肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域分析
肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域分析摘要:肯尼迪一九六一年的就职演说被称作是二十世纪最令人难忘的两次美国总统就职演说之一,引起了国际上的广泛关注。
然而当前对政论性演说的研究主要集中于文体学、修辞学领域,从系统功能语言学角度进行的研究显得相对匮乏。
本文从语场、语旨、语式三个方面分析了被奉为政治演说词经典的肯尼迪《就职演说》中的语域,进而发掘了该演说词的语言特征,加深了对演说者演说意图的理解。
文章不仅丰富了政治演说词已经取得的研究成果,而且验证了语域理论用于政治演说词分析的有效性。
关键词:就职演说;语域特征;语域分析一.引言历届美国总统的就职演说的特点较其他形式的公开演说更为突出,表现在其时间的固定性(一月二十日)、地点的固定性(白宫)、演说者身份的固定性(当选为美国总统的人)、听众的固定性(美国民众和世界各国)、内容的相似性(施政纲领、国内国际形势等)。
此类演说均是历任总统先生经过深思熟虑、字斟句酌的成果,因此往往成为学者和研究者们科学研究的语料。
美国第35届总统约翰••菲茨杰拉德•肯尼迪于1961年1月20日发表的就职演说无论是在内容上还是形式上,均堪称政论性演说中的经典。
对该就职演说的研究集中于文体学和修辞学领域,鲜有从语域角度进行的分析。
本文将语域理论运用于对肯尼迪就职演说词的分析,从一个全新的角度探索政治演说词的特点,一方面可以丰富政治演说词已有的研究成果,另一方面可以验证语域理论用于演说词分析的有效性。
二.文献回顾语域是语言学中的一个重要概念,它初是Reid在1956年研究双语现象时提出来的。
英国籍波兰人类学家马林诺夫斯基(Malinowski)把语境分为三类:话语语境(context of utterance)、文化语境(context of culture)和情景语境(context of situation)。
此后韩礼德等人将文化语境与情景语境的概念与语言系统相结合,并在其著作中进行阐释从而形成了语域理论。
肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析肯尼迪就职演讲是美国历史上最著名、最有影响力的演讲之一、这篇演讲不仅展示了肯尼迪作为一个出色的演说家和领导者的能力,还提出了一系列的优先事项和对美国人民的呼吁。
通过修辞学的分析,我们可以更好地理解肯尼迪就职演讲的力量和演讲者的目的。
首先,肯尼迪在演讲中使用了大量的修辞手法,如排比、重复和对比等。
在开头部分,他使用排比修辞展示了美国面临的挑战和机遇:“我们面临的世界的问题,还从未如此严峻,也从未如此诱人地重新定义自由的新意义。
”这种重复的用法使演讲更加引人注目,增强了演讲中的主题。
同时,对比修辞也在整个演讲中起到了重要的作用,帮助听众更好地理解演讲的重点。
肯尼迪使用了对比来强调不同的观点和价值观,如“不问国家将为你们能做什么,而要看你们为国家能做什么”这句名言。
这种对比的巧妙运用,使听众更深刻地意识到个人责任和社会责任之间的关系。
此外,肯尼迪还使用了双关语和修辞问答等修辞手法,以在演讲中产生共鸣和情感共鸣。
例如,他提到“一个新的一代”:“青春以刻不容缓的激情与热爱自由的决心对垒。
”这种修辞的句子不仅使演讲更具煽动性,也激励了听众对于建设一个更好的未来的渴望。
此外,肯尼迪的措辞在演讲中也十分巧妙。
他通过使用简单而强烈的词汇和直白的语言,使其演讲更具说服力。
例如,他故意使用了一些短语和句子,如“我们能做什么”,“我们要做什么”,以鼓励人们积极主动地参与社会事务。
最后,肯尼迪就职演讲的结构和组织也相当精确。
他将演讲分为几个主题和段落,以帮助展示他对美国面临挑战和未来发展的愿景。
他先回顾了过去的成就和困难,然后提出了构建和平、繁荣和自由的新道路。
最后,他号召每个人积极参与,并表示政府将为实现这一目标提供支持。
通过这种结构和组织,肯尼迪成功地传达了他的信息,并激发了广泛的积极响应。
总的来说,肯尼迪就职演讲利用了各种修辞手法、精确的措辞和恰当的组织结构,以强有力的方式向听众传达了他的信息和目标。
从文体学角度分析肯尼迪的《就职演说》
从文体学角度分析肯尼迪的《就职演说》卢婕王子勤四川外语学院成都学院(成都) 611731图文分类号: H0摘要:本文从文体学的角度出发对著名的政治演说——肯尼迪的《就职演说》中所使用的文体手段进行了详尽的分析。
在语音层面赏析了文章对头韵、谐元韵、尾韵的运用;在词汇层面分析其选词的准确性;在语法层面剖析其句法特点,尤其是大量的祈使句和长短句型相间的特点;在语篇层面解读其语篇结构和包括隐喻、排比、重复、对偶等修辞技巧。
本文通过从语音、词汇、语法和语篇四个层面进行分析,引导读者从文体学角度赏析作者所达到的音、义、形的完美结合。
关键词:肯尼迪;《就职演说》;文体手段;语音;词汇;语法;语篇Abstract: The paper analyzes the stylistic approaches used in John. F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address and guides the readers to appreciate its’perfect combination of sound, meaning and form from phonetic, lexical, syntactic and discourse levels. Phonetically, the essay analyzes alliteration, assonance and rhyme; lexically, it focuses on the precision of word choosing; syntactically; it parses the use of imperative sentences and the alternation of long and short sentences; textually, it dissects its’structure and rhetorical devices, such as metaphor, parallelism, repetition and antithesis.Key words: John. F. Kennedy; Inaugural Address;stylistic approaches; phonetic; lexical; syntactic; discourse肯尼迪的就职演说与富兰克林·德拉诺·罗斯福的第一次就职演说被并称为20世纪最令人难忘的两次美国总统就职演说,共计1355个单词的演说成为激励型语言和呼吁公民义务的典范之作。
肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析---精品管理资料
暗喻
1。……that thetorchhas been passed to a new generation of Americans……(Para 3)
2.But we shall always hope to find them stronglysupporting their own freedom —- and to remember that,in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of thetigerended up inside。(Para 7)
Synecdoche
提喻
1.……—- both sides overburdened by the cost of modern weapons, both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadlyatom, yet bothracing to alter that uncertain balance of terror that stays the hand of mankind’s final war.(Para 13)
4。To that worldassembly of sovereign states,theUnited Nations,our last besthope in an age where the instruments of war have faroutpaced the instruments of peace,we renew our pledge of support -—toprevent it from becoming merely a forum for invective,tostrengthen its shield of the new and the weak, andtoenlarge the area in which its writ may run。(Para 10)
肯尼迪就职演讲修辞
肯尼迪就职演讲修辞美国总统约翰·菲兹杰拉德·肯尼迪自幼受到良好的教育,后毕业于哈佛大学。
他发表于1961年1月20日的就职演说中字字、旬句、段段都是经过精心雕琢,其中最大的特点就是大量修辞格的运用。
修辞就是运用语言的时候,根据特定的目的精心选择语言的过程,力求把语言表达的清晰、生动、精彩.它包含有各种修辞格。
演说词中各种修辞格的运用可使得演说词条理清晰,琅琅上口,气势恢宏,引人共鸣.本文拟对肯尼迪就职演说中的修辞进行研究.一、Parallelism{平行)英语Parallelism,意即alongside one another(并排).其基本用法是将结构相同或类似、意义相关或并重、语气也前后一致的语言成分平行并列在一起。
平行的构成可体现于各个语言层次,如单词、短语、从句、句子。
这篇演说词中平行的构成不仅体现在这些方面,而且还体现在段落之间。
(黑体字部分表示运用了修辞格,阻下与此相同)。
单词方面的有:The energy,the faith,the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will⋯短语、从句方面的有:⋯bom in this century,tempered by war,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace,proud of our ancient heritage,and unwillingto wimess or permit the slow undoing ofthese human rights to which this nation has always been committed,and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.仅仅这一段话就包含三组平行结构。
第一组是过去分词引起的短语,第二组是形容词引起的短语,第三组是个定语从旬。
InauguralAddress肯尼迪就职演说修辞总结[五篇范文]
InauguralAddress肯尼迪就职演说修辞总结[五篇范文]第一篇:Inaugural Address肯尼迪就职演说修辞总结synecdoche / si'nekdəki /:substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versaInaugural Address肯尼迪就职演说修辞总结美国总统肯尼迪的就职演说辞沿袭古希腊,罗马的修辞及文风精心选用语言句式,注意音韵效果,字字句句经过刻意雕琢。
一、Alliteration是一种常见的反复类音韵修辞格,恰当使用Alliteration能赋予语言以音韵美和节奏美,起到演染气氛烘托感情加强语言表现力等效果, 如:• Let the word go forth.....that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans.“(para3)• In order to assure the survival and the success of liberty …• Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors.Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.(para17)• …both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom(para13)二、UnderstatementUnderstatement的修辞功能在肯尼迪这篇演说辞中”首先体现在它是一种政界辞令“整篇文章”没有直截了当地对国际形势进行分析“ 更没有一处提到一个国家的名字或具体事例”一切都隐晦委婉模糊不清"例如三、1.We dare not tempt them with weakness.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.(我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们因为只有当我们毫无疑问地拥有足够的军事装备时我们才能真正有把握地确信永远不会使用武力)para12一场规模空前的军备竞赛的动因被说成了We dare not tempt them with weakness.Understatement的运用变主动为被动变张牙舞爪为委曲求全2.United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures.Divided there is little we can do for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.para6(团结,将使我们在许多合作事业中无往而不胜,分裂,我们将一事无成)三、parallelism(平行结构)parallelism是将结构相同或相似,意义并重语气一致的语言成分、短语、句子乃至语段等并行排列的一种修辞手法,这种辞格可以使语言简洁明了,结构精致对称,声调铿锵有力、叙事生动逼真语意鲜明突出。
肯尼迪就职演讲修辞分析
slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation
has always been committed, and to which we are
committed today at home and around the world. (Para 3)
a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as change.
(Para 1)
2. And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country. (Para 25)
2. Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty. (Para 4)
a beginning -- signifying renewal, as well as chad go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike…… (Para 3)
3. To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break the bonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves……(Para 8)
肯尼迪演讲修辞方法分析-PPT
1.Born in this century , tempered by war ,disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage –and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights.to which this Nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.
well as change.
2.If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.
3.For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed.
riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.(para7) 2.To those peoples in the huts and villages across the globe struggling
Inaugural Address肯尼迪就职演说修辞总结
synecdoche/si'nekdəki/:substituting a more inclusive term for a less inclusive one or vice versa Inaugural Address肯尼迪就职演说修辞总结美国总统肯尼迪的就职演说辞沿袭古希腊,罗马的修辞及文风精心选用语言句式,注意音韵效果,字字句句经过刻意雕琢。
一、Alliteration是一种常见的反复类音韵修辞格,恰当使用Alliteration能赋予语言以音韵美和节奏美,起到演染气氛烘托感情加强语言表现力等效果, 如:•Let the word go forth.....that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americans."(para3)•In order to assure the survival and the success of liberty …•Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce.(para17)•…both rightly alarmed by the steady spread of the deadly atom(para13)二、UnderstatementUnderstatement的修辞功能在肯尼迪这篇演说辞中"首先体现在它是一种政界辞令"整篇文章"没有直截了当地对国际形势进行分析" 更没有一处提到一个国家的名字或具体事例"一切都隐晦委婉模糊不清"例如三、1.We dare not tempt them with weakness. For only when our arms are sufficient beyond doubt can we be certain beyond doubt that they will never be employed. (我们不敢以怯弱来引诱他们因为只有当我们毫无疑问地拥有足够的军事装备时我们才能真正有把握地确信永远不会使用武力)para12一场规模空前的军备竞赛的动因被说成了We dare not tempt them with weakness. Understatement的运用变主动为被动变张牙舞爪为委曲求全2. United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do for we dare not meet a powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.para6(团结,将使我们在许多合作事业中无往而不胜,分裂,我们将一事无成)三、parallelism(平行结构)parallelism是将结构相同或相似,意义并重语气一致的语言成分、短语、句子乃至语段等并行排列的一种修辞手法,这种辞格可以使语言简洁明了,结构精致对称,声调铿锵有力、叙事生动逼真语意鲜明突出。
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[Taking the oath of Office]1.Vice President Johnson, Mr. Speaker, Mr. Chief Justice, President Eisenhower, VicePresident Nixon, President Truman, reverend clergy, fellow citizens:2.We observe today not a victory of party, but a celebration of freedom-- symbolizingan end, as well as a beginning-- signifying renewal, as well as change. For I have sworn before you and Almighty God the same solemn oath our forebears prescribed nearly a century and three-quarters ago.修辞分析:运用了Antithesis 的修辞手法,前后结构一致,语义相反,容易吸引观众的注意,达到演讲词开篇引人入胜的目的。
这里“a victory of party”和“a celebration of freedom”,“an end”和“a beginning”等等分别构成对照,强调这不是一个政党的胜利,而是自由的胜利,是结束也是开端,是更新也是变革。
3.The world is very different now. For man holds in his mortal hands the power toabolish all forms of human poverty and all forms of human life. And yet the same revolutionary beliefs for which our forebears fought are still at issue around the globe -- the belief that the rights of man come not from the generosity of the state, but from the hand of God.修辞分析:该段子划线部分都运用了Repetition的修辞手法。
这里重复的使用主要是为了分清层次,加强演讲词的节奏感和音律美,使读起来朗朗上口。
4.We dare not forget today that we are the heirs of that first revolution. Let theword go forth from this time and place, to friend and foe alike, -- born in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritage, and unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed, and to which we are committed today at home and around the world.修辞分析:该段落划线部分运用了Parallelism 的修辞手法。
总共包括三组排比句,如段中所示,第一组是过去分词引起的短语,第二组是形容词引起的短语,第三组是定语从句。
排比句结构平衡,音韵和谐,语义紧凑,高潮迭起,极富感召力与鼓动性。
排比的大量使用既能起到突出演讲主题的作用,又能令句子流畅,读起来朗朗上口,极富音乐般的节奏和感染力。
5.Let every nation know, whether it wishes us well or ill, that we shall pay any price,bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, to assure the survival and the success of liberty.修辞分析:这句话运用了Repetition和Alliteration双重的修辞手法。
首先是头韵法,如段中阴影部分,“p ay price”“b ear burden”“s urvival s uccess”“f riend f oe”等这些头韵法的合理使用不仅使演说朗朗上口,富于乐感,从而抓住听众的注意力,而且通过在词首重复使用相同的辅音,使得音韵悠扬,节奏明快,增强了表现力,给人以深刻的印象,为演说增添了光彩。
其二段中“any”的重复使用使演讲者观点紧凑,重点突出,有能很有效的调动听众的情感,从而达到演讲的目的。
6.This much we pledge -- and more.7.To those old allies whose cultural and spiritual origins we share, we pledge theloyalty of faithful friends. United there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative ventures. Divided there is little we can do -- for we dare not meeta powerful challenge at odds and split asunder.修辞分析:段中划线部分运用了Antithesis的修辞手法。
这里主要是“united”和“divided”的对照,一方面使得两句话对称整齐,音律和谐,读起来脍炙人口。
另一方面强调了语义的对立,突出了“如果团结一致,我们就能在许多合作事业中无往而不胜,如果分歧对立,我们便会一事无成”这个主要观点。
8.To those new states whom we welcome to the ranks of the free, we pledge our wordthat one form of colonial control shall not have passed away merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. We shall not always expect to find them supporting our view. But we shall always hope to find them strongly supporting their own freedom -- and to remember that, in the past, those who foolishly sought power by riding the back of the tiger ended up inside.修辞分析:该段划线部分运用了Repetition的修辞手法,“shall”的重复使用使句式结构紧凑,重点突出,同时调动听众的情感,引起共鸣,很好得表达了美国政府的决心和信念。
运用了Metaphor的修辞手法。
用比喻来阐述道理,使听众于生动的形象中得到启发,受到感染,折服于演说家。
这一句既表明演说家的态度,同时也是对本段上文的形象化总结,这远比讲美国今后不会对加入自由国家行列的其他国家进行奴役之类的承诺有说服力得多。
9.To those people in the huts and villages of half the globe struggling to break thebonds of mass misery, we pledge our best efforts to help them help themselves, for whatever period is required -- not because the Communists may be doing it, not because we seek their votes, but because it is right. If a free society cannot help the many who are poor, it cannot save the few who are rich.修辞分析:该段落划线部分中运用了Metaphor的修辞手法。
该短语将“mass misery”对世界各地人民的折磨隐喻为“bonds”,即枷锁,形象生动地将抽象的事物变得简单易懂,使听众易于接受和理解,并使能够引起听众的共鸣,达到演讲的效果。
运用了Repetition的修辞手法。
该句中“because”的重复使用一方面产生了音律美,使句式整齐匀称,另一方面突出了演讲者所要表达的观点,调动了听众的情绪。
运用了Antithesis的修辞手法。
该句中句式非常对称整齐,读起来朗朗上口,简洁明了,音律和谐。
同时通过语义上的对立突出强调了“如果不能帮助处在贫困中的人们,美国也就不能拯救少数的富人”这一观点。
10.T o our sister republics south of our border, we offer a special pledge: to convertour good words into good deeds, in a new alliance for progress, to assist free men and free governments in casting off the chains of poverty. But this peaceful revolution of hope cannot become the prey of hostile powers. Let all our neighbors know that we shall join with them to oppose aggression or subversion anywhere in the Americas. And let every other power know that this hemisphere intends to remain the master of its own house.修辞分析:该段落划线部分中和运用了Metaphor的修辞手法。