雅思小作文写作教学提纲
雅思作文备考提纲18篇
雅思作文备考提纲18篇一、跳槽的原因及解决办法1.相关词汇：Fierce competition heavy pressure job-hopping is looked upon to move upwardquickly, keep skill fresh and up to date acclimatize themselves to the rapidly changing society2.原因：(1)社会压力大，人们的竞争意识增强，不断改变以适应社会的变化(2)处于个人发展的需要，寻求升职，更新知识(3)金钱的诱惑，不在乎在哪儿工作，做什么职业，只要挣钱多(4)家庭原因，spouse工作地点改变或孩子去其他地方上学3.解决方法：考试大论坛(1)要理性看待，一般来说，stability equals success(2)chronic job-hopper将被questioned integrity and loyalty ,not reliable(3)政府和mass media应该鼓励人们扎根一个地方，扎扎实实干事业，并且尽可能提高welfare,改善城市和community的环境，留住人才(4)公司应该提高工资待遇，给employee创造一个良好的工作环境，在保证企业利润的同时要考虑员工个人发展，增加培训，扩充员工的知识二、大学是否应该根据就业教授学生知识，大学的主要功能是什么平衡写：来源：考试大1. 认为应该提供实际知识的：(1)大学生毕业就要找工作，因此要培养学生掌握future job的技能(2)有人甚至声称理论没用，不是每个大学生都要做科学家2. 反对方来源：(1) It will definitely be shortsighted to…目光短浅理论知识非常重要，理论指导实践，大学的职责不仅是教会学生一门技术，更重要的是教授一种方法(2) 不学理论只学实际知识，会使学生变成utilitarian, narrow-minded, lack of imagination，如果学生要学的只是生存的技能，那就去vocational school3. 总之，我认为大学的功能是versatile的，促进学生all-around development,培养学生具有creative mind in some special field,而不只是教授该领域的实际知识，可以通过一些part-time job来获得。
雅思写作基本培训提纲--何川
雅思写作基本培训Unit 0: describe data from a chart or table. In this unit you will learn how to write a paragraph where you describe the modules of the IELTS test, using data from a table.Unit 1: practice describing a pie chart.Unit2: how to write the first body part of an essay which describes the benefits, or advantages of something.Unit3: how to write a paragraph where you describe a bar chart.Unit4: how to write a body paragraph of a Task 2 essay which asks you to describe a problem or an issue.Unit5: how to write a paragraph using data from a table.Unit6: Practice writing a paragraph where you describe, compare and contrast the information in a bar chart.Unit7: how to write two body paragraphs of a Task 2 essay which asks you to give your opinion on an issue.Unit8: describe a line graph showing changes over time.Unit9: Task 2. Describe solutions to a problem or an issue.Unit10: opinion on censorship.Unit11: learn to write an introduction and the body paragraphs of an essay which discusses advantages and disadvantages.Unit12: describe a pie chart. Practice writing a paragraph where you describe the information in a pie chart. (比较Unit1 pie chart)Unit13: describe a process. 流程图Unit14: learn to use different tenses to describe change over time and into future.Unit15: write an introduction and two body paragraphs for an essay which discusses causes and effects. 提到展开原因的方法，参见托福教案的段落展开方式。
雅思写作课程大纲
雅思写作课程大纲一、课程简介本课程旨在帮助学员提高雅思写作分数，全面掌握写作技巧和策略，增强语言表达能力。
二、课程目标1.了解雅思写作考试的要求和评分标准；2.掌握各种写作任务的解题思路和结构；3.提高词汇和语法应用水平，准确表达观点；4.培养批判性思维，撰写有逻辑性的论证文章。
三、课程内容1.写作任务分析和备考策略- 阅读并理解题目要求；- 分析题目，确定写作任务；- 制定备考策略。
2.字词和句子表达- 词汇拓展及词义辨析；- 句子结构多样化和语法应用；- 合适使用高级词汇和短语。
3.论证和段落结构- 论述型、观点型及问题型作文的结构； - 文章段落组织和内部逻辑；- 扩展观点和提供例子的方法。
4.作文计划和草稿- 制定写作计划和时间管理；- 按计划构思和编写草稿；- 优化思路和逻辑结构。
5.文章评分和自我修正- 了解雅思写作评分标准；- 学会自我评估和修正文章；- 分析范文和错误示范。
四、教学方法1.示范与指导- 教师示范写作过程，并解释策略；- 指导学员根据示范进行练习。
2.互动讨论- 学员之间和学员与教师之间的互动讨论； - 提供学员机会展示和分享作文观点。
3.练习与反馈- 给予学员大量练习机会；- 提供详细的反馈和建议。
五、评估方式1.模拟考试- 定期模拟考试，以检验学员的写作能力； - 模拟考试后进行答案讲解和评分。
2.作业批改- 对学员书面作业进行批改；- 提供详细的反馈和建议。
六、课程时长安排本课程共分为12个单元，共计36课时。
七、学员要求1.具备英语基础，掌握基本词汇和语法知识；2.熟悉雅思写作考试要求和评分标准。
八、教材1.《雅思考试官方指南》2.《雅思写作高级技巧指南》3.其他相关辅助教材九、结课考核1.综合写作模拟考试2.书面作业评估十、总结本课程将通过系统的讲解、示范和大量练习，帮助学员提高写作能力，为顺利应对雅思写作考试打下坚实基础。
通过课程的学习，学员将掌握解题技巧，提高字词和句子表达水平，熟悉各类文章结构，并能有效地组织论证和提供例子。
雅思小作文pie chart教学提纲
Introduction
• Sentence patterns:
• The pie chart(s) shows/ illustrates/ reveals/suggests/ demonstrates/ indicates/ describes…
• Or
Introduction
• How to paraphrase:
Fast Food Preferences of Teenபைடு நூலகம்gers in the USA
7%
3%
9%
33%
22%
26% Hamburgers Pizza French Fries Fried Chicken Tacos Sushi
The pie chart shows the fast foods that teenagers prefer in the USA.
• 定语从句：The percentage of the people who chose to work in the industrial sector / were employed in the industrial sector covered 42%.
• Comparatively, working in the industrial sector would be most people’s choice (42%) among all the sectors in 1932.
Body之单饼
• 可先按照扇形面积大小从大到小排列数据。主体段在 描写各个扇形数据的时候，要注意详略，即最大和第 二大的扇形要重点描述。
Lexical Resources
百分比的表达: percentage，proportion, share a large/ substantial proportion of, a significant percentage of
雅思写作之写作笔记纲要
雅思写作之写作笔记纲要一、小作文：1.首段：1-2句（90%一句简单句或者复杂句均可）2.中间段1：2-3句（一般2句复杂句，1句简单句）中间段2：2-3句（一般2句复杂句，1句简单句）注:复杂句95%为并列句，偶有状语从句。
3.末端：1句（简单句或者复杂句均可）4.全篇150-180字，160字左右最佳。
简单句平均15字，复杂句平均30字。
中间段、复杂句隔离分析。
以上数据加上中间段复杂句的单独分析，于是不难解决一个重大问题：小作文数据信息的择取问题——这也是小作文写作的核心问题。
小作文最难的地方在于如何取舍有效数据。
哪些该表达，哪些不需要。
数据多时，如何取重要的；数据少时,如何榨搅。
5.解决方法：中间段只写两大信息点。
每个大信息点用两个小信息点并列式组成。
这样构成2个复合句。
其余信息用一个简单句补充。
二、大作文：1.首段：2-3句：需要表达自己观点时-3句，不需要就2句。
其中1-2个复杂句，1个简单句。
2.中间段1：3-4句：2-3句复杂句，1-2句简单句。
80%复杂句为并列句、状语从句、名词性从句、另外，多插入语。
介词短语和分词短语。
中间段2：（同上）3.末段：2-3句。
（2个复杂句，1个简单句）4.全篇：250-290字，270字左右为最佳。
简单句平均14字，复杂句平均28字。
中间段单独分析。
中间段考官从未采取列点法写作。
该方法容易给人空洞感。
现在的考官需要实在的逻辑分析，而不是列几点，然后每点给一句话的解释。
这些完全是不够的。
考官的论证方法如下：1. 观点——正面递进——举例论证——结论2.观点——反面驳论——正面论证——举例3. 观点——正面递进——正面再递进——结论以上可以看出考官看任何一主题段从来都只谈一点，然后充分谈透（给出严密的论证过程）。
结论段给论点也是高分的亮点，考前应充分准备几个常用观点。
第三步，素材准备。
对于像我这样写作没有什么功底，又很少练习的，要想到考试时间紧张的情况下写出高质量的句子，用高级的词汇。
雅思英语作文提纲模板
雅思英语作文提纲模板英文回答：Introduction:In the international arena, the ability to communicate effectively in English has become increasingly indispensable. For individuals seeking to enhance their English proficiency and demonstrate their language skills, the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) has emerged as a widely recognized and respected standardized test. This comprehensive exam assesses candidates' proficiency in four core language skills: listening, reading, writing, and speaking.In this guide, we will provide a comprehensive template to assist candidates in strategically approaching the IELTS writing task 2. This template will offer a structured framework, assisting candidates in developing well-organized and coherent responses that effectively addressthe task requirements.Task 2 Format Outline:Introduction:Paraphrase the topic/question。
雅思写作课程大纲
雅思写作课程大纲导语：雅思写作是雅思考试综合评分的重要组成部分，写作能力对于考生来说至关重要。
本课程旨在帮助学生提高雅思写作能力，掌握写作技巧，并在雅思考试中取得理想的成绩。
以下是本课程的大纲：第一部分：写作概述1. 雅思写作考试简介- 雅思写作考试的重要性- 各类写作任务的要求2. 写作评分标准解析- 任务完成度评分标准- 语法和词汇使用评分标准- 结构和组织评分标准- 语言的流利度和连贯度评分标准3. 写作技巧概述- 选择合适的题型和写作方式- 如何构思和组织论点- 使用范例和引文提高可信度- 解读题目关键词和限定词第二部分：任务型写作1. 图表、表格和图形任务- 如何正确解读数据和信息- 概括和比较数据- 描述趋势和变化2. 流程图和地图任务- 描述图中的步骤和过程- 使用时间和连接词汇标明顺序3. 多图和混合图任务- 描述多个图表之间的相互关系 - 总结和对比不同数据来源第三部分：观点型写作1. 论述型议论文- 强调个人观点和立场- 论据和例证的使用和罗列- 反驳和回应对立观点2. 问题解决型议论文- 分析问题的原因和影响- 提出解决方案的可行性- 展望未来的效果和结果3. 利弊分析型议论文- 分析问题相关的好处和坏处- 对比和权衡正反观点- 最后给出自己的结论第四部分：任务型写作1. 书信类任务- 正式和非正式书信的写作要点 - 各类书信的开头和结尾格式- 表达感谢、询问、投诉等的技巧2. 报告类任务- 描述问题或现象的背景信息- 使用分段和标题突出主要内容 - 提供可行的建议或解决方案3. 议论文- 阐述自己的观点和立场- 使用论据和案例支持论点- 充分回应对立观点和反驳结语：通过本课程的学习，学生将能够全面掌握雅思写作的技巧和要领，提高自己的写作能力，为取得理想的雅思成绩打下坚实的基础。
欢迎感兴趣的学生加入我们的雅思写作课程，一起努力取得优异的成绩！。
2021年雅思写作提纲
2021年雅思写作提纲
当涉及到雅思写作提纲，通常会根据不同的题型和要求来确定。
以下是一些可能的写作提纲，根据不同的题型：
1. 议论文（Argumentative Essay）：
引言，简要介绍话题，提出观点。
主体段落，列举论据支持观点，每个段落一个论据，包括事实、数据、案例等。
反驳观点，讨论可能存在的反对意见，然后进行驳斥。
结论，总结观点，强调重要性。
2. 问题解决型文章（Problem-Solution Essay）：
引言，介绍问题，解释其重要性。
问题阐述，详细描述问题及其影响。
解决方案，提出可行的解决方案，包括具体步骤和预期效果。
结论，强调解决问题的重要性，可能的挑战和长期影响。
3. 对比型文章（Comparison Essay）：
引言，简要介绍对比的两个主题。
主体段落，分别介绍两个主题的特点、优缺点等。
对比分析，比较两个主题的异同点，可能的影响。
结论，总结对比结果，强调重要性。
以上提纲仅供参考，实际写作时需根据具体题目和要求进行调整。
在写作过程中，要确保提纲清晰、逻辑严谨，同时注意使用适
当的连接词和过渡句，使文章结构紧凑、连贯。
雅思备考写作提纲二
五、考试1、Used as a chief means of deciding whether a student succeeds or fail ina subject.2、不能evaluate one‘s true ability.只是测试memory or the skill of working rapidly under pressure.高分does not mean possessing creativityin dealing1 various problems。
3、Encourage bad study habits，emphasis on memorizing 考试内容rather than to think.考试前非常用功，但是考试后forget all the information。
4、lower the standards of teaching，deprive teachers of freedom. Teacher are judge by the examination results of students，老师只顾教了考试技巧。
5、考试是可以作为评判学生的一个依据，但是不能是唯一evaluation。
六、科技（电话，电脑）的利与弊1、On the positive side（1）make life faster，easier and safer（2）the world is becoming smaller and closer，trains cars plains make possible to travel to distant places（3）modern communication tools，使人们更好的交流，与任何地方的人交流，特别使促进了business的发展（4）longer life expectancy2由于progress of medical science（5）电影电视made life enjoyable and colorful（6）计算机和Internet get information easier，make friends，business，tele-education2、On the negative side（1）机器的使用造成unemployment（2）电话和互联网的使用alienate people from their friends 因为lack adequate face-to-face communication.（3）Children 缺乏essential interpersonal skills.Those who indulge in … often feel isolated3 and being cut off from the outside world，they tend to be more introverted，self-centered and with drawn4.七、彻底禁止吸烟（反对）1、从经济方面：contribute much to government revenue，如果baned ，则会导致unemployment2、从权利方面：Smoking just a hobby and amusement，人们有权选择自己的lifestyle3、从健康方面：必须承认抽烟是detrimental5 to health，但是the harm is exaggerated.如果控制每天的吸烟量，不会对健康造成devastating6 problem. 而且还有relieve stress 和calm down.历史上有一些伟人吸烟，毛泽东，邓小平，他们仍然enjoy long life expectancy.八、老年人问题1、提出观点：take care by children 和in nursing homes 各有优缺点2、在家：老人可以享受与家人交流的机会，这样他们不会孤独，而且还可以照顾小孩，而且他们的经验对人们的事业和家庭生活都有帮助。
《基础雅思写作》课程教学大纲
《基础雅思写作》课程教学大纲课程名称：基础雅思写作英文名称：IELTS Foundation Writing课程编码：总学时：56 实验学时：0 学分：3.5适用对象：国际教育学院中荷项目本科一年级学生先修课程：高中英语大纲主撰人：杜彦强大纲审核人：付曼一、课程性质、目的和任务1. 课程性质：《基础雅思写作》是为我校中外合作办学项目本科生一年级开设的一门主要的英语技能专业必修课，是高中阶段英语写作的继续，是一门综合性很强的应用型课程。
2. 目的：在巩固现阶段写作技能的基础上，学生通过英语写作基本理论的学习，进一步提升他们的英语写作能力，使之从初级阶段的句子和段落过渡到本科阶段的整篇文章的撰写。
3. 任务：经过严谨的写作训练，掌握实用文体，即信件的写作方法，以及图表类作文的写作方法，提高学生的整体英文写作水平，帮助有意赴荷兰等国家留学的同学在雅思考试的写作部分取得6分以上的良好成绩。
二、教学内容及要求1．课程教学的基本要求通过本课程的教学，逐渐提高学生的观察、思维和运用英语的能力。
要求学生掌握书信以及图表类的基本格式和手法以及在应用文写作和图表类写作中的常用词汇、常用表达法及各种注意事项，力求做到书写符合体裁的要求，用词表达准确、文章规范。
通过讲授英文文体和体裁的写作基本知识和技巧，特别强调进行大量的写作实践，要求学生较好地掌握英文写作的基本原理、表现手法和写作技能，能用英语写出投诉信、感谢信、邀请函等日常应用文以及雅思考试图表类的文章。
2．教学大纲内容、教学时间和顺序教学内容及学时分配如下：1）雅思写作概述2学时2）雅思写作基本语法概述8学时3）雅思写作培训类信件写作14学时投诉信、感谢信、道歉信、咨询信、求助信、建议信、求职申请信、邀请信4）雅思图表类作文写作：32学时线状图、柱状图、表格、饼状图、示意图、复合图表具体教学内容安排：第一章雅思写作概述授课学时： 2基本要求：第1节雅思写作介绍第2节雅思写作评分标准第3节雅思写作步骤重点：明确雅思写作的类型与特点难点：雅思写作的基本要求第二章雅思写作基本语法概述授课学时：8基本要求：第1节雅思写作基本句式第2节雅思句子的种类第3节长句的分析和写作第4节非谓语动词重点：句子的基本写作及扩充难点：长难句和非谓语动词第三章雅思写作培训类信件写作总授课学时：14第1节投诉信（letter of complaint）授课学时：2基本要求：投诉信的写作要点和注意事项投诉信常用表达方式投诉信的例文分析学生作文分析重点：常用表达方式难点：同伴评价作文，分析同学作文中出现的问题，并提出修改方案第2节感谢信（thank-you letter）授课学时：2基本要求：感谢信的写作要点和注意事项感谢信常用表达方式感谢信的例文分析学生作文分析重点：常用表达方式难点：同伴评价作文，分析同学作文中出现的问题，并提出修改方案第3节道歉信（letter of apologizing）授课学时：2基本要求：道歉信的写作要点和注意事项道歉信常用表达方式道歉信的例文分析学生作文分析重点：常用表达方式难点：同伴评价作文，分析同学作文中出现的问题，并提出修改方案第4节咨询信（letter of inquiry）授课学时：2基本要求：咨询信的写作要点和注意事项咨询信常用表达方式咨询信的例文分析学生作文分析重点：常用表达方式难点：同伴评价作文，分析同学作文中出现的问题，并提出修改方案第5节求助信（letter of request）授课学时：2基本要求：求助信的写作要点和注意事项求助信常用表达方式求助信的例文分析学生作文分析重点：常用表达方式难点：同伴评价作文，分析同学作文中出现的问题，并提出修改方案第6节建议信（letter of suggestion）授课学时：2基本要求：建议信的写作要点和注意事项建议信常用表达方式建议信的例文分析学生作文分析重点：常用表达方式难点：同伴评价作文，分析同学作文中出现的问题，并提出修改方案第7节申请信授课学时：2基本要求：申请信的写作要点和注意事项申请信常用表达方式申请信的例文分析学生作文分析重点：常用表达方式难点：同伴评价作文，分析同学作文中出现的问题，并提出修改方案第四章雅思图表类作文写作总授课学时：32第1节概述授课学时：2基本要求写作字数和时间的要求写作内容要求图表作文评分标准图表作文写作原则图表作文结构重点：作文结构、评分标准难点：图表作文写作原则第2节线状图（line/curve graph）授课学时：4基本要求描述趋势变化常用词汇例文分析单条曲线的描述多条曲线的描述练习讲解重点：学生作文分析难点：图表信息的客观描述⏹课外项目：调查研究（绘图并撰写曲线图报告）第3节柱状图（bar/column chart）授课学时：4基本要求描述柱状图的常用词汇例文分析练习讲解重点：学生作文分析难点：图表信息的客观描述⏹课外项目：调查研究（绘图并撰写柱状图报告）第4节表格（table）授课学时：4描述表格的常用词汇例文分析练习讲解重点：学生作文分析难点：图表信息的客观描述⏹课外项目：调查研究（绘图并撰写表格报告）第5节饼状图（pie chart）授课学时：4基本要求描述饼状图的常用词汇例文分析练习讲解重点：学生作文分析难点：图表信息的客观描述⏹课外项目：调查研究（绘图并撰写饼状图报告）第6节示意图（diagrams）授课学时：4基本要求描述示意图的常用词汇例文分析练习讲解重点：学生作文分析难点：图表信息的客观描述⏹课外项目：调查研究（绘图并撰写示意图报告）第7节复合图表（mix of diagrams）授课学时：4描述示意图的常用词汇例文分析练习讲解重点：学生作文分析难点：图表信息的客观描述课外项目：调查研究（绘图并撰写复合图表报告）第8节图表类作文写作复习授课学时：2三、学时分配课程总学时为56，理论学时56。
雅思读写教学大纲
一、教学目标1. 提高学生的英语阅读和写作能力，使其能够适应雅思考试的要求。
2. 培养学生良好的阅读习惯，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
3. 培养学生清晰的逻辑思维和条理分明的表达能力，提高写作水平。
4. 帮助学生掌握雅思考试的结构、题型和评分标准，提高应试能力。
5. 培养学生自主学习和合作学习的意识，提高学习效率。
二、教学内容1. 雅思阅读教学（1）阅读技巧：快速阅读、略读、扫读、寻读等技巧。
（2）阅读理解：主旨大意、细节理解、推断判断、作者态度等。
（3）词汇：雅思考试中常见的词汇和短语，提高词汇量。
（4）长篇阅读：培养学生的阅读速度和理解能力。
2. 雅思写作教学（1）写作技巧：观点表达、论据支持、段落结构等。
（2）写作题型：小作文（图表作文、书信作文等）和大作文（议论文、说明文等）。
（3）评分标准：雅思写作的评分标准，包括任务回应、连贯与衔接、词汇资源、语法范围与准确性。
（4）范文分析：通过分析优秀范文，提高写作水平。
三、教学方法1. 讲授法：教师讲解阅读和写作技巧，引导学生掌握方法。
2. 案例分析法：通过分析实际雅思阅读和写作题目，帮助学生提高解题能力。
3. 小组讨论法：学生分组讨论，互相学习，共同提高。
4. 互动教学法：教师与学生互动，及时解答学生疑问。
5. 任务驱动法：布置阅读和写作任务，让学生在实践中提高能力。
6. 翻译法：通过翻译练习，提高学生的词汇和语法水平。
四、教学进度1. 阅读教学（1）第1-4周：介绍雅思阅读题型、技巧和策略。
（2）第5-8周：练习不同类型的阅读题目，提高阅读速度和理解能力。
（3）第9-12周：分析长篇阅读，提高阅读深度。
2. 写作教学（1）第1-4周：介绍雅思写作题型、技巧和策略。
（2）第5-8周：练习小作文和大作文，提高写作水平。
（3）第9-12周：分析优秀范文，提高写作技巧。
五、教学评价1. 定期进行阅读和写作测试，了解学生的学习进度。
2. 针对学生的弱点，制定个性化辅导计划。
英文作文提纲及结构
英文作文提纲及结构提纲：1. 为什么学英语很重要？2. 学习英语的难点和解决方法。
3. 如何提高英语口语？4. 如何扩大英语词汇？5. 结论，学习英语的必要性和方法。
英文：Learning English is very important for many reasons. Firstly, English is the most widely spoken language in the world, and it is the language of international business, science, and technology. Secondly, knowing English can open up many opportunities for travel, work, and education.Finally, learning English can help us to communicate with people from different cultures and backgrounds, and can broaden our horizons.However, learning English can be challenging. One of the biggest difficulties is pronunciation, as English has many sounds that are not found in other languages. Another challenge is grammar, as English has many complex rules and exceptions. To overcome these difficulties, it is important to practice regularly and to seek help from teachers or tutors.To improve our spoken English, it is important to practice speaking with native speakers whenever possible. We can also watch English-language movies and TV shows, listen to English-language music, and read English-language books and newspapers. Additionally, we can join English conversation clubs or hire a private tutor to practice speaking.To expand our vocabulary, we can read extensively and use a dictionary to look up new words. We can also useflashcards or other memorization techniques to learn new words and phrases. It is important to use new words in context and to practice using them in conversation.In conclusion, learning English is essential for personal and professional growth. While it can be challenging, with dedication and practice, anyone can improve their English skills. By expanding our vocabulary and practicing our speaking skills, we can become fluent and confident English speakers.中文：学习英语有很多重要的原因。
雅思写作教学大纲
雅思写作教学大纲雅思写作教学大纲雅思写作是雅思考试中的一项重要组成部分，对于考生来说，掌握好写作技巧是提高分数的关键。
本文将从写作教学大纲的制定、教学目标的设定以及教学内容的安排等方面，探讨如何制定一份高效的雅思写作教学大纲。
一、教学大纲的制定教学大纲是教学过程中的指导性文件，它规定了教学的目标、内容、方法和评价方式等。
制定一份高质量的雅思写作教学大纲需要考虑以下几个方面：1. 教学目标：明确教学目标是制定教学大纲的首要任务。
在雅思写作教学中，教学目标可以包括提高学生的写作能力、培养学生的写作思维、提升学生的语言表达能力等。
通过明确教学目标，可以更好地指导教学过程，使学生能够有针对性地提升自己的写作水平。
2. 教学内容：教学内容是教学大纲的核心部分，它包括了教学的知识点、技能要求和任务安排等。
在雅思写作教学中，可以将教学内容分为写作技巧、写作范文分析和写作练习三个方面。
写作技巧包括了如何构思、组织和表达观点等方面的技巧；写作范文分析可以通过分析优秀范文来帮助学生理解写作要求和提高写作水平；写作练习则是通过大量的写作练习来巩固所学的知识和技巧。
3. 教学方法：教学方法是实现教学目标和教学内容的手段和途径。
在雅思写作教学中，可以采用多种教学方法，如讲授法、讨论法、案例分析法、合作学习法等。
通过灵活运用不同的教学方法，可以激发学生的学习兴趣，提高学习效果。
4. 评价方式：评价方式是对学生学习情况进行评价的方法和标准。
在雅思写作教学中，可以采用定期模拟考试、作业评价、互评等方式对学生的写作水平进行评价。
通过及时的反馈和评价，可以帮助学生发现自己的不足之处，并加以改进。
二、教学目标的设定设定明确的教学目标对于教学的顺利进行非常重要。
在制定雅思写作教学目标时，可以参考以下几个方面：1. 提高学生的写作能力：通过系统的写作训练，培养学生的写作技巧和写作能力，使其能够熟练地应对各种写作任务。
2. 培养学生的写作思维：通过引导学生思考和分析问题，培养其批判性思维和逻辑思维能力，使其能够准确地表达自己的观点。
雅思小作文教学设计方案
一、教学目标1. 让学生掌握雅思小作文的基本结构和写作技巧。
2. 培养学生的观察、分析、归纳和总结能力。
3. 提高学生的英语写作水平，使其能够顺利完成雅思小作文。
二、教学内容1. 雅思小作文概述2. 雅思小作文题型及特点3. 雅思小作文写作技巧4. 雅思小作文评分标准5. 实战演练与点评三、教学过程1. 导入教师简要介绍雅思小作文的考试形式、评分标准及重要性，激发学生的学习兴趣。
2. 雅思小作文概述教师讲解雅思小作文的基本结构和写作技巧，包括：（1）图表类型：表格、柱状图、饼图、折线图等；（2）数据描述：总体趋势、具体数据、比较分析等；（3）写作结构：引言、主体段落、结论等。
3. 雅思小作文题型及特点教师展示不同类型的雅思小作文题型，分析其特点，如：（1）表格：关注数据变化、趋势、比较等；（2）柱状图：关注数据变化、趋势、比较等；（3）饼图：关注数据占比、比较等；（4）折线图：关注数据变化、趋势、比较等。
4. 雅思小作文写作技巧教师详细讲解雅思小作文的写作技巧，包括：（1）审题：准确理解图表信息，明确写作要求；（2）组织结构：合理安排引言、主体段落、结论；（3）语言表达：使用恰当的词汇、句型和语法；（4）逻辑清晰：条理分明地描述数据，进行合理分析。
5. 雅思小作文评分标准教师介绍雅思小作文的评分标准，让学生了解评分要点，如：（1）任务回应：准确描述图表信息，回答问题；（2）连贯与衔接：句子之间、段落之间逻辑清晰，过渡自然；（3）词汇资源：使用丰富的词汇，准确表达意思；（4）语法范围与准确性：语法正确，无重大错误。
6. 实战演练与点评（1）教师展示真题，让学生进行实战演练；（2）学生完成作文后，教师进行点评，指出优点和不足；（3）学生互评，互相学习，共同进步。
四、教学评价1. 课堂表现：观察学生在课堂上的参与度、积极性；2. 作文质量：评价学生的写作水平，如结构、语言、逻辑等；3. 成绩分析：统计学生的成绩，了解教学效果。
雅思写作如何列提纲
雅思写作如何列提纲雅思作文提纲怎么写?小编建议考生在撰写雅思作文时要按照一定的写作步骤去写，如审题，构思，列提纲，内容填充，检查等，一步一步进行对于时间的合理安排有很大的帮助，也能让考生不会慌乱，有条不紊的写作。
本文主要为大家浅谈雅思作文提纲怎么写，希望对考生有所帮助。
雅思写作如何列提纲首先，我们来了解一下考生在列提纲时常犯的两种错误。
很多考生往往会在小作文写作上花较长的时间，每当这个时候他们就认为列提纲是多此一举，所以就是题目囫囵吞枣读完后，想到哪里就写到哪里。
这样做的结果可想而知，分数自然不高。
另外，即便有时间列提纲，在书写时也不是完全用到，所以考生也会觉得列提纲是浪费时间也没有必要。
事实上，考生会有这两种想法，原因在于未真正品尝到这样做的好处，或是根本不知道该如何去列提纲。
其次，我们来了解一下列提纲的注意事项。
考生在列提纲时要注意的是了解题目的特点后再列提纲，换句话说就是考生要仔细读题，看懂题目再列提纲。
这一点更多的是强调提纲呈现与认真读题的关系，也就是说，考生要想列出出色的提纲必须利用自己丰富的知识面把题目中重要名词或形容词的内涵展开才能为接下来的思路提供灵感，但是仅仅这些还是不够的。
认真地读题并悟出题目的关键才会确保考生顺利想提纲和相关思路。
以雅思大作文为例简单讲解，一般大作文题目主要由背景句，观点句及问题三要素构成，其中背景句对于列提纲而言是非常有帮助的。
如题：In many countries,traditional foods are being replaced by international foods. This is having a negative effect on both families and societies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?此题中的背景句为第一句，考生要想写出对于家庭和社会的消极影响，必须知道哪些是traditional foods，哪些是international foods。
雅思写作高分提纲参考
雅思写作高分提纲参考当我们初学雅思写作的时候，可以先参考别人的高分提纲，学习别人的写作思路，下面小编给大家分享一些雅思写作高分提纲，给大家参考。
雅思写作高分提纲参考：学生评价老师1. Drawbacks:(1)学生还不够成熟，他们往往从自身的经验和利益出发来评价老师，因此unable to evaluate teachers’ performance in a sound way。
可能会出现要求严格的老师不受欢迎的情况。
(2)学生评价老师也会对老师产生不好的影响，老师为了cater for the needs of children and get a high evaluation, 从而放松对学生的要求，而且对教学内容和教学效果也会有影响2. Advantages:(1)对学生来说，评价老师有利于培养学生think independently. 应该鼓励学生challenge 老师，这样他们不但学到知识，而且具有innovative思维，敢于超越老师。
(2)对老师来说，获得feedback 也是提高自己教学能力和教学效果的有效途径，也有利于培养老师的竞争意识，不断学习，不断完善自己来满足学生的学习要求。
(3)学生交了学费，就是customer,老师提供教学服务，从这点上说，学生也有权评价老师。
雅思写作高分提纲参考：青少年犯罪青少年犯罪与Drug abuse1. 原因：(1)电视中的暴力与色情(2)家庭原因：Increasing divorce rate, Brought up in a sole-parent family, 缺少父母的关爱,psychological problem, feel disoriented.(3)学校原因：schools and society should be responsible在学校学习压力大，就业压力大(4)自身原因：不成熟，sequacious，lack of self-control an self-discipline, can not resist the temptation of drugs and fall victims to drug dealers.2. 解决方法：(1)政府应该strict censorship should be imposed on 媒体中的不健康内容(2)家长应该多关心(3)政府和学校应该多教育，不能只顾academic performance雅思写作高分提纲参考：动物保护动物保护(动物实验)1. 共同生活在一个地球上，应该保护动物，maltreatment to animals is barbaric and uncivilized practice. 但是说动物濒临灭绝是exaggerated，禁止动物实验更是irrational2. Select the superior and eliminate the inferior, the survival of the fittest 是一个natural rule can not be violated，有些specifies缺乏生存技能，就应该被淘汰，如果人们的过渡干预反而会造成坏的作用对ecological system.当然，如果是因为人类破坏了其habitat而导致的endanger,另当别论。
雅思小作文写作教学提纲
雅思小作文写作Writing NotesDate: July, 9th, 2017Task I1.Three Typesi.Data: Bar Chart, Line Graph, Table, Pie Chart◆图表类型：动态图、静态图◆动态图：有两个或以上时间◆重点●趋势●特殊值：起点、重点、最高点、最低点、交叉点◆静态图：只有一个或者没有时间●比较描述对象：使用倍数、比较级ii.Process: Flow Chartiii.Map◆Describe the change◆Eg: Hospital is located to the west of car park2.评分标准i.Task Achievement/ Task Response◆Cover the Requirements of the task◆No off topics◆不能添加主观想法，只能描述ii.Coherence and Cohesive◆使用路标性词汇：顺承和转折iii.Lexical Resource◆使用非高频词汇◆Use words and phrases naturally and appropriately◆Vocabulary diversity◆Accurate spelling wordsiv.Grammatical Range and Accuracy◆Accurate grammar of sentences◆Use different ranges of sentences, structures to achiever grammatical3.写作方法i.开头段◆图表词改写●The chart : bar chart, line chart, pie chart, table, diagram◆动词shows改写●注意时态●Shows: illustrates, gives information about, compares, indicates, demonstrates◆关键词（一定要改写）●数量改写⏹The number of + 可数⏹The amount of + 不可数⏹The quantity of + 可/不可数⏹The figure for +可/不可数●百分比改写⏹The percentage of : the proportion of●句式变化⏹Compares + 不同事物 + in terms of + 相同事物●名词变化⏹Expending : expenditure◆地点（可以不改写）◆时间可以改写●From 1980 to 2000: between 1980 and 2000, during the period from 1980 to2000, over the period of 20 years, over a 20-year period◆EG: The bar charts compares three types of telephone calls in terms of theamount of time spent in the UK between 1995 and 2002.ii.主段写法◆第一段: 起点数值对比 + 部分趋势◆第二段：剩下趋势 + 终点值对比◆数字三种表述方法●数值放在句首⏹EG: 60 million tonnes of goods were transported by road in the UK.●数值放在句末⏹Stand at = be; stood at = was = totalled⏹EG: The amount of goods transported by road in the UK was 60million tonnes.●There Be 句型⏹EG: There were 60 billion tonnes of goods transported by road in theUK.◆比较句的写法 Comparisons●“ compared to”, “ compared with”, “ in comparison with” + 短语⏹EG: 6% of single aged person lived in poverty, compared to only 4% ofaged couple●“while”, “ whereas” + 句子⏹EG：6% of single aged person lived in poverty, while the proportion ofaged couple living in poverty was 4%.◆3个数值的对比写法●第一个数值 the percentage at the start●第二个数值 add a comparison●第三个数值 the figure for●EG: 1999, 35% of British people went abroad for their holidays, comparedto 28% of Australians spent their holidays in a different country. Thefigure for the USA stood at 31%.●若有3个以上的数值，可以用the figure for 数值C and 数值D were X and Xrespectively.◆趋势的写法●时间过渡短语⏹Over the following ____ years●动态图词汇⏹缓慢上升： increase/ rise (rose)/ grow (grew)/ go up (went up)/ an upwardtrend + gradually/ gently/ slightly/ moderately/ steadily⏹急速上升：+ sharply/dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/significantly◆慎用： soar/ surge/ leap/ stood up⏹缓慢下降： decrease/ drop/ fall/ decline/ go down/ a downward trend +gradually/ gently/ slighted/ moderately/ steadily⏹急速下降： + sharply/ dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantly◆慎用： plunge/ slump/ plummet⏹达到顶峰： reach a peak/ peak at⏹持平： remain constant ( unchanged ) / level off / stabilize⏹达到最低点： reach a bottom at / bottom out (at)⏹波动上升或下降： fluctuate with an overall upward trend ( downward trend)/ increase (decrease) with a few fluctuations⏹顺承：similarly/ and/ likewise/ also/ besides ( 均为副词，前面加句号)⏹转折： on the other hand/ however/ by contrast/ in contrast (副词，前面加句号)； but (conj.)⏹接下来： then/ afterwards ( adv.)⏹尽管： although/ despite⏹约数◆以上：just above/ over / more than◆以下：just below/ almost/ nearly◆左右：about/ around/ approximately⏹超过：outnumber/ overtake◆EG: The consumption of chicken overtook/ outnumbered that of( the figure for) beef in 2000.⏹介词： with, of, to ,by, at◆With: 有的含义，后面加短语●EG： Obama won the election with 52% of the vote◆AT: 用在加在句尾的数字，at 接数字●EG： The percentage of votes for Obama was highest, at 52%.◆In: a rise IN◆动态图句式●基本句型（主句 + 动词 + 副词）⏹EG: The number of divorces rose gently from 20 million to 35 millionfrom 2000 to 2010.●There be 句型⏹EG： There was a gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million in thenumber of divorces between 2000 and 2010.●被动态⏹EG： A gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million can be noticed/ seenin the number of divorces during the period from 2000 to 2010.●Witness 句式: 主语为时间⏹The period from 2000 to 2010 witness/ saw a gentle rise from 20million to 25 million in the number of divorces.●Underwent/ Experienced 句式⏹The number of divorces underwent/ experienced a gentle rise from 20million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010.●分词结构⏹The number of divorces was 20 million, rising to 35 million.◆时间的表达●From 时间 on wards 从...时间以后●Looking into the future◆将来的表达●Be expected to●Predicted●Projected●Anticipated◆当线超过4根及以上时●第一段：起点数值对比●第二段：整个趋势 +终点描述⏹先写不变的先，再写变化最大的线，最后写剩余的线⏹EG: Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change inthe figures for the top three mobile phone features. However, thepercentage of people using their phones to access the internet jumpedto 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significantrise in the use of mobiles to play games and record video, with figuresreaching 41% and 35% respectively. + 剩余终点值对比iii.结尾写法◆1-2句，不需要提及数字◆最高线、最低线◆趋势对比◆变化率对比◆段首连接词： the summarize/ it is noticeable that/ it is clear thatDate: July, 23rd, 2017Task I1.静态图1.开头段与动态图类似，注意改写◆两个数值的对比：倍数、比较级、compare, while◆EG: domestic water use = consumption of residential water◆EG: account for the majority/minority = the largest proportion in◆EG: expenditure = spending on◆EG: to be more specific, according to the chart/graph◆EG: people aged from 26 to 29 = 26-29 year olds2.主段◆原则●不要以国家或地区作为分类描述对象●维度相同时，描述对象可以选择，先做概括，在看数值●没有国家或地区，按照维度小的作为描述对象●多余12个数值需要筛选来描述⏹最高值⏹第二高值⏹最低值⏹类比差异（比例）最大的值◆句式●最高级、最低级⏹The number(数量)/percentage of A is largest/highest/maximal/Lowest/smallest⏹EG: The proportion of sole parents living in poverty was highest, 21%.●比较级⏹Be higher/ larger than that⏹ A is considerably higher than B. 超过很多⏹ A is marginally higher than B. 超过一点点⏹EG: The proportion of single aged person living in poverty (6%) washigher than that of aged couple (4%)⏹EG: The consumption of chicken was higher than that of beef/thefigure for beef.●倍数⏹ A is less than/ more than twice/three times B. (A =B*2)a)EG: The consumption of chicken was twice that of beef.b)EG: The proportion of the elderly in 2005 was three times thefigure in 1995. (15% versus 5%)⏹Double/ triple/ quadruplea)EG: Rent as a percentage of the household expenditure more thandoubled between 1975 and 1985.⏹Twofold/threefold 用于动态图 adj & adva)EG: The consumption of chicken increased twofold from 1990 to1995 (adv)b)EG: There was a twofold increase in retail sales. (adj)c)EG: The rent on average increased threefold in the past fiveyears.⏹Twice/ three times as ... as/ compared toa)EG: Television was twice as popular as washing machine in 1999.b)EG：The consumption of chicken was twice as much (可数用many)as that of beef.●占据⏹Account for = constitute= take up = occupy◆多重数值比较●最高值（最高级）-次高值（比较级）-最低值（倍数）-同级比较剩余数值⏹EG：The percentage of spending on food was highest in Turkey(32.14%) around 3% higher than that（后面是地名可以省略） in Ireland（28.91%） and more than twice the figure for Sweden (15.77%).The figures for another two countries were similar, 16.36% in Italyand 18.80% in Spain.●Rank 排名⏹ A ranked first (%) followed by B in类别, while the figures for C and Dwere remarkably lower at (%) and (%) respectively.a)EG: Italy ranked first at 9% followed by Spain inclothing/footwear.⏹ A ranked second, ahead of/ behind 对象in 类别a)EG：In 1999, Australia ranked second behind the USA in domesticwaste generation.●对比 while/ compared to / in contrast⏹最高值（最高级）-中间数值（对比写法+原级）-剩余数值/较低值/最低数值（对比+比较级）a)EG: Italy has the highest proportion of expenditure on clothingand footwear (9%). In contrast, these items constituted/occupied/accounted for around 6% of expenditure in Ireland, Spain andTurkey, while the figure was even smaller in Sweden (5.4%).⏹最高值(比较级)-中间数值（对比+比较级）-剩余数值/较低值/最低数值(对比+比较级)a)EG: Turkey had higher proportion of expenditure than othercountries on leisure and education. The percentage of spending waslower in Italy and Sweden (roughly 3.2%), compared to the lowestfigure in Spain (1.98%).●动态点起点数值比较（与动态图一致）◆不同对象描述之间的过渡●趋势不同⏹The opposite trend can be noticed/seen, when looking at the figure for●趋势相同⏹The similar trend can be noticed/ seen, when looking at the figure for3.总结◆最值●EG： Overall, we can see that playing computer games is marginally morepopular than chatting. However, completely different trends can be seenif we look at the specific figures for boys and girls. 万能句型）◆归纳对象的共同点和其他对象的不同点●EG：It is noticeable that the largest proportion of consumer spending ineach country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, theleisure/education category has the lowest percentage in the table shown.2.地图题i.原则◆方位描述（第一张图）◆变化描述（第二张图）ii.句式◆三种方位● A is/lies/stands/is located/ is situated in (包含)/ on (内部相邻)/ to (分开)the west of B⏹EG： The hospital is located in the south of the school.●There be + 定语从句⏹EG: There is a hospital which lies in the south of the school.●倒装⏹EG: In the south of the school lies a new hospital.◆表达●距离: A lies 100 km to the north of B●邻近: A is adjacent to/ is just off/ is next to / is close to/ in the vicinityof B.●对面: A is on the opposite side of B = A is opposite to B●包围: A is surrounded by B.●代替: the original/ previous/ former●(路)连接: lead to/ connect to●尺寸: enlarge/ extend/ doubled/ tripled/increased four-fold/halved/reduced⏹EG: The size of the library is planned to be enlarged two-fold.●消失: remove/no longer exist/ be demolished （不用disappear）●新添⏹ A will be established/ built/ constructed in⏹ A newly-built/a newly-established/ a newly-constructed will be seen●原有事务改为⏹Be transformed/ reconstructed/ redeveloped/ converted to B⏹ A be replaced/ substituted by B⏹ A gives ways to make room for Biii.主段◆Turning to the next map, the east part of the island nearly remains constant,but there are significant changes after developing tourism. First, twoaccommodation areas are established in the west as well as in the middle ofthe island with footpaths linking each house. Between them, there is arestaurant in the north and a reception in the south, both of which areconnected by vehicle tracks directly to the pier where sailing boats areparked. Additionally, swimming is available for tourists now probably due tothe newly-built footpaths which link the west accommodation area with thebeach.iv.总结◆To summarize, considerable changes take place on the island after thedevelopment of various tourist facilities.3.大作文 Task IIi.要求◆时间：40 min◆字数：280 words (>250 words)◆题型：议论类、报告类、混合类◆占分比例：2/3ii.评分标准（与小作文的区别）◆不偏题◆观点清楚◆每个问题都要回答◆细节（不能想当然），解释清楚、充分展开◆论证逻辑●EG: Smoking puts health at great risk. It has associated with many seriousdiseases. According to research, the likelihood for tobacco users to haveheart problems is far greater that those who stay away from this habit.Indeed, the percentage of smokers’ getting heart attack and lung canceris 10 times higher than that of nonsmokers’.●EG:Criminals-offenders-prisons-lawbreakers-people who broke laws-peoplecommitting crimes●EG: Overworking, coupled with poor diet, leads to physical degeneration iii.原则◆On topic◆Details supporting your opinion◆四段式或五段式◆简单句和复杂句交错使用◆词汇●词汇范围，使用less common 词汇，注意用词替换⏹反向词汇a)increase-alienationb)demotivate-motivate⏹同向词汇a)Toxic gas = exhaust fumesb)Alleviate=relieve=mitigate stress✧EG: Alleviate financial burden✧EG: Soil erosion was mitigated by planting tress✧EG: these measures are designed to alleviate the situationc)Clear fuels = non-fossil fuels = renewable fuelsd)Support=advocatee)Opponents=sceptics●语法没有错误⏹常犯错误：一个句子出现多个谓语动词/句子成分残缺/词性错误/主谓不一致⏹可数：pl. 或 a/the + n⏹不可数: the + n (特指)/什么都不加◆Linking 明暗交错使用●明连接：firstly, secondly, thirdly⏹EG: There are several reasons why people believe that more moneyshould be allocated to encourage the use of bicycles in cities. Firstly,they argue that bicycles are an environmentally friendly form oftransport. Whereas motorized vehicles pollute the atmosphere with awhole host of toxic gases, bicycles produce no emissions whatsoever.Secondly, bicycles take up far less space on public roads, and trafficcongestion would therefore be significantly reduced if more peopleuse them. Finally, from a health perspective, it can be argued thatriding a bicycle regularly is not only good cardiovascular exercise forcyclist, but also a form of leisure that alleviates stress and helpspeople to relax.●暗连接⏹关键词重复：art project/ work of art/ artworks/ status and sculpture⏹代词⏹语义⏹EG: Some are projects definitely require help from the state. In theUK, there are many works of art in public spaces, such streets orsquares in city centers. In Liverpool, for example, there are severalnew statues and sculptures in the dock area of the city, which hasbeen redeveloped recently. These artworks represent culture,heritage and history. They serve to educate people about the city, andact as landmarks or talking points for visitors and tourists.Governments and local councils should pay creative artists to producethis kind of work, because without their funding our cities would bemuch less interesting and attractive.iv.题型：辩论&报告&混合（2014）◆辩论：discuss both views and give your opinions◆报告: give your reasons and suggestions/ effects◆混合: reasons and opinions & opinions & measures4.辩论类大作为i.结构◆五段式（拓展多）（一边倒）：●介绍背景给出观点-●正方论据1-（扩展2-3）●正方论据2-●反方论据（给出一个并简单说明）●总结同意的那方的论据或提出建议◆四段式（论居多）：●开头-●正方原因（2-3个）-●反方原因（1-2个）-●观点+总结同意的那方的论据或提出建议ii.开头段◆40-50 words◆背景引入（话题有关）●... has been commonplace/ prevalent●No doubt we are living in an era when ... changes every aspect of our lives●背景句的写法⏹The past century witnessed the increasingly important role of __played in people’s daily lives.⏹Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about...⏹(Doing) sth has become commonplace/ prevalent⏹The past century witnessed the increasing/ decreasing number of _⏹Despite the fact that the world is undergoing various changes,___remains one of the most heatedly discussed issues, especially withadvent of ___⏹There has long been controversy about negative affect of___◆题目改写（引入争论点）◆我的观点●Personally, I believe that there are more benefits and drawbacks.●I support the latter more than the former●From my perspective, ___ is beneficial (harmful) to us, despite itsdrawbacks (benefits)●I completely agree with the idea●It could have both positive and negative consequences in equal measure. Date: Aug, 06th, 2017◆也可以背景和题目改写放在一起●板式：People have different views with regard to the question of whetherA or B.◆也可以改写和观点结合在一起●板式： While...(A)......, I believe B◆开头段案例●题目：Nowadays, people can use computers to talk, learn and communicatewithout leaving home. There is a danger that it will cause more alienationand a lack of communication among people. Do you agree or disagree?●开头段： A growing number of people are becoming aware of theconvenience brought about by technological advances especially theadversely affect the communication among people. Personally, I believe that computershave made communication much easier than ever before.iii.结尾段的写法◆套用板式： In conclusion, although 反方论据（句子），I am still firmlyconvinced of the benefits brought by 关键词 mainly because 正方论据1（短语）as well as 正方论据2（短语）.◆表示结果的词●Lead to , contribute to, give rise to ,result in◆EG: To summarize, although addiction to computers may lead to disorder, I’mfirmly convinced of the benefits brought by computers mainly because of theenormous amount of information as well as the diversified of communicationtools that are available online.iv.论据扩展的方法◆推导后果论据1: A推导B；扩展结果：C 推导D论据2：A推导C；扩展：原因B,结果D◆原因●Because...../ It is because that.../ by which I mean.....●题目：看电视好还是坏●论据：看电视的坏处一是影响家庭关系●First of all, watching too much TV tends to exert an unfavorable influenceon the family relationship.●It is because that if they indulge themselves in watching television, theywill not have sufficient time to communicate with their family members,which obviously may give rise to the alienation among family members.●论据：经济的增长是国家最基本的一个目标（Economic growth if seen as afundamental goal for countries）●拓展: because a healthy economy results in job creation, a high level ofemployment and better salaries for all citizens, which helps a country’sstanding on the global stage, in terms of its political influence and tradingpower.◆结果●As a result, therefore, as a consequence, in other words, to put it inanother way◆具体化●题目：犯过罪的人是否是最佳人选与年轻人讨论犯罪的危险●论据：年轻人更容易接受有亲身经历的人的意见●Teenagers are more likely to accept advice from someone who can speakfrom experience.●扩展：It is because that reformed offenders can tell young people abouthow they became involved in crime, the danger of a criminal lifestyle, andwhat life in prison is really like, thereby dispelling any ideas thatteenagers may hive about criminals leading glamorous lives.◆举例子●For example.../For instance.../A case in point is that...../, which can beillustrated by the example that...●题目：广告的好处多还是坏处多●论据：广告容易导致盲目消费●The first drawback of advertising is that the various kinds of eye-catching commercials may lead people to make purchases irrationally.●扩展：Currently, there exist some people who are willing to sell their ownbody organs or even their virginity in order to pursue an extravagant wayof life which they could not afford at the moment, which can be seen asan example of irrational consumption.●题目：自己住的好处多还是坏处多？●论据：自己住可以变得更加独立●On an individual level, people who choose to live alone may become moreindependent ant self-reliant than those who live with family members.●拓展：A young adult who lives alone, for example, will need to learn to cook,clean, pay bills and manage his or her budget, all of which are valuable lifeskills; an increase in number of such individuals can certainly be seen as apositive development.●题目：大城市生活越来越糟糕●论据：政府应该鼓励公共交通以建设污染和交通拥堵●Politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centers and promotethe use of cleaner public transport, which would help to reduce both airpollution and traffic congestion.●扩展：In London, for example, the introduction of congestion charge fordrivers has helped to curb the traffic problem.◆列数据●According to the statistics provided by a research group../ As wasrevealed from a recent report...●题目：环境污染的原因和解决办法●论据：原因之一是汽车尾气●The first culprit of degrading environment might be the increasing amountof car exhaust produced by vehicles.●扩展：As was revealed from a recent report, approximately 50,000families in Beijing own more than two private cars, which inevitably givesrise to a considerable amount of car exhaust.◆过去与现在对比●In the past, people used to.....， but now we...●题目：高科技带来的好处多还是坏处多●论据：科技极大便利了人与人之间的交流●First of all, technological advances have considerably contributed to theexchange of ideas and information among people.●扩展：In the past, people used to write letters which usually took severalmonths to arrive at some distant destinations, but now instantcommunication has been realized through various kinds of communicationtools, such as phones, video-chatting and social networking websites,which has substantially facilitated out daily lives.◆对比●Compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast●题目：gap year 好与不好●论据：gar year的优点●The reason for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adultwho passes directly from school to university is rather restricted interms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast,those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to otherplaces, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to drawon.◆反面假设●采用虚拟语气：if + 主语 + 动词过去式，主句+would/ would not +动词原形●题目：大学生应不应该学电脑●论据：应该，因为电脑提供很多信息●The first reason why studying computer skills is a must for collegestudents is that the Internet provides students with diversified types ofinformation which is crucial to survival in this world.●Conversely, if college students didn’t acquaint themselves with computerskills, they would probably lag behind the times or even be in the dangerof being a complete outsider since we have access to most of the currentinformation through the Internet.●题目: 年轻人离开父母越早越好嘛？●论据：不是，父母可以为年轻的孩子提供及时的引导●Initially, moral guidance could be offered by parents to ensure thoseyoungsters to refrain from misleading by inappropriate behaviors aroundthem. After all, those who still stay with their parents might be informedof right ways of dealing with possible troubles.●扩展：Conversely, if young adolescents were exposed to temptations andevils of society without their parents’ protection, they would more like toembark on criminal road that other cohorts.5.报告型 (Report)i.题目◆Please give reasons and your suggestions.◆Please discuss the causes and possible solutions.◆Please discuss the causes and the possible effects on the society.ii.结构◆开头介绍背景（如可能，提前概括原因；如不可能，则给出文章框架）◆原因段（主题句+2-3个原因）◆措施段/影响段（主题句+2-3个措施/影响）◆概括措施/影响iii.开头段◆二要素●介绍背景（1-2句）●提前概括原因，如( It seems to me that,....,.... and .... are the tree maincauses that may contribute to the problem)●或者给出文章框架 (在大陆考试慎用)⏹板式： This essay will first analyze all the possible causes of theproblem and then come up with several feasible solutions that could beadopted in order to avoid the deterioration of the situation.◆举例●题目：The quality of life in big cities becomes worse. Talk about causes ofthis problems and how to solve this problem.●开头段：Despite the fact that technological advances have brought aboutmay conveniences to people’s daily lives, the quality of life has notnecessarily been enhanced, but rather been aggravated. It seems to methat environmental pollution and population explosion are the two mainculprits.●Culprit 罪魁祸首iv.主段写法◆段落1●二或三要素●主题句，如（The main causes that my lead to this problem can be listed asfollows）注意：如开头段第二句已经概括原因，这里可以没有主题句。
KET作文教学提纲
Karen
Part9
Read this note from your English pen-friend, Carl.
Hi, there!
We don’t have any classes tomorrow evening so let’s go to the cinema. There si a comedy on at the Odeon.It’s on at 5:30 and 8:30 pm.Let me know which time is best for you, and where and when you want me to meet you.
Sarah
Write Sarah a letter.Answer the question.
Write 25-35 words.
Write the letter on your answer sheet.
Dear Sarah,
We usually go to museums on school trips.We take one trip every year.One year we went on a trip to a museum with dinosaurs.It was my favorite trip.
Janet
Write Janet a note.Answer the question.
Write 25-35 words.
Write the note on your answer sheet.
Janet,
It would be great if you’d meet my brother at the coach station at 10 on Sunday morning.He istall and slim, and he has short brown hair and blue eyes.
雅思写作精选提纲分享
雅思写作精选提纲分享大家在备考雅思的写作的时候，如果没有时间仔细看别人的范文，可以参考一下别人的提纲，学习一下写作思路，下面小编给大家分享几篇雅思写作精选提纲，希望对大家有所帮助。
雅思写作提纲分享：计算机与老师电脑(互联网)是否会取代老师(学校)，在哪些方面老师重要，哪些方面电脑重要1. 先承认电脑教学的好处(1)study in any convenient time and location at a personal speed and intensity(2)提供的信息量大2. 不可能替换，因为其缺点1：little social contact, lack of interactivity, 在学习中遇到困难得不到老师的指导3. 不可替换2：学生不成熟，控制不了自己电脑的好处：CAI(Computer Aided Introduction) multimedia technology可以用于自动化考试系统online test system教师：现代教育技术受制于学习软件，好的学习软件需要老师的参与开发教学生怎样学习，分析问题，解决问题在智力教育方面，计算机可能部分的替代或者辅助老师，但是道德教育，价值观的培养离不开老师和学校。
雅思写作提纲分享：因材施教是否应该根据不同的智力对孩子分别教育1. 有人认为gifted children think different from common children ,他们应该分别进行教育.If all children are grouped together regardless of intellectual ability, teacher will be caught in dilemma that 将会出现，聪明学生觉得too slow not satisfy ,feel boring to the course, 而有一些学生can not catch up with theprogress, 也会感到frustrated.2. 但是我认为，是非常不合理的：(1)无法确定哪个孩子智力高，用IQ test 以及考试成绩来判定is stupid.(2)to separate children according to their individual competence can hurt their feelings, which goes against their personality development.学习成绩好的学生are instilled(逐渐灌输) with a sense of superiority while 成绩不好的学生感觉很失败。
雅思写作大纲
《雅思写作》课程教学大纲课程名称《雅思写作》总分：9课程安排：每天一课时适用学生：具有高中英语基础的普通雅思课程学员一、课程的性质、目的与任务：本课程是乐享教育普通雅思课程中的一项，其目的与任务在于培养与提高学员在雅思考试中写作部分的能力，掌握雅思写作图表作文和议论文的写作基本知识和方法。
通过教师详尽的课堂讲解和例文分析，促进学生学术性写作基本功提升和批判性写作思维能力的提高，最终实现考生在雅思写作考试中获取高分。
二、课程教学的基本要求：雅思写作必背句型；雅思写作必背词汇；雅思写作重要技巧；雅思写作方法解析。
三、教学内容第一节雅思写作概况介绍1. 写作题型介绍与分析2. 时间分配与写作顺序3. 评分标准分析精品文库4. 5.5分作文与6.5分作文分析5. 雅思写作五大特点6. 雅思写作题库介绍7. 学术性写作的特点介绍8. 雅思写作格式要求第二节雅思写作相关语法I1. 基本句子成分2. 基本句型3. 常见语法错误解析4. 高分句解析5. 写作技巧点拨：平行结构第三节雅思写作相关语法II1. 复杂句写作及复杂句逻辑关系解析2. 写作技巧点拨：提升句子的严密性3. 增强文章逻辑性的必备连接词4. 雅思写作必备词汇讲解与学术性写作词汇特点解析第四节雅思写作议论文解析I（论据组织）1. 议论文写作步骤与时间安排精品文库2. 议论文写作素材要求与标准3. 快速组织写作论据的方法解析第五节雅思写作议论文解析II（文章结构确立）1. 常见结构解析：“四段式”与“五段式”2. 考官的好恶：“一边倒”结构与“折中式”写法3. 两种常见写作模式分析（逐句解析）4. 关于雅思写作模板第六节雅思写作议论文解析III（段落解析）1. 开头段写作方法2. 结尾段写作方法3. 常见话题练习第七节雅思写作议论文解析IV（段落解析）1. 主体段扩展方法解析2. 审题决定文章好坏：常见议论文主题分析第八节雅思写作图表作文解析I1. 图表作文要求与基本概况介绍2. 图表作文的语言特色3. 图表作文的核心要求与注意事项精品文库4. 图表作文段落分析A．开头段写作方法B．主体段分段原则C．合理陈述结尾段第九节雅思写作图表作文解析II1. 线图写作方法与词汇、句型讲解2. 柱图写作方法与词汇、句型讲解3. 表格图写作方法与词汇、句型讲解4. 饼图写作方法与词汇、句型讲解第十节雅思写作图表作文解析III1. 流程图写作方法解析2. 地图题写作方法解析四、教材及教学参考书教材：1雅思预备教程2 雅思写作十天突破3 雅思真题五、说明以上每节课后均需布置家庭作业，如每节课后写一篇作文，并且需要任课教师详细批改后于课内或课外讲解。
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雅思小作文写作Writing NotesDate: July, 9th, 2017Task I1.Three Typesi.Data: Bar Chart, Line Graph, Table, Pie Chart◆图表类型：动态图、静态图◆动态图：有两个或以上时间◆重点●趋势●特殊值：起点、重点、最高点、最低点、交叉点◆静态图：只有一个或者没有时间●比较描述对象：使用倍数、比较级ii.Process: Flow Chartiii.Map◆Describe the change◆Eg: Hospital is located to the west of car park2.评分标准i.Task Achievement/ Task Response◆Cover the Requirements of the task◆No off topics◆不能添加主观想法，只能描述ii.Coherence and Cohesive◆使用路标性词汇：顺承和转折iii.Lexical Resource◆使用非高频词汇◆Use words and phrases naturally and appropriately◆Vocabulary diversity◆Accurate spelling wordsiv.Grammatical Range and Accuracy◆Accurate grammar of sentences◆Use different ranges of sentences, structures to achiever grammatical3.写作方法i.开头段◆图表词改写●The chart : bar chart, line chart, pie chart, table, diagram◆动词shows改写●注意时态●Shows: illustrates, gives information about, compares, indicates, demonstrates◆关键词（一定要改写）●数量改写⏹The number of + 可数⏹The amount of + 不可数⏹The quantity of + 可/不可数⏹The figure for +可/不可数●百分比改写⏹The percentage of : the proportion of●句式变化⏹Compares + 不同事物 + in terms of + 相同事物●名词变化⏹Expending : expenditure◆地点（可以不改写）◆时间可以改写●From 1980 to 2000: between 1980 and 2000, during the period from 1980 to2000, over the period of 20 years, over a 20-year period◆EG: The bar charts compares three types of telephone calls in terms of theamount of time spent in the UK between 1995 and 2002.ii.主段写法◆第一段: 起点数值对比 + 部分趋势◆第二段：剩下趋势 + 终点值对比◆数字三种表述方法●数值放在句首⏹EG: 60 million tonnes of goods were transported by road in the UK.●数值放在句末⏹Stand at = be; stood at = was = totalled⏹EG: The amount of goods transported by road in the UK was 60million tonnes.●There Be 句型⏹EG: There were 60 billion tonnes of goods transported by road in theUK.◆比较句的写法 Comparisons●“ compared to”, “ compared with”, “ in comparison with” + 短语⏹EG: 6% of single aged person lived in poverty, compared to only 4% ofaged couple●“while”, “ whereas” + 句子⏹EG：6% of single aged person lived in poverty, while the proportion ofaged couple living in poverty was 4%.◆3个数值的对比写法●第一个数值 the percentage at the start●第二个数值 add a comparison●第三个数值 the figure for●EG: 1999, 35% of British people went abroad for their holidays, comparedto 28% of Australians spent their holidays in a different country. Thefigure for the USA stood at 31%.●若有3个以上的数值，可以用the figure for 数值C and 数值D were X and Xrespectively.◆趋势的写法●时间过渡短语⏹Over the following ____ years●动态图词汇⏹缓慢上升： increase/ rise (rose)/ grow (grew)/ go up (went up)/ an upwardtrend + gradually/ gently/ slightly/ moderately/ steadily⏹急速上升：+ sharply/dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/significantly◆慎用： soar/ surge/ leap/ stood up⏹缓慢下降： decrease/ drop/ fall/ decline/ go down/ a downward trend +gradually/ gently/ slighted/ moderately/ steadily⏹急速下降： + sharply/ dramatically/ rapidly/ substantially/ significantly◆慎用： plunge/ slump/ plummet⏹达到顶峰： reach a peak/ peak at⏹持平： remain constant ( unchanged ) / level off / stabilize⏹达到最低点： reach a bottom at / bottom out (at)⏹波动上升或下降： fluctuate with an overall upward trend ( downward trend)/ increase (decrease) with a few fluctuations⏹顺承：similarly/ and/ likewise/ also/ besides ( 均为副词，前面加句号)⏹转折： on the other hand/ however/ by contrast/ in contrast (副词，前面加句号)； but (conj.)⏹接下来： then/ afterwards ( adv.)⏹尽管： although/ despite⏹约数◆以上：just above/ over / more than◆以下：just below/ almost/ nearly◆左右：about/ around/ approximately⏹超过：outnumber/ overtake◆EG: The consumption of chicken overtook/ outnumbered that of( the figure for) beef in 2000.⏹介词： with, of, to ,by, at◆With: 有的含义，后面加短语●EG： Obama won the election with 52% of the vote◆AT: 用在加在句尾的数字，at 接数字●EG： The percentage of votes for Obama was highest, at 52%.◆In: a rise IN◆动态图句式●基本句型（主句 + 动词 + 副词）⏹EG: The number of divorces rose gently from 20 million to 35 millionfrom 2000 to 2010.●There be 句型⏹EG： There was a gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million in thenumber of divorces between 2000 and 2010.●被动态⏹EG： A gentle rise from 20 million to 35 million can be noticed/ seenin the number of divorces during the period from 2000 to 2010.●Witness 句式: 主语为时间⏹The period from 2000 to 2010 witness/ saw a gentle rise from 20million to 25 million in the number of divorces.●Underwent/ Experienced 句式⏹The number of divorces underwent/ experienced a gentle rise from 20million to 35 million from 2000 to 2010.●分词结构⏹The number of divorces was 20 million, rising to 35 million.◆时间的表达●From 时间 on wards 从...时间以后●Looking into the future◆将来的表达●Be expected to●Predicted●Projected●Anticipated◆当线超过4根及以上时●第一段：起点数值对比●第二段：整个趋势 +终点描述⏹先写不变的先，再写变化最大的线，最后写剩余的线⏹EG: Over the following 4 years, there was relatively little change inthe figures for the top three mobile phone features. However, thepercentage of people using their phones to access the internet jumpedto 41% in 2008 and then to 73% in 2010. There was also a significantrise in the use of mobiles to play games and record video, with figuresreaching 41% and 35% respectively. + 剩余终点值对比iii.结尾写法◆1-2句，不需要提及数字◆最高线、最低线◆趋势对比◆变化率对比◆段首连接词： the summarize/ it is noticeable that/ it is clear thatDate: July, 23rd, 2017Task I1.静态图1.开头段与动态图类似，注意改写◆两个数值的对比：倍数、比较级、compare, while◆EG: domestic water use = consumption of residential water◆EG: account for the majority/minority = the largest proportion in◆EG: expenditure = spending on◆EG: to be more specific, according to the chart/graph◆EG: people aged from 26 to 29 = 26-29 year olds2.主段◆原则●不要以国家或地区作为分类描述对象●维度相同时，描述对象可以选择，先做概括，在看数值●没有国家或地区，按照维度小的作为描述对象●多余12个数值需要筛选来描述⏹最高值⏹第二高值⏹最低值⏹类比差异（比例）最大的值◆句式●最高级、最低级⏹The number(数量)/percentage of A is largest/highest/maximal/Lowest/smallest⏹EG: The proportion of sole parents living in poverty was highest, 21%.●比较级⏹Be higher/ larger than that⏹ A is considerably higher than B. 超过很多⏹ A is marginally higher than B. 超过一点点⏹EG: The proportion of single aged person living in poverty (6%) washigher than that of aged couple (4%)⏹EG: The consumption of chicken was higher than that of beef/thefigure for beef.●倍数⏹ A is less than/ more than twice/three times B. (A =B*2)a)EG: The consumption of chicken was twice that of beef.b)EG: The proportion of the elderly in 2005 was three times thefigure in 1995. (15% versus 5%)⏹Double/ triple/ quadruplea)EG: Rent as a percentage of the household expenditure more thandoubled between 1975 and 1985.⏹Twofold/threefold 用于动态图 adj & adva)EG: The consumption of chicken increased twofold from 1990 to1995 (adv)b)EG: There was a twofold increase in retail sales. (adj)c)EG: The rent on average increased threefold in the past fiveyears.⏹Twice/ three times as ... as/ compared toa)EG: Television was twice as popular as washing machine in 1999.b)EG：The consumption of chicken was twice as much (可数用many)as that of beef.●占据⏹Account for = constitute= take up = occupy◆多重数值比较●最高值（最高级）-次高值（比较级）-最低值（倍数）-同级比较剩余数值⏹EG：The percentage of spending on food was highest in Turkey(32.14%) around 3% higher than that（后面是地名可以省略） in Ireland（28.91%） and more than twice the figure for Sweden (15.77%).The figures for another two countries were similar, 16.36% in Italyand 18.80% in Spain.●Rank 排名⏹ A ranked first (%) followed by B in类别, while the figures for C and Dwere remarkably lower at (%) and (%) respectively.a)EG: Italy ranked first at 9% followed by Spain inclothing/footwear.⏹ A ranked second, ahead of/ behind 对象in 类别a)EG：In 1999, Australia ranked second behind the USA in domesticwaste generation.●对比 while/ compared to / in contrast⏹最高值（最高级）-中间数值（对比写法+原级）-剩余数值/较低值/最低数值（对比+比较级）a)EG: Italy has the highest proportion of expenditure on clothingand footwear (9%). In contrast, these items constituted/occupied/accounted for around 6% of expenditure in Ireland, Spain andTurkey, while the figure was even smaller in Sweden (5.4%).⏹最高值(比较级)-中间数值（对比+比较级）-剩余数值/较低值/最低数值(对比+比较级)a)EG: Turkey had higher proportion of expenditure than othercountries on leisure and education. The percentage of spending waslower in Italy and Sweden (roughly 3.2%), compared to the lowestfigure in Spain (1.98%).●动态点起点数值比较（与动态图一致）◆不同对象描述之间的过渡●趋势不同⏹The opposite trend can be noticed/seen, when looking at the figure for●趋势相同⏹The similar trend can be noticed/ seen, when looking at the figure for3.总结◆最值●EG： Overall, we can see that playing computer games is marginally morepopular than chatting. However, completely different trends can be seenif we look at the specific figures for boys and girls. 万能句型）◆归纳对象的共同点和其他对象的不同点●EG：It is noticeable that the largest proportion of consumer spending ineach country went on food, drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, theleisure/education category has the lowest percentage in the table shown.2.地图题i.原则◆方位描述（第一张图）◆变化描述（第二张图）ii.句式◆三种方位● A is/lies/stands/is located/ is situated in (包含)/ on (内部相邻)/ to (分开)the west of B⏹EG： The hospital is located in the south of the school.●There be + 定语从句⏹EG: There is a hospital which lies in the south of the school.●倒装⏹EG: In the south of the school lies a new hospital.◆表达●距离: A lies 100 km to the north of B●邻近: A is adjacent to/ is just off/ is next to / is close to/ in the vicinityof B.●对面: A is on the opposite side of B = A is opposite to B●包围: A is surrounded by B.●代替: the original/ previous/ former●(路)连接: lead to/ connect to●尺寸: enlarge/ extend/ doubled/ tripled/increased four-fold/halved/reduced⏹EG: The size of the library is planned to be enlarged two-fold.●消失: remove/no longer exist/ be demolished （不用disappear）●新添⏹ A will be established/ built/ constructed in⏹ A newly-built/a newly-established/ a newly-constructed will be seen●原有事务改为⏹Be transformed/ reconstructed/ redeveloped/ converted to B⏹ A be replaced/ substituted by B⏹ A gives ways to make room for Biii.主段◆Turning to the next map, the east part of the island nearly remains constant,but there are significant changes after developing tourism. First, twoaccommodation areas are established in the west as well as in the middle ofthe island with footpaths linking each house. Between them, there is arestaurant in the north and a reception in the south, both of which areconnected by vehicle tracks directly to the pier where sailing boats areparked. Additionally, swimming is available for tourists now probably due tothe newly-built footpaths which link the west accommodation area with thebeach.iv.总结◆To summarize, considerable changes take place on the island after thedevelopment of various tourist facilities.3.大作文 Task IIi.要求◆时间：40 min◆字数：280 words (>250 words)◆题型：议论类、报告类、混合类◆占分比例：2/3ii.评分标准（与小作文的区别）◆不偏题◆观点清楚◆每个问题都要回答◆细节（不能想当然），解释清楚、充分展开◆论证逻辑●EG: Smoking puts health at great risk. It has associated with many seriousdiseases. According to research, the likelihood for tobacco users to haveheart problems is far greater that those who stay away from this habit.Indeed, the percentage of smokers’ getting heart attack and lung canceris 10 times higher than that of nonsmokers’.●EG:Criminals-offenders-prisons-lawbreakers-people who broke laws-peoplecommitting crimes●EG: Overworking, coupled with poor diet, leads to physical degeneration iii.原则◆On topic◆Details supporting your opinion◆四段式或五段式◆简单句和复杂句交错使用◆词汇●词汇范围，使用less common 词汇，注意用词替换⏹反向词汇a)increase-alienationb)demotivate-motivate⏹同向词汇a)Toxic gas = exhaust fumesb)Alleviate=relieve=mitigate stress✧EG: Alleviate financial burden✧EG: Soil erosion was mitigated by planting tress✧EG: these measures are designed to alleviate the situationc)Clear fuels = non-fossil fuels = renewable fuelsd)Support=advocatee)Opponents=sceptics●语法没有错误⏹常犯错误：一个句子出现多个谓语动词/句子成分残缺/词性错误/主谓不一致⏹可数：pl. 或 a/the + n⏹不可数: the + n (特指)/什么都不加◆Linking 明暗交错使用●明连接：firstly, secondly, thirdly⏹EG: There are several reasons why people believe that more moneyshould be allocated to encourage the use of bicycles in cities. Firstly,they argue that bicycles are an environmentally friendly form oftransport. Whereas motorized vehicles pollute the atmosphere with awhole host of toxic gases, bicycles produce no emissions whatsoever.Secondly, bicycles take up far less space on public roads, and trafficcongestion would therefore be significantly reduced if more peopleuse them. Finally, from a health perspective, it can be argued thatriding a bicycle regularly is not only good cardiovascular exercise forcyclist, but also a form of leisure that alleviates stress and helpspeople to relax.●暗连接⏹关键词重复：art project/ work of art/ artworks/ status and sculpture⏹代词⏹语义⏹EG: Some are projects definitely require help from the state. In theUK, there are many works of art in public spaces, such streets orsquares in city centers. In Liverpool, for example, there are severalnew statues and sculptures in the dock area of the city, which hasbeen redeveloped recently. These artworks represent culture,heritage and history. They serve to educate people about the city, andact as landmarks or talking points for visitors and tourists.Governments and local councils should pay creative artists to producethis kind of work, because without their funding our cities would bemuch less interesting and attractive.iv.题型：辩论&报告&混合（2014）◆辩论：discuss both views and give your opinions◆报告: give your reasons and suggestions/ effects◆混合: reasons and opinions & opinions & measures4.辩论类大作为i.结构◆五段式（拓展多）（一边倒）：●介绍背景给出观点-●正方论据1-（扩展2-3）●正方论据2-●反方论据（给出一个并简单说明）●总结同意的那方的论据或提出建议◆四段式（论居多）：●开头-●正方原因（2-3个）-●反方原因（1-2个）-●观点+总结同意的那方的论据或提出建议ii.开头段◆40-50 words◆背景引入（话题有关）●... has been commonplace/ prevalent●No doubt we are living in an era when ... changes every aspect of our lives●背景句的写法⏹The past century witnessed the increasingly important role of __played in people’s daily lives.⏹Nowadays, an increasing number of people are concerned about...⏹(Doing) sth has become commonplace/ prevalent⏹The past century witnessed the increasing/ decreasing number of _⏹Despite the fact that the world is undergoing various changes,___remains one of the most heatedly discussed issues, especially withadvent of ___⏹There has long been controversy about negative affect of___◆题目改写（引入争论点）◆我的观点●Personally, I believe that there are more benefits and drawbacks.●I support the latter more than the former●From my perspective, ___ is beneficial (harmful) to us, despite itsdrawbacks (benefits)●I completely agree with the idea●It could have both positive and negative consequences in equal measure. Date: Aug, 06th, 2017◆也可以背景和题目改写放在一起●板式：People have different views with regard to the question of whetherA or B.◆也可以改写和观点结合在一起●板式： While...(A)......, I believe B◆开头段案例●题目：Nowadays, people can use computers to talk, learn and communicatewithout leaving home. There is a danger that it will cause more alienationand a lack of communication among people. Do you agree or disagree?●开头段： A growing number of people are becoming aware of theconvenience brought about by technological advances especially theadversely affect the communication among people. Personally, I believe that computershave made communication much easier than ever before.iii.结尾段的写法◆套用板式： In conclusion, although 反方论据（句子），I am still firmlyconvinced of the benefits brought by 关键词 mainly because 正方论据1（短语）as well as 正方论据2（短语）.◆表示结果的词●Lead to , contribute to, give rise to ,result in◆EG: To summarize, although addiction to computers may lead to disorder, I’mfirmly convinced of the benefits brought by computers mainly because of theenormous amount of information as well as the diversified of communicationtools that are available online.iv.论据扩展的方法◆推导后果论据1: A推导B；扩展结果：C 推导D论据2：A推导C；扩展：原因B,结果D◆原因●Because...../ It is because that.../ by which I mean.....●题目：看电视好还是坏●论据：看电视的坏处一是影响家庭关系●First of all, watching too much TV tends to exert an unfavorable influenceon the family relationship.●It is because that if they indulge themselves in watching television, theywill not have sufficient time to communicate with their family members,which obviously may give rise to the alienation among family members.●论据：经济的增长是国家最基本的一个目标（Economic growth if seen as afundamental goal for countries）●拓展: because a healthy economy results in job creation, a high level ofemployment and better salaries for all citizens, which helps a country’sstanding on the global stage, in terms of its political influence and tradingpower.◆结果●As a result, therefore, as a consequence, in other words, to put it inanother way◆具体化●题目：犯过罪的人是否是最佳人选与年轻人讨论犯罪的危险●论据：年轻人更容易接受有亲身经历的人的意见●Teenagers are more likely to accept advice from someone who can speakfrom experience.●扩展：It is because that reformed offenders can tell young people abouthow they became involved in crime, the danger of a criminal lifestyle, andwhat life in prison is really like, thereby dispelling any ideas thatteenagers may hive about criminals leading glamorous lives.◆举例子●For example.../For instance.../A case in point is that...../, which can beillustrated by the example that...●题目：广告的好处多还是坏处多●论据：广告容易导致盲目消费●The first drawback of advertising is that the various kinds of eye-catching commercials may lead people to make purchases irrationally.●扩展：Currently, there exist some people who are willing to sell their ownbody organs or even their virginity in order to pursue an extravagant wayof life which they could not afford at the moment, which can be seen asan example of irrational consumption.●题目：自己住的好处多还是坏处多？●论据：自己住可以变得更加独立●On an individual level, people who choose to live alone may become moreindependent ant self-reliant than those who live with family members.●拓展：A young adult who lives alone, for example, will need to learn to cook,clean, pay bills and manage his or her budget, all of which are valuable lifeskills; an increase in number of such individuals can certainly be seen as apositive development.●题目：大城市生活越来越糟糕●论据：政府应该鼓励公共交通以建设污染和交通拥堵●Politicians have the power to ban vehicles from city centers and promotethe use of cleaner public transport, which would help to reduce both airpollution and traffic congestion.●扩展：In London, for example, the introduction of congestion charge fordrivers has helped to curb the traffic problem.◆列数据●According to the statistics provided by a research group../ As wasrevealed from a recent report...●题目：环境污染的原因和解决办法●论据：原因之一是汽车尾气●The first culprit of degrading environment might be the increasing amountof car exhaust produced by vehicles.●扩展：As was revealed from a recent report, approximately 50,000families in Beijing own more than two private cars, which inevitably givesrise to a considerable amount of car exhaust.◆过去与现在对比●In the past, people used to.....， but now we...●题目：高科技带来的好处多还是坏处多●论据：科技极大便利了人与人之间的交流●First of all, technological advances have considerably contributed to theexchange of ideas and information among people.●扩展：In the past, people used to write letters which usually took severalmonths to arrive at some distant destinations, but now instantcommunication has been realized through various kinds of communicationtools, such as phones, video-chatting and social networking websites,which has substantially facilitated out daily lives.◆对比●Compared with/ in comparison with/ by contrast●题目：gap year 好与不好●论据：gar year的优点●The reason for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adultwho passes directly from school to university is rather restricted interms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast,those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to otherplaces, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to drawon.◆反面假设●采用虚拟语气：if + 主语 + 动词过去式，主句+would/ would not +动词原形●题目：大学生应不应该学电脑●论据：应该，因为电脑提供很多信息●The first reason why studying computer skills is a must for collegestudents is that the Internet provides students with diversified types ofinformation which is crucial to survival in this world.●Conversely, if college students didn’t acquaint themselves with computerskills, they would probably lag behind the times or even be in the dangerof being a complete outsider since we have access to most of the currentinformation through the Internet.●题目: 年轻人离开父母越早越好嘛？●论据：不是，父母可以为年轻的孩子提供及时的引导●Initially, moral guidance could be offered by parents to ensure thoseyoungsters to refrain from misleading by inappropriate behaviors aroundthem. After all, those who still stay with their parents might be informedof right ways of dealing with possible troubles.●扩展：Conversely, if young adolescents were exposed to temptations andevils of society without their parents’ protection, they would more like toembark on criminal road that other cohorts.5.报告型 (Report)i.题目◆Please give reasons and your suggestions.◆Please discuss the causes and possible solutions.◆Please discuss the causes and the possible effects on the society.ii.结构◆开头介绍背景（如可能，提前概括原因；如不可能，则给出文章框架）◆原因段（主题句+2-3个原因）◆措施段/影响段（主题句+2-3个措施/影响）◆概括措施/影响iii.开头段◆二要素●介绍背景（1-2句）●提前概括原因，如( It seems to me that,....,.... and .... are the tree maincauses that may contribute to the problem)●或者给出文章框架 (在大陆考试慎用)⏹板式： This essay will first analyze all the possible causes of theproblem and then come up with several feasible solutions that could beadopted in order to avoid the deterioration of the situation.◆举例●题目：The quality of life in big cities becomes worse. Talk about causes ofthis problems and how to solve this problem.●开头段：Despite the fact that technological advances have brought aboutmay conveniences to people’s daily lives, the quality of life has notnecessarily been enhanced, but rather been aggravated. It seems to methat environmental pollution and population explosion are the two mainculprits.●Culprit 罪魁祸首iv.主段写法◆段落1●二或三要素●主题句，如（The main causes that my lead to this problem can be listed asfollows）注意：如开头段第二句已经概括原因，这里可以没有主题句。