非谓语动词的功能
非谓语动词的三种形式
非谓语动词共分为三种，构成形式如下：1.动词不定式(Infinitives)：2.现在分词和过去分词 (present participles & past participles):3. 动名词(gerunds)下面我们依据句子的成分，来具体分析非谓语动词的不同用法。
1.非谓语动词做主语和表语主语、表语和同位语在句子中用名词来担当，非谓语动词中动词不定式和动名词均可以用作名词，因此，动词不定式和动名词可以用来担当这三种成分。
1）非谓语动词做主语一般情况下，用动名词来做主语的情况比较多，动词不定式用作主语的情况比较少。
通常来说，在表达将来的要发生的事情时用不定式来作主语，而表达一般情况习惯性的动作时用动名词来作主语。
例如：Teaching is a tiring but satisfying job.Swimming is a good kind of exercise.To be an astronaut is Johnson’s desire.在用it做形式主语的句子中通常用动词不定式来做真正的主语。
例如：It is necessary (for you) to give up smoking.It is everyone’s duty to protect the environment.但是值得注意的是在各别情况下，即使是It做形式主语，真正的主语也必须用动名词，这些情况很少，所以希望同学们能单独记忆下来，以下是此类情况的一个总结。
It is/was no use/good doing sth.It is/was not any use/good doing sth.It is/was of little use/good doing sth.2)非谓语动词做表语非谓语动词作此成分的时候跟作主语时的规则基本一致。
在表示“目的，愿望，梦想，需求”等名词做主语时其表语应该用不定式.例如：Her wish was to become an artist.她的愿望是成为一位艺术家Our aim is to help them，not to teach them a lesson.我们的目的是帮助他们，而不是教训他们。
非谓语动词种类及句法功能
非谓语动词种类及句法功能（一）概述：在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有动词不定式（the Infin itive）；动名词（the Geru nd）；现在分词（the Present Participle ；过去分词（the Past Participle。
1 •非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有：（1）如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用，例如：They built a garde n.They suggested build ing a garde n.（2）都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well.The suit used to fit him very well.（3）都有主动与被动，“”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化。
例如：He was puni shed by his pare nts.（谓语动词被动语态）He avoided being puni shed by his pare nts.（动名词的被动式）We have written the composition.（谓语动词的完成时）Having written the composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式）（4）都可以有逻辑主语They started the work at o nce.（谓语动词的逻辑主语）The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语）We are League members.（谓语动词的主语）We being League member, the work was well done.（二）种类与句法功能A. 动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、畐寸词的特征。
1. 不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）否定式：not + （to） doB. 动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征，又具有名词的句法功能否定式：not +动名词（1）一般式：Seeing is believing.眼见为实。
非谓语动词(不定式)的用法
非谓语动词(不定式)的用法非谓语动词（动词不定式的具体用法）动词不定式有三大语法功能：1.充当名词，可作主语、宾语或表语；2.充当形容词，可作后置定语或宾语补足语；3.充当副词，可作状语。
构成不定式需要使用“to+动词原形”的形式，否定式则在不定式符号之前加入否定词“not/never”。
一、不定式作主语的用法不定式作主语的特点是具有名词的功能，可表示意愿或未完成的事情，谓语动词要用单数。
常见的此类名词有：plan（计划）、purpose（目的）、attempt（企图）、goal（目标）、aim（目的）、n（雄心）、dream（梦想）、ideal（理想）、wish（希望/愿望）、hope（希望）、n（决定）、n（决定）、proposal（提议/建议）等。
为了避免主语过长，不定式短语可放在句末，用形式主语“it”代替原来的主语位置，不定式则成为真正的主语。
例如：___.（赢得冠军是我的雄心。
）To master a foreign language is necessary.（掌握一门外语是有必要的。
）To e President of the United States used to be my goal.（过去我的梦想是成为美国总统。
）Speaking perfect English is always my dream.（说一口流利的英语一直是我的梦想。
）It is ___.（保护环境是有必要的。
）There are two special ___:1) It is + adj + of sb + to do sth.2) It is + adj + for sb + to do sth.___ characteristics and differences are:1) If ___ characteristics or traits。
the logical subject of the ___ "of."Examples:It is very affable of you to help me。
非谓语动词知识点总结
非谓语动词知识点总结非谓语动词是英语语法中的一个重要知识点，它可以用来修饰主语或宾语，增强句子的表达力和信息量。
在本文中，我将详细介绍非谓语动词的用法和一些常见的形式。
希望通过本文的阅读，读者能够更好地理解和运用非谓语动词，提高自己的英语写作水平。
一、非谓语动词的定义和分类非谓语动词是指在句子中充当动词的成分，但不具备谓语的功能。
它不受主语的人称和数的限制，也不受时态的影响。
根据其形式和功能的不同，非谓语动词可以分为动名词、不定式和分词三种形式。
1. 动名词（Gerund）动名词是动词加上-ing形式构成的名词，常用作主语、宾语、表语、宾补等。
例如：- Smoking is harmful to health.（吸烟对健康有害）- I enjoy swimming in the sea.（我喜欢在海里游泳）- His hobby is playing basketball.（他的爱好是打篮球）2. 不定式（Infinitive）不定式是动词的原形加上to构成的形式，常用作动词、形容词或名词的补语。
例如：- He wants to buy a new car.（他想买一辆新车）- I have a lot of work to do.（我有很多工作要做）- The book is too heavy to carry.（这本书太重，无法携带）3. 分词（Participle）分词是动词的-ing形式（现在分词）或-ed、-en等形式（过去分词）构成的形容词，常用作定语、状语或补语。
例如：- The running water is very clear.（流动的水非常清澈）- The broken vase has been repaired.（打破的花瓶已经修好了）- We were surprised by the exciting news.（令人兴奋的消息让我们感到惊讶）二、非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词在句子中具有独立的语法功能，可以用来修饰名词、代词、动词、形容词和副词等，以及构成复合句的各种从句。
非谓语动词
非谓语动词的语法功能一、不定式的语法功能主语：To catch the train is impossible. 要赶上那趟火车是不可能的了。
宾语：They need to look at a map. 他们需要查看地图。
表语：My work is to clean the classroom. 我的工作是清洁教室。
定语：I have lots of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
状语：I’m sorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。
宾补：He told me to close the door. 他叫我去关门。
二、动名词的语法功能主语：Reading is a pleasure. 阅读是件快乐的事。
宾语：I enjoy reading. 我喜欢阅读。
表语：Her hobby is singing songs. 她爱好唱歌。
定语：He’s in the reading room. 他在阅览室。
三、现在分词的语法功能表语：The book is very interesting. 那本书很有趣。
定语：It’s an interesting book. 这是本有趣的书。
状语：He sat there, reading a newspaper. 他坐在那里看报。
宾补：I saw him standing there. 我看见他站在那里。
四、过去分词的语法功能表语：They were excited at the news. 听到这个消息非常激动。
定语：There’re few minutes left. 没几分钟剩下了。
状语：Seen from the hill, our school looks beautiful. 从山上看我校很美。
宾补：I saw him beaten by Tom. 我看见他被汤姆打了()谈谈分词的逻辑主语问题一、什么是分词的逻辑主语分词属非谓语动词，没有真正的主语。
非谓语动词的句法功能讲解
④ 在某些名词之后：ability, decision, desire, determination, promise, plan, failure, offer, attempt等。 He prides himself on his ability to speak French. Their offer/ plan/ promise to rebuild the town was not taken seriously.
2. Our aim is to build China into a powerful, modern socialist country.
Ｂ. –ing • 主语常是表示事物或动作的名词－说明主语的内容
（动名词） Her job is teaching English.
• 主语常是表示事物的名词－表示主语所具有的特征 （现在分词） The news is exciting.
常用不定式的惯用句
2. It is a/ an +n (crime, mistake, pity, shame, good idea) + to do sth
eg: It is an offence to take photos here. 3. It takes + …to do sth eg: It would take years to rebuild the castle.
③ but/ except (prep.) + to do sth./ do sth. eg: He has no choice but to lie down and sleep. He has nothing to do but lie down and sleep. not… but 连词词组，表示对比或强调 They decide not to visit other places but to remain where their were.
非谓语动词高考英语专题讲解_
非谓语动词1.非谓语动词的语法功能(注：常见作独立成分的非谓语动词)to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说)，to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说)，to be more exact(更确切地说)，to make things worse (更糟的是)，not to mention…(更不用说)，Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来 / 坦白说 / 粗略地说)（一）辨别谓语与非谓语(特别注意分析句子的结构才能辨别谓语与非谓语。
)①The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and __ less than 40 poundsmust be in a child safety seat.A. being weighedB. weighsC. weighedD. weighing②______ blood if you can and many lives will be saved.A. GivingB. GiveC. GivenD. To give（二）非谓语作主语、宾语的重点1.it充当动词不定式的形式主语或形式宾语①It is important for us to learn English very well.②I think it important for us to learn English very well.it作形式主语使用动名词的句型①It is no use/no good/useless+doing sth.Eg:It is no use crying.②It is fun(a great pleasure, a waste of time)Eg:It is a waste of time trying to explain.2.用不定式还是用动名词作宾语有特殊规定①I don’t want ____ like I’m speaking ill of anybody, but the manager’s plan is unfair.A. to soundB. to be soundedC. soundingD. to have sounded类似的知识点要记牢。
高中英语语法非谓语动词详解
高中英语语法非谓语动词详解高中英语语法非谓语动词详解在高级英语语法中，非谓语动词是非常重要的一部分，也是理解和掌握英语语法的关键。
非谓语动词在句子中扮演着重要的角色，可以表达不同的意思和功能。
本文将详细解释非谓语动词的定义、类型和用法，并通过实例进行分析和解释。
一、定义和类型非谓语动词指的是在句子中不作为主要动词的动词形式，它们可以表达动词本身的含义，但没有主语和谓语动词。
非谓语动词包括动词不定式、动名词和分词三种类型。
1、动词不定式：动词不定式是以“to+”动词原形构成的，表示动词的不同形式，如“to do”、“to being”、“to have done”等。
2、动名词：动名词是在动词后加上“-ing”构成的，表示动词的现在分词形式，如“playing”、“swimming”、“jumping”等。
3、分词：分词是动词的过去分词形式，分为现在分词和过去分词两种。
现在分词表示动词的动作正在进行，如“running”、“singing”、“dancing”等；过去分词表示动词的动作已经完成，如“finished”、“eaten”、“read”等。
二、非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词在句子中可以扮演不同的成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。
下面我们通过具体的例子来分析非谓语动词的用法：1、动词不定式：在句子中，动词不定式可以作为主语、宾语和状语等。
例如，“To learn English is important”（学习英语很重要）中，动词不定式“to learn English”作为主语；或者在“I want to go home”（我想回家）中，动词不定式“to go home”作为宾语。
2、动名词：在句子中，动名词可以作为主语、宾语和状语等。
例如，“Playing sports is fun”（做运动很有趣）中，动名词“Playing sports”作为主语；或者在“I enjoy listening to music”（我喜欢听音乐）中，动名词“listening to music”作为宾语。
非谓语动词的六大用法
非谓语动词的六大用法在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作用，充当句子主语、宾语、表语、宾语补足语、定语和状语而不能起谓语作用的动词，是动词的非谓语形式，又叫作非谓语动词。
非谓语动词有动词不定式（to do）、动词-ing形式和过去分词（done）。
一、动词不定式和动词-ing形式作主语1.不定式作主语表示具体的某次动作，特别是将来动作；动词的-ing形式作主语表示经常性、习惯性动作或已经发生的动作。
To remember these words today is our main task. 今天记住这些单词是我们的主要任务。
Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old . 散步对年轻人和老年人都是很好的运形式。
Suffering is the most powerful teacher of life.苦难是人生最伟大的老师。
Being laughed at in the public made him angry. 在公共场所被嘲笑使他很生气。
2.不定式和动词的-ing形式作主语的常用句型1) 不定式作主语的句型①It is +形容词(名词) to doIt is better to be safe than sorry. 事后追悔不如事前稳妥。
It is easy to open a shop but hard to keep it always open. 开设店铺易，维持常开难。
It is necessary to complete the design before National Day.在国庆节前完成设计是必要的。
It is very important to follow the rules.遵守规则是非常重要的。
It’s a waste of time to do that. 干那件事是浪费时间。
It is a great art to laugh at your own misfortune. 对己之不幸付之一笑，这是一门伟大的艺术。
非谓语动词(1)
非谓语动词非谓语动词是指在句子中不是谓语的动词，主要包括不定式、动名词和分词 (现在分词和过去分词) ，即动词的非谓语形式。
非谓语动词除了不能独立作谓语外，可以承担句子的任何成分。
一．非谓语动词的语法功能1. 不定式的语法功能在句子中相当于名词、形容词和副词。
主语：To catch the train is impossible. 要赶上那趟火车是不可能的了。
宾语：They need to look at a map. 他们需要查看地图。
表语：My work is to clean the classroom. 我的工作是清洁教室。
定语：I have lots of work to do. 我有许多事要做。
状语：I ' msorry to trouble you. 很抱歉打扰你了。
宾补：He told me to close the door. 他叫我去关门。
独立成份：To tell you the truth, I don 't believe him. 说实话，我不相信他。
2. 动名词( gerund )的语法功能主语：Reading is a pleasure. 阅读是件快乐的事。
宾语：I enjoy reading. 我喜欢阅读。
表语：Her hobby is singing songs. 她爱好唱歌。
定语：He's in the reading room. 他在阅览室。
同位语：His bad habit, smoking makes his wife angry. 他抽烟的坏习惯让他妻子很生气。
3. 现在分词(present participal) 的语法功能表语：The book is very interesting. 那本书很有趣。
定语：It 'asn interesting book. 这是本有趣的书。
状语：He sat there, reading a newspaper. 他坐在那里看报。
英语非谓语动词的用法
英语非谓语动词的用法英语非谓语动词指的是动词在句子中作为名词、形容词或副词使用的形式，不需要用be动词或助动词来构成谓语。
非谓语动词包括不定式、动名词和分词。
它们在句子中有着不同的用法和作用。
1. 不定式不定式是由to+动词原形构成的形式，常作为名词、形容词或副词使用。
不定式可以作为主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
例句：To learn English well is important for me. (作为主语) I want to study abroad. (作为宾语)The best way to improve your speaking is to practice. (作为表语)I have a book to read this weekend. (作为定语)He left the office to catch the last train. (作为状语) 2. 动名词动名词是由动词+ing构成的形式，常作为名词使用。
动名词可以作为主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语等。
例句：Swimming is good for your health. (作为主语)I enjoy playing basketball with my friends. (作为宾语) My hobby is collecting stamps. (作为表语)She saw a man walking down the street. (作为定语)He did his homework while listening to music. (作为状语) 3. 分词分词有两种形式：现在分词和过去分词。
现在分词是由动词+ing 构成的形式，过去分词是由动词的过去分词形式构成的形式。
分词可以作为形容词和状语使用。
例句：The running man is my brother. (现在分词作为形容词)The broken vase is on the floor. (过去分词作为形容词)He left the room, closing the door behind him. (现在分词作为状语)Having finished his homework, he went to bed. (过去分词作为状语)总之，非谓语动词在英语中用法多样，需要根据具体情况来判断其作用和形式。
非谓语总结
Unit 9非谓语动词总结非谓语动词是高考的重点和热点，也是我们英语学习中所碰到的难点之一。
非谓语动词分为三种形式：不定式，V-ing分词（又分为现在分词和动名词）和过去分词。
一．基础知识1。
非谓语动词的语法功能所能充当的成分主语表语宾语宾语（主语)补足语定语插入语（独立成分)V—ing形式现在分词●●●●动名词●●●●不定式（to do）●●●●●●过去分词（done) ●●●●to tell you the truth(实话说)，needless to say(不用说），to be honest/frank(老实说，坦白说),to bemore exact（更确切地说），to make things worse （更糟的是），not to mention…（更不用说），Generally / Frankly / Roughly speaking (一般说来/ 坦白说/ 粗略地说）2.非谓语动词的变化形式非谓语形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to do to be donefor sb。
to dosth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never进行式to have doneto have beendone完成式to be doing /完成进行式to have been doing /动名词一般式doing being donesb。
或sb'sdoing作主语要用sb’s doing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式:sb’s not doingsb's not havingdone完成式having done having been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同在前加not1。
非谓语作表语的重点①不定式、动名词与分词作表语的区别。
不定式和动名词作表语相当于一个名词作表语,含义是回答主语“是什么”；分词作表语相当于形容词作表语，含义是回答主语“怎么样”.Our plan is to keep the affair secret。
非谓语动词的用法总结
非谓语动词的用法总结非谓语动词是指不具备人称、数和时态等语法特征的动词形式，主要包括动词不定式（to do）、动名词（doing）和分词（done）。
在英语语法中，非谓语动词常常用于多种不同的结构中，具有独特的功能和用法。
本文将对非谓语动词的用法进行总结，并提供相关例句来加深理解。
一、动词不定式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种形式，一般由to + 动词原形构成。
动词不定式可以作为名词、形容词或副词的补语，也可以在句子中作主语、宾语、表语和宾补等。
以下是动词不定式的几种主要用法：1. 作主语To swim is my favorite activity.2. 作宾语She wants to eat dinner at home.3. 作表语Her dream is to become a doctor.4. 作定语I have a book to read this weekend.5. 作状语He went to the park to play basketball.6. 作宾补We need you to clean the room.二、动名词动名词是非谓语动词的一种形式，一般由动词的现在分词形式（-ing）构成。
动名词可以作为名词的主语、宾语、定语、表语和宾补等。
以下是动名词的几种主要用法：1. 作主语Swimming is good exercise.2. 作宾语I enjoy reading books.3. 作定语We had a thrilling roller coaster ride.4. 作表语His favorite activity is dancing.5. 作宾补She kept the secret by not telling anyone.三、分词分词是非谓语动词的一种形式，一般由动词的过去分词形式（-ed 或不规则形式）或现在分词形式（-ing）构成。
分词可以作为形容词的定语，修饰名词或代词。
非谓语动词doing的 用法
非谓语动词——doing（现在分词，动名词）（1）功能：在句子能做主语、宾语、表语、定语、补语和状语, 但不能单独做谓语.一：作主语Playing basket ball is very interesting .Surfing the internet could help people feel less lonely.His coming gave us great encouragement.Going from junior high school to senior high school is a really big challenge.还可以用it作为形式主语。
It is no good playing games on line.It is no use saying without action.It was great fun walking along the river.It is a waste of time playing the online game.It is worthwhile attending the social activity.二作宾语：He enjoys playing the guitar.（concider,finish,imagine,keep,practise,permit,prevent,risk,admit,avoid,,appreciate,excuse,delay,mind, miss,escape,dislike，abandon,oppose, tolerate/bear/stand）Her sister is good at making friends.(look forward to,be used to,devote to ,get down to,stick to, object to ,give up,go on, insist on, have difficulty/trouble in,be busy with, be fond of ,feel like,be worth)三作定语：The sleeping child is only five monhs old.There are some students reading books in the reading room.He received a letter asking for advice.四作宾语补足语：（V+宾+doing）We saw the sun rising from the east when we stood on the hill.I didn’t notice him sleeping in bed.The teacher kept the student standing out of the classroom all the morning.可以带有这种复合宾语的动词有感官动词see, watch, hear, listen to, notice , observe, feel, find,catch 和使役动词have, keep, get, leave等。
高考英语非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能
高考英语非谓语动词的基本形式及基本功能名称形式特点功能不定式To do具有名词、形容词、副词、动词的一些特征在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补足语，有形式变化动名词Doing（v+ing）具有名词、形容词、动词的一些特征在句中可做主语、宾语、表语、定语，有形式变化分词Doing（v+ing）Done（v+ed具有形容词、副词的一些特征在句中可做表语、定语、状语、补足语，现在分词有形式变化不定式I．不定式的时态及语态一般式 to do to be done 与谓语动作同时或进行式 to be doing 表示谓语的动作发生时,不定式的动作正在进行完成式 to have done to have been done 先于谓语动作的发生II. 不定式的否定结构:not to do//for sb not to doIII.不定式的句法功能1.主语To see is to believe.It is not easy to learn a language well.(不定式作主语时往往用it做形式主语) 动词不定式做主语的常用句型It is +adj/n +to do sthIt is +adj +of/for sb to do sthIt takes sb sometime to doKind, clever, wise, nice 形容词既表示人物特征，Foolish, stupid, honest, 又表示说话人对不定式Right, correct, wrong, +of sb 动作的评价；形容词与Rude, cruel, careless, 介词宾语成主谓关系Lazy, selfish, horrible如：It's kind of you to help me。
=You are kind to help me。
Easy, hard, difficultPossible, necessary, 形容词说明不定式行为的Important, essential, +for sb 性质,与介词宾语不具有Interesting, unusual,………..主谓关系Interesting, natural如: It's easy for me to learn English.=To learn English is easy for me.2..表语My job is to attend the children.(不定式作表语时,如在它前出现了do, did, does时,不定式符号to 可省掉,例: what you have to do this afternoon is (to) look after the sick child.)3.定语I have a lot of work to do. //She has no place to go.4.宾语I hope to go to Dalian again.I find it interesting to play the violin.(不定式作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往用it作形式宾语,而把真正的宾语放到后面)5.宾补The teacher told us to clean the windows.I noticed the boy go into the shop.注: feel, listen to, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, make, let ,have等使役动词后宾语补足语时,不定式符号to要省略,但这些句子变为被动语态时,就必须带to 符号. 例:I often hear him sing this song.He is often heard to sing this song.6.状语表示目的: I got up early to(in order to/ so as to) catch the early bus.To/In order to pass the exam, he worked hard.(so as to不能用于句首) 表示原因: We were excited to hear the news.I am sorry to have hurt you.表示结果: I hurried home to find Mary waiting for me.(不定式作结果状语时,常表示未预料之中的事,可在不定式前加only)表示条件: To look at him, you would like him.修饰全句(独立成分) To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me.To be honest, I know nothing about it.不定式做状语的常用句型类别句型原因Be happy/glad/pleased/delighted/sorry….+to doShe seemed surprised to meet us.He looked happy to hear the news.I'm sorry to have kept you waiting.目的In order to doSo as to doGo/ come and do sthI've written it down in order not to forget.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.If he should return, come and find me结果So as to do…Such… as to do…Enough to doToo… to doWould you be so kind as to land me your bike?I'm not such a foolish man/so foolish man as to do that.Her illness is not such as to cause anxiety.The ice is thick enough to walk on.It was too late for there to be any taxis.注:1) too + pleased/kind/ willing/ glad/eager/anxious… +to do 的结构即不表示结果,也无否定含义.I shall be only too pleased to get home(=I shall be very pleased to get home,) It's too kind of you to have told me that(=You are very kind to have told me that.)使用不定式时要注意以下几点:1.在作tell, show, understand, explain, teach, advise, discuss等词的宾语时, 前面常带疑问词(how, when ,where,what , who…)2.不定式在介词but后面时,如but前有do 的各种形式,那么but 后的to要省略,否则就要带to.另外在cannot but, can't choose but, can't help but后面的to 也省略.We could do nothing but waitWe had nothing to do but wait.We had no choice but to wait.3.作定语的不定式是不及物动词时,不定式后须有相应的介词,但如果所修饰的名词是time, place, way时,不定式后的介词习惯上省略.We have to find a room to live in.Please give me a knife to cut with.He had no money and no place to live.We found a way to solve the problems.4. something is easy to do 类似句型中不定式不用被动形式.There is something to do/There is something to be done05.what, when. Where, how. who…+to do 可在句中做主语\宾语\表语.动名词I.形式:V+ing一般式doing being done 与谓语动作同时发生完成式Having done having been done 在谓语动作之前否定结构Not doing/ not having doneII.动名词的句法功能1.主语: (表示一般或抽象的多次性动作)Smoking is a bad habit.It is no use arguing with him.2.表语(说明主语的具体内容)Her job is building houses.3.宾语He is fond of playing football.//Would you mind my closing the door?4.定语(说明被修饰词的用途)reading materials, swimming pool, waiting room5.同位语His job, building a house, is almost done.使用动名词时要注意的几点1.下列句型常用动名词no use/ goodIt is/was not any use/good + doingof little/gooduseless2.下列动词或动词词组后用动名词allow, advise, admit, appreciate, avoid, can't help, consider, delay,dislike, deny, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, fancy,, favour, imagine, keep, mind, miss, postphone, practise, risk, suggest,be used to, can't help ,give up, go on , give one's life to ,feel like, keep on, insist on, object to,turn to, lead to, look forward to, stick to , devote to, get down to3.既可后跟不定式,又可跟动名词做宾语的动词do 记住去做rememberdoing 记得做过to do 忘了去做forgetdoing 忘了做过to do 对尚未做的事感到遗憾regretdoing// to have done 对做过的事感到遗憾,后悔to do 打算去做meandoing 意味着to do 努力做trydoing 试着做to do 学会learndoing 学做doing 泛指love/like/hate/preferto do 特指具体的动作to do 停下来开始去做某事stopdoing 停止正在做的事(to) do 不能帮助做can't helpdoing 情不自禁的做to do 接着做go ondoing 继续不断地做,继续做同一件事to be doneneed/require/ want/ deserve 结构不同,意思一样doing sth4.start/begin doing/to do 基本可互换但下列情况用不定式1)主语指物时2)后面跟表示感情\思想\和意念的动词时3)begin/start本身是进行时态时It started to rain.She is beginning to cook dinner.She began to realize his mistakes.5.动名词的复合结构my, your, our…me, you, us…..+doingmy father, tom….My father's, Tom's动名词的复合结构作主语时,动名词的复合结构只能用one's +doingWould you mind me/ my/ LI Ming/ Li Ming's opening the window?Mary's crying made her mother angry.His losing the game made us very disappointed.分词分词分现在分词和过去分词其否定结构为not+ 分词,分词在句中意义同形容词和副词,可以承担形容词和副词在句中所承担的句子成分.I.分词的时态和语态一般式doing being done现在分词分词完成式having done having been done过去分词 done2.分词的句法功能1)定语(单个分词作定语时放在所修饰词的前面,分词短语作定语时放在所修饰词的后面)This is an amusing story.The excited people rushed into the building.The boy standing at the door is my cousin.The letter posted yesterday will soon reach him.2)表语The news was inspiring.The glass is broken.We were excited at the news.3)宾补I heard a girl crying next door.I am sorry to have kept you waiting for so long.I found my key lost.4)状语Being a student, I must study hard. 原因While crossing the street, be careful. 时间Given a chance, I can surprise the world.(条件)Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake.让步The teacher entered the lab, followed by the students. 伴随状语His parents died, leaving him an orphan. 时间(分词作状语表示结果时常表示意料中的事)注:分词作状语可表示时间,原因,结果,行为方式\伴随状语等,分词作状语时前后主语必须一致,如以上各句.如前后主语不一致必须用独立主格结构即: 名词或代词+分词(doing/done)/不定式/介词/短语/形容词/副词Weather permitting, we'll go sightseeing.条件It being Sunday, we went climbing.原因Work finished, the boy went out to play.时间He lay on his back, his eyes looking up at he sky.伴随The exam to be held tomorrow, I can't go to the cinema tonight.原因School over, We went home.时间He came, his hands red with cold.伴随另外with 的复合结构也是一种独立主格结构.非谓语动词间的比较1.非谓语动词在句子中的作用作用类别主语宾语表语定语补语状语相当词性Vt.prep时间原因条件伴随目的结果不定式√√√√√√√√n./a./adv.动名词√√√√√N分词√√√√√√√√A/adv2.不定式、动名词作主语的区别动作特点时间概念不定式具体的，特定的行为，强调动作多表示将来或已完成动名词抽象的，一般性的行为，强调事情本身多无时间性3.非谓语动词做主语\表语的区别一般可以互换,但如详细地加以区分的话,动名词表示普遍的习惯性的或抽象的动作,不定式则表示某一次具体的动作.I like swimming, but I don't like too swim this afternoon.Her job is giving piano lessons to children, but this Sunday her job is to teach the children how to dance.注:现在分词表示"令人…"多修饰物,过去分词表示"感到…",多修饰人.We were interested in an interesting story.4.非谓语动词做定语的区别和中心词的位置关系与中心词的逻辑关系时间概念不定式总是位于其后多动宾关系多表示将来动名词多位于其前表示其性能,作用无时间(常发生)现在分词单个分词在前分词短语在后多主谓关系(主动)表示正在进行过去分词有动宾关系(被动)表已完成只表示完成(主动)注:现在分词的被动式(being done) 做定语时现在不定式的被动式(to be done) 表示的被动将来及物动词的过去分词(done 动作发生在过去being used in our school now.This is the book to be used in our school next year.used in our school last year5.不定式,分词做宾语补语时的区别现在分词表示动作正在进行,不定式表示动作的整个过程或动作的反复多次.注:感官动词feel, hear, listen to, see, watch, observe, notice, look at和使动词make, let have 后跟不带to 的不定式作宾语,get例外.I heard him singing in the next room just now.I saw him enter the door.(He was seen to enter the door)另外.have/ get sth done 可表示有意或意外.＄When did you have /get your leg broken?When did you have/get your hair cut?6. 分词和不定式做结果状语的区别doing sth (表示逻辑上的结果)(only)+to do sth(表示非逻辑上的结果)It passes right through their bodies, only getting a little thicker and sweeter. He raised himself completely, obliging me to rise too.He smokes a great deal, only making his health worse.I was late for class again, making him more angry.He woke up, only to find his wallet gone.He came here, only to know that she had been tired.He finally arrived, only to get the news that his old friend had already passed away.He was late again, only to find another fellow had taken his place.7.非谓语动词的复合结构1)不定式: for sb to do2)动名词:形容词性物主代词或名词所有格+ doing sth3)分词:分词做状语, 它的逻辑主语往往是句子的主语,如果不是,就的带上自己的逻辑主语,构成独立主格结构,此结构有时也可有with引导.Night falling, we hurried home.The question having been settled, they went home.It being very cold, he made a fire.With winter coming, it's time to buy warm clothes.8.不定式与疑问代词或疑问副词连用,作主语,宾语,表语When to start the work hasn't been decided yet.Please tell me what to do next.The problem is where to find a doctor at once.分词作状语可直接与连词if,though, even though, unless, until, when, while, as, as if, once, that 等连用.He will not come unless invited.While studying, try not to stop at the surface of facts.。
非谓语动词用法综合讲解
一、非谓语动词句法功能Ⅰ.动名词和不定式做主语的相同点：1.都可用it做形式主语：①It is not easy to learn English well. ②It is no use asking him for help.2.保持对称性：To see is to believe. = Seeing is believing. (眼见为实)Ⅱ.动名词和不定式做主语的不同点：1.不定式表示具体的某一动作；动名词表示泛指的、一般的、抽象的概念：To take a walk is the last thing I want to do now. Walking is a good form of exercise for both young and old.2.在“There/It+be+no use(point/good/help/need)”之后常用动名词做主语:①It/There is no use crying over the split milk.(若for引出逻辑主语，则用不定式：There is no good for us to do that.)3.不定式可以和when, where, how, what, whethe r等连用，在句中做主、宾、表，动名词不能：①How to solve the problem is a hot potato. ②Where to put the box seems hard to decide.三、不定式、动名词作宾语Ⅰ. 只能用不定式作宾语：decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish, refuse, manage, care, pretend, offer, promise, choose, plan, agree, ask/beg, help, afford, strive, happen, waitⅡ. 只能用动名词作宾语：consider, suggest/advise, excuse/pardon, admit, delay/put off, fancy, avoid, miss, keep/keep on, practice, deny, finish, enjoy/appreciate, forbid, imagine, risk, mind, allow/permit, escape; be used to, lead to, devote to, go back to, stick to, object to, get down to, pay attention to, can’t stand, feel like, insist on, put off, thank you for, apologize for, be busy (in), have difficulty/trouble (in), have a good/wonderful/hard time (in), spend time (in), look forward toⅢ. 既可跟动名词，也可跟不定式作宾语：1. forget, remember, regret, stop, try, mean, go on, can’t help, like, love, prefer.sb. to do sth. to be done (需要被做) 2. allow/permit/forbid/advise 3. need/want/require doing (需要被做)doing sth. sb. to do sth.①Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke.②We don’t allow smoking here.4. worth 与worthy 的用法.be worth + n. / doing This necklace is worth 1,000 dollars. This place is worth visiting. be worthy of + n. This place is worthy of a visit.be worthy of being done This place is worthy of being visited.be worthy to be done This place is worthy to be visited.5. but, except, besides, other than前有do的某种形式，则其后不定式省略to：①We could do nothing other than wait.②We had nothing to do but wait. ③We had no choice but to wait.6. can’t choose but, can’t help but, can’t but, had better, would rather后不定式省略to.7. 不定式作“tell, show, understand, explain, teach, learn, advise, discuss, ask, decide, wonder, find out”的宾语时，常用“how, what, whether, where, when, who + to do”结构，但“why + do”.四、不定式、分词作定语Ⅰ. 不定式作定语1.不定式表将来：Have you anything to send? (比较Have you anything to be sent?)2.中心词被序数词、最高级、no, all, any限定：He was the best man to do the job.3.抽象名词：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等：I have no chance to go sightseeing.Ⅱ.分词作定语1. 及物动词：①doing主动、进行②being done被动、进行③done被动、完成：①I saw a bird flying in the sky. ②The houses being built are for the teachers. ③The broken glass is Tom’s.2. 不及物动词：doing主动、进行；done完成：boiling water, boiled water; falling leaf, fallen leaf Ⅲ. 被动意义非谓语动词“to be done; done; being done”作定语的区别①Have you read the novel written by Dickens? (被动,完成)②Listen! The song being sung is very popular with the students. (被动,正在进行)③The question to be discussed at the meeting is a very important one. (被动,将来)五、不定式、分词作状语Ⅰ. 不定式作状语，表结果、原因、条件、目的：①We started out early to avoid morning rush hours. (目的)②She was too tired to do the job. He was so excited not to say a few words. (结果)③I am so sorry to hear your grandmother is ill. (置于表喜怒哀乐形容词后表原因)④To stay with her for a while, you would find her a very kind lady. (条件)⑤He is old enough to go to school. (enough程度, in order to/so as to目的)Ⅱ. 分词作状语，表结果(现分)、原因、条件、时间、方式、让步、伴随：①When offered help, one often says “Thank you.” or “It’s kind of you.” (时间)②He glanced over at her, noticing that she was a little upset.(结果)③Being made fun of, she couldn't help crying. (原因)④Not having made full preparations, we decided to put off the meeting till next week. (原因)⑤Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistake. (让步)Ⅲ. 不定式、分词作结果、原因、条件状语的区别作结果状语，不定式表出乎意料的结果；现在分词表自然的结果。
专题十四非谓语动词
专题十四非谓语动词【重点难点梳理】专题十四非谓语动词重点难点梳理概说：动名词、现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式称为非谓语动词，顾名思义，非谓语动词可担当除谓语外的任何成分。
一、非谓语动词的功能序号功能动词不定式(todo)动名词(doing)分词现在分词(doing) 过去分词(done)1 主语表示具体的一次动作,多用于真实主语表示习惯性动作,多放在句首2 宾语熟记跟动词不定式作宾语的动词熟记跟动名词作宾语的动词3 表语说明主语的具体内容,表意向、打算、方案说明主语的具体内容表示主语的性质,意为“令人……的〞,多修饰物；表正在进行的动作表示主语的性质,意为“感到……的〞, 多修饰人；表被动或已完成的动作4 宾熟记vt. sb. to do 与宾语构成主动与宾语构成被动续表二、非谓语动词的时态和语态having done(发生在谓语动词之前)having been done过去分词done(与主句主语构成被动关系)用法:非谓语动词的一般式表示与主句谓语动词同时或之后发生的动作；非谓语动词的完成式表示在主句谓语动词之前发生的动作。
如：(1) Doing my homework, I heard a cry for help.(heard与doing的动作同时进行)做作业时,我听到了喊救命的声音。
(2) Having done my homework, I went to bed.(do发生在谓语动词went之前)做完作业后,我就上床睡觉了。
三、动词不定式和动名词作宾语的比较情况常用动词只接动词不定式作宾语的动词hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接动名词作宾语的动词或短语mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resist, consider can’t help, feel like, succeed in, be fond o f, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to, adapt to两者都可以意义根本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue(接动词不定式多指具体的动作；接动名词多指一般或习惯的行为)need, want, require(接动名词用主动形式表示被动意义；假设接动词不定式那么应用被动形式)意义相反意义不同四、非谓语动词作宾语补足语的区别序号类别常见动词与宾语的逻辑关系及时间概念例句1 不定式ask, beg, expect,get, order, tell,want, wish,encourage主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成(1) I expect them to winthe game.我期望他们赢得比赛。
非谓语动词 语法功能
expect sb. to do sth.期待某人做某事；
invite sb. to do sth. 邀请某人做某事；
advise sb. to do sth. 建议某人做某事
encourage sb. to do sth. 鼓励某人做某事
1、现在分词和过去分词作宾语补足语时，常和表示感觉和心理状态的动词see， notice, watch, hear, listen to, feel，find (三看，两听，感觉，发现）等动词后与一 个名词（代词）构成复合宾语。
迫不及待下决心, 做过去常常未能做的事 can’t wait to do 迫不及待地要做某事； make up one’s mind to do 下决心做某事 used to do 过去常常做某事； fail to do 未能做某事
语法功能 —作宾语补足语
接不定式作宾语补足语的动词
答应警告,允许提醒和帮助
3 We heard the song sung by her next door. （在隔壁我们听见这首歌被她唱过。）
4 We heard the song being sung next door. （我们听见在隔壁有人正唱这首歌。）
语法功能 —作表语
1、不定式、动名词作表语，表示主语的内容。如：
❖Don’t you see a girl running towards us? ❖I heard her coughing as I passed her room last night. ❖When I entered the room, I found him reading something aloud. ❖ I heard the song sung in English. ❖ He found his hometown greatly changed.
非谓语动词
非谓语动词用法一概述：在英语中,不作句子谓语,而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词,叫做非谓语动词.非谓语动词有动词不定式；现在分词；过去分词.非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有：（1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动名词）,在句中做主语、宾语、表语.（2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语.（3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式和分词）,在句中作状语.二、非谓语动词用法：（一）动词不定式：（to）+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征.1．不定式的形式：（以动词write为例）否定式：not + (to) do（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后,例如：I'm glad to meet you. He seems to know a lot.We plan to pay a visit. He wants to be an artist.The patient asked to be operated on at once.The teacher ordered the work to be done.（2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如：The boy pretended to be working hard.He seems to be reading in his room.（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如：I regretted to have told a lie.I happened to have seen the film.He is pleased to have met his friend.2．不定式的句法功能：（1）作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.To lose your heart means failure.动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.It means failure to lose your heart.（2）作表语：Her job is to clean the hall.He appears to have caught a cold.（3）作宾语：常与不定式做宾语连用的动词有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（宾语）后面有宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,真正的宾语（不定式）后置,放在宾语补足语后面,例如：Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.动词不定式也可充当介词宾语,如：I have no choice but to stay here.He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.动词不定式前有时可与疑问词连用,如：He gave us some advice on how to learn English.（4）作宾语补足语：在复合宾语中,动词不定式可充当宾语补足语,如下动词常跟这种复合宾语：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．有些动词如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等与不带有to的不定式连用,但改为被动语态时,不定式要加to, 如：I saw him cross the road.He was seen to cross the road.（5）作定语：动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后.与所修饰名词有如下关系：①动宾关系：I have a meeting to attend.注意：不定式为不及物动词时,所修饰的名词如果是地点、工具等,应有必要的介词,如：He found a good house to live in.The child has nothing to worry about.What did you open it with?如果不定式修饰time, place, way,可以省略介词：He has no place to live.This is the best way to work out this problem.如果不定式所修饰名词是不定式动作承受者,不定式可用主动式也可用被动式：Have you got anything to send?Have you got anything to be sent?②说明所修饰名词的内容：We have made a plan to finish the work.③被修饰名词是不定式逻辑主语：He is the first to get here.（6）作状语：①表目的：He worked day and night to get the money.She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.注意不定式放句首时,逻辑主语与句子主语要一致：wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.right：To save money, he has tried every means.wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.②表结果：He arrived late to find the train gone.常用only放在不定式前表示强调：I visited him only to find him out.③表原因：They were very sad to hear the news.④表程度：It's too dark for us to see anything.The question is simple for him to answer.（7）作独立成分：To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do动词.If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.（9）不定式的并列：第二个不定式可省略to.He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.（二）动名词：动名词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有名词的句法功能.1．动名词的形式：否定式：not + 动名词（1）一般式：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实.（2）被动式：He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀请就来到了晚会. （3）完成式：We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影.（4）完成被动式：He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过.（5）否定式：not + 动名词I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告.（6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次.His not knowing English troubled him a lot.他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦.2．动名词的句法功能：（1）作主语：Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗读是很有好处的.Collecting stamps is interesting. 集邮很有趣.当动名词短语作主语时常用it作形式主语.It's no use quarrelling.争吵是没用的.（2）作表语：In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.在蚂蚁王国,蚁后的工作是产卵.（3）作宾语：They haven't finished building the dam. 他们还没有建好大坝.We have to prevent the air from being polluted.我们必须阻止空气被污染.注意动名词既可作动词宾语也可作介词宾语,如上面两个例句.此外,动名词作宾语时,若跟有宾语补足语,则常用形式宾语it,例如：We found it no good making fun of others. 我们发现取笑他人不好.要记住如下动词及短语只跟动名词作宾语：enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承认）,deny（否认）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒险）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like（4）作定语：He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他没有拐杖不能走路.Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你们学校有游泳池吗?（5）作同位语：The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那个山洞,他藏身的地方很秘密.His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．他收听收音机新闻节目的习惯仍未改变.（三）现在分词：现在分词既具有动词的一些特征,又具有形容词和副词的句法功能.1、现在分词的形式：否定式：not + 现在分词（1）现在分词的主动语态：现在分词主动语态的一般式表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生,完成式表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生,常作状语.例如：They went to the park, singing and talking. 他们边唱边说向公园走去. Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作业,他开始打篮球.（2）现在分词的被动语态：一般式表示与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作,完成式表示发生在谓语动词之前的被动的动作.The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被讨论的问题很重要. Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake. 被告诉了好几遍,这个淘气的孩子又犯了同一个错误.2．现在分词的句法功能：（1）作定语：现在分词作定语,当分词单独做定语时,放在所修饰的名词前；如果是分词短语做定语放在名词后.In the following years he worked even harder.在后来的几年中,他学习更努力了.The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.正与老师谈话的那个人是我们班长的父亲.现在分词作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能,如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改为the man who is speaking to the teacher.（2）现在分词作表语：The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在这家上演的电影很棒. The present situation is inspiring. 当前的形势鼓舞人心.be + doing既可能表示现在进行时,也可能是现在分词做表语,它们的区别在于be + doing表示进行的动作是进行时,而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构.（3）作宾语补足语：如下动词后可跟现在分词作宾语补足语：see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等.例如：Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗?He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他让小汽车在门口等着.（4）现在分词作状语：①作时间状语：(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.在工厂工作时,他是一名先进工人.②作原因状语：Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由于是共青团员,他经常帮助他人.③作方式状语,表示伴随：He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家里,又擦又洗.④作条件状语：(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.要是整天玩,你就会浪费宝贵的时间.⑤作结果状语：He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了,结果摔得粉碎.⑥作目的状语：He went swimming the other day. 几天前他去游泳了.⑦作让步状语：Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.虽然雨下得很大,但不久天就晴了.⑧与逻辑主语构成独立主格：I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．我等汽车时,一只鸟落到我头上.All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.所有的票已经卖光了,他们失望地离开了.Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.如果时间允许,我们将做另两个练习.有时也可用with (without) +名词（代词宾格）+分词形式With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他点着灯睡着了.⑨作独立成分：udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.从外表看,他一定是个演员.Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般说来,女孩子更细心. （四）过去分词：过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成.不规则动词的过去分词没有统一的规则要求,要一一记住.过去分词的句法功能：1．过去分词作定语：Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行.Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会.注意当过去分词是单词时,一般用于名词前,如果是过去分词短语,就放在名词的后面.过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句.2．过去分词作表语：The window is broken. 窗户破了.They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕. 注意：be + 过去分词,如果表示状态是系表结构,如果表示被动的动作是被动语态.区别：The window is broken.（系表）The window was broken by the boy.（被动）有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的,不表示被动,只表示完成.如：boiled water（开水）fallen leaves（落叶）newly arrived goods（新到的货）the risen sun（升起的太阳）the changed world（变了的世界）这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等.3．过去分词作宾语补足语：I heard the song sung several times last week.上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次.有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语：With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了,他们出去玩去了. 4．过去分词作状语：Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.受到邻居们的表扬,他成为父母的骄傲.（表示原因）Once seen, it can never be forgotten.一旦它被看见,人们就忘不了.（表示时间）Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.如果给予更多的时间,我能做得更好.（表示条件）Though told of the danger, he still risked his life。
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非谓语动词的功能
非谓语动词是一种特殊的动词形式，它可以在句子中充当名词、形容词或副词的作用。
非谓语动词的功能多种多样，下面将从不同角度来探讨其功能。
一、作主语
非谓语动词可以作为句子的主语，常见的形式有不定式、动名词和现在分词。
例如：
- To learn a new language is challenging.（不定式）
- Swimming is my favorite sport.（动名词）
- Running in the morning is good for your health.（现在分词）
二、作宾语
非谓语动词可以作为句子的宾语，常见的形式有不定式、动名词和现在分词。
例如：
- I want to go shopping.（不定式）
- They enjoy dancing.（动名词）
- He saw a cat running in the garden.（现在分词）
三、作定语
非谓语动词可以修饰名词或代词，起到定语的作用。
常见的形式有不定式、动名词和过去分词。
例如：
- The book to read is on the shelf.（不定式）
- The running water is very clear.（动名词）
- The broken window needs to be fixed.（过去分词）
四、作表语
非谓语动词可以作为句子的表语，常见的形式有不定式、动名词和现在分词。
例如：
- His dream is to become a doctor.（不定式）
- The best way to learn English is practicing more.（动名词）- The most interesting thing about traveling is meeting new people.（现在分词）
五、作状语
非谓语动词可以作为句子的状语，修饰动词、形容词或副词，表示时间、原因、目的、结果等。
常见的形式有不定式、动名词和现在分词。
例如：
- She studied hard to pass the exam.（不定式，目的状语）
- He walked into the room, smiling.（现在分词，伴随状语）
- Feeling tired, she decided to take a break.（动名词，原因状语）
六、作补语
非谓语动词可以作为句子的补语，常见的形式有不定式和动名词。
例如：
- I found it difficult to understand the instructions.（不定式补语）
- We made him the captain of the team.（动名词补语）
总结起来，非谓语动词的功能包括作主语、宾语、定语、表语、状语和补语等。
它丰富了句子的表达方式，使语言更加灵活多样。
在运用非谓语动词时，需要注意其形式和用法的正确性，以确保句子的准确性和流畅性。