化工专业英语-unit 7
石油化学化工专业英语第七单元翻译(1)
第三部分化工原理一个工业催化过程的成功与否取决于原料成本、工序数、可操作性、反应条件等因素。
同时,一个成功的工业催化过程能够使催化剂的选择性和活性以及价格和寿命都达到适当的平衡。
而且,在21世纪,社会需要安全和环境友好型的生产工艺。
在将涉及催化剂的实验过程成功运用于商业生产时,有四个重要的工程因素起着至关重要的作用。
这些因素分别是反应器设计、操作条件、催化剂分离和再利用、原料预处理以及产物分离。
在这一部分内容中,我们将概述这些基本原理。
首先讨论表3-1中所列出的一个典型工艺装置中各个操作单元的功能、及该操作过程中所涉及的相态及其常规操作条件。
表3-1 单元操作及其功能和操作条件单元操作名称功能相态常规操作条件反应器(搅拌釜或管式反应器) 反应气-液-固, 气-固, 气-液, 或液-液0~20 MPa, 0~550 ºC蒸馏塔液体分离和提纯液态真空 1 MPa, -10~380ºC液-液萃取器溶质回收液态大气压, -10~100 ºC吸收塔气体分离和回收气-液大气压1 MPa, 20~100ºC吸附塔气体或液体的分离或回收气-固或液-固大气压 1 MPa, 20~200ºC结晶器从过饱和溶液中回收固体液-固大气压, -10~100 ºC过滤器/离心机固体回收液-固真空 2 MPa, -10~100ºC换热器冷却或加热液体气态或液态大气压0.5 MPa,-10~300 ºC冷凝器气体冷凝至液体气-液大气压1 MPa, -10~150ºC蒸发器/再沸器液体蒸发气-液大气压至 1 MPa,30~200 ºC第1章传质不同组分的两种物相开始接触时,组分间会发生从一相到另一相的质量传递,反之亦然。
这就是传质的物理基础。
面对均相混合物中组分的分离问题,工程师们常常利用混合物中各组分性质的不同来达到分离的目的。
通过检验混合物中各组分的物理化学性质来决定组分间哪些性质差别最大,因为性质差别越大,分离方法越经济可行。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后习题参考答案
Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides (crop protection chemicals)9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers(automatic control equipment)14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9.profitbility10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam 14.cooling water15.an economical16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from (originate from)3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals 1. Ethylene 2. acetic acid 3.4. Polyvinyl acetate5. Emulsion paintUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes 1. Ammonia 2. ammonia absorber 3. NaCl & NH 4OH 4.5. NH 4Cl6. Rotary drier7. Light Na 2CO 3Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea 1. kinetically inert 2. some iron compounds 3. exothermic 4. conversion 5. a reasonable speed 6. lower pressures 7. higher temperatures 8.9. energy 10. steam reforming 11. carbon monoxide 12. secondary reformer 13. the shift reaction 14. methane 15. 3:1Unit 8 Petroleum Processing 1. organic chemicals 2. H:C ratios3. high temperature carbonization4. crude tar5. pyrolysis6. poor selectivity7. consumption of hydrogen8. the pilot stage9. surface and underground 10.fluidized bed 11. Biotechnology 12. sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)●Atomic and molecular studies of catalysts●Chemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuits●Studies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3-102m)●Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipment●Design of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymers●Designing feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)●Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplant●Mathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutants●Manipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering 1. physical 2. unit operations 3. identical 4. A. D. Little 5. fluid flow6. membrane separation7. crystallization8. filtration9. material balance 10. equilibrium stage model 11. Hydrocyclones 12. Filtration 13. Gravity 14. VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations 1. relative volatilities 2. contacting trays 3. reboiler4. an overhead condenser5. reflux6. plates7. packing8.9. rectifying section 10. energy-input requirement 11. overall thermodynamic efficiency 12. tray efficiencies 13. Batch operation 14. composition 15. a rectifying batch 1 < 2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption 1. a liquid solvent 2. solubilities 3. leaching 4. distillation 5. extract 6. raffinate 7. countercurrent 8. a fluid 9. adsorbed phase 10. 400,000 11. original condition 12. total pressure 13. equivalent numbers 14. H + or OH –15. regenerant 16. process flow rates17. deterioration of performance 18. closely similar 19. stationary phase 20. mobile phase21. distribution coefficients 22. selective membranes 23. synthetic24. ambient temperature 25. ultrafiltration26. reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying 1. concentrate solutions 2. solids 3. circulation 4. viscosity 5. heat sensitivity 6. heat transfer surfaces 7. the long tube8. multiple-effect evaporators 9.10. condensers 11. supersaturation 12. circulation pump 13. heat exchanger 14. swirl breaker 15. circulating pipe 16. Product17. non-condensable gasUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions 11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganisms。
专业学位硕士研究生英语教程Unit-7词汇及课后答案
Unit 7BehaviorWord Bankoutrageous: very shocking and unacceptable.令人震惊的/ 难以接受的; electric shock触电(terror->terrible->horror->horrible) abhor: v. to hate very much憎恶,讨厌; normal->abnormal [dress: (1)n. 连衣裙/ 长裙; (2) vt. dress<->undress->) address (discuss): v. to deal with处理(pathy=feeling) (a-: away) apathy (=indifference->indifferent冷漠的): n. lack of interest冷淡,无兴趣assign (->assignment=homework): v. to give as a share or duty分派,指派biology (->biological): n. the science that studies living organisms生物学board(->to ~ a plane/ a ship/ a bus; boarding card登机卡; ->boarder董事/房客->boarding school寄宿学校): n. an official body that has responsibility for a particular organization or activity 理事会,董事会(sequence: n.顺序->sequent: adj. 按序排列的) consequence: n. sth. that follows from an action or set of conditions; result后果,结果credit: n. a complete unit of a student's work that forms part of a course, esp. at a university学分/ 信用enlighten: v. t o cause to understand deeply and clearly启蒙,启发holler: v. to shout out呼喊[ID card= identity (card): n. 身份->identify: vt.) identical: adj. similar or the same相同的[machine机器-> machinery机械->mechanic机修工->mechanism机理/ 机制] mechanics: n. the ways in which sth. works, produces results, etc.方法,技巧mentor: n. a person who gives advice to another over a period of time, esp. to help them in their working, life导师pedagogy: n. the practice of teaching or the study of teaching methods教学法[perfect: (1)adj. 完美无缺的; (2)vt. =improve] perfectionist: n. a person who is not satisfied with anything that is not completely perfect完美主义者(plagiarism剽窃现象->) plagiarize: v. to take (words, ideas, etc.) from others' work (著作) and use them in one's own work without giving proper credit to the original author抄袭,剽窃police (policeman<->policewoman): (1)n.警察; (2)vt. to keep a watch on; control监督,控制routine: (1)adj. regular (regulate: vt. 调控); according to what is always habitually done惯常的,例行的; (2)n. 常规; routiner墨守成规者thrill (->thriller悬念片/ 恐怖片->action movie武打片): v. to have a sudden, strong feeling of excitement感到一阵激动Phrases and Expressionscome up with: to think of ; to produce想出,提出deprive sb. of sth.: to take sth. away from somebody剥夺(权利等)feel (be) obliged to: to feel it necessary to do觉得必要做prohibit sb. from doing sth.: to prevent somebody from doing sth.禁止; 阻止某人做某事take one's side: to support sb.; to agree with sb.站在……一边turn in (=hand in<->hand out发给学生作业的->handout 讲义): to hand in上交,交给Reading ComprehensionChoose the best for each of the following.1. In Para. 1 "had been plagiarized" probably means ( D )A. had cheatedB. had copied term papers from the Internet websitesC. had been copied by othersD. had been identified as cheating in term papers2. In Para. 4, "teacher apathy the norm" means ( C )A. teachers take interest in students' cheatingB. teachers show sympathy for students' cheatingC. teachers give a blind eye to students' cheatingD. teachers mind students' cheating3. The word "hit" in Para. 11 means ( C )A. attackB. strikeC. popular routineD. beat4. The tone in Para. 13 is ( A )A. jocularB. sarcasticC. encouragingD. discouraging5. Who are responsible for plagiarism at school, according to the passage? ( A )A. Professors.B. The Internet websites.C. Students themselves.D. Parents on their children's side.II. Complete the following summary of the text by filling in the blanks with words. The initial letter of each word has been given to you.Plagiarism is not a new thing. But with the development of the Internet technology, it has become more and more common. Where should the (1) penalty be placed (put), on the (2) cheaters, on the professors, or on the Internet? The answer is not as clear as (3) crystal (->crystallize). Beyond any (4) doubt, plagiarists ought to be punished. They need to do their own job and, at the same time, respect others. This is the basic (5) discipline (纪律) which they need to develop.What about the professors who show (6) apathy to cheating? They are (7) partly (partially部分地) (hold->) held responsible for the popularity (普及duty of passing knowledge (知识) to students, but also have the duty of cultivating the mentality (intelligence/ morality道德) of their students. If they were (8) apologists when (they are) dealing with students who plagiarize, how could plagiarism be controlled?The Internet websites seem to be to (9) blame, because the copied papers are mostly from the website (10) sources (来源->resources资源). But the purpose and function of websites are not to provide (convenient->) convenience (方便) for plagiarism. Instead (On the contrary), they are to make information much more easily accessible for people who can make proper use of (=use/ utilize使用) it. What's more, in the battle against plagiarism, haven't the websites played their role? VocabularyI. Choose the answer that best completes each sentence.1. We (lose->lost->lost) lost the election because of the ___C__ to our supporters.A. (anti-: against; anti-Japanese war抗日战争) antipathy (=indifference)B. (sym-: same) sympathy (n. 同情-> sympathize with sb. vt.)C. apathy (n. indifference冷漠)D. empathy (移情别恋)2. She is ___A__ with having saved the company from bankruptcy (prevent sb. from doing sth.阻止…发生).A. credited (记功)B. praisedC. promotedD. attributed (n./ vt. 属性, 品质, 特征, 加于, 归结于)3. I never __D___ in dealing with such matters.A. stand sidesB. be sidesC. stay sides (stay aside闪开)D. take sides (=support)4. You made the wrong decision, and now you must take the __B___.A. resultsB. consequences (后果)C. outcomeD. effect (n.->effective)5. Tom is not __D___ clever in the class.A. specifically (具体)B. specially特殊C. especiallyD. particularly特别提及6. Basic English is a ___C__ in the curriculum for the freshmen (大学一年级学生).A. class班级/阶级/等级B. lecture讲座C. course课程D. lesson一节课/ 教训; I’ll teach him a lesson教训某人.7. The airline has __B___ a novel [(1)n.小说; (2)adj. new] solution to the problem of jet-lag (时差反应).A. come up to (amount to=reach the number)B. come up with拿出C. (fade out昏迷<->) come to苏醒D. come on=go on继续8. Peter (think->) thought the world was flat until I __A___ him.A. enlightened (启发)B. lightened (vt. 减轻, 照亮)C. (light-> lighted/ lit->lit) lightedD. delighted=happy干涉, 干预, 妨碍, 打扰) interfering.A. forcedB. pleasant D. respected10. Writing a [cheque (英) =check (美) is quite a simple __A___.A. procedure (程序)B. process (n.过程/工艺/vt.加工; processed food)C. move (vi.移动; n. 动作)D. action (重大军事行动)II. Fill in the blanks with the words or phrases given below. Change the form where necessary. thrill turn in quit routine identicalpenalty series faculty address sensitivementor database sinister tempt bargain1. This is a very tempting (=attractive) offer (n. /vt.) and I suggest you give it a consideration. [suggest sth./ doing sth./ that sb. do sth. #suggest sb. to do sth. (错误)]2. He ignored the side issues (side effect副作用) and addressed (dedicated oneself to sth.献身于…事业) himself to the main (major) problem.3. His term paper is identical (=same) to (介词) one thesis I've read on the Internet.4. What a thrilling (=exciting) game; the winner was in doubt (n.是个悬念) until the last minute.5. The soldiers have to turn in (=hand in递交) their guns (枪/炮) when they leave the army.6. She longed to (desire渴望) escape from the (stupid愚蠢的->) stultifying (vt.使显得愚笨, 使变无效, 使成为徒劳) routine of (homework家庭作业) housework (家务劳动).7. She had had enough and quit (=stop) working in the company.8. The patient [(1)n.病人(2)adj.有耐心的] is very sensitive (敏感) to pain.9. The increasing demand [(1)vt.要求; (2)n.需求] has given the company greater bargaining (讨价还价的) power.10. All faculty (一个机构的全体工作人员) members are required to attend the meeting. [(1) vt. attend a class/ meeting; (2)vi. to attend to sb.-> attendant服务员; flight attendant空勤人员] TranslationPut the following paragraph into Chinese.Plagiarists as victims. Teachers as oppressors. It's not your conventional reaction to cheating. Not surprisingly, it has been a hit with many college students, just as it was with the plagiarists at Piper High. The student newspaper at Stanford ran an editorial attacking the use of antiplagiarism software as a potential violation of the school's honor code, which "prohibits professors from taking 'unusual and unreasonable precautions' in their academic procedures." Moreover, the paper said, checking for cheating "might even harm the relationship between students and faculty."参考译文:抄袭者成为了受害者,老师们成了压迫者。
化学化工专业英语电子版课本
ContentPART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &Engineering 1 Unit 1 Materials Science and Engineering 1 Unit 2 Classification of Materials 9 Unit 3 Properties of Materials 17 Unit 4 Materials Science and Engineering: What does the Future Hold? 25 Part ⅡMETALLIC MATERLALS AND ALLOYS33 Unit 5 An Introduction to Metallic Materials 33 Unit 6 Metal Manufacturing Methods 47 Unit 7 Structure of Metallic Materials 57 Unit 8 Metal-Matrix Composites 68 Part ⅢCeramics 81 Unit 9 Introduction to Ceramics 81 Unit 10 Ceramic Structures —Crystalline and Noncrystalline 88 Unit 11 Ceramic Processing Methods 97 Unit 12 Advanced ceramic materials –Functional Ceramics 105 PARTⅣNANOMATERIALS 112 Unit 13 Introduction to Nanostructured Materials 112 Unit14 Preparation of Nanomaterials 117 Unit 15 Recent Scientific Advances 126 Unit 16 The Future of Nanostructure Science and Technology 130 Part ⅤPOLYMERS 136Unit17 A Brief Review in the Development of Synthetic Polymers 136 Unit18 Polymer synthesis: Polyethylene synthesis 146 Unit19 Polymer synthesis: Nylon synthesis 154 Unit 20 Processing and Properties Polymer Materials 165 PART VI POLYMERIC COMPOSITES 172 Unit21 Introduction to Polymeric Composite Materials 172 Unit22 Composition, Structure and Morphology of Polymeric Composites 178 Unit23 Manufacture of Polymer Composites 185 Unit24 Epoxy Resin Composites 191 Part 7 Biomaterial 196 Unit 25 Introduction to Biomaterials 196 Unit 26 Biocompatibility 205 Unit 27 Polymers as Biomaterials 213 Unit 28 Future of Biomaterials 224 PARTⅧMaterials and Environment 237 Unit29 Environmental Pollution & Control Related Materials 237 Unit30 Bio-degradable Polymer Materials 241 Unit 31 Environmental Friendly Inorganic Materials 248 Unit 32 A Perspective on the Future: Challenges and Opportunities 256 附录一科技英语构词法263 附录二科技英语语法及翻译简介269附录三:聚合物英缩写、全名、中文名对照表280附录四:练习题参考答案284PART 1 Introduction to Materials Science &EngineeringUnit 1Materials Science and EngineeringHistorical PerspectiveMaterials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of usrealize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production —virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materi- als to fill their needs. In fact, early deep-seated根深蒂固的, 深层的civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had propertiessuperior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics.①It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized charac- teristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, pottery // 陶器structural elements结构成分;property //.性能automobiles would not have been possibl- e without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.Materials Science and EngineeringThe discipline of materials science involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, materials engineering is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.“Structure’’is at this point a nebulous term that deserves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a material usually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed ‘‘microscopic,’’meaning that which is subject to direct observation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed ‘‘macroscopic.’’The notion of ‘‘property’’ deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. stepwise//逐步的sophisticated//精制的,复杂的;semiconducting materials 半导体材料nebulous//含糊的,有歧义的subatomic//亚原子的microscopic//For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation; or a polished metal surface will reflect light. Property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electro- magnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics indicate the chemical reactivity of materials.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials, viz. ‘‘processing’’and ‘‘performance.’’With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. 微观的// 宏观的deformation// 变形deteriorative//破坏(老化的)elastic modulus 弹性模量strength //强度;dielectric constant介电常数;heat capacity 热容量refraction。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案
Key to Exerci se Unit 1 Chemic al Indust ries1.the Indust rialRevolu tionani c chemic als3.the contac t proces s4.the Haberproces s5.synthe tic polyme rs6.interm ediat es7.artifi cialfertil izers 8.pestic ides9.synthe tic fibers10.pharma ceuti cal11.resear ch and develo pment12.petroc hemic alput ers14.capita l intens iveSome Chemic als Used In Our DailyLifeFood artifi cialfertil izers, pestic ide, veteri naryproduc ts Health antibi otics, β-blocke rsClothi ng synthe tic fibers (e.g. polyes ters, polyam ides),synthe tic dyesShelte r synthe tic polyme rs (e.g. urea-formal dehyd e,polyur ethan es),plasti csLeisur e plasti cs and polyme rs (e.g. nylon)Transp ort additi ves (e.g. anti-oxidan ts, viscos ity indeximpove ments),polyme rs, plasti csUnit 2 Resear ch and Develo pment1.R&D2.ideasand knowle dge3.proces s and produc ts4.fundam ental5.applie d6.produc t develo pment7.existi ng produc t8.pilotplant9. a emergi ng case10.enviro nment al impact11.energy cost 12.techni cal suppor t13.proces s improv ement14.efflue nt treatm ent15.pharma ceuti cal16.suffic ientl y pure17.Reacti on18.unreac ted materi al19.by-produc ts20.the produc t specif icati on21.Produc t storag eUnit 3 Typica l Activi tiesof Chemic al Engine ers1.Mechan ical2.electr ical3.civil4.scale-upmer cial-size6.reacto rs7.distil latio n column s8.pumps9.contro l and instru menta tion10.mathem atics11.indust ry12.academ ia13.steam14.coolin g water15.an econom ical16.to improv e17.P&I Drawin gs18.Equipm ent Specif icati on Sheets19.Constr uctio n20.capaci ty and perfor mance21.bottle necks22.Techni cal Sales23.new or improv ed24.engine ering method s25.config urati onsUnit 4 Source s of Chemic als1.inorga nic chemic als2.derive from3.petroc hemic al proces ses4.Metall ic ores5.extrac tionproces s6.non-renewa ble resour ce7.renewa ble source s8.energy source9.fermen tatio n proces s10.select ive 11.raw materi al12.separa tionand purifi catio n13.food indust ry14.to be wetted15.Key to succes s16.Crushi ng and grindi ng17.Sievin g18.Stirri ng and bubbli ng19.Surfac e active agents20.Overfl owingUnit 5 BasicChemic als1.Ethyle ne2.acetic acid3.Polyme rizat ion4.Polyvi nyl acetat e5.Emulsi on paintHigh-volume sector Low-volume sectorProduc tionscaletens to hundre ds of thousa ndstons per yeartens to a few thousa nds tonsper yearProduc ts / a plantsingle produc t multi-produc ts Operat ion manner contin uousbatchPriceor profit fairly cheapvery profit ableUsageinterm ediat es end-produc tsChalle ngesreduce d demand, enviro nment pollut ionProdu c ts in the secto r sulph u ric acid,phosp h orus -conta i ning compo u nds, nitro g en-conta i ning compo u nds, chlor -alkal i , petro c hemi c als, commo d ity polym e rsagroc h emic a ls,dyest u ffs, pharm a ceut i cals , speci a lity polym e rsUnit 6 Chlor -Alkal i and Relat e d Proce s ses 1. Ammon i a 2. ammon i a absor b er 3. NaCl & NH4OH 4. Carbo n dioxi d e5. NH4Cl 6. Rotar y drier 7. Light Na2CO 38. Water Produ c tRaw mater i alMajor steps or Princ i pal react i ons UsesSoda-ashbrine ,limes t oneammon i atin g ,carbo n atin g , preci p itat i ng, filte r ing, dryin g , calci n ingraw mater i al forglass m akin g , sodiu m silic a te; as an alkal i Chlor i ne brine 2Na + + 2Cl -+2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2as water purif i cati o n, bleac h ing of wood pulp;produ c tion of vinyl chlor i de, solve n ts,inorg a nic chlor i ne-conta i ning produ c ts Caust i c soda brine 2Na + + 2Cl - +2H 2O →NaOH +Cl 2 +H 2for paper -makin g ,manuf a ctur e of inorg a nicchemi c als, synth e ses of organ i cchemi c als,produ c tion of alumi n a andsoap Sulfu r ic acideleme n tal sulph u rS +O 2 → SO 2SO 2 + O 2 → SO 3 SO 3 + H 2O → H2SO4feeds t ock for ferti l izer s ; produ c tion of ethan o l, hydro f luor i c acid, alumi n um sulph a tesUnit 10 What Is Chemi c al Engin e erin gMicro s cale (≤10-3m) ● Atomi c and molec u lar studi e s of catal y sts● Chemi c al proce s sing in the manuf a ctur e of integ r ated circu i ts ●Studi e s of the dynam i cs of suspe n sion s and micro s truc t ured fluid sMesos c ale (10-3-102m)●Improv ing the rate and capaci ty of separa tions equipm ent●Design of inject ion moldin g equipm ent to produc e car bumper s madefrom polyme rs●Design ing feedba ck contro l system s for biorea ctorsMacros cale(>10m)●Operab ility analys is and contro l system synthe sis for an entire chemic alplant●Mathem atica l modeli ng of transp ort and chemic al reacti ons ofcombus tion-genera ted air pollut ants●Manipu latin g a petrol eum reserv oir during enhanc ed oil recove rythroug h remote sensin g of proces s data, develo pment and use of dynami cmodels of underg round intera ction s, and select ive inject ion of chemic alsto improv e effici encyof recove ryCourse Course conten tScienc e and Math. Chemis try, Physic s, Biolog y, Materi al Scienc e, Mathem atics,Comput er Instru ctionChemic al Engine eringThermo dynam ics, Kineti cs, Cataly sis,Rector Design and Analys is, Unit Operat ions, Proces s Contro l, Chemic al Engine ering Labora torie s, Design / Econom icsOtherENGINe ering Electr icalEngine ering, Mechan ics, Engine ering Drawin gHumani tiesand SocialSCIENc e Unders tandthe origin sofone’sowncultur e as well as that ofothersUnit 21 Chemic al Indust ry and Enviro nment1.ATMOSp heric chemis try2.strato spher ic ozonedeplet ion3.acid rain4.enviro nment allyfriend ly produc ts5.biodeg radab le6.harmfu l by-produc t7.effici ently8.powerplantemissi ons9.differ ent plasti cs10.recycl ed or dispos ed11.acidic wastesoluti onsani c compon ents13.membra ne techno logy14.biotec hnolo gy15.microo rgani smsFronti er Resear ch activi tiesor proble ms facedIn-site proces singFieldtests;Uncert ainti es of the proces s, Advers e enviro nment impact sProces s solidsImprov e solids fractu re proces ses,Resear ch on the mechan ics of pneuma tic and slurry transp ort, Unders tandthe chemic al reacti on proces ses,Equipm ent design and scale-upSepara tionproces sResear ch on:membra ne separa tions, chemic al select ive separa tionagents, shape-select ive porous solids,tradit ional separa tionmethod sMateri alsFind constr uctio n materi als, Develo p new proces s-relate d materi als, Develo p less energy intens ive materi alsDesign and scale-up Comple xity, Lack of basicdata,。
化工专业英语词汇
化工专业英语词汇化学专业课程中英文对照普通化学General Chemistry分析化学Analytical Chemistry有机化学Organic Chemistry物理化学Physical Chemistry谱学导论Introducton of Spectroscopy无机化学Inorganic Chemistry普通化学和分析化学实验Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry现在基础化学The Principle of Mordern Chemistry现在基础化学实验Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry有机化学实验Experiments of Organic Chemistry仪器分析和物理化学实验Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry 合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry现代化学专题Topic of Modern Chemistry化学综合实验Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry化工原理Principle of Chemical Engineering化工原理实验Experiments of Chemical Engineering应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry无机合成化学Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry近代分析化学Modern Analytical Chemistry分离分析化学Separation Analytical Chemistry有机化合物波谱鉴定Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds有机合成及反应机理Organic Synthesis and Mechanics化学进展Progress in Chemistry化学反应工程Chemical Reaction Engineering应用电化学Applied Electrochemistry工业催化Industrial Catalysis环境化学Environmental Chemistry环境监测Environmental Monitoring化学科技英语Scientific English for Chemistry数理方法在化学中的应用Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry 化工制图Chemical Engineering Cartography计算机与化学测量实验Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics应用化学专题Special Topicsin Applied Chemistry一、化工装置常用词汇一概论introduction方案(建议书) proposal可行性研究feasibility study方案设计concept design工艺设计process design基础设计basic design详细设计detail design开工会议kick-off meeting审核会议review meeting 外商投资foreign investment中外合资joint venture中外合营joint venture补偿贸易compensation trade合同合同附件contract卖方vendor买方buyer顾客client承包商contractor工程公司company供应范围scope of supply生产范围production scope生产能力production capacity项目project界区battery limit装置plant公用工程utilities工艺流程图process flow diagram工艺流程方块图process block diagram管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument drawing物料及热量平衡图mass & heat balance d iagram蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图steam & condensate balance d iagram 设备布置图equipment layout设备表equipment list成品(产品) product(final product)副产品by-product原料raw-material设计基础数据basic data for design技术数据technical data数据表data sheet设计文件design document设计规定design regulation现场服务site service项目变更project change用户变更client change消耗定额consumption quota技术转让technical transfer技术知识technical know-howtechnical knowledge技术保证technical guarantee咨询服务consultative services技术服务technical services工作地点location施工现场construction field报价quotation标书bidding book公司利润company profit固定价合同fixed price contract固定单价合同fixed unit price contract成本加酬金合同cost plus award fee contract 定金mobilization银行保证书bank guarantee letter保留金retention所得税income taxes特别承包人税special contractor's taxes城市和市政税city and municipal taxes工作手册work manual工作流程图work flow diagram质量保证程序QA/QC procedures采购计划procurement plan施工计划construction plan施工进度construction schedule项目实施计划project execution plan项目协调程序project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划project master schedule设计网络计划engineering network logic项目质量保证project quality assurance项目质量控制project quality control采购procurement采购周期procurement period会签the squad check计算书calculation sheets询价inquiry检验inspection运输transportation开车start up / commission验收inspection & acceptance校核check审核review审定approve版次version部门department专业specialty项目号project number图号drawing number目录contents序言foreword章chapter节section项itemMR material requisitionSPEC engineering specificationDATA SHEET(技术表)technical data sheetTBA(技术评标)technical bid analysisPDP preliminary design packagePM (项目经理) project managerLDE( 专业负责人) lead discipline engineerMRQ( 材料询价单) Material requisition for quotationMRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchaseBEP( 基础工程设计包) basic engineering packageP&ID( 管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument d rawing(diagram) PFD process flow diagramNNF normally no flowFO failure openFC failure closeC/S/A civil/structure/architectureDDP (详细设计阶段)detail design phase二、工艺流程连续过程continuous process间歇过程batch process工艺叙述process description工艺特点process feature操作operation反应reaction副反应side reaction絮凝flocculation浮洗flotation倾析decantation催化反应catalytical reaction萃取extraction中和neutralization水解hydrolysis过滤filtration干燥drying还原reduction氧化oxidation氢化hydrogenation分解decomposition离解dissociation合成synthetics吸收absorption吸附adsorption解吸desorption结晶crystallization溶解solution调节modulate控制control悬浮suspension循环circulation再生regeneration再活化reactivation沥取leaching破碎crushing煅烧caloination沉降sedimentation沉淀precipitation气化gasification冷冻refrigeration固化、结晶solidification 包装package升华sublimation燃烧combustion引烧ignition蒸馏distillation碳化carbonization压缩compression三、化学物质及特性固体solid液体liquid气体gas化合物compound混合物mixture粉powder片状粉未flake小粒granule结晶crystal乳化物emulsion氧化物oxidizing agent还原剂reducing agent有机物organic material真空vacuum母液master liquor富液rich liquor贫液lean liquor萃出物extract萃余物raffinate絮凝剂flocculants冷冻盐水brine酸度acidity浓度concentration碱度alkalinity溶解度solubility凝固点solidificalion point 沸点boiling point熔点melting point蒸发率evaporation rate 粘度viscosity吸水的water absorbent(a) 无水的anhydrous(a)外观appearance无色的colorless(a)透明的transparent(a)半透明的translucent密度density比重specific gravity催化剂catalyst燃烧combustion引燃ignition自然点self-ignition temperature可燃气体combustible gas可燃液体inflammable liquid易燃液体volatile liquid爆炸混合物explosive mixture爆炸性环境explosive atmosphere(environment) 爆炸极限explosive concentration limit废水waste water废液waste liquid废气off-gas噪声noise pollution成分composition挠度deflection力和力矩force and moment弯矩bending moment应力-应变曲线stress-strain diagram百分比percentage环境温度ambient temperature工作温度operating设计温度design temperature(pressure)相对湿度RH=relative humidity油渣、淤泥sludge杂质impurity四、化工设备泵pump轴流泵axial flow pump真空泵vacuum pump屏蔽泵canned pump柱塞泵plunger pump涡轮泵turbine pump涡流泵vortex pump离心泵centrifugal pump喷射泵jet pump转子泵rotary pump管道泵inline pump双作用往复泵double action reciprocating pump计量泵metering pump深井泵deep well pump齿轮泵gear pump手摇泵hand(wobble) pump螺杆泵screw (spiral) pump潜水泵submersible pump斜转子泵inclined rotor pump封闭式电磁泵hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵air-lift-pump轴承bearing叶轮impeller虹吸管siphon高压容器high pressure vessel焚化炉incinerator火焰清除器flame arrester工业炉furnace烧嘴burner锅炉boiler回转窑rotary kiln加热器heater电加热器electric heater 冷却器cooler冷凝器condenser换热器heat exchanger反应器reactor蒸馏釜still搅拌器agitator混合器mixer静态混合器static mixers 管道混合器line mixers 混合槽mixing tanks破碎机crusher磨碎机grinder研磨机pulverizer球磨机ballmill过滤器filter分离器separator干燥器drier翅片fins烟囱stack火炬flare筛子screen煅烧窑calciner倾析器decanter蒸发器evaporator再沸器reboiler萃取器extractor离心机centrifuger吸附(收)器adsorber结晶器crystallizer电解槽electrolyzer电除尘器electric precipitator洗涤器scrubber消石灰器slaker料仓bin料斗hopper加料器feeder增稠器thickener澄清器clarifier分级器classifier浮洗器flocculator废液池sump喷射器ejector喷头sprayer成套设备package unit仪器设备apparatus附属设备accessory旋转式压缩机rotary compressor往复式压缩机reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机nash compressor螺杆式压缩机helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机centrifugal compressor 多级压缩机mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器fixed bed reactor流化床反应器fluidized bed reactor管式反应器tubular reactor列管式换热器tubular heat exchanger螺旋板式换热器spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔extraction column板式塔plate column填料塔packed column洗涤塔scrubber吸收塔absorber冷却塔cooling tower精馏塔fractionating tower汽提塔stripper再生塔regenerator造粒塔prill tower塔附件tower accessories液体分配(布)器liquid distributor填料支持板support plate定距管spacer降液管downcomer升气管chimney顶(底)层塔盘top (bottom) tray挡板baffle抽出口draw nozzle溢流堰weir泡罩bubble cap筛板sieve plate浮阀float valve除沫器demister pad塔裙座skirt椭圆封头elliptical head高位槽head tank中间槽intermediate tank加料槽feed tank补给槽make-up tank计量槽measuring tank电解槽cell溜槽chute收集槽collecting tank液滴分离器knockout drum稀释罐thinning tank缓冲罐surge drum回流罐reflux drum闪蒸罐flash drum浮顶罐floating roof tank内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐spheroid气柜gas holder湿式气柜wet gas-holder干式气柜dry gas-holder螺旋式气柜helical gas-holder星型放料器,旋转阀rotary valve抽滤器mutche filter压滤器filter press压滤机pressure filter板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器rotary drum filter带式过滤器belt filter翻盘式过滤器袋滤器bag filter旋风分离器cyclone separator盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier真空干燥器vacuum drier隧道式干燥器tunnel drier回转干燥器rotary drier穿流循环干燥器through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器spray drier气流干燥器pneumatic conveyor drier圆盘式加料器dish feeder螺旋式加料器screw feeder颚式破碎机jaw crusher回转破碎机gyratory crusher滚洞破碎机roll crusher锤式破碎机hammer crusher冲击破碎机rotor impact breaker气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer棍磨机rod mill雷蒙机raymond mill锤磨机hammer mill辊磨机roller mill振动筛vibrating screen回转筛rotary screen风机fan罗茨鼓风机root's blower起重机crane桥式起重机bridge crane电动葫芦motor hoist发电机generator电动机motor汽轮机steam turbine五、管道工程piping engineering1阀门valve阀杆stem内螺纹阀杆inside screw阀座valve seat (body seat)阀座环、密封圈sealing ring阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等) trim阀盘disc阀体body阀盖bonnet手轮hand wheel手柄hand level (handle)压盖gland闸阀gate valve平行双闸板double disc parallel seat楔形单闸板split wedge截止阀globe valve节流阀throttle valve针阀needle valve角阀(角式截止阀) angle valveY 型阀(截止阀) Y-valve(Y-body globe valve) 球阀ball valve三通球阀3-way ball valve蝶阀butterfly valve对夹式(薄片型) wafer type偏心阀板蝶阀offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀canted disc butterfly valve连杆式蝶阀link butterfly valve止回式蝶阀combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀piston type valve旋塞阀plug valve三通旋塞阀three-way plug valve四通旋塞阀four-way plug valve旋塞cock衬套旋塞sleeve cock隔膜阀diaphragm valve橡胶衬里隔膜阀rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀straight way diaphragm valve夹紧式胶管阀pinch valve止回阀check valve升降式止回阀lift check valve旋启式止回阀swing check valve落球式止回阀ball check valve弹簧球式止回阀spring ball check valve底阀foot valve切断式止回阀stop check valve活塞式止回阀piston check valve翻板止回阀flap check valve蝶式止回阀butterfly check valve安全泄气阀safety[SV]安全泄放阀relief v alve[RV]安全泄压阀safety relief valve杠杆重锤式lever and weight type罐底排污阀flush-bottom tank valve波纹管密封阀bellow sealed valve电磁阀solenoid (operated) valve电动阀electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀pneumatic operated valve低温用阀cryogenic service valve蒸汽疏水阀steam trap机械式疏水阀mechanical trap浮桶式疏水阀open (top) bucket trap浮球式疏水阀float trap倒吊桶式疏水阀inverted bucket trap自由浮球式疏水阀loose float trap恒温式疏水阀thermostatic trap压力平衡式恒温疏水阀balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀thermodynamic trap脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀impulse steam trap放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve换向阀diverting (reversing) valve呼吸阀breather valve减压阀pressure reducing valve控制阀control valve执行机构actuator差压调节阀differential pressure regulating valve切断阀block (shut-off, stop) valve调节阀regulating valve快开阀quick opening valve快闭阀quick closing valve隔断阀isolating valve三通阀three way valve夹套阀jacketed valve非旋转式阀non-rotary valve2管子,管件,法兰管子pipe( 按标准制造的配管用管)tube( 不按标准规格制造的其它用管)钢管steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe衬里管lined pipe复合管clad pipe碳钢管carbon steel[C.S.]pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe不锈钢管stainless steel[S.S.]pipe奥氏体不锈钢管austenitic stainless steel pipe铁合金钢管ferritic alloy steel pipe轧制钢管wrought-steel pipe锻铁管wrought-iron pipe无缝钢管seamless[SMLS] steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe电阻焊钢管electric-resistance-welded steel pipe电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe镀锌钢管galvanized steel pipe排污阀blowdown valve集液排放阀drip valve排液阀drain valve放空阀vent valve卸载阀unloading valve排出阀discharge valve吸入阀suction valve取样阀sampling valve手动阀hand operated(manually-operated) valve(水)龙头bibb;bib;faucet抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve旁路阀by-pass valve软管阀hose valve混合阀mixing valve破真空阀vacuum breaker冲洗阀flush valve根部阀root (primary, header) valve水煤气钢管water-gas steel p ipe塑料管plastic pipe玻璃管glass tube橡胶管rubber tube壁厚wall thickness[WT]壁厚系列号schedule number[SCH.NO.]加厚的,加强的extra heavy (strong)双倍加厚的,双倍加强的double extra heavy (strong) 弯头elbow异径弯头reducing elbow长半径弯头long radius elbow短半径弯头short radius elbow长半径180°弯头long radius return短半径180°弯头short radius return三通tee异径三通reducing tee等径三通straight tee带支座三通base tee45°斜三通45° lateralY 型三通true"Y"四通cross异径管reducer同心异径管concentric reducer偏心异径管eccentric reducer管接头coupling;full coupling活接头union短管nipple预制弯管fabricated pipe bendU 型弯管"U"bend法兰端flanged end万向接头universal joint对焊的butt welded[BW]螺纹的threaded[THD]承插焊的socket welded[SW]法兰flange[FLG]整体管法兰integral pipe flange钢管法兰steel pipe flange螺纹法兰threaded flange滑套法兰slip-on flange平焊法兰slip-on-welding flange承插焊法兰socket welding flange松套法兰lap joint flange[LJF]对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF]法兰盖blind flange;blind异径法兰reducing flange压力级pressure rating(class)突面raised face[RF]凸面male face凹面female face全平面;满平面flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件piping speciality粗滤器strainer过滤器filter临时过滤器temporary strainer(cone type) Y 型过滤器Y-type strainerT 型过滤器T-type strainer永久过滤器permanent filter洗眼器及淋浴器eye washer and shower 视镜sight glass阻火器flame arrester喷咀;喷头spray nozzle喷射器ejector取样冷却器sample cooler消音器silencer膨胀节expansion joint波纹膨胀节bellow补偿器compensator软管接头hose connection[HC] 快速接头quick coupling金属软管metal hose橡胶管rubber hose挠性管flexible tube特殊法兰special flange漏斗funnel 8 字盲板spectacle (figure 8) blind 爆破板rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢stainless steel[S.S.]铸铁cast iron[C.I.]铝aluminum铜,紫铜copper钛titanium抗拉强度tensile strength非金属材料non-metallic material 塑料plastic陶瓷ceramic搪瓷porcelain enamel玻璃glass橡胶rubber垫片gasket[GSKT]平垫片flat gasket填料packing型钢shaped steel角钢angle steel槽钢channel工字钢I-beam宽缘工字钢或H 钢wide flanged beam扁钢flat bar圆钢round steel; rod钢带strap steel网络钢板checkered plate材料表bill of material[BOM]材料统计material take-off[MTO]散装材料bulk material综合管道材料表consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS]汇总表summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线center line装置边界boundary limit[BL]区界area limit设备布置equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan标高,立面elevation[EL]支撑点point of support[POS]工厂北向plant north方位orientation危险区hazardous area classification净正吸入压头net positive suction head绝对标高absolute elevation坐标coordinate管道研究piping study管道布置平面piping arrangement p lan[PAP]管道布置piping assembly; layout详图detail"X"视图view "X""A-A" 剖视section "A-A"轴测图isometric drawing索引图key plan管道及仪表流程图piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表list of nozzles地上管道above ground piping地下管道under ground piping管线号line number总管header; manifold旁路by pass常开normally open常闭normally closed取样接口sampling connection伴热管tracing pipe蒸汽伴热steam tracing热水伴热hot-water tracing电伴热electrical tracing夹套管jacketed line全夹套管full jacketed比例scale图figure草图sketch 图例legend 符号symbol 件号part n。
化学工程与工艺专业英语课后答案
Key to Exercise Unit 1 Chemical Industries1.the Industrial Revolutionanic chemicals3.the contact process4.the Haber process5.synthetic polymers6.intermediates7.artificial fertilizers 8.pesticides9.synthetic fibers10.pharmaceutical11.research and development12.petrochemicalputers14.capital intensiveSome Chemicals Used In Our Daily LifeFood artificial fertilizers, pesticide, veterinary products Health antibiotics, β-blockersClothing synthetic fibers (e.g. polyesters, polyamides),synthetic dyesShelter synthetic polymers (e.g. urea-formaldehyde,polyurethanes),plasticsLeisure plastics and polymers (e.g. nylon)Transport additives (e.g. anti-oxidants, viscosity indeximpovements),polymers, plasticsUnit 2 Research and Development1.R&D2.ideas and knowledge3.process and products4.fundamental5.applied6.product development7.existing product8.pilot plant9. a emerging case10.environmental impact11.energy cost 12.technical support13.process improvement14.effluent treatment15.pharmaceutical16.sufficiently pure17.Reaction18.unreacted material19.by-products20.the product specification21.Product storageUnit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers1.Mechanical2.electrical3.civil4.scale-upmercial-size6.reactors7.distillation columns8.pumps9.control and instrumentation10.mathematics11.industry12.academia13.steam14.cooling water15.an economical 16.to improve17.P&I Drawings18.Equipment Specification Sheets19.Construction20.capacity and performance21.bottlenecks22.Technical Sales23.new or improved24.engineering methods25.configurationsUnit 4 Sources of Chemicals1.inorganic chemicals2.derive from3.petrochemical processes4.Metallic ores5.extraction process6.non-renewable resource7.renewable sources8.energy source9.fermentation process10.selective 11.raw material12.separation and purification13.food industry14.to be wetted15.Key to success16.Crushing and grinding17.Sieving18.Stirring and bubbling19.Surface active agents20.OverflowingUnit 5 Basic Chemicals1.Ethylene2.acetic acid3.Polymerization4.Polyvinyl acetate5.Emulsion paintHigh-volume sector Low-volume sectorProduction scale tens to hundreds of thousandstons per yeartens to a few thousands tonsper yearProducts / a plant single product multi-products Operation manner continuous batch Price or profit fairly cheap very profitable Usage intermediates end-productsChallengesreduced demand, environment pollutionProducts in the sectorsulphuric acid,phosphorus-containingcompounds,nitrogen-containingcompounds,chlor-alkali,petrochemicals,commodity polymersagrochemicals,dyestuffs,pharmaceuticals,speciality polymersUnit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1.Ammonia2.ammonia absorber3.NaCl & NH4OH4.Carbon dioxide5.NH4Cl6.Rotary drier7.Light Na2CO38.WaterProduct Raw materialMajor steps orPrincipal reactionsUsesSoda-ashbrine,limestoneammoniating,carbonating,precipitating,filtering,drying,calciningraw material forglassmaking,sodium silicate;as an alkaliChlorine brine 2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O →NaOH +Cl2 +H2as water purification,bleaching of wood pulp;production ofvinyl chloride, solvents,inorganicchlorine-containingproductsCaustic soda brine 2Na+ + 2Cl - +2H2O →NaOH +Cl2 +H2for paper-making,manufacture of inorganicchemicals,syntheses of organicchemicals,production of aluminaand soapSulfuric acid elemental sulphurS +O2→SO2SO2 + O2→SO3SO3 + H2O →H2SO4feedstock for fertilizers;production of ethanol,hydrofluoric acid,aluminum sulphatesUnit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea1.kinetically inert2.some iron compounds3.exothermic4.conversion5. a reasonable speed6.lower pressures7.higher temperatures8.capital9.energy10.steam reforming11.carbon monoxide12.secondary reformer13.the shift reaction 14.methane15.3:11787 C. Berthollet discovers the composition of ammonia 1903 Fritz Haber synthesizes ammonia1909 Fritz Haber drives the optimum reaction conditions 1909-1914 C. Bosch, A. Mittasch scale-up the process 1913 in BASF build a pilot plant1919 Fritz Haber receives the Noble price1920s in Britain and AmericaIntroduce the Haber process1931 C. Bosch receives the Noble price Unit 8 Petroleum Processinganic chemicals2.H:C ratios3.high temperature carbonization4.crude tar5.pyrolysis6.poor selectivity7.consumption of hydrogen8.the pilot stage9.surface and underground10.fluidized bed11.Biotechnology12.sulfur speciesUnit 9 PolymersAbbreviation Name of polymerLDPE Low density polyethylene 低密度聚乙烯HDPE High density polyethylene 高密度聚乙烯LLDPE Linear low density polyethylene 线性低密度聚乙烯PET or PBT Poly ethylene terephthalate (PET)Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯PVC Poly vinyl chloride 聚氯乙烯PS Polystyrene 聚苯乙烯POM Polyoxymethylene 聚甲醛PP Polypropylene 聚丙烯PC Polycarbonate 聚碳酸酯PPO Polyphenylene oxide 聚苯醚PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene 聚四氟乙烯PF phenol-formaldehyde resins 酚醛树脂PMMA poly (methyl methacrylate) 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯UF urea-formaldehyde resins 脲醛树脂Name of polymer Company or Inventor Year introduced Phenol-formaldehyde resin Baekland 1909Urea-formaldehyde resin 1929Alkyd resin late 1920sPoly(styrene-butadiene) GermanyPoly (acrylonitrile-butadiene) GermanyPoly (vinyl chloride) GermanyPolystyrene Germanypolyethylene ICI 1938Nylon Du pont 1941Polyacrylonitrile Du pont 1948Terylene ICI 1949Epoxy resins Du pont 1955polypropylene Montecatini 1956LLDPE late 1970sUnit 10 What Is Chemical EngineeringMicroscale (≤10-3m)Atomic and molecular studies of catalystsChemical processing in the manufacture of integrated circuitsStudies of the dynamics of suspensions and microstructured fluidsMesoscale (10-3-102m)Improving the rate and capacity of separations equipmentDesign of injection molding equipment to produce car bumpers madefrom polymersDesigning feedback control systems for bioreactorsMacroscale (>10m)Operability analysis and control system synthesis for an entire chemicalplantMathematical modeling of transport and chemical reactions ofcombustion-generated air pollutantsManipulating a petroleum reservoir during enhanced oil recoverythrough remote sensing of process data, development and use of dynamicmodels of underground interactions, and selective injection of chemicalsto improve efficiency of recoveryCourse Course contentScience and Math. Chemistry, Physics, Biology, Material Science, Mathematics,Computer InstructionChemical EngineeringThermodynamics, Kinetics, Catalysis,Rector Design and Analysis, Unit Operations, Process Control, Chemical Engineering Laboratories, Design / EconomicsOther Engineering Electrical Engineering, Mechanics, Engineering DrawingHumanities and SocialScience Understand the origins of one’s own culture as well as that ofothersUnit 12 What Do We Mean by Transport Phenomena?1.density2.viscosity3.tube diameter4.Reynolds5.Eddiesminar flow7.turbulent flow 8.velocity fluctuations9.solid surface10.ideal fluids11.viscosity12.Prandtl13.fluid dynamicsUnit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering1.physical2.unit operations3.identical4. A. D. Little5.fluid flow6.membrane separation7.crystallization 8.filtration9.material balance10.equilibrium stage model11.Hydrocyclones12.Filtration13.Gravity14.VaccumUnit 14 Distillation Operations1.relative volatilities2.contacting trays3.reboiler4.an overhead condenser5.reflux6.plates7.packing8.stripping section9.rectifying section10.energy-input requirement11.overall thermodynamic efficiency12.tray efficiencies13.Batch operationposition15. a rectifying batchSieve plate Bubble-capplatesValve platesCost 1 3 2Capacity 3 1 2 Operating range 3 1 2 Efficiency same same SamePressure drop 1 3 21 <2 < 3Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption1. a liquid solvent2.solubilities3.leaching4.distillation5.extract6.raffinate7.countercurrent8. a fluid9.adsorbed phase10.400,00011.original condition12.total pressure13.equivalent numbers 14.H+ or OH–15.regenerant16.process flow rates17.deterioration of performance18.closely similar19.stationary phase20.mobile phase21.distribution coefficients22.selective membranes23.synthetic24.ambient temperature25.ultrafiltration26.reverse osmosis (RO).Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying1.concentrate solutions2.solids3.circulation4.viscosity5.heat sensitivity6.heat transfer surfaces7.the long tube8.multiple-effect evaporators9.vacuum10.condensers11.supersaturation12.circulation pump13.heat exchanger14.swirl breaker 15.circulating pipe16.Product17.non-condensable gas18.barometric condenserDryer type General features ApplicationTray dryersBatch operation,Close control of drying conditionsand product inventoryDrying valuable productsConveyor dryersContinuous circulation,High drying rates,Good product-quality,High thermal efficiencies,High initial and maintenance costDrying materials that form abed with an open structureRotary dryerContinuous operation,High throughput,High thermal efficiency,Low capital cost and labor costsNon-uniform residence time,Dust generation,High noise levelsDrying free-flow granularmaterialsFluidized bed dryersContinuous or batch operation,Rapid and uniform heat transfer,Short drying times,Good control of the dryingconditions,Low floor area requirements;High power requirementsDrying granular andcrystalline materialsPneumatic dryersShort contact times,Low thermal efficiencyDrying fine and heatsensitive materialsSpray dryersShort contact times,Good control of the productparticle size, bulk density andform,High heat requirementsDrying liquid and diluteslurry feeds as well as heatsensitive materialsRotary drum dryers An alternative choice to spraydryersDrying liquid and diluteslurry feedsUnit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering1.design2.optimization3.control4.unit operations (UO)5.many disciplines6.kinetics7.thermodynamics,8.fluid mechanics9.microscopic10.chemical reactions11.more valuable products12.harmless products13.serves the needs14.the chemical reactors15.flowchart 16.necessarily17.tail18.each reaction19.temperature and concentrations20.linearUnit 18 Chemical Engineering Modeling1.optimization2.mathematical equations3.time4.experiments5.greater understanding6.empirical approach7.experimental design8.differing process condition9.control systems 10.feeding strategies11.training and education12.definition of problem13.mathematical model14.numerical methods15.tabulated or graphical16.experimental datarmation1.the preliminary economics2.technological changes3.pilot-plant data4.process alternatives5.trade-offs6.Off-design7.Feedstocks 8.optimize9.plant operations10.energy11.bottlenecking12.yield and throughput13.Revamping14.new catalystProblem Unexpected results Possible causeWater as impurity Kill a catalyst, or modify theperformances of catalystSteam leakDetermination of explosive limits ExplosionsNarrower limits in small-scaleequipmentStorage of unstablematerials Explosions and firesLower heat removal rate incommercial unitsUnit 19 Introduction to Process Design1. a flowsheet2.control scheme3.process manuals4.profit5.sustainable industrial activities6.waste7.health8.safety9. a reactor10.tradeoffs11.optimizations12.hierarchyUnit 20 Materials Science and Chemical Engineering1.the producing species2.nutrient medium3.fermentation step4.biomass5.biomass separation6.drying agent7.product8.water9.biological purificationMaterials areas Research activitiesPolymer Probe the microscale dynamics of macromolecules Develop improved processes,Create new materialsPolymer Composites Microstructural reinforcementAdvanced Ceramics Produce specific micro structures Application researchCeramic Composites Engineering the chemical reactions relatedComposite LiquidsUnit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment1.Atmospheric chemistry2.stratospheric ozone depletion3.acid rain4.environmentally friendly products5.biodegradable6.harmful by-product7.efficiently8.power plant emissions 9.different plastics10.recycled or disposed11.acidic waste solutionsanic components13.membrane technology14.biotechnology15.microorganismsFrontier Research activities or problems facedIn-site processingField tests; Uncertainties of the process, Adverse environment impactsProcess solidsImprove solids fracture processes,Research on the mechanics of pneumatic and slurry transport, Understand the chemical reaction processes,Equipment design and scale-upSeparation processResearch on:membrane separations, chemical selective separation agents, shape-selective porous solids,traditional separation methodsMaterialsFind construction materials, Develop new process-related materials, Develop less energy intensive materialsDesign and scale-up Complexity, Lack of basic data,。
化工专业英语(刘庆文)09065课文和阅读读材料翻译部分
化工专业英语(参考译文)Specailized English for Chemical Industry刘庆文目录模块一化工生产第一单元碳酸钠的生产第二单元聚乙烯的生产第三单元炼油第四单元精细化学品第五单元结晶第六单元液液萃取第七单元分析化学模块二职业健康与卫生第八单元化学工业的危险因素第九单元职业危害与保护第十单元个人保护模块三化学工业安全第十一单元化学危险品的危害第十二单元电器事故第十三单元化工工艺安全信息模块四环境保护第十四单元废气减排第十五单元废物利用第十六单元化学废物的循环第十七单元清洁生产模块五质量第十八单元质量保证第十九单元质量管理体系第二十单元药品生产质量管理规范模块一化工生产第一单元碳酸钠的生产碳酸钠是钠的碳酸盐(也称之为洗涤碱,苏打结晶或纯碱)。
它通常以七水结晶形式存在,很容易风化变为白色的一水合物粉末。
它也是人们熟知的家庭日用水软化剂。
碳酸钠有一种冷碱味,它可以从许多植物灰中提取出来。
大量的碳酸钠是用索尔韦法通过食盐来生产的。
用途生产玻璃是碳酸钠最重要的用途。
当碳酸钠与沙子和碳酸钙混合在一起,加热到很高的温度,然后快速冷却时,就产生了玻璃。
这类玻璃叫做钠钙玻璃。
碳酸钠在各种环境下也可以用作相对较强的碱。
例如,碳酸钠用作pH调节剂,以维持大多数显影剂反应所需的稳定的碱性条件。
它是市政水池常用的添加剂,用来中和氯的酸效应,提高pH值。
化学上,它常常用作电解质。
此外,与生成氯气的氯离子不同,碳酸根离子不腐蚀阳极。
它还可以用作酸碱滴定的基准物,因为它是空气中稳定存在的固体,容易准确称量。
生产索尔韦法:1861年比利时工业化学家,欧内斯特·索尔韦发明了一种方法,使用氨将氯化钠转化为碳酸钠。
索尔韦法是在一个大的空塔内进行的。
在塔底,碳酸钙(石灰石)被加热释放出二氧化碳。
CaCO3→ CaO + CO2在塔顶,氯化钠和氨的浓溶液进入塔内。
随着二氧化碳气泡穿过溶液,生成碳酸氢钠沉淀:NaCl + NH3 + CO2 + H2O → NaHCO3 + NH4Cl碳酸氢钠通过加热转化为碳酸钠,并释放出水和二氧化碳:2 NaHCO3→ Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2同时,通过加热氯化铵和石灰(氢氧化钙),可以重新制备氨。
化工专业英语复习资料
Lesson 1Chemical Engineering1、What is chemical engineering and its content?The Institution of Chemical Engineers defines chemical engineering as “that branch of engineering which is concerned with processes in which materials undergo a required change in composition, energy content or physical state: with the means of processing; with the resulting products, and with their application to useful ends”.2、What concept is the landmark in the development of chemical engineering?Unit operations3、What are the basic laws of chemical engineering science?The principles of chemistry, physics, and mathematics.The laws of physical chemical and physics govern the practicability and efficiency of chemical engineering operations. Energy changes, deriving from thermodynamics consideration, are particularly important. Mathematics is a basic tool in optimization and modeling.4、Name the functions and branches of chemical engineering you know.Chemical Engineering Functions: The design and development of both processes and plant items.Branches of Chemical Engineering: Plastics, polymers, synthetic fibers, dyeing, pulp and paper manufactures, pharmaceutical industry, and separation of rare metals.Lesson 2 Chemical Equilibrium and Kinetics1、Which factors influence the reaction rates?a)Temperatureb)concentrations of reactants (or partial pressure of gaseous reactants)c)presence of a catalyst.2、How to determine the reaction equilibrium constants?For a reversible reaction:aA + bB = cC +dDthe equilibrium constant expression is written as follows:K = C c D d / A a B bLesson 3 The Second Law of Thermodynamics1、What are the applications of chemical thermodynamics?There is two major applications of thermodynamics:( i ) The calculation of heat and work effect associated with processes as well as the calculation of the maximum work obtainable from a process or the minimum work required to drive a process.( ii ) The establishment of relationship among the variables describing systems at equilibrium.Lesson 4 Chemical Reaction Engineering1、Homogeneous Reactions vs. Heterogeneous ReactionsHomogeneous reactions are those in which the reactants, products, and any catalyst used form one continuous phase; gaseous and liquid.Heterogeneous reactions are those in which two or more phases exist, and the overriding problem in the reactor design is to promote mass transfer between the phases. The possible combinations of phase are:( i ) Liquid-liquid ( ii ) Liquid-solid ( iii ) Liquid-solid-gas( iv ) Gas-solid ( v ) Gas-liquid2、Reactor Geometry(type)Stirred Tank ReactorsTubular ReactorsPacked Bed ReactorsFluidized Bed ReactorsLesson 5 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes1、What are the mechanisms of chlor-alkali process?The reaction are based on the idea of using electrons as a reagent in chemical reactions. The basic reactions of brine electrolysis can be written as follows:Anode 2Cl- - 2e-—> Cl2Cathode 2H2O + 2e-—> H2 + 2OH-The overall reaction is: 2Na+ + 2Cl- + 2H2O —> NaOH + Cl2 + H2Lesson 7 Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer1、In some cases, momentum , heat and mass transfer all occurs simultaneously, explain with examples.In a water-cooling tower, where transfer of sensible heat (heat transfer) and evaporation (mass transfer) both take place from the surface of the water droplets. Momentum transfer take place between the water droplets and air.2、What will happen for two adjacent layers of fluid with different moving velocities?There will be a tendency for the faster moving layer to be retarded and the slower moving layer to be accelerated by virtue of the continuous passage of molecules in each direction. There will be a net transfer of momentum from the fast to the slow moving stream.Lesson 10 Gas Absorption1、There are three ways in which a large contact area can be established:1. The liquid is brought in contact with the gas in the form of thin films ( film scrubbers).2. The liquid is dispersed in the gas in the form of minute drops (spray scrubbers).3. The gas is dispersed in the liquid in the form of small bubbles (bubble scrubbers). All apparatus applied in gas absorption practice is based on one of these three principles or on a combination of them.Lesson 13 Filtration1、Which factors should be considered in the operation of filtration?a)The properties of the liquid , particularly its viscosity, density and corrosive properties.b)The nature of the solid - its particle size and shape, size distribution, and packing characteristics.c)The concentration of solids in suspension.d)The quality of material to be handled, and its value.e)Whether the valuable product is the solid, the fluid, or both.f)Whether it is necessary to wash the filtered solids.g)Whether very slight contamination caused by contact of the suspension or filtrate with the various components of the equipment is detrimental to the product.h)Whether the feed liquor may be heated.i)Whether any form of pretreatment would be helpful.2、Which factors will have a close relation with the rate of filtration?a) The drop in pressure from the feed to the far side of the filter medium.b) The area of the filtering surface.c) The viscosity of the filtrate,d) The resistance of the filter cake.e) The resistance of the filter medium and initial layers of cake.Lesson 15 Computer-Assisted Design of New Process1、Design for new processed proceed through at least three stagesConceptual Design: the generation of ideas for new processes (processed synthesis) and their translation into an initial design. This stage includes preliminary cost estimates to asses the potential profitability of the process, as well as analyses of process safety andenvironmental considerations.Final Design: a rigorous set of design calculations to specify all the significance details of a process,Detailed Design: preparation of engineering drawing and equipment lists needed for construction.TBC ...Lesson 16 Catalysis1、Catalytic reactions can be classified into three types:The most common is heterogeneous catalysis, in which the catalyst is a solid and the reactants and products are either gases or liquids. The second type is homogeneous catalysis, in which the reactants, products and catalyst are molecularly dispersed in a single phase, usually the liquid phase. The third type is enzyme catalysis.Lesson 18 Polymers and Polymerization Techniques1、There are five general methods of polymerization:( i ) Bulk (or mass) ( ii ) Solution ( iii ) Slurry (or precipitation)( iv ) Suspension(or dispersion) ( v) EmulsionFurther lesser-used methods include:( vi ) Interfacial ( vii ) Reaction injection moulding (RIM)( viii ) Reactive processing of molten polymers2、A polymerization process consists of three stages:( i ) Monomer preparation ( ii ) Polymerization ( iii ) Polymer recover。
化工专业英语
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes Bulk chemical industry: 大化工
The segment is normally taken to include~~~~. 氯碱工业包括~~~。 Ever since:从那时到现在 自从
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
In turn: 依次,轮流 Sort out: 挑选出,理清 继续 解决
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Unit 9 Polymer refer to sb. [sth.] as:称某人[物]为 Convention:习俗, 惯例 Bulk polymer:本体聚合物 Coil: 线圈 sweep out:扫掉、清除 Make up: 组成 Aliphatic:脂肪族的 Aromatic:芳香族的 Elastomer: 人造橡胶 Liability:责任, 义务 Sparingly:节俭地, 保守地 占据
化学生物理工学院
崔洪涛
化工英语阅读
Readily:容易地 Brine:盐水 Limestone:石灰石 Ready:有准备的 准备完毕的, 甘心的, 情愿的, 现成的 迅速的 有准备的, 现成的, 有准备的 Complex:复杂,合成物,络合物,联合企业 联合企业 Laid down over geological time by various marine organisms. Laid down (Lay down): 放下 Geological time: time:地质时期 Over:在...期间, 在...时间内 在一段地质时期内由海洋生物形成的。 About 40% of the output of the lime industry goes into steel-making, where it is Used to react with the refractory silica present in iron ore to give a fluid slag which Floats to the surface and is easily separated from the liquid metal. 大约40%的石灰工业的产出投入到钢铁的制造中,它被用来和铁矿石中的高熔点的 氧化硅反应形成液渣浮到液体金属的表面并被容易的分离出来。 形成
应用化学专业英语unit 7
Some elements-particularly take for the halogens—form more than two oxoanions.
一些元素(特别是卤素)形成超过2种以上 的含氧阴离子,
The name of the oxoanion with the smallest number of oxygen atoms is formed by adding the prefix hypo- to the –ite form of the name, as in the hypochlorite ion, ClO-.
In this system, iron (Ⅱ) ions are called ferrous ions and iron (Ⅲ) ions are called ferric ions.
在这个系统中,二价铁离子被称作亚铁离子, 三价铁离子被称作铁离子。
Names of Anions
阴离子名称
ammonia [əˈmə ʊnɪə] 氨水
许多化合物在未了解其构成前给予他们俗称。ystematic name, on the other hand, reveals which elements are present and, in some cases, how their atoms are arranged.
This procedure is only a formal way of building the chemical formula, because oxoacids are all molecular compounds. 这个程序只是建立化学分子式的一种正式 方法,因为含氧酸总是分子化合物。
因此,Cu+是铜的一价离子,Cu2+铜的二价 离子。 类似的,Fe2+是铁的二价离子,Fe3+是铁的 三价离子。
化工专业英语练习题 参考答案
练习一参考答案1将下列句子或段落翻译成英语1)A process is any operation or series of operations that causes a physical or chemical change in asubstance or a mixture of substances .The material that enters a process is referred to as input or feed the process,and that which leaves is called output or product.2)As a chemical engineer,you might be called on to design individual process units (such as reactors,distillation columns,heat exchangers),supervise the operation of a process,or modify a process design to accommodate a change in the feed or in the desired product characteristics.As a rule,to any of these things you must know the amounts,compositions,and conditions of the materials that enter and leave each process unit,and if you are working with an existing units,you must be able to measure enough of these quantities to verify that the process is doing what it was designed to do.3)Founded in 1839from a small production firm for pharmaceutical products,B.Braun has grown steadilyinto a multinational company dealing with medical products,medical technology,pharmaceutical and biotechnology.2将下列句子或段落翻译成汉语1)包括的一系列操作,如混合、蒸发、过滤,无论产物是什么,这些操作都基本同,从而导致了单元操作的概念。
化工专业英语
化学专业课程中英文对照1.普通化学 General Chemistry2.分析化学 Analytical Chemistry3.有机化学 Organic Chemistry4.物理化学 Physical Chemistry5.谱学导论 Introducton of Spectroscopy6.无机化学 Inorganic Chemistry7.普通化学和分析化学实验 Experiments of General and Analytical Chemistry8.现代基础化学 The Principle of Mordern Chemistry9.现代基础化学实验 Experiments of Modern Fundamental Chemistry11.有机化学实验 Experiments of Organic Chemistry 仪器分析和物理化学实验Experiments of Instrumental Analysis and Physical Chemistry 合成化学实验Experiments of Synthetic Chemistry 现代化学专题 Topic of Modern Chemistry 化学综合实验 Experiments of Comprehensive Chemistry 化工原理 Principle of Chemical Engineering 化工原理实验 Experiments of Chemical Engineering 应用化学实验Experiments of Applied Chemistry 无机合成化学 Synthetic Inorganic Chemistry 近代分析化学 Modern Analytical Chemistry 分离分析化学 Separation Analytical Chemistry 有机化合物波谱鉴定 Spectrum Identification of Organic Compounds 有机合成及反应机理 Organic Synthesis and Mechanics 化学进展 Progress in Chemistry 化学反应工程 Chemical Reaction Engineering 应用电化学 Applied Electrochemistry 工业催化 Industrial Catalysis 环境化学 Environmental Chemistry 环境监测Environmental Monitoring 化学科技英语 Scientific English for Chemistry 数理方法在化学中的应用 Mathematical Statistics for Chemistry 化工制图 Chemical Engineering Cartography 计算机与化学测量实验 Computer and Chemical Measurement 化学信息学 Chemoinformatics or Chemical Informatics 应用化学专题 Special Topics in Applied Chemistry化工装置常用词汇 1一概论 introduction 方案(建议书) proposal 可行性研究 feasibility study 方案设计concept design 工艺设计 process design 基础设计 basic design 详细设计 detail design 开工会议 kick-off meeting 审核会议 review meeting 外商投资 foreign investment 中外合资 joint venture 中外合营 joint venture 补偿贸易 compensation trade 合同合同附件 contract 卖方 vendor 买方 buyer 顾客 client 承包商contractor 工程公司 company 供应范围 scope of supply 生产范围 production scope 生产能力 production capacity 项目 project 界区 battery limit 装置 plant 公用工程utilities 工艺流程图 process flow diagram 工艺流程方块图 process block diagram 管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument drawing 物料及热量平衡图 mass & heat balance diagram 蒸汽及冷凝水平衡图 steam & condensate balance diagram 设备布置图equipment layout 设备表 equipment list 成品(产品) product(final product) 副产品by-product 原料 raw-material 设计基础数据 basic data for design 技术数据technical data 数据表 data sheet 设计文件 design document 设计规定 design regulation 现场服务 site service 项目变更 project change 用户变更 client change 消耗定额 consumption quota 技术转让 technical transfer 技术知识 technicalknow-how technical knowledge 技术保证 technical guarantee 咨询服务 consultative services 技术服务 technical services 工作地点 location 施工现场 construction field 报价 quotation 标书 bidding book 公司利润 company profit 固定价合同 fixed price contract 固定单价合同 fixed unit price contract 成本加酬金合同 cost plus award fee contract 定金 mobilization 银行保证书 bank guarantee letter 保留金retention 所得税 income taxes 特别承包人税 special contractor's taxes 城市和市政税 city and municipal taxes 工作手册 work manual 工作流程图 work flow diagram 质量保证程序 QA/QC procedures 采购计划 procurement plan 施工计划 construction plan 施工进度 construction schedule 项目实施计划 project execution plan 项目协调程序project coordination procedure 项目总进度计划 project master schedule 设计网络计划 engineering network logic 项目质量保证 project quality assurance 项目质量控制project quality control 采购 procurement 采购周期 procurement period 会签 the squad check 计算书 calculation sheets 询价 inquiry 检验 inspection 运输transportation 开车 start up / commission 验收 inspection & acceptance 校核 check审核 review 审定 approve 版次 version 部门 department 专业 specialty 项目号project number 图号 drawing number 目录 contents 序言 foreword 章 chapter 节section 项 item MR material requisition SPEC engineering specification DATA SHEET (技术表) technical data sheet TBA(技术评标) technical bid analysis PDP preliminary design package PM (项目经理) project manager LDE(专业负责人) lead discipline engineer Material requisition for quotation MRQ(材料询价单) MRP(材料采购单) material requisition for purchase BEP(基础工程设计包) basic engineering package P&ID(管道及仪表流程图) piping and instrument drawing(diagram) PFD process flow diagram NNF normally no flow FO failure open FC failure close C/S/Acivil/structure/architecture detail design phase DDP(详细设计阶段)二. 工艺流程连续过程 continuous process 间歇过程 batch process 工艺叙述 process description 工艺特点 process feature 操作 operation 反应 reaction 副反应 side reaction 絮凝flocculation 浮洗 flotation 倾析 decantation 催化反应 catalytical reaction 萃取extraction 中和 neutralization 水解 hydrolysis 过滤 filtration 干燥 drying 还原reduction 氧化 oxidation 氢化 hydrogenation 分解 decomposition 离解dissociation 合成 synthetics 吸收 absorption 吸附 adsorption 解吸 desorption 结晶 crystallization 溶解 solution 调节 modulate 控制 control 悬浮 suspension 循环 circulation 再生 regeneration 再活化 reactivation 沥取 leaching 破碎crushing 煅烧 caloination 沉降 sedimentation 沉淀 precipitation 气化gasification 冷冻 refrigeration 固化、结晶 solidification 包装 package 升华sublimation 燃烧 combustion 引烧 ignition 蒸馏 distillation 碳化 carbonization 压缩 compression三、化学物质及特性固体 solid 液体 liquid 气体 gas 化合物 compound 混合物 mixture 粉 powder 片状粉未 flake 小粒 granule 结晶 crystal 乳化物 emulsion 氧化物 oxidizing agent 还原剂 reducing agent 有机物 organic material 真空 vacuum 母液 master liquor 富液rich liquor 贫液 lean liquor 萃出物 extract 萃余物 raffinate 絮凝剂 flocculants冷冻盐水 brine 酸度 acidity 浓度 concentration 碱度 alkalinity 溶解度solubility 凝固点 solidificalion point 沸点 boiling point 熔点 melting point 蒸发率 evaporation rate 粘度 viscosity 吸水的 water absorbent(a) 无水的anhydrous(a) 外观 appearance 无色的 colorless(a) 透明的 transparent(a) 半透明的translucent 密度 density 比重 specific gravity 催化剂 catalyst 燃烧 combustion 引燃 ignition 自然点 self-ignition temperature 可燃气体 combustible gas 可燃液体inflammable liquid 易燃液体 volatile liquid 爆炸混合物 explosive mixture 爆炸性环境 explosive atmosphere(environment) 爆炸极限 explosive concentration limit 废水 waste water 废液 waste liquid 废气 off-gas 噪声 noise pollution 成分composition 挠度 deflection 力和力矩 force and moment 弯矩 bending moment 应力-应变曲线 stress-strain diagram 百分比 percentage 环境温度 ambient temperature 工作温度 operating 设计温度 design temperature(pressure) 相对湿度 RH=relative humidity 油渣、淤泥 sludge 杂质 impurity四、化工设备泵 pump 轴流泵 axial flow pump 真空泵 vacuum pump 屏蔽泵 canned pump 柱塞泵plunger pump 涡轮泵 turbine pump 涡流泵 vortex pump 离心泵 centrifugal pump 喷射泵 jet pump 转子泵 rotary pump 管道泵 inline pump 双作用往复泵 double action reciprocating pump 计量泵 metering pump 深井泵 deep well pump 齿轮泵 gear pump 手摇泵 hand(wobble) pump 螺杆泵 screw (spiral) pump 潜水泵 submersible pump 斜转子泵 inclined rotor pump 封闭式电磁泵 hermetically sealed magnetic drive pump 气升泵 air-lift-pump 轴承 bearing 叶轮 impeller 虹吸管 siphon 高压容器 high pressure vessel 焚化炉 incinerator 火焰清除器 flame arrester 工业炉 furnace 烧嘴burner 锅炉 boiler 回转窑 rotary kiln 加热器 heater 电加热器 electric heater 冷却器 cooler 冷凝器 condenser 换热器 heat exchanger 反应器 reactor 蒸馏釜 still 搅拌器 agitator 混合器 mixer 静态混合器 static mixers 管道混合器 line mixers 混合槽 mixing tanks 破碎机 crusher 磨碎机 grinder 研磨机 pulverizer 球磨机ballmill 过滤器 filter 分离器 separator 干燥器 drier 翅片 fins 烟囱 stack 火炬flare 筛子 screen 煅烧窑 calciner 倾析器 decanter 蒸发器 evaporator 再沸器reboiler 萃取器 extractor 离心机 centrifuger 吸附(收)器 adsorber 结晶器crystallizer 电解槽 electrolyzer 电除尘器 electric precipitator 洗涤器 scrubber 消石灰器 slaker 料仓 bin 料斗 hopper 加料器 feeder 增稠器 thickener 澄清器clarifier 分级器 classifier 浮洗器 flocculator 废液池 sump 喷射器 ejector 喷头sprayer 成套设备 package unit 仪器设备 apparatus 附属设备 accessory 旋转式压缩机 rotary compressor 往复式压缩机 reciprocating compressor 水环式压缩机 nash compressor 螺杆式压缩机 helical screw compressor 离心式压缩机 centrifugal compressor 多级压缩机 mutiple stages compressor 固定床反应器 fixed bed reactor 流化床反应器 fluidized bed reactor 管式反应器 tubular reactor 列管式换热器 tubular heat exchanger 螺旋板式换热器 spiral plate heat exchanger 萃取塔 extraction column 板式塔 plate column 填料塔 packed column 洗涤塔 scrubber 吸收塔 absorber 冷却塔 cooling tower 精馏塔 fractionating tower 汽提塔 stripper 再生塔regenerator 造粒塔 prill tower 塔附件 tower accessories 液体分配(布)器 liquid distributor 填料支持板 support plate 定距管 spacer 降液管 downcomer 升气管chimney 顶(底)层塔盘 top (bottom) tray 挡板 baffle 抽出口 draw nozzle 溢流堰weir 泡罩 bubble cap 筛板 sieve plate 浮阀 float valve 除沫器 demister pad 塔裙座 skirt 椭圆封头 elliptical head 高位槽 head tank 中间槽 intermediate tank 加料槽 feed tank 补给槽 make-up tank 计量槽 measuring tank 电解槽 cell 溜槽 chute 收集槽 collecting tank 液滴分离器 knockout drum 稀释罐 thinning tank 缓冲罐 surge drum 回流罐 reflux drum 闪蒸罐 flash drum 浮顶罐 floating roof tank 内浮顶罐covered floating roof tank 球罐 spheroid 气柜 gas holder 湿式气柜 wet gas-holder 干式气柜 dry gas-holder 螺旋式气柜 helical gas-holder 星型放料器,旋转阀 rotary valve 抽滤器 mutche filter 压滤器 filter press 压滤机 pressure filter 板框压滤器plate-and-fram filter press 转鼓过滤器 rotary drum filter 带式过滤器 belt filter 翻盘式过滤器袋滤器 bag filter 旋风分离器 cyclone separator 盘式干燥箱compartment tray drier 真空干燥器 vacuum drier 隧道式干燥器 tunnel drier 回转干燥器 rotary drier 穿流循环干燥器 through circulation drier 喷雾干燥器 spray drier 气流干燥器 pneumatic conveyor drier 圆盘式加料器 dish feeder 螺旋式加料器 screw feeder 颚式破碎机 jaw crusher 回转破碎机 gyratory crusher 滚洞破碎机 rollcrusher 锤式破碎机 hammer crusher 冲击破碎机 rotor impact breaker 气流喷射粉碎机jet pulverizer 棍磨机 rod mill 雷蒙机 raymond mill 锤磨机 hammer mill 辊磨机roller mill 振动筛 vibrating screen 回转筛 rotary screen 风机 fan 罗茨鼓风机起重机桥式起重机电动葫芦发电机电动机汽轮机 root's blower crane bridge crane motor hoist generator motor steam turbine五、管道工程 piping engineering1 阀门 valve阀杆 stem 内螺纹阀杆 inside screw 阀座 valve seat (body seat) 阀座环、密封圈sealing ring 阀芯(包括密封圈,杆等) trim 阀盘 disc 阀体 body 阀盖 bonnet 手轮hand wheel 手柄 hand level (handle) 压盖 gland 闸阀 gate valve 平行双闸板 double disc parallel seat 楔形单闸板 split wedge 截止阀 globe valve 节流阀 throttle valve 针阀 needle valve 角阀(角式截止阀) angle valve Y 型阀(截止阀)Y-valve(Y-body globe valve) 球阀 ball valve 三通球阀 3-way ball valve 蝶阀butterfly valve 对夹式(薄片型) wafer type 偏心阀板蝶阀 offset disc (eccentric) butterfly valve 斜阀盘蝶阀 canted disc butterfly valve 连杆式蝶阀 link butterfly valve 止回式蝶阀 combined non-return butterfly valve 柱塞阀 piston type valve 旋塞阀 plug valve 三通旋塞阀 three-way plug valve 四通旋塞阀 four-way plug valve 旋塞 cock 衬套旋塞 sleeve cock 隔膜阀 diaphragm valve 橡胶衬里隔膜阀 rubber lined diaphragm valve 直通式隔膜阀 straight way diaphragm valve 夹紧式胶管阀 pinch valve 止回阀 check valve 升降式止回阀 lift check valve 旋启式止回阀 swing check valve 落球式止回阀 ball check valve 弹簧球式止回阀 spring ball check valve 底阀foot valve 切断式止回阀 stop check valve 活塞式止回阀 piston check valve 翻板止回阀 flap check valve 蝶式止回阀 butterfly check valve 安全泄气阀 safety[SV] 安全泄放阀 relief valve[RV] 安全泄压阀 safety relief valve 杠杆重锤式 lever and weight type 罐底排污阀 flush-bottom tank valve 波纹管密封阀 bellow sealed valve 电磁阀 solenoid (operated) valve 电动阀 electrically(electric-motor)operated valve 气动阀 pneumatic operated valve 低温用阀 cryogenic service valve 蒸汽疏水阀 steam trap 机械式疏水阀 mechanical trap 浮桶式疏水阀 open (top) bucket trap 浮球式疏水阀 float trap 倒吊桶式疏水阀 inverted bucket trap 自由浮球式疏水阀 loose float trap 恒温式疏水阀 thermostatic trap 压力平衡式恒温疏水阀 balanced pressure thermostatic trap 热动力式疏水阀 thermodynamic trap 脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀 impulse steam trap 放汽阀(自动放汽阀) (automatic) air vent valve 换向阀 diverting (reversing) valve 呼吸阀 breather valve 减压阀 pressure reducing valve 控制阀control valve 执行机构 actuator 差压调节阀 differential pressure regulating valve 切断阀 block (shut-off, stop) valve 调节阀 regulating valve 快开阀 quick opening valve 快闭阀 quick closing valve 隔断阀 isolating valve 三通阀 three way valve 夹套阀 jacketed valve 非旋转式阀 non-rotary valve2 管子,管件,法兰管子 pipe(按标准制造的配管用管) tube(不按标准规格制造的其它用管) 钢管 steel pipe 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 衬里管 lined pipe 复合管 clad pipe 碳钢管 carbonsteel[C.S.]pipe 合金钢管 alloy steel pipe 不锈钢管 stainless steel[S.S.]pipe 奥氏体不锈钢管 austenitic stainless steel pipe 铁合金钢管 ferritic alloy steel pipe 轧制钢管 wrought-steel pipe 锻铁管 wrought-iron pipe 无缝钢管 seamless[SMLS] steel pipe 焊接钢管 welded steel pipe 电阻焊钢管 electric-resistance-welded steel pipe 电熔(弧)焊钢板卷管 electric-fusion(arc)-welded steel-plate pipe 螺旋焊接钢管 spiral welded steel pipe 镀锌钢管 galvanized steel pipe 排污阀 blowdown valve 集液排放阀 drip valve 排液阀 drain valve 放空阀 vent valve 卸载阀 unloading valve 排出阀 discharge valve 吸入阀 suction valve 取样阀 sampling valve 手动阀 hand operated(manually-operated) valve (水)龙头 bibb;bib;faucet 抽出液阀(小阀) bleed valve 旁路阀 by-pass valve 软管阀 hose valve 混合阀 mixing valve 破真空阀 vacuum breaker 冲洗阀 flush valve 根部阀 root (primary, header) valve 水煤气钢管water-gas steel pipe 塑料管 plastic pipe 玻璃管 glass tube 橡胶管 rubber tube 壁厚 wall thickness[WT] 壁厚系列号 schedule number[SCH.NO.] 加厚的,加强的 extra heavy (strong) 双倍加厚的,双倍加强的 double extra heavy (strong) 弯头 elbow 异径弯头 reducing elbow 长半径弯头 long radius elbow 短半径弯头 short radius elbow 长半径 180°弯头 long radius return 短半径 180°弯头 short radius return 三通 tee 异径三通 reducing tee 等径三通 straight tee 带支座三通 base tee 45°斜三通 45°lateral true"Y" Y 型三通四通 cross 异径管 reducer 同心异径管 concentric reducer 偏心异径管 eccentric reducer 管接头 coupling;full coupling 活接头 union 短管nipple 预制弯管 fabricated pipe bend U 型弯管 "U"bend 法兰端 flanged end 万向接头 universal joint 对焊的 butt welded[BW] 螺纹的 threaded[THD] 承插焊的 socket welded[SW] 法兰 flange[FLG] 整体管法兰 integral pipe flange 钢管法兰 steel pipe flange 螺纹法兰 threaded flange 滑套法兰 slip-on flange 平焊法兰 slip-on-welding flange 承插焊法兰 socket welding flange 松套法兰 lap joint flange[LJF] 对焊法兰weld neck flange[WNF] 法兰盖 blind flange;blind 异径法兰 reducing flange 压力级pressure rating(class) 突面 raised face[RF] 凸面 male face 凹面 female face 全平面;满平面 flat face;full face[FF]3.管道特殊件 piping speciality粗滤器 strainer 过滤器 filter 临时过滤器 temporary strainer(cone type) Y 型过滤器 Y-type strainer T 型过滤器 T-type strainer 永久过滤器 permanent filter 洗眼器及淋浴器 eye washer and shower 视镜 sight glass 阻火器 flame arrester 喷咀;喷头spray nozzle 喷射器 ejector 取样冷却器 sample cooler 消音器 silencer 膨胀节expansion joint 波纹膨胀节 bellow 补偿器 compensator 软管接头 hose connection[HC] 快速接头 quick coupling 金属软管 metal hose 橡胶管 rubber hose 挠性管 flexible tube 特殊法兰 special flange 漏斗 funnel 8 字盲板 spectacle (figure 8) blind 爆破板 rupture disk4,其它材料碳素钢 carbon steel [C.S.]不锈钢 stainless steel[S.S.] 铸铁 cast iron[C.I.] 铝aluminum 铜,紫铜 copper 钛 titanium 抗拉强度 tensile strength 非金属材料non-metallic material 塑料 plastic 陶瓷 ceramic 搪瓷 porcelain enamel 玻璃 glass 橡胶 rubber 垫片 gasket[GSKT] 平垫片 flat gasket 填料 packing 型钢 shaped steel 角钢 angle steel 槽钢 channel 工字钢 I-beam 宽缘工字钢或 H 钢 wide flanged beam 扁钢 flat bar 圆钢 round steel; rod 钢带 strap steel 网络钢板 checkered plate 材料表 bill of material[BOM] 材料统计 material take-off[MTO] 散装材料 bulk material 综合管道材料表 consolidated piping material summary sheet[CPMSS] 汇总表 summary sheet5.设备布置及管道设计中心线 center line 装置边界 boundary limit[BL] 区界 area limit 设备布置equipment arrangement (layout);plot plan 标高,立面 elevation[EL] 支撑点 point of support[POS] 工厂北向 plant north 方位 orientation 危险区 hazardous area classification 净正吸入压头 net positive suction head 绝对标高 absolute elevation 坐标 coordinate 管道研究 piping study 管道布置平面 piping arrangement plan[PAP] 管道布置 piping assembly; layout 详图 detail "X"视图 view "X" "A-A" 剖视 section "A-A" 轴测图 isometric drawing 索引图 key plan 管道及仪表流程图 piping and instrument diagram[P&ID] 管口表 list of nozzles 地上管道 above ground piping 地下管道 under ground piping 管线号 line number 总管 header; manifold 旁路 by pass 常开 normally open 常闭 normally closed 取样接口 sampling connection 伴热管tracing pipe 蒸汽伴热 steam tracing 热水伴热 hot-water tracing 电伴热 electrical tracing 夹套管 jacketed line 全夹套管 full jacketed 比例 scale 图 figure 草图sketch 图例 legend 符号 symbol 件号 part n。
中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书(高级)
中国石化专业技术人员英语学习参考用书(高级)(试用版)目录第一部分通用英语UNIT1-UNIT30┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈1-127第二部分石油化工专业英语油气工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈128-176炼化工程UNIT1-UNIT20┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈┈177-2161/216第一部分通用英语UNIT1HowtobeHappyInthepattwoweekwehavelookedatthehappineformuladefinedbypoiti vepychologitMartinSeligman,whereH(happine)=S(yourbiologicaletpoi ntforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoic eyoumake).Thiweekwelookattheconditioninlifethatcanimproveourhapp inequotient.Step1:PeaceandquietStep2:Relationhip2/216invidioulycontaminateourwellbeing,quattinginideourmindaunreo lved,detructiverumination.Whenfacedwithuchrelationhip,themotpoit ivethingwecandoitoeithermendtherelationhipbyconfrontingwhatigoin gwrongorlearntomoveon.Step3:ShareIfyouhavedicoveredconditionorchoiceinlifethathaveignificantl yimprovedyourwellbeing,Iwouldliketoharethemwithreader.Paingonwha tworkieentialtoimproveourownandthewellbeingofother.如何获得幸福:寻找幸福公式?过去两周我们研究了一项幸福公式,这是由乐观心理学家马丁塞利格曼定义的。
化工专业英语-unit 7
atmospheric pressure(大气压) and ambient temperature(环境温度,
常温); despite a hundred years of effort, the chemical industry still needs high temperatures and pressures of hundreds of atmospheres to do the same job.
Biological fixation also uses a catalyst which contains molybdenum(钼) (or vanadium(钒)) and iron embedded(植入的, 深入的) in a very large protein, the detailed structure of which eluded(躲避) chemists until late 1992. How it works is still not understood in detail.
Indeed, until the invention of the Haber process
(哈伯工艺), all
nitrogen-containing chemicals came from mineral sources ultimately derived from biological activity(生物活性/生物活动). Essentially all the nitrogen in manufactured chemicals comes from ammonia derived from the Haber-based process. So much ammonia is made (more molecules than any other compound, though because it is a light molecule greater weights of other products are produced), and so energy-intensive (能源密积型的,高能耗的) is the process, that ammonia production alone was estimated to use 3% of the World’s energy supply in the mid-1980s.
化工专业英语翻译全单元
化学工程与工艺专业英语课文翻译Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业 .......................................................... Unit 2 Research and Development研究和开发 ....................................... Unit 3 Typical Activities of Chemical Engineers化学工程师的例行工作 . Unit 4 Sources of Chemicals化学资源 ..................................................... Unit 5 Basic Chemicals基本化学品 .......................................................... Unit 6 Chlor-Alkali and Related Processes氯碱及其相关过程................. Unit 7 Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea氯、硝酸和尿素 .......................... Unit 8 Petroleum Processing石油加工 .................................................... Unit 9 Polymers 聚合物 ......................................................................... Unit 10 What Is Chemical Engineering?什么是化学工程学 ..................... Unit 11 Chemical and Process Thermodynamics化工热力学................... Unit 12 What do we mean by transport phenomena ?如何定义传递现象Unit 13 Unit Operations in Chemical Engineering化学工程中的单元操作Unit14 Distillation蒸馏............................................................................. Unit 15 Solvent Extraction, Leaching and Adsorption溶剂萃取,浸取和吸附Unit 16 Evaporation, Crystallization and Drying蒸发、结晶和干燥 ........Unit 17 Chemical Reaction Engineering化学反应工程 ............................Unit18 Chemical Engineering Modeling化工建模....................................Unit 19 Introduction to Process Design过程设计简介.............................Unit 20 Material Science and Chemical Engineer材料科学和化学工程 ..Unit 21 Chemical Industry and Environment化学工业与环境.................Unit 1 Chemical Industry化学工业1.化学工业的起源尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代,我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代(才开始的)。
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N2 +3H2 2NH3
In principle the reaction between hydrogen and nitrogen is easy; it is exothermic (放热的) and the equilibrium(平衡) lies to the right (在…右边) at low temperatures. Unfortunately, nature has bestowed(给予)dinitrogen with an inconveniently strong triple(三
atmospheric pressure(大气压) and ambient temperature(环境温度,
常温); despite a hundred years of effort, the chemical industry still needs high temperatures and pressures of hundreds of atmospheres to do the same job.
N 2 +3H 2 2NH3
The Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis
Introduction. All methods for making ammonia are basically finetuned (调整了的)versions(版本) of the process developed by Haber, Nernst and Bosch in Germany just before the First World War.
Raw materials. The process requires several inputs: energy, nitrogen and hydrogen. Nitrogen is easy to extract from air, but hydrogen is another problem. Originally it was derived from coal via coke which can be used as a raw material (basically a source of carbon) in steam reforming(蒸汽重整), where steam is reacted with carbon to give hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Now natural gas (天然气)(mainly methane) is used instead, though other hydrocarbons from oil can also be used. Ammonia plants always include hydrogen-producing plants linked directly to the production of ammonia.
Special English
For Chemical Engineering & Process
unit 7
Ammonia, Nitric Acid and Urea
By Ding Ming-jie By Zhao Ya-qi Department of Chemical Engineering
Department of August 2009 Engineering In Chemical
Prior to reforming reactions(变换/重整反应), sulphurcontaining compounds (含硫化合物)must be removed from the hydrocarbon feedstock(给料) as they poison both the reforming catalysts and the Haber catalysts. The first desulphurization(脱硫) stage involves a cobalt-molybdenum(钴-钼) catalyst, which hydrogenates(使与氢化合) all sulphur-containing compounds to hydrogen sulfide(硫化氢). This can then be removed by reaction with zinc(锌) oxide (to give zinc sulfide and water). The major reforming reactions are typified(代表,表示) by the following reactions of methane (which occur over nickel-based catalysts at about 750℃): CH4+H2O→CO+3H2 CH4+2H2O→CO2+4H2 Synthesis gas
Guiding questions
Do you know the amount of energy consumed in ammonia process every year? When was the Haber process for ammonia synthesis developed? Can you list the major uses of ammonia? How many stages are involved in the conversion of ammonia to nitric acid? What are the main raw materials for urea?
倍的) bond, enabling the molecule to thumb its nose at(嗤之以鼻)
thermodynamics(热力学).
In scientific terms the molecule is kinetically(在动力学上) inert (惰性的), and rather severe reaction conditions (苛刻反应条件) are necessary to get reactions to proceed at a respectable rate. A major source of “fixed”“ (meaning, paradoxically(荒谬地), “usefully reactive”) nitrogen in nature is lightning, where the intense heat is sufficient(足够的) to create nitrogen oxides from nitrogen and oxygen. To get a respectable(相当的,可敬的) yield of ammonia in a chemical plant we need to use a catalyst. What Haber discovered — and it won him a Nobel prize(诺贝尔奖) ― was that some iron compounds were acceptable catalysts. Even with such catalysts extreme pressures (up to 600 atmospheres in early processes) and temperatures (perhaps 400℃) are necessary.
Biological fixation also uses a catalyst which contains molybdenum(钼) (or vanadium(钒)) and iron embedded(植入的, 深入的) in a very large protein, the detailed structure of which eluded(躲避) chemists until late 1992. How it works is still not understood in detail.
பைடு நூலகம்
technologists has been unable to(不能够) find an easy alternative to
this. Leguminous plants(豆类植物) can take nitrogen from the air and convert it into ammonia and ammonium-containing products at
Contents
Prelude The Haber Process for Ammonia Synthesis Nitric Acid Urea
Prelude
Dinitrogen makes up(占,弥补) more than three-quarters of the air we breathe, but it is not readily available(可利用的,有用的) for further chemical use. Biological transformation(生物转化) of nitrogen into useful chemicals is embarrassing (令人为难的/困难的) for the chemical industry, since all the effort of all the industry’s
Pressure drives the equilibrium forward, as four molecules of gas are being transformed into two. Higher temperatures, however, drive the equilibrium the wrong way, though they do make the reaction faster, chosen conditions must be a compromise (妥协,折衷) that gives an acceptable conversion at a reasonable speed. The precise choice will depend on other economic factors and the details of the catalyst. Modern plants have tended to (趋向于)operate at lower pressures and higher temperatures (recycling unconverted material) than the nearer-ideal early plants, since the capital and energy costs (资金和能量耗费)have become more significant.