. Words may fallinto: the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency; content words andfunctional words by notion; native words and borrowed words by origin; simple words,compounds and derived words by morphology.（4）、What is the difference between denizens and aliens?Denizens are words borrowed early in the past and now are well assimilated（完全同化）into the English language. But aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.Chapter 2 The Development of the English Vocabulary1、The Indo-European Language FamilyThe prehistoric Indo-European parent language, thought to be a highly inflected （内部曲折语）language.The first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.（1）、Old English（450-1150）In the 9th century England was invaded by Norwegian and Danish Vikings.（2）、Middle English（1150-1500）The French influence on English vocabulary was one of the significant points of theMiddle English period.The most important fact of the Middle English period was the steady erosion of theinflectional systems of Old English.（3）、Modern English（1500-present）In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learning ancientGreek and Roman classics.It is estimated that about one fourth of modern English vocabulary has come from French.3、 Foreign Elements in the English VocabularyIn earlier stages of English, Latin, Greek, French and Scandinavian were the four major contributors.The simultaneous existence of French, Latin and English lasted for a century.4、 Modes of Vocabulary DevelopmentModern English vocabulary develops through three channels: creation, semantic change（旧词新义）and borrowing.Creation is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.5、简答What are the characteristics of Old English?Old English also known as the Anglo-Saxon, has a vocabulary of about 50000 to 60000 words, which are almost monogeneous and entirely Germanic with only a few borrowings from Latin and Scandinavian. Old English was a highly inflected language.It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）Chapter 3 Morphological Structure of English Words1、 MorphemesThe minimal meaningful units in English are known as morphemes（词素）.Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs.4、 Allomorphs（词素变体）An allomorph refers to a member of a set of morphs, which represent one morpheme.6、A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss ofidentity.7、简答（1）、What is the difference between free morphemes and bound morphemes?Free morphemes which have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as freegrammatical units in sentences are independent of other morphemes, but boundmorphemes which cannot occur as separate. Words are bound to other morphemes to form words or to perform a particular grammatical function.（2）、What is the difference between derivational morphemes and inflectional morphemes?Derivational morphemes are used to derive new words, but inflectional morphemes areemployed used to indicate the syntactic （句法）relationship between words and functionas grammatical markers.Chapter 4 Word FormatioThe most productive ways of creating new words are affixation, compounding, and conversion. 1、Affixationderivatives.2、Compounding（复合法）Example: workfare(work+welfare)In adjective-plus-noun compounds, the adjective element cannot take inflectional suffixes.Verb compounds are created either though conversion or through back-formation.3、Conversion（转类法）The conversion that takes place between nouns and verbs is the most productive.The conversion of two syllable nouns into verbs involves a change of stress.Nouns fully converted from adjectives have all the characteristics of nouns.4、 Blending（拼缀法）The overwhelming majority of blends are nouns5、Back-formation（逆身法）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation.6、简答（1）、What is the main difference between prefixes and suffixes?Unlike prefixes which primarily effect a semantic modification of the base, suffixeshave only a small semantic role, their primary function being to changes thegrammatical function of a base, i.e. the change of the word class with a slightmodification of meaning.（2）、What are the three main features of compounds?The three main features of compounds are phonological features, semantic features and grammatical features. The word stress of a compound usually occurs on the first element.Each compound should express a single idea just as one word. A compound tends to playa single grammatical role in a sentence.（3）、What is back-formation? What are the characteristics of back-formation?Back-formation is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Words created through back-formation are verbs. Stylistically, back-formed words are largely informal and some of them have not successfully gained currency.（4）、What is acronymy? What is the difference between initialisms and acrnyms?Acronymy is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of composite names of social and political organizations or phrases used as technical terms. Words formed in this way are called initialisms or acronyms. Initialisms are pronounced letter by letter, but acronyms are pronounced as normal words7、论述题1、“Medicare” and “sitcom” are blends. “Medicare” is formed by combining the head of “medical’and the word “care”, and “sitcom” is formed by combining the head of “situation” and that of “comdey’.2、”Memo” and “flu” are clipped words. “Memo” is formed by clipping the lack of“memorandum” and “flu” is formed clipping the front and lack of “influenza”.3、”TB” and “NATO” are new words created through acronymy. “TB” from “tuberculosis” is aninitialism, while “NATO” from “the North Atlantic Treaty Organization” is an acronym.Chapter 5 Word Meaning and Componential Analysis（成份分析法）1、ReferenceWords are but symbols, many of which have meaning only when they have acquiredreference.2、Concept（概念）Meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical.Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3、SenseUnlike reference, sense denotes the relationships inside the language.4、Motivation（理据）（1）、What is reference? What are the characteristics of reference?Reference is the relationship between language and the world. By means of reference, a speaker indicates which things in the world are being talked about. The reference of a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary and conventional. Although reference isa kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something definite.（2）、What is conceptual meaning? What are the characteristics of conceptual meaning?Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. Being constant and relatively stable, conceptual meaning forms the basis for communication as The same word generally has the same conceptual meaning to all the speakers of the same speech community. (language).（3）、What is the difference between conceptual meaning and associative meaning?Conceptual meaning known as cognitive, denotative, or designative is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning. But Associative meaning is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It differs from the conceptual meaning because it is open-ended and indeterminate, liable to the influence of such factors as culture, experience, religion, geographical region, class background, education, etc. .（4）、What is collocative meaning? What are the characteristics of collocative meaning?Collocative meaning is that part of the word meaning suggested by the words with which it co-occurs. It is again noticeable that collocative meaning overlaps with connotative and affective meaning because in a sense both connotative and affective meanings are revealed by virtue of collocations or contextuality.Chapter 6 Sense Relations（语义关系）The first meaning of a word is called primary meaning. Later meanings are called derived meaningsThe meaning of a more specific word is include in that of another more general word.简答What is the difference between radiation and concatenation（连锁型）?Unlike radiation where each of the derived meanings is directly connected to the primary meaning, concatenation describes a process where each of the later meanings is related only to the preceding one like chains.Chapter 7 Changes in Word MeaningThe vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in the sign-shapes and sign contents.（1）、What is semantic transfer? What are the four main types of transfer?Some words which were used to designate/indicate one thing but later changed to meansomething else have experienced the process of semantic transfer. The four main typesof transfer are the associated transfer, the transfer between abstract and concretemeanings, the transfer between subjective and objective meanings and the synesthesim.（2）、What are the two factors causing changes in meanings? How are they classified?The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are the extra-linguistic factors andthe linguistic factors. The extra-linguistic factors include the historic reason, the classreason and the psychological reason. The linguistic factors include shortening,borrowing and analogy.（类比）Chapter 8 Meaning and Context（语境）1、 Types of ContextWithout context, there is no way to determine the meaning that the speaker intends to convey.When we talk about context, we usually think of linguistic context, hardly aware of theAmbiguity often arises due to polysemy, homonymy and grammatical structure. When a word with multiple meanings is employed in inadequate context, it creates ambiguity.3、简答（1）、what is the difference between linguistic context and extra-linguistic context?Linguistic refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears and it is known as linguistic context or co-text may extend to embrace a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book. But extra-linguistic or non-linguistic context refers to the participants, time, place, and even the whole cultural background（2）、What is the difference between lexical context and grammatical context?Lexical context refers to the words that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is often affected and defined by the neighbouring words. But grammaticalcontext refers to the structure which may influence the meaning of a polysemant.4、论述题Read the sentence carefully. If you find anything inappropriate, explain the reasons and then improve the sentence.a.He is a hard businessman.John ran the egg and spoon race.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by polysemy.2、The word “hard” in this sentence can be understood as “hardworking” or “difficult”.The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader todecide what exactly the speaker means.3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. There would be nomisunderstanding of the original sentence if it is expanded as “He is a hardbusinessman to deal with ”, or “He is a hard businessman and he is often praised by hisemployer”.（participated or organized John ran the egg and spoon race and got second place. orJohn ran the egg and spoon race and gain a larger number of money.）b.They saw her duck.The ball was attractive.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by homonymy.2、The word “ball” in this sentence can be understood as a noun, which refer to “roundobject to play in a game” or a “dancing party”. The context fails to narrow down themeaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.3、The ambiguity can be eliminated by altering the context a little. It is clear if it isexpanded as “The ball was attractive with nice music and a lot of peoples ”, or “Theball made of leather of different colors was attractive”.（kind of poultry or verb meaning ”lower one’s head or body quickly, dodge”They saw her duck or swimming in the river or They saw her duck her body.）c、The fish is ready to eat.I like Mary better than Jean.1、The sentence is ambiguous. The ambiguity is caused by inadequate grammaticalstructure..2、The sentence has two different interpretations. It may mean “the fish is cooked orserved, so ready for people to eat or a “the fish is ready to eat things”. The context fails to narrow down the meaning so that it is difficult for the reader to decide what exactly the speaker means.3、The sentence can be improved as “How nice the fish smell! The fish is ready to eat.” or“The fish is ready to eat things.（I like Mary better than I like Jean or I like Mary better than Jean likes MaryI like Mary better than Jean does. or I like Mary better than I do Jean.）Chapter 9 English IdiomsStylistically, idioms are generally felt to be informal and some are colloquialisms（口语体）and slang.（1）、What are the characteristics of English idioms?The two main characteristics of English idioms are semantic unity and structural stability.Idioms each consist of at least two or more constituents, but each is a semantic unity. The structure of an idiom is to a large extend invariable.（2）、What are the rhetorical features of English idioms?The rhetorical features of English idioms include the phonetic manipulation, the lexicalmanipulation and the semantic manipulation. The phonetic manipulation includesalliteration and rhyme（叠韵）. The lexical manipulation includes reiteration, repletionand juxtaposition. The semantic manipulation includes (Figures of speech) Simile,Metaphor, Metonymy, Synecdoche, Personification, Euphemism.Chapter 10 English DictionariesThe main body of a dictionary is its definitions of words.3、Dictionaries（1）、Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English-English-Chinese（LDCE《朗文高级当代英语词典英汉双解》）Features: Clear Grammar Codes, Usage Notes, Language Notes, New words（2）、Collins COBUILD English Dictionary（CCED《柯林斯COBUILD英语词典》）Features: Definition, Extra Column, Frequency Marker, Pragmatics（词语用法说明）4、British or AmericanAmerican dictionaries contain more encyclopaedic information in the main body than British one whereas British dictionaries, especially learner’s dictionaries, embrace more grammatical information.5、简答What is a dictionary? What is the relationship between a dictionary and lexicology?A dictionary is a book which presents in alphabetical order the words of English,with information as to their spelling, pronunciation, meaning, usage, rules of grammar, and in some, their etymology. It is closely related to lexicology because both deal with the same problems: the form, meaning, usage and origins of vocabulary units.。
词汇学第二章知识点总结
词汇学第二章知识点总结第一节语言单位1. 语言单位：词、词组、句子和语法结构词：语言的最小单位词组：由几个词构成的语言单位句子：由词或词组构成的具有完整意义的语言单位语法结构：句子的组织形式，包括层次结构、句子成分、语法关系等2. 词的构成词素：构成词的最小语音和语义单位，可以独立存在或在词中进行构词词根：词的核心，在构词中起着基本作用词缀：附着在词根上，用于构成新词或改变词的词类、意义等词素内部结构：构成词素的内部组合形式3. 词的分类词的词类：名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、数词、量词和介词词的形式：词的屈折、派生、合成等形式第二节词的意义和词的结构1. 词的意义词义：词语所标示的概念、概括和概念内的发展词语义变化：词义的泛化、特指和引申等变化词的义位：构成词义的回路和成分词的词义关系：近义词、异义词和词义关系2. 词的结构词汇结构：构成词的词素和语音等结构形式词的成分结构：构成复词的内部词结构词语构词法：构成词的词缀、合成等构词手段第三节词义关系和词义演变1. 词义关系上下位关系：词义之间的概括和被概括关系同类词关系：在特定范畴或范围内词义之间的同类关系词语义联系：在使用中词义之间的联系和联系表达2. 词义演变词义的演变：在历史发展和使用中词义的变化和扩展词义变化类型：词义的泛化、转移、借代、内涵、外延等变化类型词义变化因素：历史、社会、文化、语言接触等诸多因素第四节词在句法中的功能和语意1. 词的句法功能词的句法功能：在句中词所承担的成分和功能句法结构：构成句子的各种句法成分的组织形式2. 词的语义特征词的语义特征：词的语义属性和特别意义词的意义转换：词义在句法中的隐喻、比喻、借代和辞让等转换方式词义在句法中的表现：词义在句中所呈现的语义特征和语义表达第五节词汇的心理基础1. 词汇的心理组织词的心理存储：词的存储方式和内部心理结构词汇记忆：词的认知和记忆方式及其规律词的心理连接：词之间在心理中的联结和联系2. 词汇的心理活动词的心理组织：词的认知、思维、理解、表达等心理活动词的心理过程：词的产生、使用、决策、回忆、判断等心理过程第六节词汇习得和使用1. 词汇的习得语言习得：语言学习者获取和掌握词汇的过程词汇习得理论：第一语言习得和第二语言习得的理论及其实践词汇习得策略：词汇习得过程中的学习策略和方法2. 词汇的使用词汇的应用范畴：词汇在语言和交际中的各种应用范畴和方式词汇的使用规律：词汇在使用中的频率、变化、地域差异等规律词汇的使用技巧：词汇使用中的技巧、技能、风格等第七节词汇学的理论和研究方法1. 词汇学的理论词汇研究理论：词汇研究的主流理论和方法词汇学派别：各种词汇学派别对词汇研究的探索和发展词汇发展趋势：未来词汇研究的方向、趋势、发展和应用2. 词汇学的研究方法词汇的研究方法：词汇的描述、分析、解释的研究方法和手段词汇的实证研究：词汇在使用中的实证研究方法和技术词汇的应用研究：词汇在语言学、教育学、心理学等领域的应用研究以上是词汇学第二章的知识点总结。
英语词汇学总结复习资料
大家请注意：笔记中大多数是以名词解释的形式出现的，这些是绝对的基础，应该一字不漏的背下来。
其实不少简答题也就是几个定义的汇总，再加上个例子就可以拿满分了。
区分两个词的区别，主要还是指明其各自的定义。
第一章Basic Concepts of Words and Vocabulary1. 词的定义Word —— A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.2.声音与意义的关系There is no logical relationship between sound and meaning as the symbolic connection between them is arbitrary and conventional.E.g. “woman” means ’Frau’ in German，’Femme’ in French and ’Funv ’in Chinese. On the other hand，the same sound /rait/ can mean right，rite and write，though denoting different things，yet have the same sound.3.读音与拼写不一致的原因The difference between sound and form result from 4 major factors.（At least 80%of the English words fit consistent spelling patterns）a）. the internal reason is English alphabet does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language.b）. Pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spellingc）. Influence of the work of scribes/printing freezes the spelling of words in 1500d）. Borrowing of foreign language4. 词汇的含义Vocabulary —— Vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of all the words of a language. It can also refer to all the words of a given dialect，a given book，a given displine and all the words possessed by an individual person as well as all the words current in a particular period of time in history.The general estimate of the present day English vocabulary is over 1 million words.5.词汇的分类的原则Classification of Words—by use frequency，by notion，by originthe English vocabulary consist of words of all kinds. they can be classified by different criteria and for different purpose . words may fall into the word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion , and into native words and borrowed words by origin.基本词汇的特点1）. Basic word stock – the foundation of the vocabulary.1.all national character （most important）– natural phenomenamost common things and phenomena of the human body and relationsworld around us names of plants and animals action，size，domain，state numerals，pronouns，prep. ，conj.2. stability– they donate the commonest thing necessary to life，they are like to remain unchanged. Only relative，some are undergoing some changes. But the change is slow.e.g. arrow，bow，chariot，knight – past electricity，machine，car，plane ——now3.productivity– they are mostly root words or monosyllabic words，they can form new words with other roots and affixes.e.g. foot – football，footage，footpath，footer4.polysemy – often possess more than one meaning. Become polysemous.e.g. take to move or carry from one place to another to remove5.collocability– quite a number of set expressions，idiomatic usages，proverbial saying and others基本词汇在英语中的地位和重要性The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language .though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary ,yet it is the most important part of it .e.g. heart – a change of heart， a heart of goldNon-basic vocabulary ——(例子)1. terminology –technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas as in medicinephotoscanning，hepatitis，indigestion，penicillin，algebra，trigonometry，calculus2. jargon– specialized vocabulary in certain professions.Bottom line，ballpark figures，bargaining chips，hold him back，hold him in，paranoid3. slang—— substandard words often used in informal occasionsdough and bread，grass and pot，beaver，smoky，bear，catch，holler，Roger，X-rays，Certain words are labeled slang because of their usage.4. argot – words used by sub-cultured groupscan-opener，dip，persuader cant，jargon ，argot are associated with，or most available to，specific groups of the population.5. dialectal words– only by speakers of the dialectbeauty，chook，cocky，station，auld，build，coo，hame，lough，bog6. archaisms – words no longer in common use or restricted in use. In older poems，legal document and religious writing or speech.7. neologism– newly created words with new meaning e.g. microelectronics，futurology，AIDS，internet，E-mailold meaning acquired new meaning e.g. mouse，monitor2）. Content word （notional word）– denote clear notions.Functional word （empty word，form word）– do not have notions of their own，express the relation between notions，words and sentences.a. Content words constitute the main body of the English vocabulary are numerous.Functional words are in a small number.b. Content words are growing.Functional words remain stable.c. Functional words do far more work of expression than content words.3）. Native words –are words brought to Britain in the 15 century by the German tribes. Ango-Saxon Words，50，000-60，000What is true of the basic word stock is also true of native world. More are1. neutral in style （not stylistical specific ）2. 2.frequent in use （in academic fields and science French，Latin or Greek are used）（usage 70-90%）Borrowed words （loan words，borrowing）– words taken over from foreign language. 80%本族语词在英语中的地位和重要性Native words form the mainstream of the basic word stock and stand at the core of the language .therefore , what is true of the basic word stock is also true of native words.According to the degree of assimilation and manner of borrowing，we can bring the loan words under 4 classes.1.Denizen s– words borrowed early and now are well assimilated into English language.e.g. port from portus（L）shift，change，shirt，pork cup from cuppa（L）2.Aliens– retained their original pronunciation and spellinge.g. décor（F）blitzkreeg（G）emir，intermez，rowtow，bazaar，rajar，status quo3.translation loans– formed from the existing material in the English language but modeled on the patterns taken from another language.1）. Word translated according to the meaninge.g. mother tough from lingua maternal（L）black humor from humor noir long time no see，surplus value，master piece2）. Words translated according to the sounde.g. kulak from kyrak（Russ）lama from lama（Tib）ketchup tea4. Semantic loans– their meaning are borrowed from another languagee.g. stupid old dump new sassy dream old joy and peace pioneer old explorer/person doing pioneering work new a member of the young pioneer fresh old impertinent，sassy，cheeky第二章The Development of the English1、Indo-European language family （Europe，the Near East，India）It can be grouped into an Eastern set :Balto –Slavic 、Indo-Iranian、Armenian and Albanian; a Western set: Celtic、Italic 、Hellenic、GermanicIn the Eastern set , Armenian and Albanian are each the only modern language respectively,the Balto –Slavic comprises such modern language such as Prussian、Lithuanian、Polish、Czech、Bulgarian、Slovenian、Russian. In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian, Bengali, Hindi, Romany, the last three of which are derived from the dead language Sanskrit.In the Western set, Greek is the modern language derived from Hellenic. In the Celtic,we find Scottish, Irish,Welsh, Breton. the five Romance language ,namely, Portuguese,Spanish, French, Italian, Roumanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called Latin. The Germanic family consist of the four Northern European language :Norwegian, Icelandic, Danish and Swedish, which are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then there is German, Dutch, Flemish and English.2、History （时间，历史事件，特征）1）Old English （450-1150）totally 50，000-60，000 wordsThe 1st people known to inhabit England were Celts，the language was Celtic.The second language was the Latin of the Roman Legions. The Germanic tribes called angles，Saxons and Jutes and their language，Anglo-Saxon dominated and blotted out the Celtic. Now people refer to Anglo-Saxon as old English. At the end of 6th century，the introduction of Christianity has a great impact on the English vocabulary. The common practice was to create new words bycombining two native words. In the 9th century，many Scandinavian words came into English. At least 900 words of Scandinavian are in modern English，our daily life and speech.特点：highly inflected language///complex endings or vowel changes （full ending）2）Middle English （1150-1500）English，Latin，FrenchUntil 1066，although there were borrowings from Latin，the influence on English was mainly Germanic. But the Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English.By the end of the 13th century，English gradually come back into public areas.Between 1250 and 150 about 9000 words of French origin pouered into English. 75% of them are till in use today.As many as 2500 words of Dutch origin come into English.特点：fewer inflections leveled ending3）Modern English （1500-up to now）early modern English （1500-1700）late modern English（1700-up to now）The Renaissance(the early period)，Latin and Greek were recognized as the languages of the West ern world’s great literary heritage.From the 1500’s through the 1700’s ,many writers experimented with words. Over 10000 new words entered the English language .many of these were taken from Latin and Greek .The Industrial Revolution was in the mid-17 century. With the growth of colonization，British tentacles began a stretching out of to every corner of the globe，thus enabling English to absorb words from all major languages of the world.After World War II，many new words have been created to express new ideas，inventions and scientific achievements.More words are created by means of word-formation.thousands and thousands of new words have been entered to express new ideas inventions，and scientific achievements.more words are created by means of word-formation.in modern English，word endings were mostly lost with just a few exceptions English has evolved from a synthetic language to the present analytic language.science and technology terms make up about 45% of new words. words associated with life-style constitute of 24% and social and economic terms amount to over 10% .mention should be made of an opposite process of development i.e. old words falling out if use.特点：ending are almost lost.3. Three main sources new words当代英语词汇发展的现状New words sweep in at a rate much faster than at any other historical period of time .词汇发展的主要原因1).The rapid development of modern science and technology2).Social: economic and political changes3).The influence of other cultures and languages4. Three modes of vocabulary development（英语发展的三个主要方式：创造新词、旧词新意、借用外来语词）1. Creation – the formation of new words by using the existing materials，namely roots，affixes and other elements. （This is the most important way of vocabulary expansion.）2. Semantic change - an old form which take on a new meaning to meet the new need.3. Borrowing – to take in words from other languages.（played a vital role in the development of vocabulary , particularly in earlier times）4. （Reviving archaic or obsolete）French 30%，Latin 8%，Japanese Italian 7%，Spanish 6%，German Greek 5%，Russian Yiddish 4%第三章Word Formation*1. Morpheme(词素) ——A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. （The smallest functional unit in the composition of words.）*2.Morph—— A morpheme must be realized by discrete units. These actual spoken minimal carriers of meaning are morphs.3.Monomorphenic words– morphemes are realized by single morphs.4.Allomorph（词素变体）——Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position. Such alternative morphs are allomorphemes. E.g. the morpheme of plurality （-s）has a number if allomorphemes in different sound context，e.g. in cats/s/，in bags/z/，in matches/iz/.5. Free morphemes or Free root —— The morphemes have complete meaning and van be used as free grammatical units in sentences，e.g. cat，walk. They are identical with root words. morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.6.Bound Morphemes——The morphemes cannot occur as separate words. They are bound to other morphemes to form words，e.g. recollection （re+collect+ion）collect – free morpheme re-and –ion are bound morphemes. （include bound root and affix）Bound morphemes are found in derived words.7.Bound root ——A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root，it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words. Take -dict- for example：it conveys the meaning of “say or speak” as a Latin root，but not as a word. With the prefix pre-（=before）we obtain the verb predict meaning “tell beforehand”。
词汇学知识要点Unit 2
Unit 21. Word & Morpheme (词素/形位/语素)1) A morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of a language and the smallest functional unit in the composition of words.词素是语言中语音和语义的最小结合体, 它是语言中最小的构词单位。
2) A word is the smallest unit of spoken or written language which has meaning and can stand alone.词是在口语和书面语中能独立、自由使用的并具备完整意义的语言最小单位。
3) Words are composed of morphemes.e.g.: One morpheme: nationTwo morphemes: nation-alThree morphemes: nation-al-izeFour morphemes: de-nation-al-ize…2.Morpheme, Morph& Allomorph1) Morpheme (词素/形位/语素) : The basic unit of grammatical meaning, an abstract unit of meaning, which cannot be further divided or analyzed.2) Morph 语素形式(形素/形位形式): The unit of grammatical form which realizes a morpheme, the phonological (spoken) or orthographical (written)representation of a morpheme.语素的语音或拼写法的体现。
词汇学复习整理
Chapter 1LEXICOLOGY: Lexicology is the science of words, which is concerned with the study of vocabulary of a given language. It deals with words, the origin, development, history, structure, meaning and application. In short, it is the study of the signification and application of words.Chapter 21.The history of English languageHistory of English language can be divided into Old English(450AD-1150AD), Middle English (1150AD-1500AD), and Modern English (1500AD-present).2.Classification of English wordsEnglish words can be divided into different groups in terms of the origin, the level of usage and the notion.By originNative words (Anglo-Saxon/ old English)Loan words (borrowed)By level of usage: 5 categoriesStandard/ popular word/ common wordsLiterary wordsColloquial wordsSlang wordsTechnical wordsBy notionContent words: They have the independent lexical meaning, e.g. noun, verb, adjective, adverb.Function words: They are determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries, and grammatical signals, functional makers.Pick up the slang words and explain.1.Father said nix to our plan, so we couldn’t go to the museum. (nothing, no)2.When the buck leads, the world suffers. (money, dollars)3.He says he’ll be a great writer but that’s a lot of boloney; he’ll never be. (nonsense)4.I’ll clobber you if you don’t do what you’re told, said the angry father. (beat sb.repeatedly)5.I think I’m just a hick at heart. (a foolish person from the country)6.He thought his idea was wonderful, but in fact, it was complete rot. (nonsense)Chapter 3Compounding: refers to the faculty and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words, e.g. schoolboy.Derivation: derivation is "Used to form new words, as with happi-ness and un-happy from happy, or determination from determine.Conversion: the creation of word from an existing word without any change in form, e.g. the adjective clean becomes the verb clean.Clipping: the formation of a new word by shortening it, e.g. ad from advertisement Acronyms: are abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a phrase or name. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words (as in Benelux)Blending: word formed from parts of two or more other words. These parts are sometimes, but not always, morphemes, e.g. smog from smoke and fog.- The word “prejudice” implies that a judgment is made ___ (before/ after) the facts are studied.- A subcutaneous (皮下的) inflection is ___ (on/ under) the skin.- Supersensory impressions are ___ (within/ beyond) the normal limits of the senses.- The transpolar (跨越南北极的) flight goes ___ (around/ across) the pole.- A legislature with one chamber is ___ (unicameral/ bicameral).- A bicameral legislature has ___ (one/ two) chambers.- An interlinear has the meaning inserted ___ (opposite/ between) the lines.- Relation between cultural groups are said to be ___ (intercultural/ subcultural).- A multiplied insect has ___ (many/ two) feet.- Mark Twain’s The Mysterious Stranger was published posthumously, that is ___ (before/ after) his death.1. They are going to summer in Guilin.2. They hurrahed his wonderful performance.3. You have to round you lips in order to make the sound /u:/.4. They are great sillies.5. She dusted the furniture every morning.- Bicycle- Sergeant, SARGE- Gymnasium, GYM- Kilogram, KILO- Business, BIZ- Dormitory, DORM- Influenza, FLU- Automobile, AUTO- Sci-fi- Smog- Chinglish- Medicare- Email- Newscast- Brunch- telecast, television+broadcastChapter 4Two types of word meaningGrammatical meaningLexical meaningTense meaning of verbs: works, workedAspect meaning of verbs: working, workedCase meaning of nouns: John’s, boy’s, children’sPlural meaning of nouns: girl, girls; man, menComparative degree of adjectives or adverbs: bigger, simplerSuperlative degree of adjectives or adverbs: biggest, simplestDenotative meaning:the literal meaning of a word; there are no emotions, values, or images associated with denotative meaning. Scientific and mathematical language carries few, if any emotional or connotative meaningsConnotative meaning:The meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase. OR A meaning of a word or phrase that is suggested or implied, as opposed to its literal meaning. The communicative value, an expression has by virtue of what itrefers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Include both physical characteristics and psychological and social properties.Stylistic meaningAffective meaning (详见下)Conceptual meaningConceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.2 Associative meaningAssociative meaning is that part of meaning which has been supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning which arises of the associations a word acquires. It is open-ended, unstable and indeterminate, because it varies with culture, time, place, class, individual experiences, etc. Associative meaning includes connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative meanings.1)Connotative meaningConnotative meaning is the communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. Connotations are apt to vary from age to age and from society to society. Talking about connotation is in fact talking about the real world experience one associates with an expression when one uses or hears it.2)Stylistic meaningLanguage use can be formal, neutral and casual in style. The stylistic features of words, which make words appropriate for appropriate situations, constitute stylistic meanings of words.3) Affective meaningAffective meaning refers to that part of meaning which conveys emotions and attitudes of a language user. Sometimes affective meanings are brought out only in context.4)Collocative meaningCollocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words that go before or come after a word in question.Chapter 5SynonymyAntonymHyponymy (下位词): is a word or phrase whose semantic range is included within that of another word. For example, scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of redFind the general word in each group- Automobile, vehicle- Book, dictionary- Captain, officer- Ceremony, wedding- Emotion, love- Occupation, teaching- We planted many ___ including ___. (Carrots, vegetables)- Is she a ___ or another kind of ___？(Doctor, surgeon)- It gave me a great ___ of ___. (Feeling, relief)- That ___ is going to be a ___. (Building, restaurant)Chapter 6Translate English idioms into Chinese or vice versa.- Cowards die many times before their deaths.- Easy come, easy go.- Fools rush in where angels fear to tread.- Nothing ventured, nothing gained.- One swallow does not make a summer. 一花独放不是春- The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak. 力不从心- Where there’s a will, there’s a way. 有志者事竟成Chapter 7Give at least one English example of each figure of speech.Simile (like, as)MetaphorPersonificationMetonymy (the act of referring to sth by the name of sth else that is closely connected with it, for example using the White House for the US president)Euphemism: an indirect word or phrase that people often use to refer to sth embarrassing or unpleasant, sometimes to make it seem more acceptable than it really is: 'Pass away' is a euphemism for 'die'.Hyperbole/ exaggeration: a way of speaking or writing that makes sth sound better, more exciting, dangerous, etc. than it really isOxymoron/ paradox: a phrase that combines two words that seem to be the opposite of each other, for example a deafening silenceChapter 8Remember some American and British word spelling and words for the same objects, e.g. Sweets (BrE), candyDefense (AmE), defenceDifferences in spellingDivergence British spelling American spelling our…or colour, neighbour color, neighbor ou…o mould, smoulder mold, smolder re…er centre, theatre center, theater gue…g catalogue, dialogure catalog, dialog ll…l travelling, travelingjeweller, jewelerskillful skilful mme…m programme, gramme program, gram omission of axe, judgement ax, judgment silent…e good-bye good-byce…se defence, licence defense, license e…i enquire, enclose inquire, inclose y…I tyre, dyke tire, dikec…k sceptic, disc skeptic, disks…z cosy, tsar cozy, tzarise…ize naturalise, utilise naturalize, utilizeSpecial casesBritish Americancheque, cigarette check, cigaretdraught, gaol, grey draft, jail, graykerb, plough, pyjamas curb, plow, pajamasstorey, waggon story, wagonAmerican and British words for common ideas or objectsAmerican Britishalumnus (of a school or university) graduatebar public house, pubcan (as a can of soup) tingraduate post graduate student candy sweetsclipping cuttingcloset cupboardcommuter ticket season ticket conductor guardsweetscorn maizedrugstore chemist’sfaculty (of university) staffgas, gasoline petrolinstructor lecturerjumper sweaterlong distance call trunk callmail, mailbox, mailman post, pillar box, postmanpackage parcelrailroad railwayschedule timetableshorts underpants or short trousers sneakers gym-shoesumbrella brollywaistcoat weskitwaste basket dustbintrash garbagepants trouserscracker biscuitelevator liftfirst floor ground floorpedestrian crossing zebra crossingliving-room sitting roomsidewalk pavementfreshman first-year studentsophomore second-year studentjunior third-year studentsenior fourth-year studentsoccer footballstore shopzip code post codesick illradio wirelesseyeglasses spectaclespaperboy newsboyprinciple headmastermovie star film starFinal Test—Items and Notes1. Check the only misspelled word in each group and write the correct form for each. (1’*5)e.g. A. whisper B. laughter C. confront D. confidence2. Change the following words into the class as required in the brackets. (1’*10)e.g. Develop (n) ___3. Complete the sentences by filling in the blanks with the following words. (1’*10)e.g. Fear laid ___ her show of bravery.4. Put the following pairs of antonyms in to the right groups according to the characteristics of antonym. (1’*15)5. Provide ONE English example for each figure of speech given below. (2’*5)6. Explain the italicized part in each sentence in your own words. (2’*5)7. Put the following Chinese proverbs into English and vice versa. (2’*10)8. Change the following British words into the corresponding American ones vice versa. (1’*10)9. Answer the question with examples. (10’)。
词汇学复习资料
A2013年词汇学复习资料1. Define the following terms (30%):1)Lexicology(词汇学)is the study of the vocabulary(词汇)or lexicon(辞典)of a given language.It deals not only with simple words,but also with complex and compound words(复合词).2)Morphology(形态学)is the study of the forms of words and their components(成分).The major purpose of morphological(形态学的)study is to look at morphemes(词素)and their arrangements in word formation.3)Semantics(语义学)is the study of meaning.It tries to explain and describe meaning in natural language.4)Etymology(语源学)is the study of the whole history of words.5)Lexicography(词典编纂)involves the writing and compilation(编辑)of dictionaries,especially dealing with the principles that underlie the process of compiling(编译）and editing（编辑）dictionaries.6)The word is an uninterruptible（不间断的）meaningful unit of linguistic（语言学的）structure consisting of one or more morphemes（词素）.7)English words can be classified into lexical words(content words)(实词)and grammatical words (function words)（虚词）.8)The semantic（语义学的）field theory（语义场理论)takes the view that the vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items(条款),but is organized into areas or fields,the members of which are joined together by some common semantic component(成分),such as the concept(概念）of color or kinship（亲属/亲密关系）.9)Morpheme（词素)is the smallest meaningful unit which may constitute(构成)words or parts of words,an arbitrary(任意的)union(联合)of a sound and a meaning and a linguistic unit(语言单位)that cannot be further analyzed.10)Lexeme(词位)is an abstract(抽象的)linguistic unit with different variants变体,a unit of lexical词汇的meaning, and it takes no account of(不注意)the inflectional(曲折变化的)endings it may have or the number of words it may contain(含有).11)Morph(词态)refers to any concrete(具体的)realization of a morpheme(词素)in a given utterance（已给的表达）.12)Allomorphs(词素变体）refer to morphs（词态）which are different representations of the same morpheme, the alternate(替换物)phonetic(语音学的)and/or spelling forms of the same morpheme.13)Bound morphemes(粘着词素)are those that must be joined to other morphemes.Free morphemes(自由词素)are those that need not be attached to other morphemes and can occur by themselves as individual words.14)Denotation(意义/符号)is defined as the relationship that holds between the lexeme(词位/语义)and a whole class of extra-linguistic(非语言)objects,including persons,things,places,properties(性能),processes and activities.15)The relationship of reference(引用的关系)holds between an expression and what that expression stands for on particular(特别的)occasions(场合)of its utterance(表达).16)Sense is defined as a relationship between the words or expressions of a single language, independently of the relationship which holds between those words or expressions and their referents(参照物）.17)Stem(词干)refers to the word to which inflectional affixes(词缀)are added and which carries the basic meaning of the resulting complex word.18)A stem consisting of a single morpheme is labeled(把...称为)as root(词根).A root can be bound(有约束的)or free.The bound roots are generally(普遍的)derived from the Greek(希腊)and the Latin(拉丁)language.19)A base is a lexical item(词典条款)to which affixes(词素)of any kind can be added.It is a morpheme(词素)that gives a word its meaning.20)Polysemy(一词多义)refers to the situation in which a word has two or more different meanings.It is an invaluable(无价的)factor of economy and flexibility(灵活性)in language.21)Homonymy(同音/同行异义)refers to a situation in which there are two or more words with the same shape.{polysemy指一个单词有多种意思(不管读音与词性)homonymy指一个单词在读音相同的情况下有不同意思(不管词性但读音要完全一样)或者不同单词但是读音相同}25)Root creation(词根创词)refers to the process of building a word that has no relationship whatsoever(无论什么)with any previously(预先)existing word.26)Onomatopoeic(拟声)words are originated(起源)from the specific(特殊的)sounds occurring in the real world.27)Ejaculations are words that attempt to imitate(模仿)instinctive(本能的)vocal(元音)responses to emotional situations.28)Inflection(词行变化{-ed,-ing,-s[名词复数、所有关系；动词时态；形容词比较急最高级]})refers to a general grammatical process which combines words and affixes to produce alternative(可供选择的)grammatical forms of words.29)Affixation(词缀法){(derivation)(派生法)}is the process whereby(通过)an affix is attached to a base (root or stem).30)Compounding(合成词)refers to the method and device of language to form new words by combining or putting together old words.31) A change in word class without the addition(添加)of an affix is known as conversion(变换).It is also called zero-derivation(零位派生).32)Blending(混合词)refers to the process of combining parts of two words to form a third word which contains some of the meaning of each part.33)Clipping(缩写{多音节单词})is the process by which a word of usually three or more syllables(音节)is shortened without a change in meaning or function.34)Initialisms(缩写)are the results of putting together the initial letters(首字母),or occasionally(偶尔)the first two letters, of the orthographic(拼写正确的)words in a phrase and using them as words.35)Backformation(逆序造词)is the making of a new word from an older word which is mistakenly assumed(假定)to be its derivative(派生词).36)Synonymy(同义词)refers to the relationship of sameness of meaning that may hold between words. The two types of synonymy are strict synonymy(严格的同义)and loose synonymy(宽松的同义).38) Antonymy(反义词)is the semantic relation(语义关系)that holds between two words that can(in a given context)express opposite meanings.39) Hyponymy(上下位关系)refers to the notion(概念)of inclusion(包含物)whereby(凭借)we can say that “an X is a kind of Y”.A hyponym includes the meaning of a more general word and serves as specific examples of a general concept(观念).The more general term is called the superordinate(上义词的)term;Hyponyms(下义词){上义词是一个总的概念，下义词是一个具体概念，如:animal(superordinate) and dog/cat(hyponyms)}.40) Meronymy(部分-整体关系)is the part-whole relation in any pair of items(条款).41) Collocation(搭配)is the meaning relations that a word contrasts with other words occurring in the same sentence or text.42) Idioms(习语)are conventionalized(俗化)multiword expressions.43) In English,multiword verbs(多词动词)are units in which the main verb occurs with one or two particles.44) The headword(中心词)is the base form from which the word is entered and assigned its place.45) A thesaurus categorizes words(一本同义辞典分类词汇)only according to their semantic similarities(语义相似之处),without regard to shared form or ancestry.46) A dialect(方言）is a variety of language that is characteristic of a particular group of the language’s speakers.47) Social dialects or sociolects are varieties of language used by groups defined according to class,education,age,sex and a number of other social parameters.48) Register(语域)is a form of language appropriate to a specific situation.Euphemism is the practice of referring to something offensive or indelicate in terms that make it sound more pleasant or becoming(appropriate)than it really is.49) Slang(俚语)is the use of informal words and expressions that are not considered standard in the speaker’s dialect or language.50) Jargon（术语)is often defined as the language peculiar to a trade, profession, or other group.3. Give the related word(s) according to the requirement given: (20%)1) antonymlong/short wide/narrow new/old rough/smooth light/dark straight/crooked deep/shallow fast/slowbring/take death/life noisily/quietly above/below after/beforeGradable antonyms(可分级的反义词，及有比较级或者可加比较性修饰词等)long/short hot/cold beautiful/ugly big/small happy/sad expensive/cheap increase/decrease love/hate rich/poor heavr/light wet/dry smart/stupidComplementary antonyms(互补反义词)dead/alive boy/girl single/married asleep/awake increase/decrease male/female open/shut remember/forget win/lose true/false hit/miss singular/plural Converse antonyms(相反的反义词)parent/child pritive/public buy/sell borrow/lend give/receive before/after husband/wife speak/listen precede(领先)/follow learn/teach2) synonymi) British English vs. American EnglishGround floor-first floor;biscuit(饼干)-cracker;flat-apartment(公寓);lift-elevator(电梯);lorry-truck(卡车);luggage-baggage(行李);motorway-highway/freeway;pavement-sidewalk(人行道);petrol-gasoline(汽油)autumn-fall；foot-path or pavement-sidewalk;tube-subway;tart-pie;draughts-checkerii) slang vs. standardCop-policeman;croak-die;chow-food(十五);bullshit-nonsense(胡说);can-prison(监狱);clueless-stupid Puke-vomit(呕吐)；dame-womaniii) colloquial(口语informal) vs. Literal(书面用语formal)Ask-interrogate;begin-commerce;buy-purchase;cross-traverse;praise-eulogy(悼词);tangle-fight;turn down-refuse(拒绝)iv) Latin(拉丁) vs. EnglishAscend-rise;praepositio-preposition;conjunctio-joining;unicornis-unicorn;ancora-anchor;Butyrum-butter;kalco-chalk;coquina-cheese;discus-dish;milia-mile;vallum-wallEtc-so on;Status quo-the existing state of affairs;Vice versa-the other way around3)hyponym(下义/位词)Animal(superordinate):(hyponym)dog,lion,mouse.....color(superordinate):(hyponym)red,yellow,green,black,purple,blue--turquoise,aquamarine,royal blue 4)homonym(同音异义词)Tender:adj. 温柔的；柔软的；脆弱的；幼稚的；难对付的n. 偿付，清偿；看管人；小船vt. 提供，偿还；使…变嫩；使…变柔软vi. 投标；变柔软bear:vi. 承受；结果实vt. 忍受；具有；支撑n. 熊firm:adj.坚定的；牢固的；严格的；结实的vt. 使坚定；使牢固vi. 变坚实；变稳固adv. 稳固地n. 公司；商号grave:adj. 重大的；严肃的；黯淡的n. 墓穴，坟墓；死亡vt. 雕刻；铭记hail:n. 冰雹；致敬；招呼；一阵vt. 致敬；招呼；向...欢呼；猛发；使象下雹样落下（过去式hailed，过去分词hailed，现在分词hailing，第三人称单数hails）vi. 招呼；下雹int. 万岁；欢迎fond:adj. 喜欢的；温柔的；宠爱的n. (Fond)人名；(法)丰；(瑞典)丰德route:vt. 按某路线发送n. 路线；航线；通道-root:n. 根；根源；词根；祖先vi. 生根；根除vt. 生根，固定；根源在于bat:n. 蝙蝠；球棒；球拍；批处理文件的扩展名vt. 用球棒击球；击球率达…vi. 轮到击球；用球棒击球stick:vt. 刺，戳；伸出；粘贴vi. 坚持；伸出；粘住n. 棍；手杖；呆头呆脑的人knows:v.知道，确信-nose：n. 鼻子；嗅觉；突出的部分；探问vt. 嗅；用鼻子触vi. 小心探索着前进；探问;rights:权利-writes:写5)blend(混合词)两个单词通过删减变成一个新词situation+comedy=sitcom smoke+fog=smog fruit+jiuce=fruice motor+botel=motel modulator+demodulator=modem urine+analysis=urinalysis sky+bijack=skyjack glitter+ritzy=glitzy(闪光的) intel+television+visionary=intelevisionary American+Indian=Amerindaquatic+hotel=aquatel breakfast+lunch=brunch boat+hotel=boatel camera+recorder=camcorder channel+tunnel=chunnel communication+satellite=comsat helicopter+airport=heliportInternational+police=interpol magnetic+levitation=maglev medical+care=medicare motor+hotel=motel net+citizen=netizen situation+comedy=sitcom slang+language=slanguage war+orphan=warphan Automobile:Auto-: autobiography, autodidact, autograph, autocar, autobus-mobile: bookmobile, bloodmobileFour common types:1) Full word followed by a splinter or vice versaWintertainment(winter+entertainment) cbatire(chat+satire)Cinemenace(cinema+menace)2) Two splintersPsychergy(psychic+energy)Sitcom(situation+comedy)3) Complete overlapSexploitation(sex+exploitation)Palimony(pal+alimony)(非婚同居者分居后经法院判定由一方付给另一方的)同居津贴4) Embedding of one word in anotherEntreporner(entrepreneur+porn)6)derivative(派生词derivation（词源）{指词缀}[affixation: prefixation, suffixation]改变词性) full-fullness, resign-resignation, depart-departure, free-freedom, hope-hopeful,Commit-commitmentpain-repaint,7) back-formation(逆构法、逆构词)P74Typewriter,Typewrite-Type*;Televise-televise;Housekeep-housekeeper;Daydream-daydreamingFast-freeze from fast-frozen;8）动物的叫声Dog, cat, pigeon, duckBark/ bow-vow, meow, coo, quack4.Analyze the formation of the following words (20%): (Mainly taken from the exercises in Chapter 4 but not limited to them)1）.Derivation（词源）{指词缀}(affixation: prefixation, suffixation) –derivativeReadiness ：Derivation ：ready + -ness2).Conversion（{词性}转换）(zero-derivation：零词源)To book the tickets :Conversion：From noun to verb3).Compouding-compound（合成词）{指两个词无删减合成的一个词}Kind-hearted：Compound:Kind + heart +-ed4).Blending-blend（混合词）{指两个词通过删减合成的一个词}Motel:Blending：Motor + hotel5).Back-formationtypewrite ：Back-formation：From typewriter6).Shortening（缩略词）{(abbreviation：缩写)}—shortened wordsClipping(三个或以上音节的单词的缩写)/Initialisms(多个单词首字母缩写或者用前两个字母代替一个单词{不管音节的多少}):alphabetisms, acronymsVCR：shortening/abbreviation：Initialisms Video cassette recorderChapter 4 exercises1--101}.Divide the following words into their constituent morphemes.Readiness:read+-i+-ness Discouraging:dis-+courage+-ing kind-hearted:kind+heart+-ed undoubtedly:un-+doubt+-ed+-ly stockrooms:stock+room+-s prepackaged:pre-+pack+-age+-ed2}.Give all the possible inflections for the following words.Book:books(n.); books(v.), booking, booked forget:forgets, forgot, forgottenshort:shorter, shortest snap:snaps, snapping, snappedtake:takes, taking, took, taken goose:geese heavy:heavier, heaviest3}.Identify the derivational affixes in the following words.Give a meaning or function for each one. Childish:–ish: meaning ‘having the nature of , like;Declassify:de-: meaning ‘the opposite of’;-ify: meaning ‘make, become’Freedom:-dom: means ‘the state of ’Illimitable/immovable/insufferable:(im-/in-): meaning‘the opposite of, not’;-able: meaning ‘that can or must be’Misapprehension:mis-: meaning ‘wrongly or badly;-sion(-tion):meaning ‘the state/process of’Prejudgment:pre-: meaning ‘prior to;-ment: meaning ‘the action of’Reconnection:re-: meaning ‘again’Underdeveloped:under-: meaning ‘not enough’Withdrawal:-al: meaning ‘the process or state of’4}.Tell how the parts in each of the following groups are related to the meaning of the compound.A).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“Adj + N”structure,in which adjectives are used to modify nouns‘line,line,neck,room’.Hotline means‘a telephone number that people can call for information’.Mainline means‘an important railway line between two cities’.Redneck means‘a person from the southern US’.Darkroom means‘a room with very little in it,used for developing photographs’.B).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“N + N’structure.Bookshelf means‘a shelf for keeping books’.Breadbasket means‘a container for serving bread’.Mailbox means‘a box for putting letters in when they delivered to a house’.Wineglass means‘a glass for drinking wine’.C).They are endocentric compounds.They have the“N + N’structure.Letterhead means‘the head of a letter(i.e. the name and address of an organization printed at the top of a letter)’.Roadside means‘the area at the side of a road’.Keyhole means‘the hole in a lock for putting the key in’.Hilltop means‘the top of a hill’.D).They are exocentric compounds.V+P”Dropout means ‘a person who leaves school before they have finished their studies. Go-between means ‘a person who takes messages between people’. Turnout means ‘the number of people who come to an event’. Standby means ‘a person or thing that can always be used if needed’.E).bad-tempered,clear-headed,long-sighted,heavy-hearted:They are endocentric compounds. They have the “Adj + N-ed”structure, in which adjectives are used to modify the N-ed.F).grass-green,sky-blue,snow-blue,snow-white,milk-white:They are endocentric compounds. They have the “N + Adj”structure, meaning As Adj As N.5}.What is the meaning of the prefixes in the following words?Indirect:in-:not, the opposite ofendanger:en-:to put into the condition ofDissimilar,disallow:dis-: not, the opposite ofUnwind,untie:un-: not, the opposite ofInterconnect:inter-: between, amongmisconduct:mis-: wrongly or badlyoversleep:over-: too muchRewrite,redraw:re-: againpostgraduate:post-: after6}.The following words are nonexistent but could become English words.Guess their meaning and give an example of a real word.A).a doglet:a young dog;piglet B).an editoress：a female editor;hostessC).bookery:a place for booking tickets;refinery D).kickee:one who is kicked;traineeE).upput:the state of being put up;output7}.Identify the affixes used in the words unbelievable,inexhaustible,multinational and teleshopping,and then decide whether they are prefixes or suffixes.unbelievable:un- (prefix), -able(suffix); inexhaustible:in- (prefix),-ible(suffix)multinational:multi (prefix)-, -al(suffix); teleshopping:tele- (prefix),-ing (suffix)8}.Identify the word-formation processes involved in the creation of the underlined forms in the following sentences.A).You can record images from a VCR connected through the s-terminal. initialismB).You can also record images from digital camcorders onto the memory card. blendingC).The committee has greenlighted the project. compounding/conversionD).Richard subsequently chaired the board for three yeas. Conversion9}.More than one process of formation was involved in the creation of each of the underlined forms in the following sentences.please identify them.A)The carjacking took place last night. blending, affixationB)Jack used to be a moviegoer when he was young. compoundingC)They have just bought a new pounding, shorteningD)The council has blueprinted a reconstruction plan. compounding, affixation, conversion10}.Fill in the blanks with appropriate suffixes.A)-able,-ibleConsum able,comprehens ible,exchange able,permiss ibleB)-ant.-entAbsorb ent,assist ant,differ ent,particip antC)-ar,-er,-orConstruct or,li ar,begg ar,edit or,develop erD）-ary,eryElement ary,station ary,brew ery mock ery5.State the relationship obtained between the two words in each of the following groups (10%): ((Mainly taken from Exercises 1-9 in Chapter 5 and Exercise 8 in Chapter 2 but not limited to them))1.PolysemyCourt---noun(entourage),verb(woo);dart--- noun(missile),verb(move quickly);Stuff---verb(fill),noun(material);Watch---verb(observer),noun(timepiece)2.HomonymyFleet---noun(Ships), adjective(Fast);Jam---noun(preserve),verb(block);Pad---noun(thick material),verb(walk softly);Steep---adjective(of gradient),verb(immerse)Stem---noun(of plant),verb(stop)Chapter 5 exercise1--93.Synonymy1).What distinguishes each of the following pairs of synonyms--dialect,formality,or connotation?(a) throw hurl:connotation (b)give donate:formality(c) life elevator:dialect (d)hate loathe:connotation2).Work out the shared meaning for each group of synonyms in the following.a)keep,retain,detain,withhold,reserve:---keepingb)regard,respect,esteem,admire:---feeling of admiration or respect3).Supply a synonym of each of the following words.Amateur(dabbler) funny(ridiculous) occupation(profession)Small(little) famous(renowned) fiction(fable) smell(scent)4).Can you tell the difference of meaning in the following five synonymous words?Drawing:picture or diagram made with a pen, pencil, or crayon.Cartoon:refers to ‘an amusing drawing in a newspaper or magazine’Diagram:refers to a simple drawing using lines to explain where something is, how something works, etc.Illustration:refers to a drawing or picture in a book, magazine etc. to explain something.Sketch:refers to a simple picture that is drawn quickly and does not have many details.4.AntonymyFull empty:gradable;Antonyms;Antonymy1).Which of the following pairs of antonyms are gradable,non-gradable or reversive?(a)full empty:gradable (b)fail pass:non-gradable, reversive(c)fair unfair:gradable(d)dress undress:non-gradable, reversive(e)old young:gradable(f)alive dead:non-gradable5.Meronym1).Propose a hyponymy tree with water as the most superordinate term.Water,rainwater, brine(海水), tap water, mineral water, spring water, purified water,aerated water, ……..2).Work out the best semantic relations you can from the following sets of words.b)book,title,preface,footnote,index,note,chapter,chapter6.Hyponymy1).Work out the best semantic relations you can from the following sets of words.a)briefs,jeanwear,stocking,skirt,jacket,blouse,sweater,vest,pyjamas,clothes2).Which adjective can be used with the nouns in the boxes?(a)beer:light,heavy,strong,weak,mild---light beer, strong beer(b)Coffee:light,light beer, strong beer---heavy coffee, strong coffee, weak coffeeWhat is the basic lexical relation between the following pairs of words?(a)single married:antonym(b)bed furniture:hyponymy(c)big small:antonym(d)mature ripe:synonymy(e)car wheels:meronymy6. Translate the following idioms or proverbs: (20%)1) as…as…结构习语as blind as a bat有眼无珠;as changeable as a weathercock一会儿一个主意;as different as chalk and cheese 风马牛不相及完全不同;as fresh as a daisy(or rose)非常新鲜,精神饱满;as gay as a lark 兴高采烈;as poor as a church mouse 一贫如洗;as sober as a judge十分清醒，非常严肃2) 动物习语a lucky dog幸运儿;lion’s share最大的一份;shed crocodile tears假慈悲;the horse of different color完全不同;like a duck to water自然地、轻松地;an eager beaver勤快人、实干家;mare’s nest不实或无价值的发现;a rat in a hole瓮中之鳖;like a cat on hot bricks如热锅上的蚂蚁;a fly in the ointment 美中不足4) 其他习语Rain or shine风雨无阻;Toil and moil辛劳;Pains and penalties刑罚;Jack and Jill男孩和女孩;Time and tide wait for no man时不我待;mind one's P's and Q's小心谨慎;walking skeleton骨瘦如柴;pull one's leg 开玩笑;walls have ears隔墙有耳;cast pearls before swine对牛弹琴;apple of one's eye掌上明珠;on thin ice如履薄冰;speak of the devil(and he will appear)说曹操曹操就到7. Read the dictionary entries reprinted below to answer the following questions (10%): (a page taken from an English dictionary)。
词汇学复习材料2
词汇学复习材料2I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,primarily through the use of _________construct.A. soundB. formC. morphemeD. root2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They includenouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal3.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called_______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixes4.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames5.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.prefixes B. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes6.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes7.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes8. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting9.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some naturallanguages10.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional11._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center andthe secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection12. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage13. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy14. Composition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A.absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contraryantonyms15.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are oftenemployed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms16 Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal17. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. new18.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian,Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon19. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes20. ________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size21．The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes22.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting23.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, andlexical meaning in particular.A. arbitrary meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. grammatical meaning24.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth anddevelopment of the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional25._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center andthe secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection26. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually awayfrom its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage28. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms29. In Shakespearean line ‘rats and mice and such small dee r’, deer obviously designates‘_____’ in general.A. a doeB.. animalC. a deerlike animalD. buck30 By hook and by crook is an example of ________.31. A word is ______of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a part32. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is not_______________.A. free rootB. free morphemesC. wordD. bound root33. Word formation excludes ________________.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration34. For the word “political”, its negative form is “_____________”.A. apoliticalB. ilpoliticalC. inpoliticalD. impolitical35. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy.Generally, radiation __________________ concatenation.A. is behindB. precedesC. is withD. makes up for36. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________.A. logicalB. arbitrary, conventionalC. certainD. objective37. The chief function of prefixation is to ______________ .A. change meanings of the stemsB. change the word-class of the stemC. change grammatical functionD. all the above38. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that part of the meaning of the word whichindicates grammatical concept or relationship such as ____________.A. part of speech of wordsB. singular and plural meaning of nounsC. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional formsD. all the above39. In the idiom “earn one’s bread”, ___________ is used.A. synecdocheB. personificationC. metonymyD. simile40. Homographs are words identical only in _____________ but different in two other aspects.A. soundB. meaningC. spellingD. senseII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______./doc/1b0f060a370cba1aa8114431b90d6c85ed3a880f.html nguage study involves the study of speechsounds, grammar and_______.3.Now people generally refer to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons as _______.4.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words thehistory of the word explains the meaning of the word.5. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. According to suffixation theory, “villager”is called denominal noun and “employer”is called __________ noun.7. Lexical meaning and ___________ meaning make up the word meaning.8. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly ___________.9. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of ___________ meaning.10. Linguistic context includes lexical context and __________.11. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative,________and exclamative sentences.12. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.13. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning ofa more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general wordsare called the _____terms and the more specific words are called _____.14. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______15. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plusa part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words. III. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.1. Functional words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.2. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is a free root.3. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation makes up for concatenation.4. Back-formation is one of the three major processes of word formation in English5. The total number of functional words is very limited in English.6. The meaning of a word, especially that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it appears.7. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.8. All transitive verbs can be used in passive sentences.9. Descriptive words can be used for evaluation in some contexts.10. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.11. The basic word stock of a language is changing rapidly all the time.12. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.13. Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.14. There is no intrinsic connection between sound symbols and the sense of all English words.15. Homophones are words identical in spelling but different in meaning.16. Root, stem and base refer to the same thing.17. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are loan words.18. “Impossible” expresses a stronger negation than “not possible”.19. Acronymy and derivation are all processes of shortening words or word groups.20. The three major processes of word-formation are compounding, blending and conversion.21. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.22. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.23. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.24. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.25. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.26. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.27. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.28. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.29. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000.30. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.the word “persuader” means “dagger”(⼔⾸）, it is regarded as an argot word.of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.33. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.34. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.35. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs.IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms(complete or partial synonyms); 2) origins of homonyms(acronymy, borrowing, homograph, homophone or change in sound and spelling) ; 3) processes of word-meaning development(radiation or concatenation).A. acronymyB. homographC. complete synonymsD. partial synonymsE. borrowingF. homophoneG. change in sound and meaningH. radiation I. concatenation( ) 2. word building/word formation ( )3. candidate ( )4. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )5. NOW ( )6. dear/ deer ( )from ear ( ) 8. fair from feria ( )9. bank /bank ( ) 10. change / alter/vary ( )V．Define the following terms .1. word2. bound morphemes3. prefixation4. hyponymy5. polysemy6. antonymy7. hyponymy8. free morpheme9. affixation 10.. root11．Affixes 12. Acronymy 13. Conversion 14. back-formation 15. semantic field VI．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What are the stylistic features of idioms2.. What are the main types of blendings3.. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.4． What are the main types of compounds5. What are the three main sources of new words6. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five,but, a, never.7 . Write the following words into a tree-like graph:vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake,cornflakes, cereal.。
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I．Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement1.Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the structure or forms of words,primarily through the use of _________construct.A. soundB. formC. morphemeD. root2. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They includenouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal3.The prefixes in the words of ir resistible, non classical and a political are called_______.A.reversative prefixesB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locativeprefixes4.Utopia ,odyssey and Babbit are words from ________.of books B. names of places C. names of people D. tradenames5.The prefixes in words new-Nazi, autobiography and pan-European are ________.prefixes B. prefixes of degree or sizeC. prefixes of time and orderD. miscellaneous prefixes6.The suffixes in words clockwise, homewards are ______.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes7.The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes8. A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting9.Polysemy is a common feature peculiar to ______.A. English onlyB. Chinese onlyC. all natural languagesD. some naturallanguages10.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth anddevelopment of the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional11._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center andthe secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection12. One important criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage13. The sense relation between the two words tulip and flower is _______.A. hyponymyB. synonymyC. polysemyD. antonymy14. Composition and compounding in lexicology are words of _______.A.absolute synonymsB. relative synonymsC. relative antonymsD. contraryantonyms15.As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly ______, they are oftenemployed in a conversation to create puns for desired effect of humor, sarcasm or ridicule.A. homographsB. homophonesC. absolute homonymsD. antonyms16 Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as_________ words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals.A. functionalB. notionalC. emptyD. formal17. Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called _______words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.A. contentB. notionalC. emptyD. new18.The five Roamance languages , namely, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian,Romanian all belong to the Italic through an intermediate language called _______.A. SanskritB. LatinC. CelticD. Anglo-Saxon19. The prefixed contained in un wrap, de-compose and dis allow are _________.A. reversative prefixedB. negative prefixesC. pejorative prefixesD. locative prefixes20. ________ are contained in words trans-world, intra-party and fore head.A.Prefixes of orientation and attitudeB. Prefixes of time and orderC. Locative prefixesD. Prefixes of degree or size21．The suffixes in words height en, symbol ize are ________.A. noun suffixesB. verb suffixesC. adverb suffixesD. adjective suffixes22.A word is the combination of form and ________.A. spellingB. writingC. meaningD. denoting23.Functional words possess strong _____ whereas content words have both meanings, andlexical meaning in particular.A. arbitrary meaningB. conceptual meaningC. associative meaningD. grammatical meaning24.From the ______ point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth anddevelopment of the semantic structure of one and same word .A. linguisticB. diachronicC. synchronicD. traditional25._______ is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the center andthe secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes.A Radiation B. Concatenation C. Derivation D. Inflection26. _________ is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually awayfrom its first sense by successive shifts until, in many cases, there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.A. DerivationB. RadiationC. InflectionD. Concatenationimportant criterion to differentiate homonyms from polysemants is to see their ______.A. spellingB. pronunciationC. etymologyD. usage28. The antonyms: male and female are ______.A. contradictory termsB. contrary termsC. relative termsD. connected terms29. In Shakespearean line ‘rats and mice and such small dee r’, deer obviously designates‘_____’ in general.A. a doeB.. animalC. a deerlike animalD. buck30 By hook and by crook is an example of ________.31. A word is ______of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.A. a smallest formB. a minimal free formC. a constituent formD. a part32. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is not_______________.A. free rootB. free morphemesC. wordD. bound root33. Word formation excludes ________________.A. affixation and compoundingB. conversion and shorteningC. chipping, acronymy and blendingD. repetition and alliteration34. For the word “political”, its negative form is “_____________”.A. apoliticalB. ilpoliticalC. inpoliticalD. impolitical35. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy.Generally, radiation __________________ concatenation.A. is behindB. precedesC. is withD. makes up for36. The relationship between the sound and meaning of a word is _____________.A. logicalB. arbitrary, conventionalC. certainD. objective37. The chief function of prefixation is to ______________ .A. change meanings of the stemsB. change the word-class of the stemC. change grammatical functionD. all the above38. The grammatical meanings of a word refer to that part of the meaning of the word whichindicates grammatical concept or relationship such as ____________.A. part of speech of wordsB. singular and plural meaning of nounsC. tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional formsD. all the above39. In the idiom “earn one’s bread”, ___________ is used.A. synecdocheB. personificationC. metonymyD. simile40. Homographs are words identical only in _____________ but different in two other aspects.A. soundB. meaningC. spellingD. senseII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.. English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the ______ structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantics, relations, _____development, formation and ______.nguage study involves the study of speech sounds, grammar and_______.3.Now people generally refer to the language spoken by Anglo-Saxons as _______.4.The meanings of many words often relate directly to their ______. In other words thehistory of the word explains the meaning of the word.5. __________ is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6. According to suffixation theory, “villager”is called denominal noun and “employer”is called __________ noun.7. Lexical meaning and ___________ meaning make up the word meaning.8. Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly ___________.9. Narrowing of meaning is the opposite of ___________ meaning.10. Linguistic context includes lexical context and __________.11. As far as sentence types are concerned, they embrace declarative, interrogative,________and exclamative sentences.12. One important criterion for differentiation of homonyms from polysemants is to see their ____, the second principal consideration is semantic relatedness.13. Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is, the meaning ofa more specific word is included in that of another more general word. The general wordsare called the _____terms and the more specific words are called _____.14. In modern English one may find some words whose sounds suggest their ______15. _________ is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plusa part of another word . Words formed in this way are called blends or _____words. III. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.1. Functional words include adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and pronouns.2. “Nature” in the word “denaturalization” is a free root.3. Radiation and concatenation are different stages of the development leading to polysemy. Generally,radiation makes up for concatenation.4. Back-formation is one of the three major processes of word formation in English5. The total number of functional words is very limited in English.6. The meaning of a word, especially that of a polysemous word, is often determined by the context in which it appears.7. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.8. All transitive verbs can be used in passive sentences.9. Descriptive words can be used for evaluation in some contexts.10. Words from different classes can form a semantic field.11. The basic word stock of a language is changing rapidly all the time.12. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.13. Inflectional affixes have only grammatical meanings.14. There is no intrinsic connection between sound symbols and the sense of all English words.15. Homophones are words identical in spelling but different in meaning.16. Root, stem and base refer to the same thing.17. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are loan words.18. “Impossible” expresses a stronger negation than “not possible”.19. Acronymy and derivation are all processes of shortening words or word groups.20. The three major processes of word-formation are compounding, blending and conversion.21. A word is the smallest meaningful unit of a language.22. In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.23. Under no circumstances can sound and meaning be logically related.24. Prepositions, conjunctions, numerals and articles all belong to functional words.25. Lexicography shares with lexicology the same problems: the form, meaning, origins and usages of words.26. Content words are numerous and more frequently used than functional words on average.27. The basic word stock enjoys the same features as native words.28. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modern English vocabulary.29. Words of Anglo-Saxon origin are small in number, amounting to roughly 50,000 to 60,000.30. A word can be defined in different ways from different points of view.the word “persuader” means “dagger”(匕首）, it is regarded as an argot word.of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words.33. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.34. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.35. The morphemes which are realized by only one morph are called allomorphs.IV. Study the following words or expressions and identify 1) types of synonyms(complete or partial synonyms); 2) origins of homonyms(acronymy, borrowing, homograph, homophone or change in sound and spelling) ; 3) processes of word-meaning development(radiation or concatenation).A. acronymyB. homographC. complete synonymsD. partial synonymsE. borrowingF. homophoneG. change in sound and meaningH. radiation I. concatenation( ) 2. word building/word formation ( )3. candidate ( )4. bow/bau/ and bow /beu/ ( )5. NOW ( )6. dear/ deer ( )from ear ( ) 8. fair from feria ( )9. bank /bank ( ) 10. change / alter/vary ( )V．Define the following terms .1. word2. bound morphemes3. prefixation4. hyponymy5. polysemy6. antonymy7. hyponymy8. free morpheme9. affixation 10.. root11．Affixes 12. Acronymy 13. Conversion 14. back-formation 15. semantic field VI．Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1. What are the stylistic features of idioms2.. What are the main types of blendings3.. What are the main characteristics of the basic word-stock Illustrate your points with examples.4． What are the main types of compounds5. What are the three main sources of new words6. Classify the following words and point out the types of words according to notion.earth, cloud, run, walk, on, of, upon, be, frequently , the, five,but, a, never.7 . Write the following words into a tree-like graph:vegetable, meat, pork, beef, turnip, carrot, bread, food, cake,cornflakes, cereal.。