2020电大学位英语考试之阅读理解(最全)

１、规则和习俗 A man on a lonely islandA man on a lonely island can act as he likes because he has no one to consider except himself. But when Robinson Crusoe discovered footprints in the sand, he could no longer act precisely as before. He had to think of the existence of a companion and the possible effect of his actions upon a second person. Two people thus suddenly brought face to face can not ignore each other. Either one must overcome the other or they must arrive at some form of coexistence.In the latter event they have first to convince each other of their friendly intentions. When a man comes upon a tribe whose language he does not know, he will nod and smile, make friendly gestures and perhaps send them small gifts. If these offers are successful, the tribesmen will take him to their village and bring him food and drink. Moreover, the arrival of an important visitor is something out of the ordinary. So, as an answer to the feeling that their guest should be treated as well as they can, something better than the ordinary food will be provided, and the meal followed by singing and dancing. The host wishes to make his guest feel at home, the guest to show thanks of the kindness he has received.Questions of good behavior and consideration for others maybe have arisen in one form or another since social life began, because social life is impossible if each person thinks only of himself.If men are to live together in a community they must, as a measure of common sense and in the interest of all，accept a certain number of rules and conventions. Such agreement is more than ever necessary. Chaos may result when four people play bridge according to widely different conventions. The same is true of social life.1. A man on a lonely island can act as he likes, because _______.D. he feels it unnecessary to consider others2. Two strangers will never get along well unless _______.C. they make peace with each other or one defeats the other3. If you meet a tribe whose language you don't know, you can offer all the followings EXCEPT ___.A. teaching them your language4. The arrival of an important visitor is something out of the ordinary, so they will .C. receive the visitor better5. If you want to live well in a community, .C. you should follow the rules and conventions of societymanners. But what are good manners? How does one know what to do and what not to do? Well, here are some examples.A person with good manners never laughs at people when they are in trouble. Instead, he tries to help them. He is always kind to others. When people are waiting for a bus, he takes his turn. He does not push to the front of the line. On the bus he gives his seat to an older person or a person with a very young child. If he knocks into someone, or gets in his way, he says "Excuse me" or "I'm sorry".He says "Please" when he asks for something and "Thank you" when he receives something. He stands up when he is speaking to an older person, and he does not sit down until the other person takes his seat. He does not interrupt other people when they are talking. He does not talk too much. He does not talk loudly or laugh loudly in public. When he is eating, he does not speak with his mouth full of food. He uses a handkerchief when he sneezes or coughs. He does not spit in public.As a student, it is a bad manner to come late to class. If you are late you should make an apology to the teacher either at the time or after the class. It is also a bad manner to keep silent when the teacher asks you a question. If you do not know the answer, say so immediately. If you do know, answer in a loud enough voice so that all the class may hear. It is polite for the students to help the teacher. Sometimes students can help their teachers to clean the blackboard, to close or open the door or windows.Sometimes there are papers to collect or to hand out. This kind of help is always appreciated. Ideas of what are good manners are not always the same in different countries. But in all countries it is important to be kind and helpful.1. person with good manners is popular with others because ____.B. he knows what to do and what not to do on different occasions2. A person with good manners will ____ those in trouble.D. do whatever he can do help3. When you are with an old man, you should do all the following except ______.C. interrupting him if he talks too much4. Which of the following is NOT proper for a student with good manners to do?A. Making no sound all the time in class.5. You'd better keep in mind that _____.example, the number of elephants killed illegally in Africa has fallen sharply. 89 thousand were killed in 1983. 46 thousand were killed one year later.This happened because African countries agreed to establish export limits on ivory from elephants. Ivory is the hard white material that forms an elephant's two long teeth, or tusks. Countries that import ivory are refusing to accept ivory shipments that do not have legal export documents.The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species in a treaty signed by 91 nations led to the program for saving endangered elephants in Africa.Successful efforts also have been made in protecting Africa's endangered mountain gorillas. Almost 400 of the gorillas survive in a volcano area on the border of Rwanda, Uganda and Zaire. The mountain gorilla population has remained about the same for 15 years. This happened partly, because Rwanda developed an important business that depends on protecting the gorillas. Visitors there can pay to get close to watch the gorillas in the animals' traditional home area.Another successful program is to take endangered animals out of their natural homes. The animals are put into zoos or other protected areas where they can reproduce in safety. The goal of many of these programs is to produce enough animals to put back into the wild.51. What is the best title for this passage?B) Protecting Endangered Species52. The number of elephants killed illegally in Africa has decreased greatly in that ______.A) African countries agreed to establish export limits on ivory from elephants53. In Africa, the number of elephants killed illegally in 1983 and 1984 was _____.C) 135,00054. The number of mountain gorillas has remained about the same for many years partly because of ___.A) the development of an important business that depends on protecting the gorillas55. The phrase "the wild" in Paragraph 5 refers to _____.stick and the overlarge shoes.Much has been written about chaplin’s art and his career, and opinions have ranged widely. But perhaps those who called him “the most general human being of our time” came closest to the truth. Those who have called h im a genius stress the timeless and common qualities in his work, it is an art filled with sad elements and deep human feeling, with which an audience cannot help but become involved. It is for these reasons, I believe, that th figure of Charlie has attracted generation after generation.All the writers who give accounts of chaplin’s life agree that charlie’s unhappy early years in the area in London where hous es were dirty and worn had a great influence on his development and on the type of films he made, chaplin himself emphasizes it in his memoirs(回忆录), the more one reads about his earliest period, the more on tends to agree indeed, his suffering youth had a lasting influence on him.Chaplin was never afraid to deal with subjects causing much disagreement in his films, he gave a humorous performance on war only a few weeks before the American soldiers came home from world war I in 1918, this was regarded as madness, but the performance was well received. So perfectly did it hit the mail on the head that even the returning soldiers found it impossible to hate it and deeply appreciated this short and humorous performance on what for them had been unpleasant reality. Chaplin gave numerous performances attacking capital governments, satirizing(讽刺) the cruelty of the machine age and even making fun of Hitler.Years after his death, the funny films of motion picture actor and director Charlie chaplin continue to be popular. He is particularly well known for his success as a creator of humorous presentations that make fun of people, the establishment, or networks.1 all of the following about Charlie chaplin are true exceptA he was born in the USA2 according to the author, Charlie chaplin has been popular with generation after generation becauseD both B and C3 according to Charlie chaplin’s life history writers,_had a strong influence on the type of films he made.D his unhappy early years in the poor area in London4 according to the passage, which of the following true?D chaplin’s films are the combinations o f funny and sad elements5 this passage wasUSA today, about 75% of jobs require some education or technical training beyond high school. The lowest wage earners in the USA are those without high school degrees, college graduates out-earn those without a college education, people with master’s degrees out-earn those with only bachelor’s, and the highest incomes of all are earned by people with advanced academic degrees. These facts explain why m ost of young Americans go to college. But more diplomas don’t always mean more money. Many skilled blue-collar workers, salespeople, and business executives out-earn college professors and scientist. And great athletes and actors out- earn everyone else!But college education is not only preparation for a career, it is also (or should be) preparation for life. In addition to courses in their major field of study, most students have time to take elective course. They may take classes that help them understand more about human nature, government, the arts, or sciences.Today, more than half of American high school graduates go to college. But recently high school graduates no longer dominate the college campuses. Today, it is quite common for adults of all ages to come back to college for personal growth. Now about half of all the American college students are older than 25, and 20% of them are over 35.For Americans, to receive college education is very important. This is proved by the rising number of Americans who have at least a bachelor’s degree. About 20% of Americans are college graduates, however, am ong younger adults and working people, the percentage is at least 25%, much higher than in most other major nations, in the USA, college education is not regarded as privilege for the wealthy or the academically talented. In fact everyone who wants to go to college can do so.1. many young Americans want to go to college becauseB they can get higher income with higher degrees2. it could be concluded from the second paragraph thatC college education can make a student understand a lot about the world around him3. when the students study in college, they canD do all of the above4. in America, the percentage of college graduates among working people isB much higher than in most other major nations5. which of the following can most probably be inferred from the passage?B all of the Americans have realized the importance of receiving a college education６、保持年轻If you want to keep youngIf you want to keep young, sit down and have a good think, this is the research finding of a team of Japanese doctors, who say that most of our brains are not getting enough exercise, and as a result, we are getting old soon.Professor taiju matsuzawa at Tokyo national university wanted to find out why quite he althy fanners in northern Japan appeared to be losing their ability to think and reason at rather early age, and how the speed of getting old could be slowed down. With a team of researchers, he set about measuring brain volumes of a thousand people of different ages and different jobsComputer technology enabled the researchers to get most exact measurements of the volume of the front and side parts of the brain, which have something to do with intellect and feelings, and decide the human character. As we all know, the back part of the brain, which controls tasks like eating and breathing, does not contract with age.Contraction of front and side parts as cells die off was seen in some subjects in their thirties, but it was still not evident in some sixty-and seventy-year -olds.Matsuzawa concluded from his tests that there is a simple way to prevent the contraction- using the head.The findings show that contraction of the brain begins sooner in people in the country than in the towns.”those with least possibility.” Said matsuzawa, “are lawyers, followed by un iversity professors and doctors. White collar workers doing the same work day after day in government offices are, however, as likely to have contracting brains as the farm workers, bus drivers and shop assistants”1 the team of doctors wanted to find outB why some people age sooner than others2 the front and side parts of the brain relate to all of the following aspects EXCEPTD eating and breathing3 the word “subjects”(in paragraph 4) most probably refers toB persons chosen to be studied in an experiment4 according to the research findings, which kind of people seems to age most quickly?D farm workers4 according to the passage, which people seems to age slower than the others?B lawyers5 which of the following sentences is NOT mentioned in the passage?C the team of doctors made these tests in order to show how the brain works6 On What are their research findings based?C The study of brain volumes of different people.7 The doctor’s tests show that ____ .of the gold rush.A gold miner came into a city looking for a pair of pants. He wanted pants strong enough to stand up to the rough work of mining. He met a young man named Levi, who sold heavy cloth for tents and wagon tops. They asked a tailor to use heavy cloth for their pants. Then Levi went into the business of making work pants, he asked his brothers to send him some strong blue cotton cloth called denim(斜纹粗棉布). With this blue denim cloth, Levi started making the kind of pants we call blue jeans today. They were sewed up in the same way as other pants.In 1860, a miner said that the pockets weren’t strong enough to hold the pieces of gold he found. The pockets kept pulling loose from the pants. The cloth was all right. It was the thread that wasn’t strong enough. So Levi used rivets(铆钉) attach the pockets onto the pants.Cowboys needed tough pants, too. They liked their pants to fit tightly. But the rivets marked the cowboys’saddles. So Levi covered the rivets with cloth. Then everybody was happy.1 this article as a whole is aboutA. how people got blue jeans2 while not stated in the article, you can tell thatC Levi made more money than many gold miners3 the word this in the first paragraph, last sentence, refers toC. many people looking for gold4 Levi used strong blue cotton cloth to make pants becauseC. miners wanted pants which could stand rough work5 which of the following sentences is not correct?own symptoms and cure.Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs andsymbols of social intercourse. Those signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we 4orient ourselves to the situation of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meetpeople when and how to give tips how to make purchases when to accept and when to refuseinvitations when to take statements seriously and when not. These cues which may be words gesturesfacial expressions customs or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are asmuch a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for ourpeace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues most of which we do not carry on the levelof conscious awareness.Now when an individual enters a strange culture all or most of these familiar cues are removed.He or she is like a fish out of water. No matter how broad-minded or full of goodwill you may be aseries of props have been knocked from under you followed by a feeling of frustration and anxiety.People react to the frustration in much the same way.First they reject the environment which causes thediscomfort. “The ways of the host country are bad because they make me feel bad.” When foreigners ina strange land get together to grouse about the host country and its people you can be sure they aresuffering from culture shock. Another phase of culture shock is regression. The home environmentsuddenly assumes a tremendous importance. To the foreigner everything becomes irrationally glorified.All the difficulties and problems are forgotten and only the good things back home are remembered. Itusually takes trip home to bring one back to reality.1. According to the passage culture shock ______.C is actually not a disease2. According to the passage culture shock results from ______.A the sudden change of the social atmosphere and customs3. Which one of the following may not be the symptoms of culture shockC You suddenly forget what a word means.4. How would a person who stays abroad most probably react when he or she is frustrated by the culture shock according to the passageA He is most likely to refuse to absorb the strange environment at first.5. This passage is most likely taken from ______.was named after the goal Janus.Janus was a strange god with two faces that could look in two directions.He could look forward and back at the same time,so he was the god of beginnings and endings.January,the first month of the year,is a time at which one looks forward to the New Year and back to the old year.2.The name February comes from a Roman celebration called Februa.Februa was a celebration of cleaning.Toward the end of February,after the long winter months,people begin to think of spring cleaning.This probably was the origin of the name of the month.February has only twenty-eight days except every fourth year,when it has an extra day.This is because in every year there are exactly 365 days and six hours.At the end of four years,these six extra hours of each year add up to twenty-four hours,or one full day.This fourth year,in which February has twenty-nine days,is called leap year.3.The third month,March,was named after the Roman god of war,Mars.Mars was a strong god,and the Roman people always connected him with thunder and lightning.Pictures of Mars always show him with lightning above his head.It is natural that March should be named after this god since in most of North America,it is a month of strong winds,rain,and storms.There is frequent thunder and lightning in March.4.The exact origin of the word April is not known.The word probably comes from the Latin word aperire,meaning "to open".Today,the Italian word for "to open" is aprire and the Spanish word is abrir.In the month of April,the skies open and give us rain.The rain aids in the opening of life among trees,grass,and flowers.5.May was named after the young and beautiful goddess of the fields,Maia.Maia was the mother of the god Mercury.Another beautiful goddess,Juno,the wife of Jupiter,give us the name of the month of June.6.The seventh month of the year,July,was named after Julius Caesar.Caesar was a famous general who became dictator of Rome.Before the time of Caesar,the year began in March instead of in January.Caesar made a new calendar,which is the one we use at present.He himself was born in July,the seventh month of the new calendar.7.After Julius Caesar,his grandnephew Augustus became the ruler of Rome.Augustus' real name was Octavian,but when he becameemperor,the people wished to please him.They gave him the title of Augustus,meaning "noble",and they named the eighth month,August,after him.8.The months of September,October,November,and December need little explanation.In our calendar today,they are the ninth,tenth,eleventh,and twelfth months.But in the old calendar before Julius Caesar,they were the seventh,eighth,ninth,and tenth months.Their names therefore came from the Latin words for seventh,eighth,ninth,and tenth.1.在英语里，一年中每个月份的名字来源于拉丁语。