现在完成时句型及图解
初中时态讲解《现在完成时》(共28张PPT)
•
—I have _____ to Kunming with my
friends.
• A been , gone
B been , been
• C gone , been
D gone, gone
• ( C )2. How long have you ____ this book?
• A. bought B. borrowed C. had D. lent
Yes,she has.?No,she hasn’t.
4.时间状语：already, yet, ever, never, just, before ， for, since, so far, till/until, up to now, in the past/last few years, recently, … 等.
5.现在完成时的概念
1）表示过去发生或已完成的动作对 现在造成的影响或结果；
2） 表示过去已经开始并一直持续 到现在的动作或状态。
• 意义1
• 表示过去发生或已完成的动作对现在造成的影响 或结果
My daughter hasjust gonoeut. 我女儿刚出去。 (go)
I’m sure we have metbefore. 我肯定我们以前见 过面。(meet)
3.They have left only for 5 minutes. 错 They have __b_ee_n_ __a_w_a_y only for 5 minutes.
• 1) They came here last week.
• They ____h_a_v_e__ _b_e_e_n_____ here since ______la_s_t_ w__e_e_k______.
(完整版)现在完成时态讲解
• 特殊： • am/is-was-been are-were-been, • do (does)-did-done go-went-gone • see-saw-seen • show-showed-shown (showed)
③ She has gone home． 她回家去了。
注意：1）该句式中的have或has是助动词，has用于第三人称单数，其它人称 一律用have。
2）该句式中have（has）和过去分词之间可用just插入。 3）把该句式译成汉语时，往往用“已经”,“刚刚”,“过”或“了”等.
2．现在完成时一般疑问句式是把助动词have或has提到主语之前。 如： ④ Have you read this story book yet？ 你读过这本故事书吗？ ⑤ Has he eaten that apple yet？ 他吃那个苹果了吗？
动词的过去分词的规则变化
动词的过去分词的规则变化，在动词后加ed，规则变化有以下四种： ①原形+ed 如：worked, passed ②词尾是e时，直接加d 如：liked lived ③若词尾为“辅音字母加y”，则改y为i加ed；词尾 为“元音字母+y”时， 直接加d。如: played stayed studied cried ④末尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节是，双写最后一个辅音字母加ed. 如： stopped dropped
• put-put-put
cut-cut-cut
• let-let-let
set-set-set
• beat-beat-beat
hit-hit-hit
• hurt-hurt-hurt
spit-spit-spit
• rid-rid-rid
现在完成时态结构
定句：主语+have/has+过去分词否定句：主语+have/has not +过去分词疑问句:Have/Has+主语+过去分词7。
现在完成时（1) 现在完成时的句型结构①肯定句：主语+ have/has+ 过去分词②否定句：主语+ have/has+ not+过去分词③疑问句：Have/Has +主语+过去分词(2）现在完成时的用法①表示到目前为止曾经有过的或未曾有过的经历和体验。
常和never，ever，several times 等连用。
如：I’ve never been to Africa.Have you ever been to Tokyo?I’ve been there three times.②. 表示某动作从过去开始，现在刚刚完成，对现在有一定的影响。
常与just，already, yet，so far等词语连用。
如：He has just finished his new book。
注意：just now用于过去时。
③.表示某动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在，可能还会持续下去。
通常与for或since连用。
如：I have lived in Qingdao for 6years。
/since 6 years ago/since 2003/since I came to this city.It is/has been …+ since….It’s been seven years since we last saw each other。
It’s six years since he was a teacher。
注意:for+一段时间，since后接一个过去的时间点或一般过去时的句子。
④在表将来的时间状语和条件状语从句中代替将来完成时。
如：You can go home when you havefinished your work。
比较：You can go home when youfinish your work.(3) 过去分词的构成①一般情况下在动词词尾后直接加-ed。
现在完成时讲解(完整版)(共17张PPT)
4. My friends haven’t visited me ___s_in_c_efew days ago.
5. We haven’t used our car _____faorlong time .
I have planted all the trees. 注：主语假设是第三人称单数助动词用 has
finished 9. goes 10. have, found 11. is He’ll be back soon.
Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
否认形式 haven’t ( have not 〕 +过去分词 I ________ (see) it last week.
Where’s Li Ming ? He __________ (go) to the teacher’s office.
hasn’t ( has not ) +过去分词 have, stayed 8.
have, finished
have, stayed
• 1. have, seen, saw 2. Has, finished 3. has, —Yes, I ___________ New York twice.
You have planted all the trees. since: (自…以来)
6. She hasn’t had a good cup of coffee _____yefaorrs.
7. Tom has worn glasses _______he was 7 years old. since
现在完成时的用法详解英语
• Is your father in ?
•
No, heha__s_g__o_n__e__t_o___ to Shenzhen.
•
H__a__s___he everb_e_e__n__ there before ?
•
Yes, heh_a_s__b_e__e_n_____ there several times
ago.
A. Did…copy…did
B. Have…copied…have
C. Have…copied…did D. Did …copy…had
5. “Why _A_____ she _______ angry ?”
“Because he _____ at her just now .”
A. did…get…shouted B. has…got…shouted
A. Have…gone to B. Have…gone in
C. Have…been to D. Have …been in
3. My brother _C___college for over three years.
A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been at
但是不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。
短暂性动词变延续性动词：
• join --- be in / a
2) comeb-e-- in / at
• 3) borrow ---keep 4) buy -h-a-ve
5) arrive ---be
6) leave b--e- away (from)
7) begin --b- e on
• It has been colds_in__c_e__ two weeks ago.
现在完成时(23张PPT)
现
在
构成
完
成
标志词
时
重难点
情境导入
Hello, Ken! Have you just been to the cinema?
Hi, George! Yes, I have.
一、用法
现在完成时的两种主要用法
moved here had20b1r5eakfast
I’mI sntoiltl hliuvne ghreyrenow
have __n_e_v_e_r_______ seen it.”
5. “Has the bus left _y_e_t_________?” “Yes, it has
______a_lr_e_a_d_y___ left.”
三、标志词
2. since 和for 的区别
注：since 和for 的区别 • since后+时间点，如：2001，yesterday，
三、标志词 play basketball; for 3 years A: How longh_a_v_e__ you p_l_a_y_e_d_b_a_s_k_e_t_b_a_l_l ? B: Ih_a_v_e_p__la_y_e_d_ it_fo_r__3_y_e_a_r_s__. use this book; since 2017 A: How long _h_a_s_ Bill _u_s_e_d__th_i_s_b_o_o_k_ ? B: He _h_a_s__u_s_ed_ it _s_in_c_e__2_0_1_7_. know your best friend; since last year A: How long __h_a_v_e you k_n_o_w__n_y_o_u__r_b_e_s_t_f_riend__ ? B: I _h_a_v_e_k__n_o_w_n_ her/him _s_in_c_e__la_s_t_y_e_a_r_.
现在完成时语法讲解
2 纠正
正确使用have/has。
4 纠正
确保使用正确的时间状语或标志词。
现在完成时的练习和例句
1
练习
用现在完成时描述你今天早上做了
例句
2
什么。
我已经完成了今天的英语作业。
3
练习
用现在完成时描述你上个月去了哪
例句
4
些地方。
我已经去了巴西和墨西哥。
现在完成时语法讲解
现在完成时是描述过去发生的事情对现在造成影响的动作。在英语中，一般 使用have/has + 过去分词来构成。
现在完成时的结构和句型
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
结构
have/has + 过去分词
例句
我已经写完了这篇文章。
一般情况下的使用
用于描述对现在有影响的过去的动作。
注意
只有动词的过去分词变化，而have/has不 变。
现在完成时的时间状语和标志词
时间状语
一般不用具体过去的时间描 述，而用类似“这个月”“最近” 等表达。
标志词
通常使用“已经”“刚刚”等词 汇。
特殊情况
如果描述的动作已经发生在 具体的过去时间，需要使用 类似于“since”“for”等词汇来 表示。
现在完成时的肯定句和否定句
肯定句 否定句 例句
S + have/has + 过去分词 S + have/has + not + 过去分词 我已经完成了作业。/我还没有完成作业。
现在完成时的疑问句和回答
疑问句
Have/Has + S + 过去分词 + 其他？
回答
• 肯定回答：Yes, S have/has. • 否定回答：No, S have/has not.
现在完成时态用法全面总结(个人原创 绝对好用)
现在完成时用法小结一、现在完成时的构成：助动词have（has）+ 过去分词否定式have（has）not+ 过去分词疑问式：have\has not+主语+过去分词；have\has +主+not+过去分词二、现在完成时态的用法1、表示开始于过去的动作一直持续到现在，而且还可能继续持续下去。
这时，谓语动词一般为延续性动词。
例如：I have been a teacher for 5 years\since 5 years ago.（五年前是个时间点。
一直持续到现在的的状态，一直在做老师，以后还是老师。
）They have lived here for 7 years.（第一层含义，到说话这一刻，一直住在这里，这是一个持续状态。
第二层含义，如果他们正在搬家时候说这句话，则说明live这一事实不再持续，到此为止，他们可能要搬去别处住。
）◆这一用法的特点：谓语动词为延续性动词；动作发生在过去，持续到现在，并有可能继续下去；和“一段时间”的状语连用。
●since+时间段：I have worked in this place since 1990.I have lived in Xi’an since I left school\since 5 years ago●for+ 时间点: I have worked in this place for 20 years.I have lived in Xi’an for 5 years ago.“到目前为止…”：until now, ,up to\ till\until now,so farUntil now,I have been a monitor for 3 years.(放在句末亦可)Our country has until now, ,up to\ till\until now,so farWon 20 golden medals.●“在最近几个世纪、年、月以来……”in \over \during the past few years,for the lastfew century,through centuries,throughout the past decades.For the last few decades, great changes have taken place in Beijing.2.表示过去某时发生或完成的某一动作，谓语动词是短暂性动词(对现在造成的影响或结果)。
(完整)高中英语语法之现在完成时
现在完成时讲解一、基本结构：主语+have/has+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词+其他②否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他③一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词+其他）二、用法1）现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在.He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。
(动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。
)I have spent all of my money.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)Jane has laid the table.(含义是:现在桌子已经摆好了.)2）现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去。
这里的动词要用持续性动词。
常与for （+时间段）,since（+时间点）连用.Mary has been ill for three days.Mary has been ill since three days ago.注意:1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for, since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently, still, latel y等:He has already obtained a scholarship.I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).We have seen that film before.Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如ever, never, twice, several times等:Have you ever been to BeijingI have never heard Bunny say anything against her.I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.George has met that gentleman several times.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如up to these few days/weeks/months/years, just, up to present(now), so far等:Peter has written six papers so far.Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester.6. have been to 和have gone to的区别have been to 强调“去过”，现已不在那里，如：He has been to the USA three times.他到美国去过三次。
现在完成时笔记归纳
现在完成时笔记归纳一、现在完成时的定义。
1. 表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
- 例如：I have lost my key.（我丢了钥匙，结果就是现在我没有钥匙了。
）2. 表示从过去某一时间开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态，可能还会继续下去。
- 例如：He has lived here since 2010.（他从2010年开始就住在这里，并且现在还住在这里。
）二、现在完成时的构成。
1. 肯定句。
- 主语+have/has+过去分词（动词的 -ed形式，不规则动词有特殊变化）。
- 例如：I have finished my homework.（第一人称I，用have，finish的过去分词是finished）- He has gone to Beijing.（第三人称单数he，用has，go的过去分词是gone）2. 否定句。
- 主语+have/has + not+过去分词。
- 例如：I haven't seen that movie yet.（have not可缩写为haven't）- She hasn't come back.（has not可缩写为hasn't）3. 一般疑问句。
- Have/Has+主语+过去分词？- 例如：Have you read this book?（回答：Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.）- Has he eaten lunch?（回答：Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.）三、现在完成时的标志词。
1. already（已经）- 通常用于肯定句中，位于助动词have/has和过去分词之间。
- 例如：I have already finished my work.2. yet（还，仍然）- 用于否定句和疑问句中，通常位于句末。
- 例如：I haven't seen the movie yet. Have you found your pen yet?3. just（刚刚）- 位于助动词have/has和过去分词之间。
现在完成时课件(图片版)(共59张PPT)
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15、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自 我。。2 021年8 月下午 10时56 分21.8. 722:56 August 7, 2021
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16、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2 021年8 月7日 星期六1 0时56 分40秒2 2:56:40 7 August 2021
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17、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要 自强不 息。下 午10时5 6分40 秒下午1 0时56 分22:56: 4021.8. 7
过去分词的构成方式
一 现在完成时的结构
•have/has+过去分词
二 现在完成时的用法
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9、有时候读书是一种巧妙地避开思考 的方法 。21.8. 721.8.7 Saturday, August 07, 2021
谢谢观赏
You made my day!
我们，还在路上……
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10、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出 的人谈 话。22: 56:4022 :56:402 2:568/ 7/2021 10:56:40 PM
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11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡 。21.8.7 22:56:4 022:56 Aug-21 7-Aug-2 1
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12、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人 的错儿 。22:56: 4022:5 6:4022: 56Satur day, August 07, 2021
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13、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有 力，自 胜者强 。21.8.7 21.8.72 2:56:40 22:56:4 0Augus t 7, 2021
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14、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中 像泥块 一样任 意揉捏 。2021 年8月7 日星期 六下午1 0时56 分40秒2 2:56:40 21.8.7
中考英语语法现在完成时态共16张PPT)
already: 常用于肯定句中. yet: 用于否定句，翻译为还没。疑问句尾.翻译为已经
试一试
1. 你已经找到你的书了吗? (find-found) Have you found your book yet?
2. 他们在这个城市建了许多房子. (build-built) They have built many buildings in this city.
3. Judy还没到达. (arrive-arrived) Judy hasn’t arrived yet.
4. 你吃过早饭了吗? (have-had) Have you had breakfast ?
她已经去南京了。
实义动词分为: 瞬间动词 、延续动词
borrow
leave arrive/come
join
瞬间动词
finish/end
begin/start
注意: 瞬间动词不能和时间段连用.
在现在完成时的肯定句中，瞬间动词不能与表示短时间 的句子连用，否定句中可以。瞬间动词若要连用可替换 成别的表达方式: 1. 瞬间动词可用于“段时间 + ago ” 的一般过去时句型 2. 瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语.与段
常用于现在完成时的时间副词,介词:
already (已经): 用于肯定句 I have already posted the letter .
yet(已经): 用于否定句,疑问句 He hasn’t done his homework yet. just(刚刚) They have just left. ever(曾经) Have you ever been to Beijing ? never(从不) I have never seen him . before(以前) Have you seen the film before? since(自从…以来) I’ve worked in the school since 1999. for(长达) He’s lived in Shenzhen for 6 years. in the past several days / weeks/ years(在过去的…) recently(最近) I have not written to my parents recently. so far(到目前为止) So far she has learned 5 English songs. up to now(到目前为止) this morning/month/year(今天早上/这个月/今年)
现在完成时的三大句型
现在完成时的三大句型
1. 哎呀呀，你知道现在完成时的“主语+have/has+过去分词”句型吗？就像“我已经做完作业啦”！
2. 嘿，“主语+have/has+been+现在分词”这个句型也很重要哦，比如“他一直在努力工作”。
3. 哇塞，还有“主语+have/has+had+宾语”句型呢，像“她已经有了很多经验”。
4. 你想想看呀，“我已经去过那个地方了”，这不就是“主语
+have/has+过去分词”句型的体现嘛！
5. 不是吧，你还没意识到“他们已经成为好朋友了”是“主语
+have/has+been+现在分词”句型呀！
6. 哎呀，“我们已经吃了很多好吃的”，这就是典型的“主语
+have/has+过去分词”句型呀！
7. 你瞧，“他已经学了三年英语了”，多明显的“主语+have/has+过去分词”句型呀！
8. 嘿，“她已经拥有了自己的房子”，这就是“主语
+have/has+had+宾语”句型嘛！
9. 难道你没发现“我已经等了很久了”是“主语+have/has+过去分词”句型吗？
10. 哇哦，“他们已经完成了这个项目”，可不就是“主语
+have/has+过去分词”句型嘛！
我的观点结论：现在完成时的这三大句型真的超级实用，大家一定要好好掌握呀！。
现在完成时(最全解析)(可直接使用).ppt
e.g. I have had lunch. 已经吃过午饭了。 He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。
②陈述句否定形式。主语+ have/has+ not+过去 分词+…
（在助动词have/has后+not，可缩写为 haven’t/hasn’t）
一、since 一段时间＋ago
从句
Mr. Smith has worked here since 1984.
（1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。）
I have known Daniel since 7 years ago.
自从7年前我就认识丹尼尔。
He’s learned about 500 words since he
How long have you lived here?
She has stood here since 2 hour
ago.How long has she stood
here?
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现在完成时时间状语的比较与运用:
• 1）already（已经） 和yet（已经，还） • already用于肯定句，放于句中或句末，在
用来表示之前已经发生或完成的动作或状态，而其结 果却和现在有联系: 动作或状态发生在过去,但它的影 响现在还存在。
They have left. --他们已经离开了。（也就是说现在他们人不在这里）
I have had my lunch. --我已经吃过午饭了。（也就是说我现在不饿）
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也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。 He has learned English since 2001. --从2001年开始学的,现在还在继续学着呢
现在完成时用法
现在完成时用法(5张)句型：（V-ed）e.g done语(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. +have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语. +一般疑问句（have/has+主语+过去分词（V-ed）+其他）定义：（1）强调动作是从过去持续到现在，并有可能继续持续下去。
（2）的时间点，即过去某一时间发生某一动作；现在完成时则没有，即不强调是哪个时间点发生的动作，而强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响和结果。
（3）在过去不确定的时间里发生的动作，但是结果对现在有影响。
但过去分词一定要选择准确。
1四点变化规则：现在完成时态-中小学教育资料(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。
work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。
live---lived---lived , (3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。
study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。
stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped(read原形发音为/ri:d/,过去式和过去分词发音为/red/) ABB型①for+时段为…时间②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）③since+时段+ago ④since+从句（过去时）●⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）（buy,die,join,lose……）不能直接与for since 连用。
要改变动词come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in go out----be out finish----be over open----be open die----be dead Buy---have Fall ill---be ill Come back---be back Put on ---be on/wear Worry---be worried Catch a cold---have a cold ……………… ★1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. ★2、用keep或have 代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. ★3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? ★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. ★5、用wear代替puton b)用1、be+married代marry 2、be+ill代fall (get) ill 3、be+dead代die 4、be+asleep代fall (get) asleep 5、be+awake代wake/wake up 6、be+gone 代lose,die,sell,leave 7、be+open代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、be+missing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be+副词”代终止性动词1“be+on”代start,begin 2“be+up”代get up 3“be+back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等d)用“be+介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替jointhe army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at…相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been closed/opened6. have got up have been up；7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep；10. have finished/ended/completed have been over；11. have married have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost haven’t had16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold；18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…1.现在完成时不能单独与准确时间连用，(如表示过去的时间状语）如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非与for,since连用.2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑问）, just, before, recently,still, lately,never等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet ?3. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions.4. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful.5. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作.We have had four texts this semester. 6.现在完成时的"完成用法"现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该动作对现在产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
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持续一段时间：for a long time ，for five years for
时间状语 （since，forve had my bike for two years ago.
现在完成时句型及图解
人称 单 /复 单 第一人称 复 We’ve always wanted to go on a dream holiday. We haven’t wanted to go on a dream holiday. Have you wanted to go on a dream holiday? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Have you won any prizes before? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t. Has Mike begun to learn language of the country? Yes, he has. No, he hasn’t. 肯定句 I’ve also entered lots of speaking competition. 否定句 I haven’t also entered any speaking competition. 一般疑问句及肯定/否定回答 Have you also entered lots of speaking competition? Yes, I have. No, I haven’t.
How long have you had your bike ?
时间点:Friday，last year，…….
They have seen the Pyramids.
They haven’t seen the Pyramids. 肯定句
I’ve studied at this school since two years ago.
Have they seen the Pyramids? 特殊疑问句（How long 引导）
第二人称
You have won some prizes before.
You haven’t won any prizes before.
单 第三人称 复
Mike has begun to learn language of the country.
Mike hasn’t begun to learn language of the country.