国际经济学汇总题库(克鲁格曼版)经2

合集下载

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼课后习题答案章集团标准化办公室：[VV986T-J682P28-JP266L8-68PNN]第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。

答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。

答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？6．答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

7．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

答案提示：一国出口产品价格的相对上升意味着此国可以用较少的出口换得较多的进口产品，有利于此国贸易利益的获得，不过，出口价格上升将不利于出口数量的增加，有损于出口国的贸易利益；与此类似，出口商品价格的下降有利于出口商品数量的增加，但是这意味着此国用较多的出口换得较少的进口产品。

对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

8．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

国际经济学题库(克鲁格曼版)经_2

第二章1.引力模型P13：在其他条件不变的情况下（假设任何影响两国之间的贸易的因素不变），两国间的贸易规模和两国的GDP成正比，与两国间的距离成反比。

2.行业贸易P141：指某一行业差异产品之间的双向贸易，它反映出规模经济。

3.行业间贸易P141：指的是一个行业的产品与另一个行业产品的交换，它反映出比较优势。

4.配额租金P184：许可证持有者能够从外国购买进口品并在国以高价出售，他们获取的利润就是配额租金。

第三章结合第四章看（着重看理论推理）论述：课本知识+自己观点嘉图模型比较优势认为国际贸易产生的原因嘉图的比较优势嘉图模型的假设是：假设劳动是唯一的生产要素嘉图模型认为国际间的劳动生产率的不同是国际贸易的唯一决定因素生产效率的不同导致了比较优势的不同结论：一个国家应该出口有比较优势的产品，进口有国优势的产品，有这样的一个原理去支撑国际贸易产生，也就是说嘉图模型也是在探讨国际贸易产生的原因要素禀赋模型与嘉图模型的区别和原因是：区分两者共同的基础：（1）、嘉图（第三章）（2）、要素禀赋，原则：国际顺序：？首先，说说要素禀赋理论的结论：认为一个国家应该如何参与国际贸易，认为各国间的资源差异（各国要素差异度，差异水平）是产生（国际）贸易的唯一原因（嘉图模型）生产效率不同比较优势不同国际贸易（要素禀赋理论）要素禀赋的差异（不一样）要素价格（不一样）相对价格（不一样）认为现在中国也还在参与国际贸易，那么她的比较优势和要素禀赋理论哪一个理论更贴近第三章1.单一要素P27：衡量生产效益：单位产品所需要的投入要素 A本国生产每单位产品所需要的劳动为5单位，B外国需要3单位，同种产品相对而言外国更有效率，具有比较优势（嘉图模型不可单独写这个）2.比较优势P30（通过这种形式分析本国该进口或出口什么）假设：a LC/a LW<a*LC/a*LW 或a LC/a*LC<a LW/a*LW也就是说，我们假定本国生产1磅奶酪所需的劳动投入与生产1加仑葡萄酒所需的劳动投入之比小于外国的该比值。

International Economics chap 02(克鲁格曼国际经济学英文版)

International Economics
Theory and Policy (Ninth Edition) Paul R. Krugman 黄卫平彭刚
Chapter 2 Specific Factors and Income Distribution
CONTENTS
01
Understand how a mobile factor will Respond to price changes by mபைடு நூலகம்ving Across sectors?
1 2
LC2
3
AA
Labor Input in cloth, Lc
1 2
Production Possibility Frontier, PPF
BB（slope= -PC/ PF ,the minus relative 3 price of cloth）
QC2
Output of cloth, Qc
Production function for cloth
The same: MPLF×PF=w= MPLC×PC, or -MPLF/MLPC= -PC/ PF
Wage rate, w
10% PC increase
10% w increase
Labor used in cloth, LC
Price, wages and labor allocation-an equal-proportional change in prices
The main reasons that international trade has strong effects on the distribution of income are: 1. A short-run consequence of trade 2. A long-run consequence of trade

克鲁格曼教材《国际经济学》(国际金融)习题答案要点2

《国际经济学》（国际金融）习题答案要点第12章国民收入核算与国际收支1、如问题所述，GNP 仅仅包括最终产品和服务的价值是为了避免重复计算的问题。

在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从GNP 中减去，出口的中间品价值加到GNP 中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。

例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。

其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的GNP 中。

出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的GNP ，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。

所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的GNP 中减去，并加入美国的GNP 。

2、（1）等式12-2可以写成()()p CA S I T G =-+-。

美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。

（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。

不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。

例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。

（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。

）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。

一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。

这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。

3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。

这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。

（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

当德国销售商将美国支票存入德国银行并且银行将这笔资金贷给德国进口商（此时，记入美国经常项目的贷方）或贷给个人或公司购买美国资产（此时，记入美国金融项目的贷方）。

最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。

克鲁格曼国际经济学答案.pdf

Chapter 21．Home has 1200 units of labor available. It can produce two goods, apples and bananas. The unit labor requirement in apple production is 3, while in banana production it is 2. a ．Graph out the production possibilities frontier:b ．What is the opportunity cost of apples in terms of bananas?5.1=LbLa a a c ．In the absence of trade, what would the price of apples in terms of bananas be?In the absence of trade, since labor is the only factor of production and supply decisions aredetermined by the attempts of individuals to maximize their earnings in a competitive economy, only when Lb La b a /a a /P P =will both goods be produced. So 1.5 /P P b a =2．Home is as described in problem 1. There is now also another country, Foreign, with alabor force of 800. Foreign’s unit labor requirement in apple production is 5, while in banana production it is 1.a ．Graph Foreign’s production possibilities frontier:b ．3．Now suppose world relative demand takes the following form: Demand for apples/demandfor bananas = price of bananas/price of apples.a ．Graph the relative demand curve along with the relative supply curve:a b b a /P P /D D =∵When the market achieves its equilibrium, we have 1b a )(D D −**=++=ba b b a a P P Q Q Q Q ∴RD is a hyperbola xy 1=b ．What is the equilibrium relative price of apples?The equilibrium relative price of apples is determined by the intersection of the RD and RScurves.RD: yx 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],5.0(5.0)5.0,0[=∈=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴25.0==y x∴2/=b P a P e ec ．Describe the pattern of trade.∵b a b e a e b a P P P P P P ///>>**∴In this two-country world, Home will specialize in the apple production, export applesand import bananas. Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples.d ．Show that both Home and Foreign gain from trade.International trade allows Home and Foreign to consume anywhere within the coloredlines, which lie outside the countries’ production possibility frontiers. And the indirect method, specializing in producing only one production then trade with other country, is a more efficient method than direct production. In the absence of trade, Home could gain three bananas by foregoing two apples, and Foreign could gain by one foregoing five bananas. Trade allows each country to trade two bananas for one apple. Home could then gain four bananas by foregoing two apples while Foreign could gain one apple by foregoing only two bananas. So both Home and Foreign gain from trade.4．Suppose that instead of 1200 workers, Home had 2400. Find the equilibrium relative price. What can you say about the efficiency of world production and the division of the gains from trade between Home and Foreign in this case? RD: yx 1= RS: 5]5,5.1[5.1],1(1)1,0[=∈=⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+∞∈=∈y y y x x x ∴5.132==y x∴5.1/=b P a P e eIn this case, Foreign will specialize in the banana production, export bananas and import apples. But Home will produce bananas and apples at the same time. And the opportunity cost of bananas in terms of apples for Home remains the same. So Home neither gains nor loses but Foreign gains from trade.5．Suppose that Home has 2400 workers, but they are only half as production in both industries as we have been assuming, Construct the world relative supply curve and determine the equilibrium relative price. How do the gains from trade compare with those in the case described in problem 4?In this case, the labor is doubled while the productivity of labor is halved, so the ＂effective labor＂remains the same. So the answer is similar to that in 3. And both Home and Foreign can gain from trade. But Foreign gains lesser compare with that in the case 4.6．”Korean workers earn only $2.50 an hour; if we allow Korea to export as m uch as it likes to the United States, our workers will be forced down to the same level. You can’t import a $5 shirt without importing the $2.50 wage that goes with it.” Discuss.In fact, relative wage rate is determined by comparative productivity and the relative demand for goods. Korea’s low wage reflects the fact that Korea is less productive than the United States in most industries. Actually, trade with a less productive, low wage country can raise the welfare and standard of living of countries with high productivity, such as United States. Sothis pauper labor argument is wrong.7．Japanese labor productivity is roughly the same as that of the United States in the manufacturing sector (higher in some industries, lower in others), while the United States, is still considerably more productive in the service sector. But most services are non-traded. Some analysts have argued that this poses a problem for the United States, because our comparative advantage lies in things we cannot sell on world markets. What is wrong with this argument?The competitive advantage of any industry depends on both the relative productivities of the industries and the relative wages across industries. So there are four aspects should be taken into account before we reach conclusion: both the industries and service sectors of Japan and U.S., not just the two service sectors. So this statement does not bade on the reasonable logic. 8．Anyone who has visited Japan knows it is an incredibly expensive place; although Japanese workers earn about the same as their U.S. counterparts, the purchasing power of their incomes is about one-third less. Extend your discussing from question 7 to explain this observation. (Hint: Think about wages and the implied prices of non-trade goods.) The relative higher purchasing power of U.S. is sustained and maintained by its considerably higher productivity in services. Because most of those services are non-traded, Japanese could not benefit from those lower service costs. And U.S. does not have to face a lower international price of services. So the purchasing power of Japanese is just one-third of their U.S. counterparts.9．How does the fact that many goods are non-traded affect the extent of possible gains from trade?Actually the gains from trade depended on the proportion of non-traded goods. The gains will increase as the proportion of non-traded goods decrease.10．We have focused on the case of trade involving only two countries. Suppose that there are many countries capable of producing two goods, and that each country has only one factor of production, labor. What could we say about the pattern of production and in this case? (Hint: Try constructing the world relative supply curve.)Any countries to the left of the intersection of the relative demand and relative supply curves export the good in which they have a comparative advantage relative to any country to the right of the intersection. If the intersection occurs in a horizontal portion then the country with that price ratio produces both goods.。

国际经济学(克鲁格曼)课后习题答案1-8章

第一章练习与答案1．为什么说在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要？答案提示：当生产处于生产边界线上，资源则得到了充分利用，这时，要想增加某一产品的生产，必须降低另一产品的生产，也就是说，增加某一产品的生产是有机会机本（或社会成本）的。

生产可能性边界上任何一点都表示生产效率和充分就业得以实现，但究竟选择哪一点，则还要看两个商品的相对价格，即它们在市场上的交换比率。

相对价格等于机会成本时，生产点在生产可能性边界上的位置也就确定了。

所以，在决定生产和消费时，相对价格比绝对价格更重要。

2．仿效图1—6和图1—7，试推导出Y商品的国民供给曲线和国民需求曲线。

答案提示：3．在只有两种商品的情况下，当一个商品达到均衡时，另外一个商品是否也同时达到均衡？试解释原因。

答案提示：4．如果生产可能性边界是一条直线，试确定过剩供给（或需求）曲线。

答案提示：5．如果改用Y商品的过剩供给曲线（B国）和过剩需求曲线（A 国）来确定国际均衡价格，那么所得出的结果与图1—13中的结果是否一致？答案提示：国际均衡价格将依旧处于贸易前两国相对价格的中间某点。

6．说明贸易条件变化如何影响国际贸易利益在两国间的分配。

对于进口国来讲，贸易条件变化对国际贸易利益的影响是相反的。

7．如果国际贸易发生在一个大国和一个小国之间，那么贸易后，国际相对价格更接近于哪一个国家在封闭下的相对价格水平？答案提示：贸易后，国际相对价格将更接近于大国在封闭下的相对价格水平。

8．根据上一题的答案，你认为哪个国家在国际贸易中福利改善程度更为明显些？答案提示：小国。

9*．为什么说两个部门要素使用比例的不同会导致生产可能性边界曲线向外凸？答案提示：第二章答案1．根据下面两个表中的数据，确定（1）贸易前的相对价格；（2）比较优势型态。

保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第章

保罗克鲁格曼版国际经济学の国际贸易部分同步单项选择题第章第二章：劳动生产率和比较优势——李嘉图模型多线选择题1.国家之间进行贸易是因为他们是——，也是由于——A.不同的，成本B.相似的，规模经济C.不同的，规模经济D.相似的，成本E.以上都不对答案：C2．如果满足下列哪个条件的话，这两个国家都会从贸易中得利。

A.每个国家出口自己有比较优势的产品B.每个国家都有优越的贸易条件C.每个国家对进口产品有更高的需求弹性D.每个国家对出口产品有更高的供给弹性E.C和D都对答案：A3李嘉图的比较优势理论认为，假如符合下列哪项，该国在小饰品产品上具有比较优势呢?A.该国每个小饰品工人的产量更高B.该国的汇率很低C.该国的工资率很高D.该国小饰品工人的生产率和该国其他产品的生产率相比较而言，生产率更高E.B和C都对答案：D4.为了确定一个国家在一个特殊产品上的生产是否具有比较优势，我们至少需要知道几个劳动主体生产要求方面的消息A.一个B.两个C.三个D.四个E.五个答案：D5.根据比较优势原理，一个国家进行国际贸易从中得到收益，是以为A.间接生产出口产品比直接生产更有效B.间接生产进口产品比国内生产更有效C.可以用更少的劳动力生产出口产品D.使用更少的劳动力间接生产出口产品E.以上都不对答案：B6.根据下面的信息：单位劳动力需求布料小饰品国内1020国外6030A.没有一个国家有比较优势B.国内在布料生产方面具有比较优势C.国外在布料生产方面具有比较优势D.国内在饰品生产方面具有比较优势E.国内在这两件产品上都具有比较优势答案：B7.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，而不进口D.不从事任何进口和出口E.上面都对答案：A8.假如国内经济遭受了大萧条，每种产品的单位劳动需求翻了四倍。

那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口或进口E.以上都正确答案：A9.假如国内工资水平翻倍了，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.出口布料，不进口D.不做任何出口和进口E.以上都正确答案：A10.根据下面的信息一个单位劳动力生产的数量布料小饰品国内1020国外6030A.没有一个国家有比较优势B.国内在布料生产上有比较优势C.国外在布料生产上有比较优势D.国外在饰品生产上有比较优势E.国内在两种产品上都有比较优势答案：C11.假如国外使用犯人生产出口产品，国外生产布料的机会成本是小饰品的生产，那么国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不进口，也不出口E.以上都正确答案：B12.假如国内工资翻倍了，国内应该A.出口布料B.出口小饰品C.两种产品都出口，不进口D.不出口也不进口E.以上都对答案：B14.假设只有两个国家进行贸易，这两个国家只生产两种产品，那么国际贸易会使什么增加A.假如两种产品的产量都增加了，消费者福利才会增加B.两种产品的生产量和两个国家的消费者福利都会增加C.两种产品的生产量都增加了，但不是两个国家的消费者福利都增加D.两个国家的消费者福利增加了，但不是两种产品的总生产量都增加了E.以上都不正确答案：B15.根据李嘉图模型，贸易的结果会带来哪个趋于专业化A.16.根据李嘉图模型，参加贸易的国家会发现他的消费束A.在生产边界线内部B.在生产边界线上C.在生产边界线外部D.在他贸易国生产边界线内部E.在他贸易国生产边界线上答案：C17.在李嘉图模型中，假如一个国家的贸易受到限制，下列哪项不会发生？A.有限的专业化和劳动分工B.贸易额和贸易所得都减少C.使国家在生产边界线内部进行生产D.可能导致一个国家生产一些不具有比较优势的产品E.以上都不是答案：C18.根据李嘉图模型，假如一个很小的国家和一个非常大的国家进行贸易，那么A.小国家的经济福利会下降B.大国际的经济福利会下降C.小国家将从贸易中获利D.大国家将从贸易中获利E.以上都不正确答案：C19.假如一个国家的世界进出口交换率在H国和F国的国内生产成本比率之间，那么A.H国将从贸易中获利，而不是F国B.F国将从贸易中获利，而不是H国C.H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D.只有进行出口补贴的国家能从贸易中获利E.以上都不对答案：B20.假如F国的进出口比率等于世界平均进出口比，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：A21．假如H国的进出口比率等于世界平均进出口比，那么A．H国将从贸易中获利，F国不能B．H国和F国都从贸易中获利C．H国和F国都不能从贸易中获利D．只有政府补贴出口的国家获利E．以上都不正确答案：E22．假如生产可能性曲线凹向原点，那么下列哪种情况会进行生产A．机会成本不变B．机会成本递增C．机会成本递减D．机会成本无限E．以上都不正确答案：B23．假如两个国家有相同的生产可能性曲线，那么在下列哪种情况下他们之间的贸易不可能发生A．他们的供给曲线相同B．他们的成本函数相同C．他们的需求函数不同D．他们的收入相同E．以上都不正确答案：C24．比较优势原理最早是谁提出的？A．大卫。

国际经济学克鲁格曼版

第二章
世界贸易概览
Slides prepared by Thomas Bishop
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
本章探讨的两个问题
• 谁和谁贸易的问题（引力模型不仅能解释两国间贸易量的大小，而且能说明当今制约国际贸易发展的障碍因素）
2-20
世界变小了吗？
• 两个经济全球化浪潮
1840—1914 经济依赖于蒸汽机、铁路、电报机、电话。经济全球化因为战争和经济大萧条被阻止和取消。 1945至今: 经济依赖于电话、飞机、计算机、因特网、光学纤维、掌上电脑、GPS卫星定位等等。
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
轮船、帆船、指南针、铁路、电报、蒸汽机、动力机、汽车、电话、飞机、计算机、机械装置、因特网、光纤化学、个人数码助理,、GPS卫星定位等等现代化技术增加了国际贸易量。
• 但是历史表明政治因素，例如战争，对贸易形式的影响要比交通和通讯的改革更为强烈。
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
2-15
距离、壁垒和疆界
• 1994年美国和加拿大、墨西哥签署了贸易协定，即《北美自由贸易协定》。
• 由于加拿大和墨西哥不仅是美国的邻居，而且与它签署了贸易协定，因此美国的邻国与美国个贸易量远胜过美国的欧洲贸易伙伴与美国的贸易量。

克鲁格曼国际经济学答案（英文）

克鲁格曼国际经济学答案（英⽂）Overview of Section IInternational Trade TheorySection I of the text is comprised of six chapters:Chapter 2 Labor Productivity and Comparative Advantage: The Ricardian ModelChapter 3 Specific Factors and Income DistributionChapter 4 Resources and Trade: The Heckscher-Ohlin ModelChapter 5 The Standard Trade ModelChapter 6 Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International TradeChapter 7 International Factor MovementsT Section I OverviewSection I of the text presents the theory of international trade. The intent of this section is to explore the motives for and implications of patterns of trade between countries. The presentation proceeds by introducing successively more general models of trade, where the generality is provided by increasing the number of factors used in production, by increasing the mobility of factors of production across sectorsof the economy, by introducing more general technologies applied to production, and by examining different types of market structure. Throughout Section I, policy concerns and current issues are used to emphasize the relevance of the theory of international trade for interpreting and understanding our economy.Chapter 2 gives a brief overview of world trade. In particular, it discusses what we know about the quantities and pattern of world trade today. The chapter uses the empirical relationship known as the gravity model as a framework to describe trade. This framework describes trade as a function of the size of the economies involved and their distance. It can then be used to see where countries are trading more or less than expected. The chapter also notes the growth in world trade over the previous decades and uses the previous era of globalization (pre-WWI) as context for today’s experience.Chapter 3 introduces you to international trade theory through a framework known as the Ricardian model of trade. This model addresses the issue of why two countries would want to trade with each other. This model shows how mutually-beneficial trade arises when there are two countries, each with one factor of production which can be applied toward producing each of two goods. Key concepts are introduced, such as the production possibilities frontier, comparative advantage versus absolute advantage, gains from trade, relative prices, and relative wages across countries.4 Krugman/Obstfeld ? International Economics: Theory and Policy, Seventh EditionChapter 4 introduces what is known as the classic Heckscher-Ohlin model of international trade.Using this framework, you can work through the effects of trade on wages, prices and output. Many important and intuitive results are derived in this chapter including: the Rybczynski Theorem, the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem, and the Factor Price Equalization Theorem. Implications of the Heckscher-Ohlin model for the pattern of trade among countries are discussed, as are the failures of empirical evidence to confirm the predictions of the theory. The chapter also introduces questions of political economy in trade. One important reason for this addition to the model is to consider the effects of trade on income distribution. This approach shows that while nations generally gain from international trade, it is quite possible that specific groups within these nations could be harmed by this trade. This discussion, and related questions about protectionism versus globalization, becomes broader and even more interesting as you work through the models and different assumptions of subsequent chapters.Chapter 5 presents a general model of international trade which admits the models of the previous chapters as special cases. This “standard trade model” is depicted graphically by a general equilibrium trade model as applied to a small open economy. Relative demand and relative supply curves are used to analyze a variety of policy issues, such as the effects of economic growth, the transfer problem, and the effects of trade tariffs and production subsidies. The appendix to the chapter develops offer curve analysis.While an extremely useful tool, the standard model of trade fails to account for some important aspects of international trade. Specifically, while the factor proportions Heckscher-Ohlin theories explain some trade flows between countries, recentresearch in international economics has placed an increasing emphasis on economies of scale in production and imperfect competition among firms.Chapter 6 presents models of international trade that reflect these developments. The chapter begins by reviewing the concept of monopolistic competition among firms, and then showing the gains from trade which arise in such imperfectly competitive markets. Next, internal and external economies of scale in production and comparative advantage are discussed. The chapter continues with a discussion of the importance of intra-industry trade, dumping, and external economies of production. The subject matter of this chapter is important since it shows how gains from trade arise in ways that are not suggested by the standard, more traditional models of international trade. The subject matter also is enlightening given the increased emphasis on intra-industry trade in industrialized countries.Chapter 7 focuses on international factor mobility. This departs from previous chapters which assumed that the factors of production available for production within a country could not leave a country’s borders. Reasons for and the effects of international factor mobility are discussed in the context of a one-factor (labor) production and trade model. The analysis of the international mobility of labor motivates a further discussion of international mobility of capital. The international mobility of capital takes the form of international borrowing and lending. This facilitates the discussion of inter-temporal production choices and foreign direct investment behavior.。

克鲁格曼国际经济学

Chapter3In1986,thepriceofoilonworldmarketsdroppedsharply.SincetheUnitedStatesisan oil-importingcountry,thiswaswidelyregardedasgoodfortheU.S.economy.YetinTexasandLou isiana1986wasayearofeconomicdecline.Why?ItcandeducethatTexasandLouisianaareoil-producingstatesofUnitedStates.Sowhenthepriceofoilonworldmarketsdeclined,therealwageofthisindustryfellintermsofothergoods.Thismightbether easonofeconomicdeclineinthesetwostatesin1986.2。

Aneconomycanproducegood1usinglaborandcapitalandgood2usinglaborandland.Thetotalsupplyoflaboris100unit s.Giventhesupplyofcapital,theoutputsofthetwogoodsdependsonlaborinputasfollows:Toanalyzetheeconomy’sproductionpossibilityfrontier,considerhowtheoutputmixchangesaslaborisshifte dbetweenthetwosectors.Graphtheproductionfunctionsforgood1andgood2.Q1Q 1(K 1,L 1)Q2Q 2(K 2,L 2)ProductionFunctionforGood1Output10093.9 1009080.7 87.48073.670666057.55038.148.6403025.12010 010 20 30 40 50607080 90100ProductionFunctionforGood2 LaborInputforGood1Output10091.495.51009081.586.78075.87069.360 52.561.850 40 39.830 2010 0110 20 30 40 50607080 90 100LaborInputforGood2Graphtheproductionpossibilityfrontier.Whyisitcurved?Q2Q2(K2,L2)Q2100PPFL2Q1100L1Q1Q1(K1,L1)a.ThePPFiscurvedduetodecliningmarginalproductoflaborineachgood.Thetotallaborsupplyisfixed.SoasL1rises,MPL1falls;correspondingly,asL2falls,MPL2rises.SoPPgetssteeperaswemovedownittotheright.b.Themarginalproductoflaborcurvescorrespondingtotheproductionfunctionsinproblem2areasfollows:c.d.e.f.g.h.i.j.k.l.m.Supposethatthepriceofgood2relativetothatofgood1is2.Determinegraphicallythewage rateandtheallocationoflaborbetweenthetwosectors. Withtheassumptionthatlaborisfreelymobilebetweensectors,itwillmovefromthelow-wagesectortothehigh-wagesectoruntilwagesareequalized.Soinequilibrium,thewagerateisequaltothevalueoflabor’smarginalproduct.MPL1P1MPL2P2P2/P122b.Theabscissaofpointofintersectionillustratedaboveshouldbebetween(20,30).Sinceweonlyhavetofindouttheapproximateanswer,linearfunctioncouldbeemployed.c.ThelaborallocationbetweenthesectorsisapproximatelyL1=27andL2=73.Thewagerateisapproximately0.98.ingthegraphdrawnforproblem2,determinetheoutputofeachsector.Thenconfirmgraphicallythattheslopoftheproductionpossibilityfrontieratthatpointequalstherelativepri ce.Q2Q2(K2,L2)Q2slope11002 PPFL2Q1c.100d.L1Q1Q1(K1,L1)e.TherelativepriceisP2/P1=2andwehavegottheapproximatelaborallocation,sowecanemploythelinearfunctionagaintocalculatetheapproximateoutputofeachsector:Q1=44andQ2=90.f.Supposethattherelativepriceofgood2fallsto1.Repeat(a)and(b).3Therelativedeclineinthepriceofgood2causedlabortobereallocated:laborisdrawnoutofproductionofgood2andentersproduction ofgood1(Ｌ1=62,L2=38).Thisalsoleadstoanoutputadjustment,thatis,productionofgood2fallsto68unitsandproductionofgood1risesto76unit s.Andthewagerateisapproximatelyequalto0.74.Q2Q2(K2,L2)Q2slope12 slope1100PPFL2Q1d.100e.L1Q1Q1(K1,L1)f.Calculatetheeffectsofthepricechangeontheincomeofthespecificfactorsinsectors1and2.3.WiththerelativepricechangefromP2/P1=2toP2/P1=1,thepriceofgood2hasfallenby50percent,whilethepriceofgood1hasstayedthesame.Wageshavefallentoo,butbylessthanthefallinP2(wagesfell approximately25percent).Thus,therealwagerelative4.toP2actuallyriseswhilerealwagerelativetoP1falls.Hence,todeterminethewelfareconsequenceforworkers,theinformationabouttheirconsumptionsharesofgood1andgood2isneeded.5.Inthetextweexaminedtheimpactsofincreasesinthesupplyofcapitalandland.Butwhatifthemobilefactor,labor,increasesinsupply?4a．Analyzethequalitativeeffectsofanincreaseinthesupplyoflaborinthespecificfactorsmodel,holdingthepriceofbothgoodsconstant.Foraneconomyproducingtwogoods,XanY,withlabordemandsreflectedbytheirmarginalrevenueproductcurves,thereisaninitial wageofw1andaninitiallaborallocationofL x=O x AandL y=O y A.Whenthesupplyoflaborincreases,therightboundaryofthediagramill ustratedbelowpushedouttoO y’.ThedemandforlaborinsectorYispulledrightwardwiththeboundary.Thenewintersectionofthela bordemandcurvesshowsthatlaborexpandsinbothsectors,andthereforeoutputofbothXandYalsoexpand.Therelativeexpansion ofoutputisambiguous.Wagespaidtoworkersfall.W MPLy P yMPL x P xw1w2A BO y O yb．Graphtheeffectontheequilibriumforthenumericalexampleinproblems2and3,givenarelativepriceof1,whenthelaborforceexpandsfrom100to140.Withthelawofdiminishing returns,thenewproductionpossibility frontier ismoreconcaveandsteeper(flatter)attheendswhentotallaborsupplyincreases.L1increaseto90from62andL2increasesto50from38.Wagesdeclinefrom0.74to0.60.ThisnewallocationoflaborleadstoanewoutputmixofapproximatelyQ1=85andQ2=77.5Q2Q2(K2,L2)Q2140100PPFL2Q1100140L1Q1Q1(K1,L1)Chapter41．IntheUnitedStateswherelandischeap,theratiooflandtolaborusedincattlerisingishigherthanthatoflandusedinwhe atgrowing.Butinmorecrowdedcountries,wherelandisexpensiveandlaborischeap,itiscommontoraisecowsbyusingle sslandandmorelaborthanAmericansusetogrowwheat.Canwestillsaythatraisingcattleislandintensivecomparedwithf armingwheat?Whyorwhynot? Thedefinitionofcattlegrowingaslandintensivedependsontheratiooflandtolaborusedinproduction,notontheratiooflandorlaborto output.TheratiooflandtolaborincattleexceedstheratioinwheatintheUnitedStates,implyingcattleislandintensiveintheUnitedStat es.Cattleislandintensiveinothercountriestooiftheratiooflandtolaborincattleproductionexceedstheratioinwheatproductioninthat country.ThecomparisonbetweenanothercountryandtheUnitedStatesislessrelevantforansweringthequestion.2．Supposethatatcurrentfactorpricesclothisproducedusing20hoursoflaborforeachacreofland,andfoodisproducedusingonly5hoursoflaborperacreofland.Supposethattheeconomy’ingadiagramdeterminetheallocationofresources.aLC/aTC (LC/QC)/(TC/QC) LC/TC LC 20TCaLF/aTF (LF/QF)/(TF/QF) LF/TF LF 5TFWecansolvethisalgebraicallysinceL=LC+LF=600andT=TC+TF=60.ThesolutionisLC=400,TC=20,LF=200andTF=40.6LandTCCloth Labor LF Food TFLCN owsupposethatthelaborsupplyincreasefirstto800,then1000,ingadiagramlikeFigure4-6,traceoutthechangingallocationofresources.L800:TC33.33,LC666.67,TF26.67,LF133.33L1000:TC46.67,LC933.33,TF13.33,LF66.67L1200:TC60,LC1200,TF0,LF0.(complspeteeciatlizoan) FoodLand12001000800Cloth0l0l0lbor4.Whatwouldhappenifthelaborsupplyweretoincreaseevenfurther?5.Atconstantfactorprices,somelaborwouldbeunused,sofactorpriceswouldhavetochange,ortherewouldbeunemployment.6.“Theworld’spoorestcountriescannotfindanythingtoexport.Thereisnoresourcethatisabundant—certainlynotcapitalorland,andinsmallpoornationsnotevenlaboris76.abundant.”Discuss.7.Thegainsfromtradedependoncomparativeratherthanabsoluteadvantage.Astopoorcountries,whatmattersisnottheabsoluteabundanceoffactors,buttheirrelativeabundance.Poorcountrieshaveanab undanceoflaborrelativetocapitalwhencomparedtomoredevelopedcountries.bormovement—whichmostlyrepresentsblue-collarworkersratherthanprofessionalsandhighlyeducatedworkers—hastraditionallyfavoredlimitsonimportsformless-affluentcountries.Isthisashortsightedpolicyofarationaloneinviewoftheinterestsofunionme mbers?Howdoestheanswerdependonthemodeloftrade?9.IntheRicardo’smodel,laborgainsfromtradethroughanincreaseinitspurchasingpower.Thisresultdoesnotsupportlaboruniondemandsforlimitsonimportsfromlessaffluentcountries.10.IntheImmobileFactorsmodellabormaygainorlosefromtrade.Purchasingpowerintermsofonegoodwillrise,butintermsoftheothergooditwilldecline.11.TheHeckscher-Ohlinmodeldirectlydiscussesdistributionbyconsideringtheeffectsoftradeontheownersoffactorsofpr oduction.Inthecontextofthismodel,borlosesfromtradesincethisgrouprepresentsthe relativelyscarcefactorsinthiscountry.TheresultsfromtheHeckscher-Ohlinmodelsupportlaboruniondemandsforimportlimits.12.ThereissubstantialinequalityofwagelevelsbetweenregionswithintheUnitedStates.Forexample,wagesofmanufacturingworkersinequivalentjobsareabout20percentlowerintheSouthea stthantheyareintheFarWest.Whichoftheexplanationsoffailureoffactorpriceequalizationmig htaccountforthis?HowisthiscasedifferentfromthedivergenceofwagesbetweentheUnitedSt atesandMexico(whichisgeographicallyclosertoboththeU.S.SoutheastandtheFarWestthant heSoutheastandFarWestaretoeachother)?13.Whenweemployfactorpriceequalization,weshouldpayattentiontoitsconditions:bothcountries/regionsproducebothgoods;bothcountrieshavethesametechnologyofproduction,andtheabsenceofbarri erstotrade.InequalityofwagelevelsbetweenregionswithintheUnitedStatesmaycausedbysomeorall ofthesereasons.14.Actually,thebarrierstotradealwaysexistintherealworldduetotransportationcosts.AndthetradebetweenU.S.andMexico,bycontrast,issubjecttolegallimits;togetherwithculturaldifferencesthatinhibitthe flowoftechnology,thismayexplainwhythedifferenceinwageratesissomuchlarger.15.ExplainwhytheLeontiefparadoxandthemorerecentBowen,Leamer,andSveikauskasresultsreportedinthetextcontradictthefactor-proportionstheory.Thefactorproportionstheorystatesthatcountriesexportthosegoodswhoseproductionisintensiveinfa ctorswithwhichtheyareabundantlyendowed.OnewouldexpecttheUnitedStates,whichhasahighcap ital/laborratiorelativetotherestoftheworld,toexportcapital-intensivegoodsiftheHeckscher-Ohlintheoryholds.LeontieffoundthattheUnitedStatesexportedlabor-intensivegoods.Bowen,LeamerandSveikauskasfoundthatthecorrelationbetweenfactorendowme ntandtradepatternsisweakfortheworldasawhole.Thedatadonotsupportthepredictionsofthetheoryt hatcountries'exportsandimportsreflecttherelativeendowmentsoffactors.89.InthediscussionofempiricalresultsontheHeckscher-Ohlinmodel,wenotedthatrecentworksuggeststhattheefficiencyoffactorsofproductionseemstodifferinternationally.Explainhowthiswouldaffecttheconceptoffactorpriceequalization. Iftheefficiencyofthefactorsofproductiondiffersinternationally,thelessonsoftheHeckscher-Ohlintheorywouldbeappliedto“effectivefactors”whichadjustforthedifferencesintechnologyorworkerskillsorlandquality(forexa mple).Theadjustedmodelhasbeenfoundtobemoresuccessfulthantheunadjustedmodelatexplainingthepatternoftradebetween countries.Factor-priceequalizationconceptswouldapplytotheeffectivefactors.Aworkerwithmoreskillsorinacountrywithbettertechnologycouldbe consideredtobeequaltotwoworkersinanothercountry.Thus,thesinglepersonwouldbetwoeffectiveunitsoflabor.Thus,theonehigh-skilledworkercouldearntwicewhatlowerskilledworkersdoandthepriceofoneeffectiveunitoflaborwouldstillbeequalized.3、经过活动，使学生养成博学多才的好习惯。

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》计算题及答案

克鲁格曼《国际经济学》计算题及答案比较优势,有效保护率1.在古典贸易模型中，假设A国有120名劳动力，B国有50名劳动力，如果生产棉花的话，A国的人均产量是2吨，B国也是2吨；要是生产大米的话，A国的人均产量是10吨，B国则是16吨。

画出两国的生产可能性曲线并分析两国中哪一国拥有生产大米的绝对优势？哪一国拥有生产大米的比较优势？思路：B国由于每人能生产16吨大米，而A国每人仅生产10吨大米，所以B国具有生产大米的绝对优势。

从两国生产可能性曲线看出A国生产大米的机会成本为0.2，而B国为0.125，所以B国生产大米的机会成本或相对成本低于A国，B国生产大米具有比较优势。

2.下表列出了加拿大和中国生产1单位计算机和1单位小麦所需的劳动时间。

假定生产计算机和小麦都只用劳动，加拿大的总劳动为600小时，中国总劳动为800小时。

（1）计算不发生贸易时各国生产计算机和小麦的产量。

（2）哪个国家具有生产计算机的比较优势？哪个国家具有生产小麦的比较优势？（3）如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换22单位的小麦，加拿大参与贸易可以从每单位的进口中节省多少劳动时间？中国可以从每单位进口中节省多少劳动时间？如果给定世界价格是1单位计算机交换24单位的小麦，加拿大和中国分别可以从进口每单位的货物中节省多少劳动时间？（4）在自由贸易的情况下，各国应生产什么产品，数量是多少？整个世界的福利水平是提高还是降低了？试用图分析。

（以效用水平来衡量福利水平）思路：（1）中国生产计算机的机会成本为100/4=25，加拿大为60/3=20（2）因为加拿大生产计算机的机会成本比中国低，所以加拿大具有生产者计算机的比较优势，中国就具有生产小麦的比较优势。

（3）如果各国按照比较优势生产和出口，加拿大进口小麦出口计算机，中国进口计算机出口小麦。

加拿大进口一单位小麦需要出口1/22单位计算机，折合成劳动时间来算，生产一单位小麦本国要用3小时，但生产1/22单位计算机本国要用60/22小时劳动，所以加拿大进口一单位小麦相当于用60/22小时的劳动换回本国3小时生产的产品，节省了3-60/22=3/11小时的劳动时间。

（英文版）保罗。克鲁格曼《国际经济学》题库2

练习题二：Part A: Multiple Choice1. In the 2-factor, 2 good Heckscher-Ohlin model, the two countries differ inA) tastes.B) military capabilities.C) size.D) relative availabilities of factors of production.E) labor productivities.2.The slope of a countryʹs PPF reflectsA) the opportunity cost of product S in terms of product T.B) the opportunity cost of T in terms of money prices.C) the opportunity cost of S or T in terms of S.D) Both A and B.E) Both A and C.3. According to the Heckscher-Ohlin model, the source of comparative advantage is a countryʹsA) technology.B) advertising.C) human capital.D) factor endowments.E) Both A and B.4. If Australia has relatively more land per worker, and Belgium has relatively more capital per worker, then if trade were to open up between these two countries,A) the relative price of the capital-intensive product would rise in Australia.B) the world price of the land-intensive product would be higher than it had been in Belgium.C) the world price of the land intensive product would be higher than it had been in Australia.D) the relative price of the land intensive product would rise in Belgium.E) None of the above.5. The Heckscher-Ohlin model predicts all of the following exceptA) which country will export which product.B) which factor of production within each country will gain from trade.C) the volume of trade.D) that wages will tend to become equal in both trading countries.E) None of the above.6. External economies of scale arise when the cost per unitA) rises as the industry grows larger.B) falls as the industry grows larger rises as the average firm grows larger.C) falls as the average firm grows larger.D) remains constant.E) None of the above.7. External economies of scaleA) may be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.B) cannot be associated with a perfectly competitive industry.C) tends to result in one huge monopoly.D) tends to result in large profits for each firm.E) None of the above.8. The simultaneous export and import of widgets by the United States is an example ofA) increasing returns to scale.B) imperfect competition.C) intra-industry trade.D) inter-industry trade.E) None of the above.9. Intra-industry trade can be explained in part byA) transportation costs within and between countries.B) problems of data aggregation and categorization.C) increasing returns to scale.D) A ll of the above.E) None of the above.10. Intra-industry trade will tend to dominate trade flows when which of the following exist s?A) large differences between relative country factor availabilitiesB) small differences between relative country factor availabilitiesC) homogeneous products that cannot be differentiatedD) constant cost industriesE) None of the above.11. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,A) the larger are that countryʹs exports.B) the higher is the price charged.C) the fewer varieties are sold.D) the lower is the price charged.E) None of the above.12. The larger the number of firms in a monopolistic competition situation,A) the larger are that countryʹs exports.B) the higher is the price charged.C) the fewer varieties are sold.D) the lower is the price charged.E) None of the above.DADCC BACDB DDPart B：Short Questions1.ʹThe H.O. model remains useful as a way to predict the income distribution effects of trade.ʹDiscuss.Answer: T he Stolper-Samuelson theorem, one of the basic theorems arising from theHeckscher-Ohlin model yields an elegant demonstration of the fact that changes in product prices (such as will occur when trade is expanded or curtailed) telescopes its effects onto factor prices, so that not only do relative factor returns mirror product prices, but that actual returns to factors may either rise or fall in real terms. Hence, as a policy framework, the disproportionate effect trade may have on real incomes of sectors, such as skilled-labor is quite useful both theoretically and practically (or polemically)2.International trade leads to complete equalization of factor prices. Discuss.T his statement is typically ʹtrue . . . but.ʹ Under a strict and limited set of assumptions, such as the original Heckscher-Ohlin model which excludes country specific technologies; non- homothetic tastes; factor intensity reversals; large country differences in (relative) factor abundances, more factors than goods, and an equilibrium solution within the ʹcone of specializationʹ; then it may be demonstrated that internal consistency demands that the above stated sentence is ʹtrue.ʹ However, the minute one relaxes any of the above listed assumptions one may easily identify solutions, which contradict the factor price equalization theorem.3.If a scale economy is the dominant technological factor defining or establishing comparativeadvantage, then the underlying facts explaining why a particular country dominates world markets in some product may be pure chance, or historical accident. Explain, and compare this with the answer you would give for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of comparative advantage.T his statement is true, since the reason the seller is a monopolist may be that it happened to have been the first to produce this product in this country. It may have no connection to any supply or demand related factors; nor to any natural or man-made availability. This is all exactly the opposite of the Heckscher-Ohlin Neo-Classical modelʹs explanation of the determinants of comparative advantage.。

国际经济学题库（克鲁格曼版）

国际经济学题库（克鲁格曼版）《国际贸易》习题库——克鲁格曼版⼀、名词解释1、绝对优势2、⽐较优势3、机会成本4、贸易条件5、要素禀赋6、劳动密集型产品7、资本密集型产品8、技术密集型产品9、规模经济 10、产业内贸易 11、代表性需求12、边际物质产品与边际价值产品13、专门⽣产要素与共同⽣产要素14产品⽣命周期理论15、外汇 16、汇率 17、汇率制度 18、即期外汇业务19、远期外汇业务 20、套利业务 21、⼀价定律22、国际收⽀ 23、马歇尔⼀勒纳条件 24、货币贬值的J型曲线效应⼆、判断以下各题的对错，并说明理由。

1、当开放贸易时，所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。

2、根据简单贸易模型，在贸易发⽣之前，如果各国的某种商品价格相同，这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。

·3、如果⼀国中某⽣产者通过贸易能使⾃⼰的境况得到改善，那么，该国中所有的⽣产者都会通过贸易来改善⾃⼰的境况。

4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下，⼀国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另⼀国对该商品的过度需求相等。

5、不存在free lunch，但却存在free trade。

6、⼀国即便在某种商品的⽣产上具有绝对劣势，它也可以在该商品的⽣产上具有相对优势。

7、根据H—O理论，⼀国如果⽐他国拥有更多英亩的⼟地，该国便是“⼟地丰富”的国家。

8、在成本递增的条件下，各国并不⼀定要完全专业化于⼀种商品的⽣产。

9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。

10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的⽣产要素定义⽽解决Leontief Paradox。

11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为，贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收⼊，同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更⾼的实际收⼊。

12、如果各国的⽣产技术相同，贸易便不会使⽣产要素价格均等化。

13、⼀国的⾮技术性⼯⼈会⽐技术性⼯⼈更加反对贸易⾃由化。

14、“⼤”国可投资发展进⼝替代产业⽽不是出⼝产业，进⽽改善本国的贸易条件。

国际经济学复习资料克鲁格曼版

简答1、经济增长偏向对本国贸易的影响（P102，见RS曲线的移动）答：◈1使一国的生产可能性边界的扩张偏向于出口产品的经济增长称为出口偏向型增长。

会使本国的贸易条件恶化，但对世界其他国家有利。

◈2使一国的生产可能性边界的扩张偏向于进口产品的经济增长称为进口偏向型增长。

有利于改善本国的贸易条件，但世界其他国家会为此付出代价。

2、经济增长的国际性影响（P103）答：◈1世界上其他国家的出口偏向型增长使本国的贸易条件改善，而世界其他国家的进口偏向型增长会使本国的贸易条件恶化。

◈2本国出口偏向型的贸易增长会使本国的贸易条件恶化，减少增长带来的直接收益，本国的进口偏向型增长会使本国的贸易条件改善，并带来额外收益。

3、行业间贸易与行业内贸易的主要区别（P138，见137图）答：◈1行业间贸易反映出比较优势，而行业内贸易不反映比较优势。

行业间贸易：比较优势仍是贸易的主要动因；行业内贸易：规模经济本身可以成为国际贸易的独立动因。

◈2行业内贸易的模式是不可预测的，而行业间贸易却是由国家之间的内在差别所决定的。

◈3行业内贸易和行业间贸易的相对重要性取决于两国之间的相似性。

4、简述行业内贸易的重要性和其发生的条件(P139)答：重要性：◈1行业间贸易可以使各国从更大的市场规模中获益，因此从国际贸易中可以获取额外的收益，且比从比较优势中获取的要多。

◈2一国通过从事行业内贸易，能够在减少自产商品花色的同时却增加国内消费者所需要的商品种类。

由于自身商品种类的减少，一国能在更大规模上从事生产，从而提高生产效率和降低成本。

行业内贸易发生的条件：（1）各国相对要素供给较相似以至没有很多的行业间贸易；（2）规模经济和产品差异非常重要，以至从规模经济和增加商品选择中得到的收益非常大。

5、关税对小国的影响（P189）理解：在没有关税时，本国和外国的小麦价格均为世界价格Pw。

当征收关税时，本国的小麦价格升至PT ，而外国的小麦价格降至P*T (= PT –t) ) ，直至价格差距为t美元为止。

《国际经济学》克鲁格曼(第六版)习题答案imsect2

OVERVIEW OF SECTION II: INTERNATIONAL TRADE POLICYSection II of the text is comprised of four chapters:Chapter 8 The Instruments of Trade PolicyChapter 9 The Political Economy of Trade PolicyChapter 10 Trade Policy in Developing CountriesChapter 11 Strategic Trade Policies in Advanced CountriesSECTION II OVERVIEWTrade policy issues figure prominently in current political debates and public policy discussions. The first two chapters of this section of the text are concerned with the instruments of trade policy and the arguments for free trade and managed trade. The second two chapters consider these concepts in the context of specific sets of countries that face common problems. Throughout, the use of case studies provides the student with real world examples that clearly illustrate the theoretical arguments.Chapter 8 discusses various instruments of trade policy including tariffs, quotas, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. The effects of these policies on prices and trade volumes are determined in the context of a partial equilibrium framework. The chapter reviews the analytical tools of consumer and producer surplus, and uses these tools to consider the welfare effects of various protectionist measures. The specific incidents of trade restrictions presented as case studies include import quotas on sugar entering United States markets, voluntary export restraints on Japanese autos, and oil import quotas.Chapter 9 presents the set of ideas known as the political economy of trade theory. These ideas enable you to understand why certain trade restrictions exist, despite the force of general economic arguments which suggest that they reduce aggregate welfare. Possible motivations for trade restrictions are identified as those which increase national welfare, such as the optimum tariff, and those which foster either income redistribution or the preservation of status quo. While sometimes politically popular, these motivations for trade restrictions ignore the possibility of retaliation and usually fail tests based upon basic welfare analysis. Trade agreements of the 1990s are discussed, including the Uruguay Round, and distinctionsare made between Free Trade Areas and Customs Unions as well as between trade creation and trade diversion.Chapter 10 considers the possible uses of trade policies to promote the growth of developing economies. The chapter reviews the relative successes of different development strategies. It examines arguments for and the results of import-substituting industrialization. The phenomenon of economic dualism, referring to the coexistence of capital intensive industrial sectors and low-wage traditional sectors, and of uneven development are considered. The chapter concludes with a discussion of export led growth and the experience of the high performing Asian economies.Chapter 11 considers recent controversies in trade policy. The first part of the chapter considers the notion of strategic trade policy, which first arose in the 1990s. Strategic trade policy refers to the use of trade (and other) tools for channeling resources to sectors targeted for growth by industrial country governments. The chapter presents some commonly voiced arguments for intervention in particular sectors of the economy, and then shows how these arguments are critically flawed. The second part of the chapter introduces more sophisticated arguments for strategic trade policy. The most persuasive of these is the existence of some form of market failure. The second part of the chapter considers the impact of rising trade on workers in developing countries, and more broadly, the debate over globalization. This debate has been argued in academia and policy circles, but also on the streets of Seattle, Genoa, and other cities hosting global economic summits.。

国际经济学(下册国际金融)克鲁格曼中文答案

在国民收入账户中，如果进口的中间品价值从GNP 中减去，出口的中间品价值加到GNP 中，重复计算的问题将不会发生。

例如：美国分别销售钢材给日本的丰田公司和美国的通用汽车公司。

其中出售给通用公司的钢材，作为中间品其价值不被计算到美国的GNP 中。

出售给日本丰田公司的钢材，钢材价值通过丰田公司进入日本的GNP ，而最终没有进入美国的国民收入账户。

所以这部分由美国生产要素创造的中间品价值应该从日本的GNP 中减去，并加入美国的GNP 。

2、（1）等式12-2可以写成()()p CA S I T G =-+-。

美国更高的进口壁垒对私人储蓄、投资和政府赤字有比较小或没有影响。

（2）既然强制性的关税和配额对这些变量没有影响，所以贸易壁垒不能减少经常账户赤字。

不同情况对经常账户产生不同的影响。

例如，关税保护能提高被保护行业的投资，从而使经常账户恶化。

（当然，使幼稚产业有一个设备现代化机会的关税保护是合理的。

）同时，当对投资中间品实行关税保护时，由于受保护行业成本的提高可能使该行业投资下降，从而改善经常项目。

一般地，永久性和临时性的关税保护有不同的效果。

这个问题的要点是：政策影响经常账户方式需要进行一般均衡、宏观分析。

3、（1）、购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

相应地，当美国人通过他的瑞士银行账户用支票支付时，因为他对瑞士请求权减少，故记入美国金融项目的贷方。

这是美国用一个外国资产交易另外一种外国资产的案例。

（2）、同样，购买德国股票反映在美国金融项目的借方。

最后，银行采取的各项行为将导致记入美国国际收支表的贷方。

国际经济学题库(克鲁格曼版)

《国际贸易》习题库——克鲁格曼版一、名词解释1、绝对优势2、比较优势3、机会成本4、贸易条件5、要素禀赋6、劳动密集型产品7、资本密集型产品8、技术密集型产品9、规模经济 10、产业内贸易 11、代表性需求12、边际物质产品与边际价值产品13、专门生产要素与共同生产要素14产品生命周期理论15、外汇 16、汇率 17、汇率制度 18、即期外汇业务19、远期外汇业务 20、套利业务 21、一价定律22、国际收支 23、马歇尔一勒纳条件 24、货币贬值的J型曲线效应二、判断以下各题的对错，并说明理由。

1、当开放贸易时，所有消费者的境况都会得到改善。

2、根据简单贸易模型，在贸易发生之前，如果各国的某种商品价格相同，这些国家之间就不会有交换该种商品的动机。

·3、如果一国中某生产者通过贸易能使自己的境况得到改善，那么，该国中所有的生产者都会通过贸易来改善自己的境况。

4、在两国间均衡贸易价格条件下，一国对某种商品的过度供给必然与另一国对该商品的过度需求相等。

5、不存在free lunch，但却存在free trade。

6、一国即便在某种商品的生产上具有绝对劣势，它也可以在该商品的生产上具有相对优势。

7、根据H—O理论，一国如果比他国拥有更多英亩的土地，该国便是“土地丰富”的国家。

8、在成本递增的条件下，各国并不一定要完全专业化于一种商品的生产。

9、H—O理论假设各国拥有相同的商品偏好。

10、我们或许可以通过更为细分化的生产要素定义而解决Leontief Paradox。

11、Stolper-Samuelson定理认为，贸易将使丰富要素的所有者得到更低的实际收入，同时使稀缺要素的所有者得到更高的实际收入。

12、如果各国的生产技术相同，贸易便不会使生产要素价格均等化。

13、一国的非技术性工人会比技术性工人更加反对贸易自由化。

14、“大”国可投资发展进口替代产业而不是出口产业，进而改善本国的贸易条件。

15、按照定义，小国的经济增长将不会使贸易条件发生变化。

国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案完整版

国际经济学克鲁格曼教材答案HUA system office room 【HUA16H-TTMS2A-HUAS8Q8-HUAH1688】Problems and Answers to Chapter 2Q1: Canada and Australia are (mainly) English-speaking countries with populations that are not too different in size (Canada’s is 60 percent larger). But Canadian trade is twice as large, relative to GDP, as Australia’s. Why should this be the case加拿大和澳大利亚都是英语国家，两国的人口规模也相当（加拿大多60%），但是相对各自的GDP而言，加拿大的贸易额是澳大利亚的两倍，为什么如此？A1:According to Gravity Model, GDP is not the only factor to explain the volume oftrade between two countries, because distance is also an important factor. Consideringthe distance, the transportation cost of Australia is relatively higher than that ofCanada, so the attractiveness of trade is reduced. However, Canada is close to theUSA which is a large economy while Australia is not close to any large economy,making Canada more open while Australia is more autarky.GDP 不是解释两国贸易量的唯一重要因素，距离也是至关重要的因素之一。

国际经济学题库克鲁格曼版

国际经济学有助于制定国际经济政策，推动国际贸易和投资的发展，促进全球经济的繁荣和稳定。
国际经济学对于跨国企业和金融机构来说也是必不可少的，它可以帮助企业进行国际市场分析和战略规划，提高竞争力。
国际经济学还可以帮助政府制定对外经济政策，处理国际经济争端，维护国家利益和经济安全。
PART THREE
汇率制度：各国实行的汇率安排，包括固定汇率制度和浮动汇率制度
外汇政策：国家通过各种手段干预外汇市场，以影响汇率水平，实现其政策目标
外汇干预：中央银行直接干预外汇市场，以影响汇率水平
国际合作：各国在外汇政策上需要加强国际合作，共同维护
汇率稳定
国际经济一体化是指不同国家之间在经济上形成的一体化趋势，通过贸易、投资、货币等方面的合作，实现资源优化配置和经济发展。
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
添加标题
理论内容：如果一个国家对另一个国家的出口供给量增加，那么另一个国家对该国的进口需求量也会相应增加。
理论意义：相互需求原理是国际经济学的基本理论之一，对于理解国际贸易的机制和影响具有重要意义。
贸易条件定义：指一国出口商品价格与进口商品价格之间的比率。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
贸易利益概念：指通过国际贸易交换，各国能够获得本国不能生产或者生产成本太高的商品和服务。
定义：一个国家在生产某一产品时，劳动生产率高于其他国家，拥有绝对优势。提出者：亚当·斯密核心思想：国际贸易的基础在于各国生产成本上的绝对差异。意义：解释了为什么国家间应该进行贸易，并通过专业化生产来提高生产效率和福利水平。
单击添加标题
定义：比较优势理论是由大卫·李嘉图提出的，它认为在国际贸易中，一个国家应该专注于生产那些成本相对较低、效率相对较高的产品，而从其他国家进口那些成本