机械设计制造及其自动化-外文翻译-外文文献-英文文献-液压支架的最优化设计
机械设计制造及自动化中英文对照外文翻译文献
机械设计制造及⾃动化中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献(⽂档含英⽂原⽂和中⽂翻译)使⽤CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的⽅法摘要：针对⾼精度加⼯螺杆转⼦，这篇论⽂介绍了利⽤⽴⽅氮化硼（CBN砂轮）对螺杆转⼦进⾏精密磨削的加⼯⽅法。
⾸先，使⽤⼩型电镀CBN砂轮磨削螺杆转⼦。
精确的CBN砂轮轴向轮廓的模型是在齿轮啮合理论的基础上建⽴开发的。
考虑到螺杆转⼦和涂层厚度之间的间隙，主动砂轮的修整引⼊了CBN的砂轮的设计⽅法。
主动砂轮的形状采⽤低速电⽕花线切割技术（低速⾛丝线切割机）进⾏加⼯线CBN主动砂轮的成形车⼑采⽤低速⾛丝机切割机进⾏加⼯。
CBN螺杆转⼦砂轮采⽤本⽂提出的原理进⾏有效性和正确性的验证。
电镀CBN砂轮对螺杆转⼦进⾏加⼯，同时进⾏机械加⼯实验。
在实验中获得的数据达到GB10095-88五级认证。
关键词： CBN砂轮精密磨削螺杆转⼦砂轮外形修整专业术语⽬录：P 螺杆转⼦的参数H 螺杆转⼦的直径Σ砂轮和转⼦的安装⾓度Au 砂轮和转⼦的中⼼距8 螺旋转⼦接触点的旋转⾓x1, y1, z1:转⼦在σ系统中的位置x, y, z: 砂轮端⾯的位置x u ,y u ,z u: x, x y z轴的法向量n x ,ny,nz:X Y Z轴的端⾯法向量n u , nu, nu:砂轮的⾓速度的⽮量:砂轮模块的⾓速度wu:螺旋转⼦的⾓速度w1螺旋转⼦模块的⾓速度转⼦接触点的⾓速度转⼦表⾯接触点的初始速度砂轮表⾯接触点的⾓速度砂轮表⾯接触点的初始速度l砂轮的理论半径砂轮轴的理想位置砂轮表⾯的修改半径砂轮轴的修改位置砂轮表⾯的法向量1.引⾔螺旋转⼦是螺杆压缩机、螺钉、碎纸机以及螺杆泵的关键部分。
转⼦的加⼯精度决定了机械性能。
⼀般来说，铣⼑⽤于加⼯螺旋转⼦。
许多研究者，如肖等⼈[ 1 ]和姚等⼈[ 2 ]，对⽤铣⼑加⼯螺旋转⼦做了⼤量的⼯作。
该⽅法可以提⾼加⼯效率。
然⽽，加⼯精度低和表⾯粗糙度不⾼是其主要缺点。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业设计外文翻译英文原文名Automatic production line PLC control of automatic feeding station中文译名基于PLC的自动化生产线自动上料站的控制中文译文：自动化生产线自动上料站的PLC控制自动生产线是由工件传送系统和控制系统，将一组自动机床和辅助设备按照工艺顺序联结起来，自动完成产品全部或部分制造过程的生产系统，简称自动线。
二十世纪20年代，随着汽车、滚动轴承、小电机和缝纫机和其他工业发展,机械制造业开始出现在自动生产线,第一个是组合机床自动线。
在20世纪20年代,第一次出现在汽车工业流水生产线和半自动生产线,然后发展成自动生产线。
第二次世界大战后,在机械制造工业发达国家,自动生产线的数量急剧增加。
采用自动生产线生产的产品应该足够大,产品设计和技术应该是先进的、稳定的和可靠的,基本上保持了很长一段时间维持不变。
自动线用于大,大规模生产可以提高劳动生产率,稳定和提高产品质量,改善劳动条件,降低生产区域,降低生产成本,缩短生产周期,保证生产平衡、显著的经济效益。
自动生产线的一个干预指定的程序或命令自动操作或控制的过程,我们的目标是稳定、准确、快速。
自动化技术广泛用于工业、农业、军事、科学研究、交通运输、商业、医疗、服务和家庭,等自动化生产线不仅可以使人们从繁重的体力劳动、部分脑力劳动以及恶劣、危险的工作环境,能扩大人的器官功能,极大地提高劳动生产率,提高人们认识世界的能力,可以改变世界。
下面我说下它的应用范围：机械制造业中有铸造、锻造、冲压、热处理、焊接、切削加工和机械装配等自动线，也有包括不同性质的工序，如毛坯制造、加工、装配、检验和包装等的综合自动线。
加工自动线发展最快,应用最广泛的机械制造。
主要包括:用于处理盒、外壳、各种各样的部件,如组合机床自动线;用于加工轴、盘部分,由通用、专业化、或自动机器自动专线;转子加工自动线;转子自动线加工过程简单、小零件等。
液压专业毕业设计外文翻译有译文外文文献值得收藏哦
外文原文：The Analysis of Cavitation Problems in the Axial Piston Pumpshu WangEaton Corporation，14615 Lone Oak Road,Eden Prairie，MN 55344This paper discusses and analyzes the control volume of a piston bore constrained by the valve plate in axial piston pumps。
The vacuum within the piston bore caused by the rise volume needs to be compensated by the flow; otherwise, the low pressure may cause the cavitations and aerations。
In the research, the valve plate geometry can be optimized by some analytical limitations to prevent the piston pressure below the vapor pressure。
The limitations provide the design guide of the timings and overlap areas between valve plate ports and barrel kidneys to consider the cavitations and aerations。
_DOI: 10。
1115/1.4002058_ Keywords: cavitation ，optimization, valve plate，pressure undershoots 1 IntroductionIn hydrostatic machines，cavitations mean that cavities or bubbles form in the hydraulic liquid at the low pressure and collapse at the high pressure region, which causes noise，vibration，and less efficiency.Cavitations are undesirable in the pump since the shock waves formed by collapsed may be strong enough to damage components. The hydraulic fluid will vaporize when its pressure becomes too low or when the temperature is too high. In practice，a number of approaches are mostly used to deal with the problems：（1) raise the liquid level in the tank，(2）pressurize the tank, （3）booster the inlet pressure of the pump，（4) lower the pumping fluid temperature，and （5) design deliberately the pump itself.Many research efforts have been made on cavitation phenomena in hydraulic machine designs。
世界最新机械设计理念外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
附件1：外文原文The world's Latest Mechanical Design ConceptsAbstract: According to scholars at home and abroad to carry out mechanical design product design features of the main ideas, product design method of the program summarized as systematic, modular structure, based on product characteristics of knowledge and wisdom. The characteristics of these methods and their organic connection between them and put forward to achieve the computer product design direction.Key words: Mechanical Product Design Method Development TrendsDesign documents will be Semantic Web as a design tool in the design of its Semantic Web activity of the development of ASK, using nodes and lines to describe the design a network, nodes that components of the cell (such as design tasks, functions, components or processing equipment, etc. ), used to adjust the lines and definitions between nodes of different semantic relations, thus the design process all the activities and results of pre-built models so that the definition of the early design requirements to the specific description of each structure can be defined by the relationship between the expression, achieved a computer-aided design process, the leap from the abstract to the concrete.A systematic design methodThe main features of a systematic design method are: the design as designed by a number of elements of a system, the independence of each design elements, each element of an organic link between the existence of, and is layered, with all the design elements , you can design systems to achieve the required task.Systematic design idea in the 70's by the German scholar Professor Pahl and Beitz, the system based on the theory they developed a general pattern of the design, advocacy design work should have organized. German Engineers Association, on the basis of this design concept to develop a standard VDI2221 technology systems and product development design methods.1. The user needs functional characteristics as a product concept, structure design and part design, process planning, job control, etc. based on the macro from the productdevelopment process of starting the use of quality function deployment method and system to user demand information reasonably and efficiently converted to the various stages of product development, technical goals and operational control procedures method.2. The level of the product life of the organism as a system, and means of living systems theory, the product design process can be divided into successful hierarchy of needs to achieve the functional requirements of the conceptual level and product level of the specific design. At the same time life-support systems used to express the abstract icons of the product functional requirements, system structure formation of product features.3. The mechanical design of the application of systems science into two basic questions: First, to be designed as a system dealing with the products, the best way to determine its component parts (modules) and their mutual relations; 2 is the product design process as a a system, according to design objectives, a correct and reasonably determine the various aspects of the design work and various design stage.Because each designer's point of research questions and to consider the question of emphasis, to design a specific research methods used is also different. Here are some representative of the systematic design methods.4. Design Element MethodWith the five design elements (functions, effects, effects vector, shape, elements, and surface parameters) describe the "product solutions" that a product to determine the value of the five design elements, the product of all the features and characteristics of the value of i.e. determined. Scholars in China have adopted similar methods designed to describe the product's original understanding.5. Graphic modeling methodAnd developed a "design analysis and guidance systems" KALEIT, with the level of clear graphic description of a product's functional structure and its associated abstract information, to the system structure and function relationship of graphical modeling, and functional connection between the layers [ 2].Assistance will be designed to be divided into two aspects of methodology and exchange of information using the Nijssen Information Analysis Method can be usedgraphic symbols, with a rich semantic model structure, can be described as integration conditions, can be divided into types of constraints can be achieved in relations between any combination of characteristics , the design method to solve integration and information technology to realize the design process of information between different abstraction layers between the graphical modeling.6. "Concept" - "Design" methodProduct's design is divided into "concept" and "design" in two stages. "Concept" phase of the task is to find, choose and mix to meet the requirements of the original understanding of design tasks. "Design" stage of work is a concrete realization of the original understanding of the conceptual stage.Of the program's "idea of" specific described as: In accordance with the appropriate functional structure, seeking to meet the design requirements of the original understanding of the task. The functional structure of the sub-function is performed by the "structural elements" to achieve, and "structural elements" of the physical connection between the definition of a "feature vector", "feature vector" and "structural elements" further the interaction between the formation of the functional diagram ( mechanical diagram). The program "design" is based on functional diagram, the first qualitative description of all of the "feature vector" and "structural elements", and then quantitatively describe all the "structural elements" and the connection parts ( "feature vectors"), the shape and location to be structure diagram [3]. Roper, H. using graph theory, by means of which he defines as the "total design unit (GE)", "structural elements (KE)", "functional structural elements (FKE)", "connect structural elements (VKE)", "Structural Parts (KT)", "structure element part (KET)" concepts, as well as describe the structure element size, location, and transmission parameters of the interactions between a number of kinds of schematics, the intuitive design professionals have done a formal design method a description of the formation of an effective application of existing knowledge, methods, and applied to "ideas" and "design" stage.7. Bond Graph MethodFunction of the composition of system components will be divided into produce energy, consumed energy, changing energy forms, such as various types of energy transfer, and to use bond graphs to express the function component solution, hoping tofunction-based model and bond graph combine to achieve functional structure the automatic generation and functional structure with the bond graph automatic conversion between the search for bond graph generated by a number of design methods.To promote the product on the basis of functional analysis, the product has some features broken down into one or several modular basic structure, by selection and combination of the basic structure of these modular form into different products. These basic structures can be parts, components, or even a system.The structure should have a standardized interface (connection and co-operation department), and is serialized, universal, integrated, hierarchical, agile, economic-oriented, with interchangeability, compatibility and relevance. China's combination of software component technology and CAD technology, variant design combined with the modular design, according to modular principle of classification, will be divided into descending Machining Center Machine Tool product level, component level, component level and component level, and use expert knowledge and CAD technology to combine them into different species, different specifications of functional blocks, and then by the combination of these functions into different modules of the overall program processing center.To design a directory as an alternative variation of the mechanical structure of the tool, the solution proposed by the design elements of a complete, structured layout, the formation of the solution set design catalogs. And in the solution set designed to comment on each one listed in the directory solution additional information, is very beneficial to design engineers select solution elements.The vigorous development of network technology, collaborative design and manufacturing, as well as the product from the user's functional requirements → design → processing → assembly → finished product of this realization of concurrent engineering possible. However, an important prerequisite to achieve these goals one of the conditions is to realize the effect of product design three-dimensional visualization. To this end, three-dimensional graphics software, more and more intelligent design software programs used in the product design, virtual reality technology and multimedia, hypermedia tools for product design is also its first debut. At present, Germany and other developed countries are focused on research hypermedia technology, product dataexchange standard STEP, as well as standard virtual reality modeling language based on a standard exchange format for virtual environments) in the product design applications.Mechanical product design is moving in computer-aided realization of intelligent design and to meet the needs of distributed collaborative design and manufacture of direction, due to the computer product design Study on the implementation started late, not yet mature, to achieve the above objectives program design tools [4]. Author believes that the integrated use of paper, four types of design method is an effective way to achieve this goal. Although the integrated use of these methods are more involved in the field, not only with the mechanical design of the field-related knowledge, but also to the systems engineering theory, artificial intelligence theory, computer hardware and software engineering, network technology areas such as domain knowledge, it is still product design must be working for. Abroad in research in this area has achieved initial success, our scholars have been aware of CAD design technology and the importance of international exchange and cooperation, and its measures to be taken.Feature-based design methodology of knowledge The main features are: using a computer can identify the language to describe the characteristics of the product and its design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to establish the appropriate knowledge base and inference engine, re-use of stored domain knowledge and the establishment of the inference mechanism to bring computer-aided product design.The mechanical system design is mainly based on the characteristics of a product, and design experts in the field of knowledge and experience to push volume and decision-making, the completion of body type, the number of synthesis. To achieve this stage of computer-aided design, must study the automatic acquisition of knowledge, expression, integration, coordination, management and use. To this end, the design and scholars at home and abroad program for the mechanical system design knowledge of the automated processing done a lot of research work, the approach can be summarized into the following several.附件2：外文资料翻译世界最新机械设计理念摘要：根据目前国内外设计学者进行机械产品设计时的主要思维特点，将产品方案的设计方法概括为系统化、结构模块化、基于产品特征知识和智能。
机械设计制造及其自动化 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 液压支架的最优化设计
英文原文中文译文液压支架的最优化设计摘要：本文介绍了从两组不同参数的采矿工程所使用的液压支架（如图1）中选优的流程。
这种流程建立在一定的数学模型之上。
第一步，寻找四连杆机构的最理想的结构参数以便确保支架的理想的运动轨迹有最小的横向位移。
第二步，计算出四连杆有最理想的参数时的最大误差，以便得出最理想的、最满意的液压支架。
图1 液压支架关键词：四连杆机构；优化设计；精确设计；模糊设计；误差1.前言：设计者的目的时寻找机械系统的最优设计。
导致的结果是一个系统所选择的参数是最优的。
一个数学函数伴随着一个合适的系统的数学模型的出现而出现。
当然这数学函数建立在这种类型的系统上。
有了这种数学函数模型，加上一台好的计算机的支持，一定能找出系统最优的参数。
Harl描述的液压支架是斯洛文尼亚的Velenje矿场的采煤设备的一个组成部分，它用来支护采煤工作面的巷道。
它由两组四连杆机构组成，如图2所示.四连杆机构AEDB控制绞结点C 的运动轨迹，四连杆机构FEDG 通过液压泵来驱动液压支架。
图2中，支架的运动，确切的说，支架上绞结点C 点竖向的双纽线的运动轨迹要求横向位移最小。
如果不是这种情况，液压支架将不能很好的工作，因为支架工作在运动的地层上。
实验室测试了一液压支架的原型。
支架表现出大的双纽线位移，这种双纽线位移的方式回见少支架的承受能力。
因此，重新设计很有必要。
如果允许的话，这会减少支架的承受能力。
因此，重新设计很有必要。
如果允许的话，这种设计还可以在最少的成本上下文章。
它能决定去怎样寻找最主要的图2 两四连杆机构四连杆机构数学模型AEDB 的最有问题的参数421,,a a a 。
否则的话这将有必要在最小的机构AEDB 改变这种设计方案。
上面所罗列出的所有问题的解决方案将告诉我们关于最理想的液压支架的答案。
真正的答案将是不同的，因为系统有各种不同的参数的误差，那就是为什么在数学模型的帮助下，参数421,,a a a 允许的最大的误差将被计算出来。
液压支架的最优化设计外文文献翻译、外文翻译、中英文翻译
Optimal design of hydraulic supportm. oblak. Harl and b. butinarAbstract :This paper describes a procedure for optimal determination of two groups of parameters of a hydraulic support employed in the mining industry. The procedure is based on mathematical programming methods . In the first step, the optimal values of some parameters of the leading four-bar mechanism are found in order to ensure the desired motion of the support with minimal transversal displacements. In the second step, maximal tolerances of the optimal values of the response of hydraulic support wil be satisfying.Keywords: four-bar mechanism, optimal design, mathematical programming \, approximation method, tolerance1 IntroductionThe designer aims to find the best design for the mechanical system considered. Part of thie effort is the optimal choice of some selected parameters of a system. Methods of mathematical programming can be used, Of course, it depends on the type of the systemWith this foemulation, good computer support is assured to look for optimal parameters of the system.The hydraulic support (Fig.1) described by Harl (1998) is a part of the mining industry equipmenr port in the mine Velenje-Slovenia, used for protection of working environment in the gallery. It consists of four-bar mechanisms FEDG and AEDB as shown in Fig.2. The mechanism AEDB defines the path of coupler point C and the mechanism FEDG is used to drive the support by a hydraulic actuator。
机械设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文：Mechanical designAccording to user requirements of special mechanical working principle, structure, movement, power and energy transmission, various parts of the material and shape size, lubrication methods for design, analysis and calculation and mechanical designTranslate them into a specific description to be made based on the workingprocess. Mechanical design is an important part of mechanical engineering, machinery is produced in the first step, is to determine the mechanical properties of the main factors. Mechanical design goal is: in various limited conditions (such as materials, processing ability, theory and calculation method of design of the best machinery ), i.e. to make optimization design. Optimization design to consider the many requirements, generally : the best performance, the minimum cost, the minimum size and weight, use the reliability, minimum consumption and the minimum environmental pollution. These requirements are often contradictory, but their relative importance for the mechanical type and use vary. The designer's task is to weigh up one thing against another according to the specific circumstance, take all factors into consideration, make the design of the mechanical optimal comprehensive technical and economic effect. In the past, optimization design depends on the designer's knowledge, experience and vision. As the base of mechanical engineering theory and the value engineering, systems analysis and other new disciplines in the development, manufacture and use of technical economy the accumulation of data, as well as computer application, optimize gradually abandon the subjective judgment and rely on scientific computing. In the service of different industry different machinery, application of different working principle, requires a different function and characteristic. Industrial machinery design, especially the whole and the entire system of mechanical design, must be attached to the relevant industrial technology to form an independent discipline. So the design of agricultural machinery, mining machinery, textile machinery, automobile design design design, ship design, design of pump, compressor, turbine design, engine design, machine design, professional mechanical design branch. However, many of these professional design and many common technologies, such as the analysis and synthesis of mechanisms, and can analysis and calculation, engineering materials, strength of materials, transmission, lubrication, sealing, and standardization, reliability, process optimization. In addition, there are research design work of the inherent law and the rationality of the design methods and steps of the new design methodology. The mechanical design of the general technology and rational design methodology brings together into an independent, comprehensive mechanical design is mechanical engineering practice and education workers are working hard.A machine quality basically depends on the quality of design. Manufacturing process on the quality of the machine the role, essence is to realize the design requiredquality. Therefore, the machine's design phase is the key decision machine. Mechanical designThe discussion of the design process refers only to the narrow sense of technical design process. It is a creative process, but also a try best to use the successful experience of the job. Be well to the inheritance and innovation to combine, in order to design a high quality machine. As a complete machine, it is a complex system. To improve the design quality, must have a scientific design program. Although it is not possible for a list of valid in all cases only program, but, according to the long term experience, a machine design process basically can be as shown in Table 2- 1. 1for each stage are respectively brief description. ( a ) the planning stage in accordance with the production or life presents the need to design new machines, the planning stage is a stage of preparation. At this time, to design the machines only a vague notion. In the planning stages, to deal with the design of the machine needs to do the full investigation and analysis. Through the analysis, to further clarify the machine the function that should have, and for the subsequent decision proposed by the environmental, economic, and processing time and other aspects of the identified constraints. Based on this, clearly written assignments on the overall requirements and design details, finally forms the design task book, as the stage summary. The design task book generally should include : the machine function, economy and environmental protection estimates, manufacturing requirements with respect to roughly estimate, basic requirements, and completed the task of design is expected duration. At this point, the requirements and conditions in general can only give a reasonable range, but not the exact number. For example can be used must meet the requirements, minimum requirements, hoping to reach the requirements shall be identified.( two) scheme design stage the stage of design play a key role. In this one phase is also fully demonstrated the design work have multiple solutions ( solution ) features. The function of the machine analysis, is to design of the proposed machine function must meet the requirements of the minimum requirements, and hope to achieve the requirements of comprehensive analysis, namely, these functions can be realized, a number of features with no contradiction, can substitute each other. Finally determines the functional parameters, as the basis for further design. In this step, want appropriate processing need and possibility, the ideal and the reality, development goals and the goals may arise between the contradictory problem. To determine the functional parameters, then propose possible solutions, which is made possible by the plan. Seek solution, according to the driving part, a transmission part and execution part are respectively discussed. , more commonly used method is to first from the operative portion began to discuss. Discuss machine execution part, the first is about the working principle of selection. For example, the design and manufacture of screw machine, its working principle can be used in the cylindrical blank by turning thread approach, can also be used in the cylindrical blanks with thread rolling die rolling thread approach. It puts forward two kinds of different working principles. Its working principle is different, of course, the design of the machine will fundamentally different. Special is to be stressed, must continue to research and development of newworking principle. It is an important way of the development of design technology. According to the different working principle, can develop a variety of different execution mechanism scheme. For example, only the thread cutting, can use the workpiece can only rotate and tool for linear motion to the cutting thread ( such as in lathe cutting thread ), also can make the workpiece is fixed and the cutter to rotate and move to the cutting thread ( such as die processing thread ). That is to say, even for the same kind of work principle, also may have several different structural schemes. The original motivation scheme also can have multiple choice. Because of the power supply of the universality and the electric drive technology development, it can be said that the vast majority of the fixed mechanical is preferred choice as prime mover part of motor. The original motivation for transport, the main thermal engineering machinery and agricultural machinery. Even with the motor as the motive, there are both AC and DC selection, high speed and low speed selection. The transmission part of the scheme is more complicated and diverse. For the same transmission task, by a variety of institutions and different body combination to complete. Therefore, if the prime mover Part IV, said the number of possible schemes, N2and N3respectively representing the transmission part and the execution part number of possible schemes, then the machine the overall number of possible schemes of Ni x N2x N3. The above is only on the machine is composed of three main parts to discuss the. Sometimes, also considering the configuration assistant system, in this regard, books no longer discuss. In so many programmes, technically feasible only a few. On the several feasible solutions, from technology and economy and environmental protection and other aspects of a comprehensive evaluation. Evaluation of the method are many, now with economic evaluation for example omitted description. According to the economic evaluation, it is necessary to take into account the design and manufacture of economy, should cost taken into account when using economy. If the machine structure is more complex, its design and manufacture cost is relatively increased, but its function will be more complete, productivity is higher, so the use of economy is also good. In turn, the structure is relatively simple, the function is not complete machinery, design and manufacturing cost is less, but the use of cost will increase. Evaluation of structural scheme design and manufacturing economy, can also be used to represent the cost of unit efficiency. For example, the unit output power cost, unit cost. Machine evaluation, but also on the machine reliability analysis, the reliability as an evaluation index. From the point of view of reliability, the blind pursuit of complex structure is often not wise. Generally speaking, the system is more complex, then the system reliability is lower. In order to improve the reliability of complex systems, it is necessary to increase the parallel system, which will inevitably increase the cost of the machine. The environmental protection is also design must be carefully considered important aspects. Have a bad effect on the environment of the technical scheme, must detailed analysis, and puts forward the technical maturity of the solution. Through the evaluation, the final decision, according to determine a next step technology design of the schematic diagram or kinematic diagram of mechanism. In the program design phase, to correctly handle the relationship between reference and innovation. Similar machines ought to draw lessons from the successful precedent,originally weak and inconsistent with the current task demands of the part should be improved or changed. We should not only actively innovation, against conservative and copy the original design, but also against a novelty and reasonable original experience abandoned the two wrong tendencies.( three) the technical design stage design goal was to generate assembly sketches and assembly sketches. The sketch design identified the components and parts of the form and basic size, including connections between components, spare, parts of the form and basic size. The final drawing parts drawing, parts and assembly drawings and assembly drawings. In order to determine the main parts of the basic size, must do the following:1) the kinematic design of machines. According to determine the structure scheme, determine the driver parameters ( power, speed, linear speed etc. ). Then do the kinematics calculation, thereby determining the motion components of movement parameters ( speed, velocity, acceleration ). 2) the machine dynamics calculation. Combined with the structure and motion parameters, calculation of the main part of the load size and characteristics. The calculated load, the part is designed, which is applied to parts of the nominal ( or nominal ) load. 3) parts of the working capability design. The known major parts by the nominal load size and characteristics, can be zero, parts of the preliminary design. The designs are based on the ability to work standards, should be zero, parts of the general failure situation, job characteristics, environmental conditions and reasonably develop, generally have the strength, stiffness, vibration, life criterion. Through calculation and comparison, then decided to spare, parts of the basic size. 4) assembly sketches and general assembly sketch design. According to the main components, the basic size, design a component assembly sketches and assembly sketches. The sketch of all parts of the shape and size of the structured design. In this step, need good coordination among the various parts of the structure and size, to consider a comprehensive design of zero, parts of the process of the structure, so that all the parts have the most reasonable configuration. 5) the main parts of the check. There are some parts, in the above third ) step due to the specific structure of undetermined, difficult to conduct detailed work capacity calculation, we can only do a preliminary calculation and design. In the draw assembly design and assembly sketches, all parts of the structure and size are known, the mutually abutting the relations between components also known as. Only then, can be more accurately determined action on the part of load, decisions affecting parts working ability detail factor. Only on this condition, it can and must be for something important or shape and stress condition of complex parts for accurate calculation of. According to the check results, repeatedly modify parts of the structure and size, until satisfied. In the technical design of the various steps in, nearly thirty or forty years with the development of the optimization design technology, more and more shows it can make the selection of structural parameters to achieve the best capacity. Some new numerical method, such as finite element method, can make previously difficult to quantitative calculation problems in obtaining excellent approximation calculation results. For a few very important, the structure is complex and expensive parts, where necessary, must use the model test method to the design, namely according to the preliminary design drawings to create a model, through the experiment, to find out theweak parts of the structure or the redundant section size, thus enhance or reduce the modification to the original design, finally achieving the perfect degree. Mechanical reliability theory for the technical design stage, according to the viewpoint of reliability design of zero, parts of structure and its parameters to make it meet the requirement of reliability evaluation, put forward the improvement design is proposed, which can further improve the quality of machine design. These new design methods and concepts, shall, should be applied in the design and promotion, make get corresponding development. Sketch design completed, according to the sketch has identified parts of basic size, design parts drawing. At this time, there are still a large number of parts structure details to be examined and determined. Design work plan, full consideration should be given to the processing of parts and assembly process, parts during machining process and processing after completion of the inspection requirements and implementation methods. Some details of the arrangement if the parts work ability was worth considering influence, must go back to check the work ability. Finally draw out in addition to the standard outside of all parts of the map. According to the final shape of the parts of the structure and size, to draw the part and assembly drawings and assembly drawings. Through this work, can check out the detail drawings may be hidden in the size and structural errors. People regard this work popularly called paper assembly.( four) the preparation of technical documents phase technology file types, commonly used in the machine design brochures, manuals, and other standard parts list. Design calculation specification, should include the scheme selection and technical design all the conclusions of the content. Preparation for users of machine instructions, should introduce the users machine performance parameters, operation methods, daily maintenance and simple repair method, spare parts catalog. Other technical documents, such as inspection single, purchased parts list, acceptance, as needed and not be compiled. ( five) the computer application in mechanical design with the development of computer technology, the computer in the mechanical design has been increasingly widely used, and there have been many efficient design, analysis software. It can be used in the design phase of projects, can be of different includes large and complex project structural strength, stiffness and dynamic characteristics of precision analysis. At the same time, also in the computer to build virtual prototype, using virtual prototype simulation to verify the design, which realizes the design phase fully assess the feasibility of the design. Can say, the computer technology in machinery design promotion has already changed mechanical design process, it enhances the design quality and efficiency advantages is difficult to estimate. The above briefly introduced the machine design program. Broadly speaking, in the machine manufacture process, appear likely at any time due to technical reasons for modifying the design condition. If you want to modify, should follow certain procedures. Machine factory, should have planned to carry out investigation; in addition, users in the use of the process will also give the design or manufacture sector feedback problems. Design department according to these information, through the analysis, it is also possible for the original design was modified, even remodel. These work, although generalized also belong to design program components, butbelongs to another level of problems, this book will not discuss its specific content. But as design worker, should have a strong sense of social responsibility, to my vision extends into the manufacture, use and waste utilization of total process, repeated constantly improve the design, in order to make the quality of the machine to continue to improve, to better meet the needs of production and lifeAt the beginning of the design before, must make the design task. When the design task is more complex, using three general stages of design, the preliminary design, technical design and working drawing design; when the task is relatively simple, such as the simple mechanical model design, general machinery inherited design or variant design, it will start a design to achieve technical design depth, after review, modification and approval to do working drawing design, and become two stage design. In the three stage design in the preliminary design stage, design of the main steps of : determining the working principle and basic structure, motion design, main spare parts, drawing design, preliminary master plan, the preliminary design review. In the design phase, the main steps are: according to the review comments to modify the design, design of all parts, drawing the new general plan, technical design review. In working drawing design stage, according to the review comments to modify the design, draw all the working drawings and make all technical documents. For the mass or mass production of products, but also shape design. In the design of each step, may be found in the previous step some decided not reasonable, it need to fold back in front of that step, modify the irrational decisions, redo the subsequent design work. 1, making design task it is the preparatory work of the design. Design task is based on the user orders, the market needs and the new research results. Design departments application technology and market information, to be listed options, comparing its advantages and disadvantages, and business departments and users together, formulates the reasonable design target. The new design is particularly important. The goal of the task error will be caused serious damage to the economy, even with the overall failure. 2, determine the working principle and basic structure types such as design task did not make specific provision, designed the first step is to determine the overall program, that is determined by the application of the working principle and the structure types. Such as the design of high power marine diesel engine, the first to determine the two stroke, double action, crosshead, low-speed diesel engine, or by four stroke, single function, medium speed diesel engine. Another example is designed for crushing rock crushing machinery, we must first determine the using extrusion and bending as the main role of the jaw crusher or gyratory crusher, or used to shock as the main role of the single rotor or double rotor impact crusher. 3, exercise design scheme is determined, then the need to apply the mechanism knowledge, choose appropriate institutions in order to obtain the desired motion scheme. The above mentioned jaw crusher on the movable jaw plate to swing into the crushing chamber rock by extrusion, bending and splitting the role and broken, and the swing jaw plate can adopt a double elbow board mechanism of simple swinging, or using a single elbow board mechanism of complex oscillation. In the new design, may need to be integrated with a new mechanism to obtain the required movement, this is often a difficult job. Therefore, designers commonly applied as faras possible the existing and mature mechanism is proposed for sports program. 4, structure design and draw the preliminary general motion design, designers began to carry on the structural design, calculation of the main part of the force, strength, shape, size and weight, and the mapping of the main components, sketch. Then if found out that selection of structure is not feasible, we must adjust or modify structure. At the same time also should be considered a possible cause overheating, excessive wear or vibration part. In this step, the designer through sketching will find each part of the shape, size, such as the proportion of contradiction. In order to enhance or improve certain aspects, may weaken or deterioration on the other hand. Then we must weigh up one thing against another, coordination, in order to achieve the best effect. Sketch by repeatedly revise that initial satisfaction, will be able to draw the preliminary master plan and estimated cost. A preliminary layout strictly according to scale, selection of sufficient view and section. 5, preliminary review of the initial layout drawing, the need to please the type of machinery has experience in the design, manufacture and use of personnel as well as the user or commissioned to design the delegate of the unit to conduct a preliminary examination. A review of results such as that is not designed ( such as weight, volume big, cost is too high, the reliability of structure is the doubt ), shall be to exercise design, and even to other working principle and basic structure. In most cases, to take certain measures to improve design. 6, technology design according to the preliminary examination opinions, to modify the design, and the mapping of all parts and components. On the main parts and components for accurate stress analysis, according to the analysis results of modified parts of the shape, size and other details, and the provisions of material and heat treatment. Determine the machining accuracy of the parts and components and assembly of the assembly conditions. Complete lubrication design, electrical design ( drive and control ). Redraw the map, some important and production machinery can sometimes produce model. Will complete the technical design submitted second review 7, draw working drawings according to second review comments made last modified, can draw formal part drawing, assembly drawing and assembly drawing, writing a parts list, wearing parts list, use the guide and other technical documents. Design responsible person should pay attention to coordinate the parts between the size, check the coupling between tolerance, review some parts of the strength and stiffness. Complete the parts after the start to check the drawings, it is very important work. After careful proofreading to ensure smooth processing assembly drawings. The most reliable method of proofreading is based on drawing good parts drawing heavy draw a general assembly drawing, all contradictions will be shown. In the detail drawing but also the need for two tasks: one is the process of audit, the convenient processing of the parts and the manufacturing cost is reduced the two is the standard audit, so that parts of structure, size, tolerance, heat treatment technology and standard and general parts conform to the standard. 8, trial production and designed for single or small batch production machinery, through the steps to complete the design drawings can be put into production. For batch or lot production machinery, before formal production prototype system to test, function test and identification of, by, then by batch process batch production. In batch production in the problems may also needto design corresponding modification, become available for formal production by using modular design.The design of mechanical parts with many constraints, design criteria design should meet the constraint condition. 1, technical performance standards technical performance includes the function of products, manufacturing and operation status of all property, refers to the static performance, dynamic performance is also used to refer to. For example, the product can transfer power, efficiency, service life, strength, stiffness, friction resistance, wear resistance, thermal stability, vibration characteristics. Technical performance criterion refers to the relevant technical performance to meet the stipulated requirements. For example, the vibration will generate additional dynamic load and stress, especially when the frequency is close to the mechanical systems or parts of the natural frequency, resonance phenomenon will occur, then the amplitude will increase sharply, may lead to the parts and even whole system rapidly damage. Vibration stability criterion is limiting the mechanical systems or parts of the vibration parameters, such as frequency, amplitude, noise in the provisions of the scope of the permit. And as the machine when the fever may cause thermal stress, thermal strain, even will cause thermal damage. Thermal characteristics of guidelines is to restrict the various related thermal parameters ( such as the thermal stress, thermal strain, temperature rise ) in the specified range. 2, standardization and design of mechanical products related to the main standard generally are: the concept of Standardization: involved in the design process of the terminology, symbols, units of measurement shall be in accordance with the standard; objective form standardization: parts, raw materials, equipment and energy structure, size, performance, should be uniform choice. Methods: standardized operation method, measurement method, test method etc should be according to the relevant provisions. Standardization in the entire design process all behavior, must meet the requirements for standardization. Has been released and the design of mechanical parts related standard, from the scope of application of speaking, can be divided into national standards, industry standards and enterprise standards for three grade. From the use of mandatory, can be divided into must be performed and recommended the use of the two kind. 3: reliability, reliability standards for products or components within the prescribed conditions, the expected life to finish regulation function of theprobability of Reliability criterion refers to design products, components or parts should be able to meet the requirements of the reliability requirements in 4, the safety criterion for safety of machinery parts including: Security: defined in terms of external load and within a specified period of time, such as fracture parts not excessive deformation, excessive wear and without loss of stability and so on. Machine safety: a machine to ensure that the required conditions of trouble, can normally achieve functional requirements. Work safety: refers to the operation personnel protection guarantee the safety of humanand health of body and mind. Environmental security: refers to the machines to the surrounding environment and people do not cause the pollution and harmDesign methodology to design thinking to rational process, so that the design can follow certain logic, so that more designers can make good design. It generally。
机械设计制造及其自动化专业用于医疗器械的精密装配系统大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：用于医疗器械的精密装配系统文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：机械设计制造及其自动化（英语强化）班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14用于医疗器械的精密装配系统Precision assembly systems for medical devicesChristine Connolly钟乳石技术有限公司，英国，韦克菲尔德摘要：目的——本文意在描述各个公司在医疗器械的自动装配设备方面的方法和科技。
设计/方法/途径——医疗器械装配市场的结构已介绍过，在中间产品市场环节中的小公司所拥有的专业知识与设备也已介绍过。
Mikron公司装配技术的模块化装配方法也已彻底查验过。
最后，一家装配大量医疗机械的公司的出现也将提上日程。
研究表明——新医疗器械产品的发展需要很多级的检测和确认，这为很多规模截然不同的公司提供了不同的专营市场。
为了保证此器械在整个使用周期中都能正常工作，装配的可靠性和精度则是至关重要的。
测试和检查也从装配生产线上必不可少的环节变成为客户提供高度的中间过程安全性和可可溯源性。
关键词自动化，装配，医疗器械，医疗用品论文类型技术论文引言精密装配作业设备需要很高的精度，可靠性，生产效率和成本效率，而对医疗设备部分而言则尤具挑战。
像耳咽管和针头这类物品生产量非常大，所需的装配速度也可达到每分钟1000件。
Kahle Automation公司的自动化构建系统可在同一时间装配50只针头而且达到100%的检查。
然而，用户无法把资产付出到这样一种为了满足条理和规范，而等到产品通过了所有测试和质量级别检验的设备。
BPT公司（简称BPT）的Bill Bailey 解释说：“公司手工制作首批加工的40或50个样品的新设备，如胰岛素注射笔。
然后它们进入‘批准'阶段。
他们必须经历约150000至200000次测试才能经受住所有的测试和质量检测程序以便公司和其他机构的审批。
(完整版)机械类外文文献翻译
文献翻译英文原文：NOVEL METHOD OF REALIZING THE OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION OF THE CRANK-AND-ROCKER MECHANISM DESIGN Abstract: A novel method of realizing the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism is presented. The optimal combination design is made by finding the related optimal transmission parameters. The diagram of the optimal transmission is drawn. In the diagram, the relation among minimum transmission angle, the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the length of the bars is shown, concisely, conveniently and directly. The method possesses the main characteristic. That it is to achieve the optimal transmission parameters under the transmission angle by directly choosing in the diagram, according to the given requirements. The characteristics of the mechanical transmission can be improved to gain the optimal transmission effect by the method. Especially, the method is simple and convenient in practical use.Keywords：Crank-and-rocker mechanism, Optimal transmission angle, Coefficient of travel speed variationINTRODUCTIONBy conventional method of the crank-and-rocker design, it is very difficult to realize the optimal combination between the various parameters for optimal transmission. The figure-table design method introduced in this paper can help achieve this goal. With given conditions, we can, by only consulting the designing figures and tables, get the relations between every parameter and another of the designed crank-and-rocker mechanism. Thus the optimal transmission can be realized.The concerned designing theory and method, as well as the real cases of its application will be introduced later respectively.1ESTABLISHMENT OF DIAGRAM FOR OPTIMAL TRANSMISSION DESIGNIt is always one of the most important indexes that designers pursue to improve the efficiency and property of the transmission. The crank-and-rocker mechanism is widely used in the mechanical transmission. How to improve work ability and reduce unnecessary power losses is directly related to the coefficient of travel speed variation, the oscillating angle of the rocker and the ratio of the crank and rocker. The reasonable combination of these parameters takes an important effect on the efficiency and property of the mechanism, which mainly indicates in the evaluation of the minimum transmission angle.The aim realizing the optimal transmission of the mechanism is how to find themaximum of the minimum transmission angle. The design parameters are reasonably combined by the method of lessening constraints gradually and optimizing separately. Consequently, the complete constraint field realizing the optimal transmission is established.The following steps are taken in the usual design method. Firstly, the initial values of the length of rocker 3l and the oscillating angle of rocker ϕ are given. Then the value of the coefficient of travel speed variation K is chosen in the permitted range. Meanwhile, the coordinate of the fixed hinge of crank A possibly realized is calculated corresponding to value K .1.1 Length of bars of crank and rocker mechanismAs shown in Fig.1, left arc G C 2 is the permitted field of point A . Thecoordinates of point A are chosen by small step from point 2C to point G .The coordinates of point A are 02h y y c A -= (1)22A A y R x -= (2)where 0h , the step, is increased by small increment within range(0,H ). If the smaller the chosen step is, the higher the computational precision will be. R is the radius of the design circle. d is the distance from 2C to G .2cos )2cos(22cos 33ϕθϕϕ⎥⎦⎤⎢⎣⎡--+=l R l d (3) Calculating the length of arc 1AC and 2AC , the length of the bars of themechanism corresponding to point A is obtained [1,2].1.2 Minimum transmission angle min γMinimum transmission angle min γ(see Fig.2) is determined by the equations [3]322142322min 2)(cos l l l l l l --+=γ (4) 322142322max 2)(cos l l l l l l +-+=γ (5) max min180γγ-︒=' (6) where 1l ——Length of crank(mm)2l ——Length of connecting bar(mm)3l ——Length of rocker(mm)4l ——Length of machine frame(mm)Firstly, we choose minimum comparing min γ with minγ'. And then we record all values of min γ greater than or equal to ︒40 and choose the maximum of them.Secondly, we find the maximum of min γ corresponding to any oscillating angle ϕ which is chosen by small step in the permitted range (maximum of min γ is different oscillating angle ϕ and the coefficient of travel speed variation K ).Finally, we change the length of rockerl by small step similarly. Thus we3γcorresponding to the different length of bars, may obtain the maximum ofmindifferent oscillating angle ϕand the coefficient of travel speed variation K.Fig.3 is accomplished from Table for the purpose of diagram design.It is worth pointing out that whatever the length of rocker 3l is evaluated, the location that the maximum of min γ arises is only related to the ratio of the length of rocker and the length of machine frame 3l /4l , while independent of 3l .2 DESIGN METHOD2.1 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the coefficient of travelspeed variation and the maximum oscillating angle of the rockerThe design procedure is as follows.(1) According to given K and ϕ, taken account to the formula the extreme included angle θ is found. The corresponding ratio of the length of bars 3l /4l is obtained consulting Fig.3.︒⨯+-=18011K K θ (7) (2) Choose the length of rocker 3l according to the work requirement, the length of the machine frame is obtained from the ratio 3l /4l .(3) Choose the centre of fixed hinge D as the vertex arbitrarily, and plot an isosceles triangle, the side of which is equal to the length of rocker 3l (see Fig.4), andϕ=∠21DC C . Then plot 212C C M C ⊥, draw N C 1, and make angleθ-︒=∠9012N C C . Thus the point of intersection of M C 2 and N C 1 is gained. Finally, draw the circumcircle of triangle 21C PC ∆.(4) Plot an arc with point D as the centre of the circle, 4l as the radius. The arc intersections arc G C 2 at point A . Point A is just the centre of the fixed hinge of the crank.Therefore, from the length of the crank2/)(211AC AC l -= (8)and the length of the connecting bar112l AC l -= (9)we will obtain the crank and rocker mechanism consisted of 1l , 2l , 3l , and 4l .Thus the optimal transmission property is realized under given conditions.2.2 Realizing the optimal transmission design given the length of the rocker (or the length of the machine frame) and the coefficient of travel speed variationWe take the following steps.(1) The appropriate ratio of the bars 3l /4l can be chosen according to given K . Furthermore, we find the length of machine frame 4l (the length of rocker 3l ).(2) The corresponding oscillating angle of the rocker can be obtained consulting Fig.3. And we calculate the extreme included angle θ.Then repeat (3) and (4) in section 2.13 DESIGN EXAMPLEThe known conditions are that the coefficient of travel speed variation1818.1=K and maximum oscillating angle ︒=40ϕ. The crankandrockermechanism realizing the optimal transmission is designed by the diagram solution method presented above.First, with Eq.(7), we can calculate the extreme included angle ︒=15θ. Then, we find 93.0/43=l l consulting Fig.3 according to the values of θ and ϕ.If evaluate 503=l mm, then we will obtain 76.5393.0/504==l mm. Next, draw sketch(omitted).As result, the length of bars is 161=l mm,462=l mm,503=l mm,76.534=l mm.The minimum transmission angle is︒=--+=3698.462)(arccos 322142322min l l l l l l γ The results obtained by computer are 2227.161=l mm, 5093.442=l mm, 0000.503=l mm, 8986.534=l mm.Provided that the figure design is carried under the condition of the Auto CAD circumstances, very precise design results can be achieved.4 CONCLUSIONSA novel approach of diagram solution can realize the optimal transmission of the crank-and-rocker mechanism. The method is simple and convenient in the practical use. In conventional design of mechanism, taking 0.1 mm as the value of effective the precision of the component sizes will be enough.译文：认识曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动方法摘要：一种曲柄摇臂机构设计的最优传动的方法被提出。
机械工程及自动化专业外文翻译--液压支架的应用及意义(中文)
中文译文：液压支架的应用及意义随着工业技术的不断发展，国民经济对煤炭需要量的日益增加，煤矿开采，特别是采煤工作免得生产技术面貌发生了巨大的变化。
自1954年英国装备了世界上第一个液压支架工作满开始，采煤技术实现了综合机械化。
综合机械化采煤，就是工作面采煤，运输和支护三大主要生产环节都实现机械化。
也就是说，采用滚筒式或刨削式等采煤机械落煤与装煤；工作面重型可弯曲运输机，以及与之适应的顺槽转载机和可伸缩皮带运输机等运煤；自移式液压支架支护和管理顶板。
这几种设备相互配合，组成了综合机械化采煤设备。
液压支架是以高压液体为动力，由若干液压元件（油缸和滑件）与一些金属结构件组合而成的一种支撑和控制顶板的采煤工作面设备，能实现支撑，降落移架和推移运输机等一整套工序。
液压支架技术上先进，经济上合理，安全上可靠，当前世界各国都在不断地提高采煤工作面的综合机械化水平。
我国于1964年开始研制液压支架，已先后试制了MZ-1928型,TZ型,BZZC型,WKM-400型,DM-400型,YZ型,ZYZ型,ZY型等多种形式的液压支架，并在开滦，大同，阳泉，鹤壁，徐州，铜川，义马，淮北等局矿进行了试验和使用，取得了较好的效果。
1974年以来，从西德，英国，前苏联和波兰等国引进了许多不同类型的液压支架。
实践证明，液压支架具有强度高，支护性能好，移设速度快，安全可靠等优点，能使采煤工作面达到高产量，高回采率和高工效，能大大减轻劳动强度，降低成本和掘进率，实现安全生产。
国外放顶煤液压支架放顶煤综采能否成功还取决于能否针对具体的使用条件进行放顶煤液压支架的合理选型和设计。
一般说来，它要满足对顶煤具有良好的支护效果，同时还要满足顺利放煤，运煤，行人，通风，移架和对采煤工作干扰小等一系列要求。
国外的放顶煤液压支架发展较早。
法国60年代初就成批生产放顶煤液压支架。
现将各主要放顶煤液压支架生产国家研制，生产，使用的放顶煤支架及其主要特点做一简要介绍。
机械设计制造论文外文翻译(中文有期刊号)英文原文已发
潍坊学院学生毕业设计外文译文专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级08级机制本4学生姓名耿传锋学号08012130450学生成绩机电与车辆工程学院译文要求1.外文翻译必须使用钢笔，手工工整书写，或用A4纸打印。
2.所选的原文内容必须与课题或专业方向紧密相关，注明详细出处。
3.外文翻译书文本后附原文（或复印件），译文不少于3000字符。
译文评阅评阅要求：应根据学校“译文要求”，对学生译文的准确性、翻译数量以及译文的文字表述情况等作具体的评价。
指导教师评语：指导教师签名年月日分析模型导轨磨损的演算对机床加工精度的影响工程系副教授伊沃娜彼得，凯特林大学,工程系博士讲师卡门波帕，凯特林大学，工程系博士讲师杜米特鲁，凯特林大学，工程系西普里安，凯特林大学摘要：机床导轨磨损影响积极震动。
最初的刀具运动轨迹作为导轨磨损的结果，将被修改，尺寸精度产生差异的工件的几何形状和偏差。
因为它已经成为连接称为移动和刚性导轨的磨损取决于许多参数（压力，速度，长度摩擦，润滑，材料）。
一种或另一种分析模型和/或磨损的实验模型的选择取决于所的工作条件，假设被称为耦合材料。
目前的工作的目标是建立一个分析模型的演算显示导轨的影响磨损在工具机的加工精度。
关键词：精度机床表面。
1、简介因为它已经被称为加工精度取决于每一块技术系统（机床，夹紧装置，刀具等）[1，2，3]连接到多种因素。
在目前的工作，笔者的目标是建立规模和影响力的床身在对车床使用的机床的加工精度，导轨的磨损。
导轨的大小和（纵向）滑动磨损是重要的被称为因为滑动轨迹，由于磨损，时间条件下发生的尺寸偏差和加工零件的表面质量的变化。
以建立系统的床身滑动磨损大小，三种不同的情况正在分析：1 - 床身导轨正在磨损2 - 导轨只被磨损3 - 导轨（床身滑动）正在磨损2、建立床身滑动产生的误差分析模型磨损为了建立在加工的磨损过程的定量影响车床的精度，以下假设[2]：- 被认为是在一定的刚性指南U（X）的磨损轮廓曲线时刻评估应力循环的数量;- 比以前所有的周期产生的磨损，被忽视的电流应力周期的磨损;- 移动导轨磨损U1（L）是这样产生的，该导轨的性能如下；不断刚性指南轮廓;基于这个假设，它是承认接触的类型始终是按照正常和切向应力的适当分配;- 移动导轨位移在两个剖面的接触面，使正常的线是独一无二的刚性;- 磨损是一个连续的过程和特点是由连续拖到指导长度的功能和时间的考虑，磨损层的厚度。
机械设计制造及自动化毕业设计英文翻译资料
A NOVEL INTEGRATED SYSTEM FORRAPID PRODUCT DEVELOPMENTThis paper presents a novel integrated system of rapid product development for reducing the time and cost of product development.The system is composed of four building blocks —digital prototype, virtual prototype, physical prototype and rapid tooling manufacturing system.It can aid effectively in product design, analysis, prototype, mould, and manufacturing process development by integrating closely the various advanced manufacturing technologies which involve the 3D CAD, CAE, reverse engineering, rapid prototyping and rapid tooling.Furthermore, two actual examples are provided to illustrate the application of this integrated system.The results indicate that the system has a high potential to reduce further the cycle and cost of product development.Keywords: Rapid product development; rapid prototyping; integrated system.1.IntroductionDue to the pressure of international competition and market globalization in the 21st century, there continues to be strong driving forces in industry to compete effectively by reducing manufacturing times and costs while assuring high quality products and services.Current industries are facing the new challenges: quick response to business opportunity has been considered as one of the most important factors to ensure company competitiveness; manufacturing industry is evolving toward digitalization, network and globalization.Therefore, new products must be more quickly and cheaply developed, manufactured and introduced to the market.In order to meet the demand of rapid product development, the various new technologies such as reverse engineering (RE), 3D CAD, rapid prototyping (RP), andrapid tooling (RT) have emerged and are regarded as key enabling tools with the ability to shorten the product development and manufacturing time.For example, it has been claimed that RP can cut new product development costs by up to 70% and the time to market by 90%.1 In the form of a better design, more design possibilities, a 3D CAD model can be shown to the customer for approval and prevents misunderstandings.A virtual prototyping is employed to guide in optimization of the product design and manufacturing process planning, which may result in the accurate determination of the process parameters, and reduce the number of costly physical prototype iterations.Rapid tooling technique offers a fast and low cost method to produce moulds, and shows a high potential for faster response to market demands.When properly integrated among 3D CAD, CAE, RE, RP and RT, these technologies will play a much more important role to reduce further the development cycle and cost of the product production.On the basis of above technologies, a novel integrated system of rapid product development is to be founded so as to meet the requirement of rapid product development.2.Architecture of the Integrated Development SystemThe development process from initial conceptual design to commercial product is an iterative process which includes: product design; analysis of performance, safety and reliability; product prototyping for experimental evaluation; and design modification.Therefore, any step of the new product development process has a direct and strong influence on time-to-market in short order.A good product development system must enable designers or design teams to consider all aspects of product design, manufacturing, selling and recycling at the early stage of the design cycle.So that design iteration and changes can be made easily and effectively.The more fluent the feedback is the higher possibility of success the system has.Design for manufacturing (DFM) and concurrent engineering (CE) necessitate that product and process design be developed simultaneously rather than sequentially.The integrated system of rapid product development is composed of four modules: digital prototype, virtual prototype, physical prototype and rapid tooling.The product development starts from the creation of a 3D CAD model using a CAD software package.At that stage, the product geometry is defined and its aesthetic and dimensional characteristics are verified.The main function of digital prototypeis to perform 3D CAD modelling.The CAD model is regarded as a central component of the whole system or project information base which means that in all design, analysis and manufacturing activities the same data is utilized.The product and its components are directly designed on a 3D CAD system (e.g.Pro/Engineer, Unigraphics, CATIA, IDEAS, etc.) during the creative design.If a physical part is ready, the model can be constructed by the reverse engineering technique.RE is a methodology for constructing CAD models of physical parts by digitizing an existing part, creating a digital model and then using it to manufacture components.RE can reduce the development cycle when redesigns become necessary for improved product quality.Preexisting parts with features for improved performance can be readily incorporated into the desired part design.Therefore, it is very useful in creating the CAD model of an existing part when the engineering design is lost or has gone through many design changes.When a designer creates a new design using mock-up, it is also necessary to construct the CAD model of the mock-up for further use of the design data in analysis and manufacturing.The three primary steps in RE process are part digitization, features extraction, and CAD modelling.Part digitization is accomplished by a variety of contact or non-contact digitizers.There are various commercial systems available for part digitization.These systems range from coordinate measuring machine (CMM), laser scanners to ultrasonic digitizers.They can be classified into two broad categories: contact and ser triangulation scanner (LTS), magnetic resonance images (MRI), and computer tomography (CT) are commonly used as non-contact devices.Contact digitizers mainly have CMM and cross-sectional imaging measurement (CIM).Feature extraction is normally achieved by segmenting the digitized data and capturing surface features such as edges.Part modelling is fulfiled through fitting a variety of surfaces to the segmented data points.In order to reduce the iterations of design-prototype-test cycles, increase the product process and manufacturing reliability, it is necessary to guide in optimizing the product design and manufacturing process through virtual prototype (VP).VP is a process of using 3D CAD model, in lieu of a physical prototype, for testing and evaluation of specific characteristics of a product or a manufacturing process.It is often carried out by CAE and virtual manufacturing puter aided engineering (CAE) analysis is an integral part of time-compression technologies.Various softwaretools available (i.e.ANSYS, MARC, I-DEAS, AUTOFORM, DYNAFORM, etc.) can speed up the development of new products by initiating design optimization before physical prototypes are built.The CAD models can be transferred to a CAE environment for an analysis of the product functional performance and of the manufacturing processes for producing the product’s components.It has also proven to be of great value in the design optimization of part geometry, to determine its dimensions and to control warpage and shrinkage while minimizing process-induced residual stresses and deformations.Virtual manufacturing system (VM) is the natural extension of CAE.It simulates the product functionality and the processes for producing it prior to the development of physical prototypes.VM enables a designer to visualize and optimize a product process with a set of process parameters.The visualization of a virtually simulated part prior to physical fabrication helps to reduce unwanted prototype iterations.Therefore, a product virtual manufacturing system may result in accurate determination of the process parameters, and reduce the number of costly physical prototype iterations.3D CAD model and VP allow most problems with unfitting to become obvious early in the product development process.Assemblies can be verified for interference as VP can be exercised through a range of tasks.Structure and thermal analysis can be performed on the same model employing CAE applications as well as simulating down-stream manufacturing processes.It is clear that VP increases process and product reliability.Although VP is intended to ensure that unsuitable designs are rejected or modified, in many cases, a visual and physical evaluation of the real component is needed.This often requires physical prototype to be produced.Hence, once the VP is finished, the model may often be sent directly to physical fabrication.The CAD model can be directly converted to the physical prototype using a RP technique or high-speed machining (HSM) process.The 3D CAD model is to be exported not only in the STL format which is considered the de facto standard for interfacing CAD and RP systems, but also in the NC coding which can be used by HSM.HSM has a potential for rapid producing plaster or wooden pattern for RT.RP is a new forming process which fabricates physical parts layer by layer under computer control directly from 3D CAD models in a very short time.In contrast to traditional machining methods, the majority of rapid prototyping systems tend to fabricate parts based on additive manufacturing process, rather thansubtraction or removal of material.Therefore, this type of fabrication is unconstrained by the limitations attributed to conventional machining approaches.The application of RP technique as a useful tool can provide benefits throughout the process of developing new products.Specifically, there are serious benefits that RP can bring in the areas of market research, sales support, promotional material, and the ever-important product launch.Physical RP can also become a powerful communications tool to ensure that everyone involved in the development process fully understands and appreciates the product being developed.Hence, it can help to reduce substantially the inevitable risks in the route from product concept to commercial success, and help shorten time-to-market, improve quality and reduce cost.Over the last 20 years, RP machines have been widely used in industry.The RP methods commercially available include Stereolithgraphy (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Fused Deposition Manufacturing (FDM), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM), Ballistic Particle Manufacturing (BMP), and Three-Dimensional Printing (3D printing), etc.Once the design has been accepted, the realization of the production line represents a major task with a long lead time before any product can be put to the market.In particular, the preparation of complex tooling is usually in the critical path of a project and has therefore a direct and strong influence on time-to-market.In order to reduce the product development time and cost, the new technique of RT has been developed.RT is a technique that can transform the RP patterns into functional parts, especially metal parts.It offers a fast and low cost method to produce moulds and functional parts.Furthermore, the integration of both RP and RT in development strategy promotes the implementation of concurrent engineering in companies.Numerous processes have been developed for producing dies from RP system.The RT methods can generally be divided into direct and indirect tooling categories, and also soft (firm) and hard tooling subgroups.Indirect RT requires some kinds of master patterns, which can be made by conventional methods (e.g.HSM), or more commonly by an RP process such as SLA or SLS.Direct RT, as the name suggests, involves the manufacturing of a tool cavity directly on a RP system, hence eliminating the intermediate step of generating a pattern.Soft tooling can be obtained via replication from a positive pattern or master.Soft tooling is associated with low costs; used for low volume production and uses materials that have low hardness levels such as silicones, epoxies, low melting point alloys, etc.RTV silicone rubber moulds, epoxy moulds, metal spraying moulds, etc.are some of these typical soft moldings.Hard tooling is associated with higher volume of production, and the use of materials of greater hardness.Keltool process, Quickcast process, and the ExpressTool process are some of these hard toolings.Electrical discharge machining (EDM) seems to be an interesting area in which rapid tooling finds a potential application.Some methods of making EDM electrodes based on RP technique have developed, such as abrading process, copper electroforming and net shape casting, etc.On the basis of the above techniques, a novel integrated system of rapid product development is to be proposed.Its overall architecture is shown in Fig.1.3.Case Studies3.1.Case study 1: ImpellerA total of thirty plastic impellers, with a relatively complex geometry, were required by acustomer within fifteen working days from the receipt of a 2D CAD model.There were many factors to be considered in deciding the most appropriate route for producing the impellers.These factors mainly involved cost, lead-time, the number of parts required, the final material for the parts, and the part geometry.In order to maximize the benefits in terms of time and cost reduction for the parts, it was decided to use silicon rubber mould and the parts were eventually produced by vacuum casting process.Silicon rubber mould is an easy, relatively inexpensive and fast way to fabricate prototype or pre-production tools.It can be utilized for moulding parts in wax, polyurethane, ABS, and a few epoxy materials.The process is best suited for projects where form, fit, or functional testing can be done with a material which mimics the characteristics of the production material.The casting parts with fine details and very thin walls can be easily and rapidly produced.The whole process flow involved the 3D CAD modelling, producing master pattern (RP prototype), silicon rubber mould, and casting green parts.The time sequence for the fabrication of impellers was described as follows.Due to the complexity of the impeller, the task of generating the 3D CAD model using Pro/Engineer software package took almost 3 calendar days.The master pattern for this project was built on a SPS 600 machine in 2 calendar days.SL process was chosen because it was cost effective and the surface finish was good.The next step involved creating a roomtemperature vulcanized (RTV) silicone rubber mold which was completed within an additional 3 calendar days.Finally, the ABS materials were cast into silicon rubber mould under the vacuum casting condition, and the green parts were achieved in 4 calendar days.The required 30 components were produced successfully and completed in 12 calendar days.The primary process stages are illustrated in Fig.2.These impellers only cost about 5 thousand RMB and took 12 working days.Consequently, in contrast to the traditional development mode, the impellers developed using the integrated system can cut cost by up to 50% and the time-to-market by 75%.When evaluated against satisfying urgent requirement with respect to time, the procedure is clearly worth pursuing, as indicated by the case study described above.Gong from a 3D CAD solid modeling to fully functional production impellers in less than 12 working days is certainly extraordinary.With proper implementation of the process by qualified personnel, working within the scope of the constraints noted, the acceptance and advancement of the integrated manufacturing method is likely to grow.3.2.Case study 2: MannequinTen plastic mannequins were required by a client in three months from the receipt of the plaster modelof the emulational body.This component was an ideal candidate for using integrated system to development, with a very complex surface and a requirement for only 10 parts.In order to produce the plastic mannequin, the various technologies including reverse engineering, 3D CAD, rapid prototyping and rapid tooling were used to complete model measuring, surfaces reconstructing, 3D CAD modelling, prototype and mould building.The whole development work was presented below.The first step of the project was to construct a CAD model of the emulational body by RE process.ATOS measuring equipment made in GOM Inc.which has a high scanning (10,000 points/sec) and can measure models in a wide range from 500mm to 10mm, was employed to capture the digitized data of the plaster mold.Figure 3(a) shows the point clouds of the body model.The subsequent process was to perform surfaces reconstructing.To speed this process, a special reverse engineering program, called CopyCAD (Delcam Inc.), was used to create quickly and easily the CAD surfaces from the digitized data.After surfacesreconstructing, many errors in the original model and the joints must be modified by PowerShape software package (another software of Delcam Inc.).The surfaces model of the body is represented in Fig.3(b).To fabricate easily, the surface model was divided into 11 individual components which included the head, body, upper arms, forearms, tights, shanks and feet using Pro/Engineer software package.Subsequently, every surface model was converted to a solid model, and many holes and slots needed to be designed for fixing joints such as shoulder, knees, etc.Then, the solid parts and joints were assembled to form the solid model of the emulational body.Figure 3(c) illustrates the completed CAD solid model.The RP prototypes of these components were built on a LPS 600 machine.The assembly RP body model is shown in Fig.3(d).In addition, silicon rubber moulds of these components were fabricated for producing the green parts.Finally, the required 10 plastic mannequins were produced successfully and the project was completed in about 12 weeks.Figures 3(e) and (f) describe respectively the silicon rubber mould of half head and the green product.The case indicates the rapid development of large product and complex surfaces can be realized quickly following the integrated development mode.4.ConclusionIn this paper, we have presented an integrated system based on RP for rapid product developing.The system consists of four modules: digital prototype, virtual prototype, physical prototype and rapid tooling.It employs fully and integrates closely the various advanced manufacturing technologies which involve the 3D CAD, RE, CAE, RP, and RT.In this system, the procedure of development from design to end product is worked step by step: design, analysis, rapid prototype and tooling.By evaluating the whole process and its various components, and comparing them with traditional process, it has been clear that one can reap benefits in various ways.The system can effectively compress the design and manufacturing cycle time and reduce the development cost, which is an important factor in ing this integrated system to develop new product shows a high potential for faster response to market and customers’ demands.As a result, it will play a more and more important role to reduce the manufacturing cycle and cost of product development in the future. AcknowledgementsThis research was supported by The National High Technology Research and Development Program (863 Program) under the project “The integrated manufacturing technology and equipments of rapid toolingfor rapid product development” (No.2023AA421270), and “Tenth Five-Year” National Key Technologies R&D Program of China under the project “Research and demonstrator of rapid manufacturing integrated system based on rapid prototyping” (No.2023BA205B10- CMTT1001).。
机械设计制造及其自动化毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译
机械设计创造及其自动化毕业论文外文文献翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY译文题目专业机械设计创造及其自动化外文资料翻译INTEGRATION OF MACHINERY（From ELECTRICAL AND MACHINERY INDUSTRY）ABSTRACTMachinery was the modern science and technology development inevitable result, this article has summarized the integration of machinery technology basic outline and the development background .Summarized the domestic and foreign integration of machinery technology present situation, has analyzed the integration of machinery technology trend of development.Key word： integration of machinery ，technology， present situation ，product t，echnique of manufacture ，trend of development0. Introduction modern science and technology unceasing development, impelled different discipline intersecting enormously with the seepage, has caused the project domain technological revolution and the transformation .In mechanical engineering domain, because the microelectronic technology and the computer technology rapid development and forms to the mechanical industry seepage the integration of machinery, caused the mechanical industry the technical structure, the product organization, the function and the constitution, the production method and the management systemof by machinery for the characteristic integration ofdevelopment phase.1. Integration of machinery outline integration of machinery is refers in the organization new owner function, the power function, in the information processing function and the control function introduces the electronic technology, unifies the system the mechanism and the computerization design and the software which constitutes always to call. The integration of machinery development also has become one to have until now own system new discipline, not only develops along with the science and technology, but also entrusts with the new content .But its basic characteristic may summarize is: The integration of machinery is embarks from the system viewpoint, synthesis community technologies and so on utilization mechanical technology, microelectronic technology, automatic control technology, computer technology, information technology, sensing observation and control technology, electric power electronic technology, connection technology, information conversion technology as well as software programming technology, according to the system function goal and the optimized organization goal, reasonable disposition and the layout various functions unit, in multi-purpose, high grade, redundant reliable, in the low energy consumption significance realize the specific function value, and causes the overall system optimization the systems engineering technology .From this produces functional system, then becomes an integration of machinery systematic or the integration of machinery product. Therefore, of coveringtechnology is based on the above community technology organic fusion one kind of comprehensive technology, but is not mechanical technical, the microelectronic technology as well as other new technical simple combination, pieces together .This is the integration of machinery and the machinery adds the machinery electrification which the electricity forms in the concept basic difference .The mechanical engineering technology has the merely technical to develop the machinery electrification, still was the traditional machinery, its main function still was replaces with the enlargement physical strength .But after develops the integration of machinery, micro electron installment besides may substitute for certain mechanical parts the original function, but also can entrust with many new functions,like the automatic detection, the automatic reduction information, demonstrate the record, the automatic control and the control automatic diagnosis and the protection automatically and so on .Not only namely the integration of machinery product is human's hand and body extending, human's sense organ and the brains look, has the intellectualized characteristic is the integration of machinery and the machinery electrification distinguishes in the function essence.2. Integration of machinery development condition integration of machinery development may divide into 3 stages roughly.20th century 60's before for the first stage, this stage is called the initial stage .In this time, the people determination not on own initiative uses the electronic technology the preliminary achievement to consummate the mechanical product the performance .Specially in Second World War period, the war has stimulated the mechanical product and the electronic technology union, these mechanical and electrical union military technology, postwar transfers civilly, to postwar economical restoration positive function .Developed and the development at that time generally speaking also is at the spontaneouscondition .Because at that time the electronic technology development not yet achieved certain level, mechanical technical and electronic technology union also not impossible widespread and thorough development, already developed the product was also unable to promote massively. The 20th century 70~80 ages for the second stage, may be called the vigorous development stage .This time, the computer technology, the control technology, the communication development, has laid the technology base for the integration of machinery development . Large-scale, ultra large scale integrated circuit and microcomputer swift and violent development, has provided the full material base for the integration of machinery development .This time characteristic is :①A mechatronics word first generally is accepted in Japan, probably obtains the quite widespread acknowledgment to 1980s last stages in the worldwide scale ;②The integration of machinery technology and the product obtained the enormous development ;③The various countries start to the integration of machinery technology and the product give the very big attention and the support. 1990s later periods, started the integration of machinery technology the new stagewhich makes great strides forward to the intellectualized direction, the integration of machinery enters the thorough development time .At the same time, optics, the communication and so on entered the integration of machinery, processes the technology also zhan to appear tiny in the integration of machinery the foot, appeared the light integration of machinery and the micro integration of machinery and so on the new branch; On the other hand to the integration of machinery system modeling design, the analysis and the integrated method, the integration of machinery discipline system and the trend of development has all conducted the thorough research .At the same time, because the hugeprogress which domains and so on artificial intelligence technology, neural network technology and optical fiber technology obtain, opened the development vast world for the integration of machinery technology .These research, will urge the integration of machinery further to establish the integrity the foundation and forms the integrity gradually the scientific system. Our country is only then starts from the beginning of 1980s in this aspect to study with the application .The State Councilsummary had considered fully on international the influence which and possibly brought from this about the integration of machinery technology developmenttrend .Many universities, colleges and institutes, the development facility and some large and middle scale enterprises have done the massive work to this technical development and the application, does not yield certain result, but and so on the advanced countries compared with Japan still has the suitable disparity.3. Integration of machinery trend of development integrations of machinery are the collection machinery, the electron, optics, the control, the computer, the information and so on the multi-disciplinary overlapping syntheses, its development and the progress rely on and promote the correlation technology development and the progress .Therefore, the integration of machinery main development direction is as follows:3.1 Intellectualized intellectualizations are 21st century integration of machinery technological development important development directions .Theartificial intelligence obtains day by day in the integration of machinery constructor's research takes, the robot and the numerical control engine bedis to the machine behavior description, is in the control theory foundation, the absorption artificial intelligence, the operations research, the computer science, the fuzzy mathematics, the psychology, the physiology and the chaos dynamics and so on the new thought, the new method, simulate the human intelligence, enable it to have abilities and so on judgment inference, logical thinking, independent decision-making, obtains the higher control goal in order to .Indeed, enable the integration of machinery product to have with the human identical intelligence, is not impossible, also is nonessential .But, the high performance, the high speed microprocessor enable the integration of machinery product to have preliminary intelligent or human's partial intelligences, then is completely possible and essential.In the modern manufacture process, the information has become the control manufacture industry the determining factor, moreover is the most active actuation factor .Enhances the manufacture system information-handling capacity to become the modern manufacture science development a key point .As a result of the manufacture system information organization and structure multi-level, makes the information the gain, the integration and the fusion presents draws up the character, information measure multi-dimensional, as well as information organization's multi-level .In the manufacture information structural model, manufacture information uniform restraint, dissemination processing and magnanimous data aspects and so on manufacture knowledge library management, all also wait for further break through.Each kind of artificial intelligence tool and the computation intelligence method promoted the manufacture intelligence development in the manufacture widespread application .A kind based on the biological evolution algorithm computation intelligent agent, in includes thescheduling problem in the combination optimization solution area of technology, receives the more and more universal attention, hopefully completes the combination optimization question when the manufacture the solution speed and the solution precision aspect breaks through the question scale in pairs the restriction .The manufacture intelligence also displays in: The intelligent dispatch, the intelligent design, the intelligent processing, the robot study, the intelligent control, the intelligent craft plan, the intelligent diagnosis and so on are various These question key breakthrough, may form the product innovation the basic research system. Between 2 modern mechanical engineering front science different science overlapping fusion will have the new science accumulation, the economical development and society's progress has had the new request and the expectation to the science and technology, thus will form the front science .The front science also has solved and between the solution scientific question border area .The front science has the obvious time domain, the domain and the dynamic characteristic .The project front science distinguished in the general basic science important characteristic is it has covered the key science and technology question which the project actual appeared.Manufacture system is a complex large-scale system, for satisfies the manufacture system agility, the fast response and fast reorganization ability, must profit from the information science, the life sciences and the social sciences and so on the multi-disciplinary research results, the exploration manufacture system new architecture, the manufacture pattern and the manufacture system effective operational mechanism .Makes the system optimization the organizational structure and the good movement condition is makes the system modeling , the simulation and the optimized essential target .Not only the manufacture system new architecture to makes the enterprise the agility and may reorganize ability to the demand response ability to have the vital significance, moreover to made the enterprise first floor production equipment the flexibility and may dynamic reorganization ability set a higher request .The biological manufacture view more and more many is introduced the manufacture system, satisfies the manufacture system new request.The study organizes and circulates method and technique of complicated system from the biological phenomenon, is a valid exit which will solve many hard nut to cracks that manufacturing industry face from now on currently .Imitating to living what manufacturing point is mimicry living creature organ of from the organization, from match more, from growth with from evolution etc. function structure and circulate mode of a kind of manufacturing system and manufacturing process.The manufacturing drives in the mechanism under, continuously by one's own perfect raise on organizing structure and circulating mode and thus to adapt the process of[with] ability for the environment .For from descend but the last product proceed together a design and make a craft rules the auto of the distance born, produce system of dynamic state reorganization and product and manufacturing the system tend automatically excellent provided theories foundation and carry out acondition .Imitate to living a manufacturing to belong to manufacturing science and life science of"the far good luck is miscellaneous to hand over", it will produce to the manufacturing industry for 21 centuries huge of influence .机电一体化摘要机电一体化是现代科学技术发展的必然结果,本文简述了机电一体化技术的基本概要和发展背景。
机械制造及自动化专业外文翻译--对采用进化策略优化电液伺服系统的控制器增益的实验性研究
外文原文：An experimental study on the optimization ofcontroller gains for an electro-hydraulic servo system using evolution strategiesAbstractThis paper deals with an experimental optimization problem of the controller gains for an electro-hydraulic position control system through evolution strategies (ESs)-based method. The optimal controller gains for the control system are obtained by maximizing fitness function designed specially to evaluate the system performance. In this paper, for an electro-hydraulic position control system which would represent a hydraulic mill stand for the roll-gap control in plate hot-rollings, the time delay controller (TDC) is designed, and three control parameters of this controller are directly optimized through a series of experiments using this method. It is shown that the near-optimal value of the controller gains is obtained in about 5th generation, which corresponds to approximately 150 experiments. The optimal controller gains are experimentally confirmed by inspecting the fitness function topologies that represent system performance in the gain spaces. It is found that there are some local optimums on a fitness function topology so that the optimization of the three control parameters of a TDC by manual tuning could be a task of great difficulty. The optimized results via the ES coincide with the maximum peak point in opologies. It is also shown that the proposed method is an efficient scheme giving economy of time and labor in optimizing the controlle r gains of fluid power systems experimentally.Keywords:Controller gain optimization; Evolution strategies; Time delay control; Automatic controller gain search; Electro-hydraulic servo system1. IntroductionRecently, the research on the optimization and adaptation of controller gains or parameters for improving the system performance in hydraulic and pneumatic servo systems has been a field of increasing interest (Fleming & Purshouse, 2002; Klein, 1992; Jeon, Lee, & Hong, 1998; Hyun & Lee, 1998; Choi, Lee, &Cho, 2000). In general, when control engineers design controller for hydraulic or pneumatic servo systems, it is very difficult to determine theoretically its control gains to exhibit the best performance of the systems, because the accurate modeling for these systems is hard due to highly nonlinear characteristics of the fluid power systems. To be morespecific, the hydraulic and pneumatic servo systems already have a relatively higher degree of nonlinearity than other mechatronic systems like DC or AC servo systems. It results from various factors (Merrit, 1976; Watton, 1989): the pressure-flow characteristics of valve, the saturation of valve and cylinder, the leakage flow characteristics of valve and cylinder with variation of supply pressure, the friction characteristic in cylinder, the variation of viscosity and compressibility of working fluid with the temperature, the flow characteristic due to the shape of pipeline, and most importantly, the variation of the system gains with the supply pressure and the load pressure. Therefore, when these fluid power systems are controlled, the controller gains are adjusted on the foundation of expert’s intuitive knowledge about the system and the tuning experience of the controller gains in general. It needs very excessive experiments through trial and error. But though some controller gains are obtained, it is hard to say that the results are the best gain set at a given situation. For the automatic adjustment of the controller gains in fluid power systems, the research to application of a fuzzy gain adapter (FGA) has been performed (Jeon, 1997; Klein, 1992). In this case, the knowledge base is needed for transplantation of the expert knowledge to the systems, and some general rules to variation of the system response due to variation of the controller gains are demanded for the construction of this knowledge base. Therefore, much expert’s experiences and many experiments are necessary for the implementation of this algorithm.In this study, evolution strategies (ESs) is proposed as a method of the automatic optimization of the controller gains in a electro-hydraulic system. ES is one of the evolutionary algorithms based on the natural genetics and the survival of the fittest (Rechenberg,1973; Schwefel, 1981; Back & Schwefel, 1994, 1996). When an appropriate fitness function representing potential solutions is given as survivability of candidates, the tuning problem of controller gains can be considered as an optimization problem, so that an optimal controller gain set is searched in the region of gain spaces specified by operator. A major advantage is that much experience on the gain-tuning for the control system is not required, and the least information for the system is just required. Especially, in cases that a real experimental system is directly used for evaluating candidates, ESs are more suitable than other evolution algorithms due to its own characteristic called self-adaptation.In this study, a time delay controller (TDC) is designed as a controller for position control of an electro-hydraulic servo system. The controller designed to have 2nd order error dynamics has three controller gains implicitly. By using an ES as optimization algorithms, the optimal controller gain set in the specified gain spaces is determined through online experiments. For the verification of the obtained results,the fitness function topologies in the gain spaces experimentally are made out, and analyzed. Finally, the experimental results searched throughESs are shown to coincide with the optimal peak point that has best fitness value on the specified gain spaces.2. Hydraulic servo system2.1. Electro-hydraulic position control systemFig.1 is the schematic diagram of the electro-hydraulic position control system used in this study. This system is a test rig for the roll-gap control of hydraulic mill stand, which was made for the improvement of thickness control performance in plate hot-rolling processes (Gizburg, 1984; Lee, Lim, & Park, 1997). The rig simulates a roll-gap control system composed of a hydraulic mill stand in a number of automatic gauge control systems for hot rolling processes. The system consists of structure spring to represent a modulus of mill stand, material spring to represent a modulus of rolled strip, roll-gap control cylinder to control a deformation of material spring, and disturbance cylinder to give the control system a disturbance. The force applied to roll-gap cylinder is measured through Load cell, the deformation of structure spring through linear-variable differential transformer (LVDT), and the deformation of material spring through Linear scale. The roll-gap control cylinder is a cylinder of ram type as in real hot rolling process, and the disturbance cylinder is just used to apply a disturbance to the system during roll-gap control. A control current signal (i1) of the closed-loop is used to perform the position control of roll-gap is used to perform the position control of roll-gap control cylinder, which is inputted to a servo valve connected to ram cylinder. The other current signal (i2) of the open-loop is used to generate a disturbance, which is inputted to a servo valve connected to disturbance cylinder. Inthis article, responses of the system with the fixed disturbance cylinder are considered. Table 1 shows some of the technical specifications of the experimental setup composed of power unit, roll-gap control cylinder, structure spring, material spring, linear scale, servo valve, and interface card.Fig.1.Schematic diagram of the electro-hydraulic position control system.Table1Specifications of the components used in the experiment2.2. A time delay controller (TDC) for the position control systemA selected controller for the position control of this system is the TDC (Youcef-Toumi & Ito, 1990; Hsia & Gao, 1990), which is based on the estimation of unknown effects due to system uncertainties using the time delay technique, that is, sampling technique of the discrete control. The time delayed information (the control input and the derivatives of state variables atthe previous sampling time) plays a role to cancel various effects which result from variations of system parameters, unpredictable external disturbances, and un-modeled nonlinear system dynamics. Since the current control input can be obtained by using just the control input and the system responses observed at the previous sampling time, the controller is little affected by a system modeling, so that can be effectively applied whenever there is the large variation of system paramenters and a disturbance. comparing with the Proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID) controller, the state feed-back controller, or adaptive controller, the structure of this controller is as simple as the PID controller, because it does not require a real-time estimation of state variables or system parameters using observers, nor does it a computation of inverse system dynamics. Recently, a research has been performed on a fluid power system using a TDC by Chin, Lee, and Chang (1994). The application results show easiness of the real implementation of this controller and robustness on various uncertainties of the plant.For the hydraulic system shown in Fig. 1, a study on For the hydraulic system shown in Fig. 1, a study on (1998). He designed a 2nd order TDC with simplification of the nonlinear system dynamics of 5th order through theoretic analyses on this system, proved the global stability of the internal dynamics (‘‘unobservable’’ part except input–output part in system dynamics) through the input-output linearization technique, and proposed the region of stability for closed-loop system. Fig.2 shows a control block diagram of the electro-hydraulic position control system with a TDC controller, where s is variable of Laplace transform and L is sampling time. The controller is embodied with the three controller gains (E to be system constant, n ω and ξ to decide on error dynamics of the system) in block diagram as shown in the following equation:)()()}()(2)({)(2L t X E L t U t e t e t X E t U n n d -⋅--+⋅+⋅+⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅ωξω 2.3. Theoretic settings on TDC gains and practical problemsIn general, the gain setting method for TDC is as follows: theoretically the controller gains of TDC are not necessary to be tuned. For instance, let us consider a case in which a TDC of 2nd order is designed like Eq. (1). First by setting the values of n ω and ξ to define the error dynamics of system, poles of the 2nd order system can be determined. Then, the frequency responses of system is decided on by specific poles. Secondly the value of E to be system constant is specified to be in the region of stability for the stability of the closed-loop system. Namely, according to the desired control specifications, the value of n ω and ξ can be selected, and the value of E can be tuned as close as possible to a limit of the region of stability (Youcef-Toumi & Ito, 1990). However, when a TDC is applied to real system, the setting of controller gains on the TDC has several problems. First, when a reference input is given, it issome practical problem how the locations of poles will be assigned. Furthermore though a trajectory is determined in the form of reference model for following the reference input, the ability of the system for following the trajectory is unknown before the controller is applied to real system (Chin et al., 1994). Secondly the value of E is related to the inertia of the system. In real system, the estimation of the system inertia is another hard problem. The error between the system constant and the estimated E directly affects the error dynamics of the closed-loop system, so it becomes a reason why the system does not follow the prescribed reference model with accuracy (Youcef-Toumi & Reddy, 1992). Thirdly the saturation of actuators or a controller, the friction characteristics of the system, etc. are able to become causes to obstruct the trajectory following (Chang & Park, 2003). The results of the experiments with the theoretical settings of the TDC controller gains were as follows. Because of the compressibility of the working fluid excluded to simplify the system modeling, it is necessary that the damping ratio of the referenceωand ξmodel is designed to be over-damped (ξ>1). It is very difficult to determine properndue to the friction characteristics on the hydraulic system—the friction of hydraulic actuator is generally larger than other actuators. Though the controller gains are tuned for the system to have some satisfied performance via the above mentioned procedures, it is uncertain that they are the optimal gains under a given performance index. Hence, in the case of the real system, the optimal controller gains of TDC can be searched and settled in the given gain regions via the proposed ES-based method.Fig.2.Block diagram of the position control system with a time delay controller.3. Evolution strategiesSince ESs had been developed for solving experimental optimization problems applied to hydrodynamics, they have been successfully applied to various optimization problems. As other evolutionary algorithms, ESs also depend on the concept of a population of individual. Based on initial population selected randomly in specified region, the population evolves toward better fitness regions of the search space through randomized processes of mutation, recombination, and selection. The fitness, given as survivability of eac h individual, reflects the evaluation levelof each individual with respect to a particular objective function defined in each application. The object of this algorithm is to search the optimal solution that maximizes the objective function. Comparing with other evolutionary algorithms, its unique and important characteristic is to include the standard deviation and the covariance of each variable as important algorithm parameters for the Gaussian mutation, which are called strategy parameters. Therefore, the optimization not only takes place on object variables, but also on strategy parameters of them. This optimization mechanism exploits an implicit link between internal model and go od fitness value. The evolution and adaptation of strategy parameters according to the topological surface shape of fitness function has been termed self-adaptation by Back and Schwefel (1996). In addition to it, to use naturally the real-valued vector as the individual, to use the Gaussian mutation as the primary operator for reproduction of the individuals, to be possible to select various recombination operators, and to have stronger selection pressure than the other evolutionary algorithms is the major characteristics of this algorithm.3.1. Differences between genetic algorithms and evolution strategiesIn recent years, the researches on applications of genetic algorithms (GAs) have been performed for the optimization of the controller gains in hydraulic systems (Jeon et al., 1998; Hyun & Lee, 1998). ESs and GAs are probabilistic optimization algorithms gleaned from the similar model of natural evolution. Since these algorithms simultaneously evaluate several points on a search space, it is highly possible that they converge to the global optimum solution. Though there are many similarities between these approaches, there are some notable differences (Back & Schwefel, 1996). The differences can be summarized as follows. ESs operate on floating point vectors, whereas classical GAs operate on binary vectors. It makes that optimized results in GAs are limited by resolution of discrete spaces because search spaces are discrete spaces into which real values are coded. However, some researchers have modified to use real-valued vectors in GAs, and recently GA applications frequently use floating point representation for parameter optimization problems (Michalewicz, 1996; Herrera & Verdegay, 1996).中文译文：对采用进化策略优化电液伺服系统的控制器增益的实验性研究摘要本论文通过进化的方法解决电液位置控制系统的控制器增益的优化问题。
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英文原文中文译文液压支架的最优化设计摘要：本文介绍了从两组不同参数的采矿工程所使用的液压支架（如图1）中选优的流程。
这种流程建立在一定的数学模型之上。
第一步，寻找四连杆机构的最理想的结构参数以便确保支架的理想的运动轨迹有最小的横向位移。
第二步，计算出四连杆有最理想的参数时的最大误差，以便得出最理想的、最满意的液压支架。
图1 液压支架关键词：四连杆机构；优化设计；精确设计；模糊设计；误差1.前言：设计者的目的时寻找机械系统的最优设计。
导致的结果是一个系统所选择的参数是最优的。
一个数学函数伴随着一个合适的系统的数学模型的出现而出现。
当然这数学函数建立在这种类型的系统上。
有了这种数学函数模型，加上一台好的计算机的支持，一定能找出系统最优的参数。
Harl描述的液压支架是斯洛文尼亚的Velenje矿场的采煤设备的一个组成部分，它用来支护采煤工作面的巷道。
它由两组四连杆机构组成，如图2所示.四连杆机构AEDB控制绞结点C 的运动轨迹，四连杆机构FEDG 通过液压泵来驱动液压支架。
图2中，支架的运动，确切的说，支架上绞结点C 点竖向的双纽线的运动轨迹要求横向位移最小。
如果不是这种情况，液压支架将不能很好的工作，因为支架工作在运动的地层上。
实验室测试了一液压支架的原型。
支架表现出大的双纽线位移，这种双纽线位移的方式回见少支架的承受能力。
因此，重新设计很有必要。
如果允许的话，这会减少支架的承受能力。
因此，重新设计很有必要。
如果允许的话，这种设计还可以在最少的成本上下文章。
它能决定去怎样寻找最主要的图2 两四连杆机构四连杆机构数学模型AEDB 的最有问题的参数421,,a a a 。
否则的话这将有必要在最小的机构AEDB 改变这种设计方案。
上面所罗列出的所有问题的解决方案将告诉我们关于最理想的液压支架的答案。
真正的答案将是不同的，因为系统有各种不同的参数的误差，那就是为什么在数学模型的帮助下，参数421,,a a a 允许的最大的误差将被计算出来。
2.液压支架的确定性模型首先，有必要进一步研究适当的液压支架的机械模型。
它有可能建立在下面所列假设之上：（1）连接体是刚性的，（2）单个独立的连接体的运动是相对缓慢的.液压支架是只有一个方向自由度的机械装置。
它的运动学规律可以通过同步的两个四连杆机构FEDG 和AEDB 的运动来模拟。
最主要的四连杆机构对液压支架的运动规律有决定性的影响。
机构2只是被用来通过液压泵来驱动液压支架。
绞结点C 的运动轨迹L 可以很好地来描述液压支架的运动规律。
因此，设计任务就是通过使点C 的轨迹尽可能地接近轨迹K 来找到机构1的最理想的连接长度值。
四连杆机构1的综合可以通过 Rao 和 Dukkipati 给出运动的运动学方程式的帮助来完成。
图3 点C 轨迹L图3描述了一般的情况。
点C 的轨迹L 的方程式将在同一框架下被打印出来。
点C 的相对应的坐标x 和y 随着四连杆机构的独有的参数,,21a a …6a 一起被打印出来。
点B 和D 的坐标分别是x B =x -5a cos θ (1) y B =y -5a sin θ (2) x D =x -6a cos(γθ+) (3) y D =y -6a sin(γθ+) (4) 参数,,21a a …6a 也彼此相关x B 2 +y B 2=22a (5) (x D -α1)2+ y D 2= 24a (6) 把(1) － (4)代入（5）－（6）即可获得支架的最终方程式(x-5a cos θ)2+ (y-5a sin θ)2-22a =0 (7)[x- 6a cos(γθ+)-1a ]2+[ y- 6a sin(γθ+)]2-24a =0 (8)此方程式描述了计算参数421,,a a a 的理想值的最基本的数学模型。
2.1数学模型Haug 和Arora 提议，系统的数学模型可以用下面形式的公式表示 min f(u,v), (9) 约束于g i (u,v)≤0, i=1,2,…,l, (10) 和响应函数h i (u,v)=0, j=1,2,…,m. (11) 向量 u=[u 1,u 2,…,u n ]T 响应设计时的变量, v=[v 1,v 2,…,v m ]T 是可变响应向量，(9)式中的f 是目标函数。
为了使设计的主导四连杆机构AEDB 达到最佳，设计时的变量可被定义为 u=[1a 2a 4a ]T , (12) 可变响应向量可被定义为v=[x y]T . (13) 相应复数α3，α5，α6的尺寸是确定的。
目标函数被定义为理想轨迹K 和实际轨迹L 之间的一些“有差异的尺寸” f(u,v) =max[g 0(y)-f 0(y)]2, (14) 式中x= g 0(y) 是曲线K 的函数，x= f 0(y)是曲线L 的函数。
我们将为系统挑选一定局限性。
这种系统必须满足众所周知的最一般的情况。
()()02143≤+-+a a a a (15)()()04132≤+-+a a a a (16)不等式表达了四连杆机构这样的特性：复数42,a a 只可能只振荡的。
这种情况：u u u ≤≤ (17)给出了设计变量的上下约束条件。
用基于梯度的最优化式方法不能直接的解决(9)–(11)的问题。
min u n+1 (18) 从属于gi(u,v)≤ 0, i=1,2,…,l, (19) f(u,v)- u n+1≤0, (20) 并响应函数hj(u,v)=0, j=1,2,…,m, (21) 式中：u=[u 1 … u n u n+1]T v=[v 1 … v n v n+1]T因此，主导四连杆机构AEDB 的一个非线性设计问题可以被描述为： min α7, (22) 从属于约束()()02143≤+-+a a a a (23)()()04132≤+-+a a a a (24)111a a a ≤≤ , 222a a a ≤≤444a a a ≤≤ (25)[]),(,0)()(7200y y a y f y g ∈≤-- (26)并响应函数：0)sin ()cos (222525=--+-a a y a x θθ (27) 0)]sin([])cos([2426216=-+-+-+-a a y a a x γθγθ (28) 有了上面的公式，使得点C 的横向位移和轨迹K 之间的有最微小的差别变得可能。
结果是参数421,,a a a 有最理想的值。
3.液压支架的随机模型数学模型可以用来计算比如参数421,,a a a 确保轨迹 L 和 K 之间的距离保持最小。
然而端点C 的计算轨迹L 可能有些偏离，因为在运动中存在一些干扰因数。
看这些偏离到底合时与否关键在于这个偏差是否在参数421,,a a a 容许的公差范围内。
响应函数（27）－（28）允许我们考虑响应变量v 的矢量，这个矢量依赖设计变量v 的矢量。
这就意味着v ＝h (v)，函数h 是数学模型（22）－（28）的基础，因为它描述出了响应变量v 的矢量和设计变量v 的矢量以及和数学模型中v 的关系。
同样，函数h 用来考虑参数421,,a a a 的误差值421,,a a a ∆∆∆ 的最大允许值。
在随机模型中，设计变量的矢量u=[u 1,…,u n ]T 可以被看作U=[U 1,…,U n ]T 的随机矢量，也就是意味着响应变量的矢量v=[v 1,…,v n ]T 也是一个随机矢量V=[V 1,V 2,…,V n ]Tv=h(u) (29) 假设设计变量 U 1,…,U n 从概率论的观点以及正常的分类函数U k ～),(k k N σμ (k=1,2,…,n)中独立出来。
主要参数k μ和k σ (k=1,2,…,n)可以与如测量这类科学概念和公差联系起来，比如k μ=k μ,k k σμ3=∆。
所以只要选择合适的存在概率k k k k U μμμμ∆+≤≤∆-， k=1,2,…,n (30) 式（30）就计算出结果。
随机矢量 V 的概率分布函数被探求依赖随机矢量 U 概率分布函数及它实际不可计算性。
因此，随意矢量 V 被描述借助于数学特性，而这个特性被确定是利用Taylor 的有关点 u=[u 1,…,u n ]T 的函数h 逼近描述，或者借助被Oblak 和Harl 在论文提出的Monte Carlo 的方法。
3.1 数学模型用来计算液压支架最优化的容许误差的数学模型将会以非线性问题的独立的变量 w=[1a ∆ 2a ∆ 4a ∆]T (31) 和目标函数421111)(a a a w f ∆+∆+∆=(32) 的型式描述出来。
约束条件0≤-E Y σ (33) 111a a a ∆≤∆≤∆ , 222a a a ∆≤∆≤∆444a a a ∆≤∆≤∆ (34) 在式（33）中，E 是是坐标C 点的x 值的最大允许偏差Y σ，其中j A j ji Y a a g ∆∂∂=∑∈2421)),,((61μμμσ A={1,2,4} (35) 非线性工程问题的计算公差定义式如下： )111min(421a a a ∆+∆+∆ (36) 它服从以下条件：0≤-E Y σ (37) 111a a a ∆≤∆≤∆ , 222a a a ∆≤∆≤∆ (38) 444a a a ∆≤∆≤∆ (39)4.有数字的实列液压支架的工作阻力为1600kN 。
以及四连杆机构AEDB 及FEDG 必须符合以下要求： －它们必须确保铰接点C 的横向位移控制在最小的范围内， －它们必须提供充分的运动稳定性 图2中的液压支架的有关参数列在表1 中。
支撑四杆机构 FEDG 可以由矢量[]T Td b b b b ]1310,1251),1325(,400[,,,4321+= (mm) (40)来确定。
四连杆AEDB 可以通过下面矢量关系来确定。
[]T Ta a a a ]1310,382,1360,674[,,,4321= (mm)在方程(39)中，参数d 是液压支架的移动步距，为925mm .四连杆AEDA 的杆系的有关参数列于表2中。
表 1 液压支架的参数 表 2 四连杆AEDA 的参数4.1四连杆AEDA 的优化四连杆的数学模型AEDA 的相关数据在方程(22)-(28)中都有表述。
(图3)铰接点C 双纽线的横向最大偏距为65mm 。
那就是为什么式(26)为0)65(7≤--a x (41)杆AA 与杆AE 之间的角度范围在76.8o 和94.8o 之间，将数,,21x x …19x 依次导入公式(41)中所得结果列于表3中。
这些点所对应的角,,2122ϕϕ…192ϕ都在角度范围[76.8o ,94.8o ]内而且它们每个角度之差为1o设计变量的最小和最大范围是T u ]0,1280,1330,640[= (mm) (42)T u ]30,1340,1390,700[= (mm) (43)非线性设计问题以方程(22)与(28)的形式表述出来。