采矿工程 毕业设计_外文翻译 英译汉 中英文
采矿专业毕业设计外文资料翻译--千万吨级矿井综采工作面的开采工艺性评价
英文原文Fuzzy evaluation on coal seam geological condition of coal face inten million ton MineAbstract：Based on coal seam geological condition in Jisan Mine，quantitative evaluation on concrete coal seam geological condition is made by using fuzzy evaluation with the view of coal mining and coal face production.The evaluation content and its realization of coal seam geological condition，the structure and the index system of evaluation factor，the membership functions and weights of evaluation factor ，evaluation model and reliability are expounded in detail ，eighty-two coal face that will be exploited is classified，Fuzzy evaluation is the basal work to select coal mining technology and ensure a ming running efficiently，safely and steadily.Key words：fuzzy evaluation；membership function1 INTRODUCTIONWith the development of mining ，the difference of coal seam geological conditions will affect the suitability of coal mining technology and coal face outputs ，i.e. qualification and economic indicator.To ensure a mining running efficiently，safely and steadily ，coal seam geological conditions must be known roundly and detailed .Fuzzy evaluation on coal seam geological conditions is a evaluation on concrete coal seam geological condition with the comprehensive view of coal mining. The main characteristic of evaluation is that a coal face is a evaluation cell.The aticle tells of fuzzy evaluation on coal seam geological conditions in Jisan Mine.2 CONDITIONS OF SEAM AND GEOLOGYThere are three sections that are exploited in Jisan Mine，i.e. north section﹑east section﹑west section，they belongs to Sanxia coal seam. Sanxia coal seam is at the bottom of Shanxizu，mean thickness of coal seam is 5.26 metres，from east to west in Mine，thickness of coal seam reduce from 5 metres to 3.5 metre. Rock character of roof is sandrock or siltite，rock character of bottom is siltite or thin sandrock. There are many faults in Jisan Mine，there are fourteen faults that their drops are bigger thantwenty metres，and there are many smaller faults. Based on the coal seam geological conditions，strike longwall mining method in fully mechanized coalface is adopted.3 FACTORS AND INDEX OF EV ALUATION3.1 STRUCTURE OF EV ALUATION FACTORSAccording to the principle of system，feasibility and simplicity，based on coal seam geological characteristic ，the structure of evaluation factors is figure 3.1.It consists of seven compound factors and eleven smaller factors，these factors are quantified by fault density q1﹑fault length exponent q2﹑fault fall exponent q3﹑variation of coal seam and band coefficient γ﹑seam thickness m﹑seam angle α﹑seam hardness R﹑immediate roof hardnessσ﹑ratio of immediate roof and seam mining thickness N﹑false roof thickness h0﹑immediate bottom hardness q c﹑coal face length l and coal face advance length s.Figure 3-1 structure of evaluation factors of coal face3.2 INDEX SYSTEM OF EV ALUATIONExplanation of eleven smaller evaluation factors is as follows：(1)fault effect：describing fault effect on mining needs three index，faultdensity-fault number in unit area；fault length-sum of fault length in unit area；fault fall exponent-ratio of fault fall and seam thickness.(2) variation of coal seam and band coefficient ： ratio of seam thickness sample standard deviation and seam thickness mean. (3) Seam thickness ： seam sample thickness mean. (4) Seam angle ： seam sample angle mean.(5) Seam hardness ： seam compression strength.(6) Immediate roof hardness ： immediate roof compression strength. (7) Main roof holding power ：(8) False roof effect ： false roof thickness.(9) Immediate bottom hardness ： immediate roof compression strength. (10) C oal face length (11) C oal face advance3.3 MEMBERSHIP FUNCTIONS OF EV ALUATION FACTORSThe membership function of evaluation factor is the quantitative description on fuzzy relationship between the change of a geological factor and the mining effect. Membership function is the foundation to build a fuzzy evaluation model.Adopting statistic analogism method ， method of undetermined coefficients and heterogeneous fuzzy statistic method ， membership functions are obtained as follows ： （1）membership function of fault effectμa =2/ （1+exp （0.0018+0.042×q 1+0.064×q 2+0.00071×q 3））（2）membership function of variation of coal seam and band coefficient（3）membership function of seam thickness⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧><≤+⨯-<=5.01.05.02.06.132.00.1)(000000h h h h h h μ（4）membership function of seam angle⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧≥<≤<=3N 1.03N 0.31.8 + N) Exp(-0.29 1.9-0.3N 0.05(N)μN（5）membership function of seam hardness0.17.2()0.51ln 0.917.2421.042c c R c c c c R R R R R μ<⎧⎪=⨯-≤≤⎨⎪>⎩⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧<≤>≥-<≤+⨯+⨯<=-8040403002.08.10.1301671.0012.01069.1ln(164.0)(24σσσσσσσσμσ（6）membership function of immediate roof hardness100010001001000.17.2)ln(5.00)(≥≤<≤⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=s s s s s S μ（7）main roof holding power⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧<≤+-<≤+-<≤+-<≤<≤=5036528.10286.036180.101389.018125.104167.01260.1631667.0)(R R R R R R R R R R R μ（8）false roof effect⎩⎨⎧≥<≤⨯-=25.0025.00)(21)(5.0γγγγμγ（9）immediate bottom hardness⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧≥<≤-⨯<≤+⨯<≤-⨯<≤-⨯<≤-⨯=1500.1150130275.00085.0130100483.0000667.0100805.00125.080607.0015.060401.0005.0)(l l l l l l l l l l l l L μ （10）coal face length⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧≥<≤<≤+⨯-<≤<≤-⨯<≤+⨯<≤-⨯<≤+⨯=0.50.10.55.470.05.45.370.12.05.38.20.18.25.252.19.05.20.243.012.00.24.123.045.04.10.105.025.0)(m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m μ （11）coal advance length⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧≥<≤<≤+⨯-<≤<≤-⨯<≤+⨯<≤-⨯<≤+⨯=0.50.10.55.470.05.45.370.12.05.38.20.18.25.252.19.05.20.243.012.00.24.123.045.04.10.105.025.0)(m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m μ 3.4 WEIGHTS OF EV ALUATION FACTORSWeight of evaluation factors is a quantity that show relative importance of per factor in system ，it is the key to unify systemic structure and function.Coam seam geological evaluation of coal face ascertains weights of evaluation factors by AHP.AHP is a easy method to quantify the quanlitative event.Appliacation of AHP needs five steps ：building hierarchical model 、constructing judgement matrix 、single hierarchy collation and consistency check 、total hierarchy collation 、consistency check of total hierarchy collation.Comfirmatiom of judgement matrix is the key to use AHP ，value of judgement matrix is the quantitative description on relative importance of per factor ，the valves are one to nine and their reciprocals.Table1 shows the value ，Table2 to 4 show judgement matrix ，Table5 shows weights of evaluation factors.Figure 3B6~C judgement matrix3.5 FUZZY EV ALUATION MODELCoal seam geological conditions are multilayered evaluated by fuzzy evaluation model，fuzzy evaluation model images single factor evaluation value to total evaluation value by certain algorithm，whether propertis of evaluation sample is bad orgood are assured by total evaluation valve ，in order to comprehesively consider effect degree of per factor ，weighted avarage evaluation model is used ，the model ：∑==⋅=ni ij i j m j r W b 1.....,1,2, In fomula ：b j ——evaluation valve ； W i ——weight matrix 。
采矿工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见，举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。
关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。
“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。
在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。
想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。
营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。
原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。
燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。
这些也在自然界中发生。
最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。
在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。
生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。
然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。
如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。
采矿工程毕业设计外文翻译----新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展
原文：DEVELOPING OF TRANS-CENTURY MINING SUBJECTWITH NEW TECHNOLOGY AND NEW THEORYAbstract：Mining subject needs further development and towards which the development would being the problems concerned over all along and to be succeeded with the public good enough attention to discussions to reach an identify of views admittedly. The emergence in succession of new-and-high techs in the mid-and late twentieth century is perhaps the most fascinating and epoch-marking event that has given to all the subjects certain but different degrees of impacts to become more closely interrelative and interdepartmental each other and feature specifically from that of the past for their entirely new conceptions in the result of formulating many new theories，new technologies and new subjects that mining subject is inevitably and unexceptionally the one inclusive. The acuter gives in this paper his opinion regarding the problem of the development of mining subject proving with many convincible facts and most informative new idea,Key words: mining subject; mineral industry; mineral economics; new-and-high tech.1 The Importance of Mining Industry in the National EconomyToday, it has been paid unprecedented attention to the development of technology worldwide.The advance of space engineering,information engineering，biological engineering and marine engineering，the discovery and the research and development of the new energy and new materials increasingly change every aspect of human life both at present and in the future.The words "Science and Technology being the First Production Force" has fatherly and penetratingly pointed out the important role of new technology in the course of national economy construction.In the competition of several big countries in the world striving for the exploration of outer space，one should not forget the essential fact that there are more than five billion people living on the earth. To assure the survival of mankind on the earth，four essential requirements should be considerably fulfilled，namely，the nutrients，materials，fuels and the environment. The nutrients mainly are air，water，forests，grains and miscellaneous plants，all of which are acquired from the nature. The materials refer to iron，ferrous metals，rare metals，precious metals，chemical raw materials and building materials. The fuels cover coal，petroleum，natural gas ,oil shale，uranium，thorium and other radioactive elements. These also occur in nature. The last one is the ecological environment depending on which mankind lives. In the above three essential substances，the materials and fuels are through mining engineering extract from bining industry is a conventional industry, however，with the advance of the new technologies and the introduction of them into mining industry which will be reduced of itself final1y- a technology-intensive industry. The emergence of highly mechanized and automated mines and robot-operated manless working face marks the renewal and substitution of technologies of mining industry and proves the fact that mining industry.However，is conventional industry, but not sunset industry. As long as mankind live on the earth，mining industry will last forever and never decline and fall，instead，as man's living demands increases，the output of fuels and raw materials will be increased by a big marg and mineral industry will still gain a much greater development.2The Object of Study of the Mining Subject2. 1 The Tasks and the Special Features of 1liining SubjectHistorically and the Special Features of 1liining Subject the development of mining subject has its own course of change and development both at home and abroad. Since mining industry is closely related with geology, metallurgical and energy industry consequently in the subject relationships，they are interrelative and interdepartmental each other. As mining subject branch of science dealing with the extraction and utilization of minerals and the resources from inside the earth，on the sake of the complexity and multiplicity of the rock mass and mineral resources of great nature which makes the basic theories of mining subject being more complicated than that of any other engineering subject. Especially in the following aspects featured: the objects of mining subjects are the ore bodies occurred in nature that they differ each other in structure，quality，and property.3Five Urgent Requirements on the Tendency towards the Trans-century Development of Modern Mining Subjects3. 1 Renewing the Knowledge of Strata 11ZechanicsAbove all rock and or ore properties are the prerequisites of the subjects of the study of mining engineering regardless of whether it is excavation，comminuting or strata ,stability strata mechanics is required to make the study along two aspects:(1)From the micro-study to the macro-study(2) The study of the contradictions between rock-breaking and rock stability in the course of mining and excavating. Therefore it is a very broad field of academic studyComparing with common solid materials，rocks are featured structurally for their non-homo.3.2 AnewKnowledgeofMiningEngineeringSystem-the"hian-Nature-Rfachine" Systern ，System engineering had found in recent years very rapid development，and wide applications m mining engineering. Been modeled after the "man-machine’s Generally, mining systems engineering considerably studies had system model used in aerospace engineering and other departments of en Bering. In recent years，Prof. Fettwice of the Montan University of Austria and the author of this paper both had put forth the opinion that the objects of mining engineerm8 Machine are ore bodies and rock strata, the activities of mining engineering are those played with by the man in getting the knowledge of the environment underground.3.3 Reforming the Conventional Mining Technologies and Industries withModern New technologiesThe major policy of China of reforming the conventional industries with new-and-high techsof great importance and no doubt to its conventional industries.The essential features of new-and-high techs are highly technology-intensive.Just as discussed in the beginning of this paper，speaking with respect to the reforming of mining engineering and coal industry with new-and-high techs，it is essential to introduce merely those ones which enable to make these two industries swiftly commercialized. Since mine is concerned with the natural surroundgas of ground，the newtechs，however，as those used in aerospace engineering in the care for "going up to sky" when used for 0gettingdown intothe earthin mining engineering practices evidently are needed to make completely different modalities. In 1080s，Berlin Poly }ethnic university had applied optic fiber telecommunication technology- in underground mining，giving rise to abundant interference problems of earth magnetism，electricity and light wave, and the insulation of strata to the conduction electronic waves. The BPM man had the problems s finally tailed，however，through a long time of research work. Therefore，to have the minerals industries well prepared technically for the 21st century，to paying great attention the following fields of study are required3.3.4Making the study of market-economy mineral economics theoriesFor a long time that the mineral economics theory in China had been given distinct features of planning economy，while in the theory itself，mineral resources were not recognized ascommodities and had no prices. Consequently，even though the mineral products had pricesbut were distorted ones making all national mining enterprises non-profitable and to exist depending on governmental policy-subsidization. Now the country, however，has changed intosocialist market economy, most mineral enterprises radically cannot accommodate themselvesto this new situation，in particular，from the point of view of "Enriching the peasants" policyto put forward to the exploitation of mineral resources，the near-term policy of the so-called“wherever there’ water，flow it fast"，which had made the mineral industry from the repeated view-point of and the enriching the Pleasants policy, has caused the price deficit due to lowselling-price of minerals into even worse situation of disorder，no-restraint and anarchy ofscrambling for extracting the mineral resources putting the mineral industries in a tight spot unabling to feed themselves. Under this circumstance，the importance of undertaking the softscience research right now becomes more conspicuous to the mineral industries than ever before. One can predict that had the theoretical study of mineral economics theory been made ,portent break troughs，that it would radically change the face of our mineral industries.3.5 Relationship between Mineral Engineering and Natural EcologyMining engineering is the removal of rocks and minerals to the surface throughexcavations from underground deep in the earth or from the ground surface leaving the excavated space so formed. Every turn meters Surface every year subsidence in China. of the commodity flow of mining products reaches billion cubic Obviously it has caused many negative effects，for example:(1)uses of waste rock which results in the damages of farming lands and houses;(2) Large volrefuse and tailings occupy large area of land; and (3) Coal and oil burning products give off waste materials，such as exhaust gas，waste liquids，and solids and pollute the environment. In China，80 percent of 1. 1 billion tons of coalburned as fuel，from which，dust，sulpher and the of NO2and CO2 and the effective less heating effect seriously constitutes a menace to the ecological environment of China and the neighboring countries.4Suggestions opment of to the Science and Technology Circles of the Nation for the Develop-the Mining Subject4.1 An Unguent AppealNo doubt the "flying up into the sky" technology is the one most advanced，however，thegetting down into the earth" technology in mining engineering is no less complex，and even more difficult to pin down. It is no wonder that people consider that mineral engineering beingmuch simpler and pay less attention for lack of the knowledge of the resulting in the low rate ofmineral recovery and low rate of mineral extracting. For this country, but to spend a greatmany of valuable hard currency to import those actually need not to import raw materials andelse，naturally this is not favorable to the development of national economy. Hoping the science and technology circles，in particular their leading departments，renewing their recognitions to this awkward situation，and give necessary support to the urgently-needed topics of research studies of the mineral industries.4.2 National Resource PolicyNational resource policy concerns the future for many generations.Hoping the government population institutions relevant learn Iron the lesson of the past population policy，to take measures as early as possible to have the print up of mineral resources centralized.4.3 Mineral Investment PolicyThe investment policy and the set up of mineral industries should be dire; iron: tm common industries to assure in the long run the first energy supply 1vit} necessary and appropriate support.4.4 Make Ready the SuccessorsTo make ready the successors for the mineral industries and the development of the mining subjects，suggesting to give preferential treatment to the university.Admissionssystem and the recruitment of mineral workersand set mineral science.Foundation as an important subject independent from the foundations of those.Basic science in the natural science foundation.The aim of writing this paper is to hone that in the tonguingA of this centuryminim subject in China will have a new prosperous development with the of new technology to theory under the guidance of the national science policy.译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
采矿工程 毕业设计_外文翻译 英译汉 中英文
ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。
通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。
除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。
矿物加工毕业设计英译汉
Ore handlingIntroductionOre handling,which may account for30-60%of the total delivered price of raw materials, covers the processes of transportation,storage,feeding,and washing of the ore en route to,or during,its various stages of treatment in the mill.Since the physical state of ores in situ may range from friable,or even sandy material,to monolithic deposits with the hardness of granite,the methods of mining and provisions for the handling of freshly excavated material will vary extremely widely.Ore that has been well broken can be transported by trucks,belts,or even by sluicing,but large lumps of hard ore may need individual blasting.Modem developments in microsecond delay fuses and plastic explosive have resulted in more controllable primary breakage and easier demolition of occasional very large lumps.At the same time,crushers have become larger and lumps up to2 m in size can now be fed into some primary units.Open-pit ore tends to be very heterogeneous,the largest lumps often being over1.5m in diameter.The broken ore from the pit,after blasting,is loaded directly into trucks,holding up to200t of ore in some cases,and is transported directly to the primary crushers.Storage of such ore is not always practicable,due to its"long-ranged"particle size which causes segregation during storage,the fines working their way down through the voids between the larger particles;extremely coarse ore is sometimes difficult to start moving once it has been stopped.Sophisticated storage and feed mechanisms are therefore often dispensed with,the trucks depositing their loads directly into the mouth of the primary crusher.The operating cycle on an underground mine is complex.Drilling and blasting are often performed on one shift,the ore broken in this time being hoisted to the surface during the other two shifts of the working day.The ore is transported through the passes via chutes and tramways and is loaded into skips,holding as much as30t of ore,to be hoisted to the surface. Large rocks are often crushed underground by primary breakers in order to facilitate loading and handling at this stage.The ore,on arrival at the surface,having undergone some initial crushing,is easier to handle than that from an open pit mine and storage and feeding is usually easier,and indeed essential,due to the intermittent arrival of skips at the surface.The removal of harmful materialsOre entering the mill from the mine(run-of-mine ore)normally contains a small proportion of material which is potentially harmful to the mill equipment and processes.For instance,large pieces of iron and steel broken off from mine machinery can jam in the crushers.Wood is a major problem in many mills as this is ground into a fine pulp and causes choking or blocking of screens,etc.It can also choke flotation cell ports,consume flotation reagents by absorption and decompose to give depressants,which render valuable minerals unfloatable.Clays and slimes adhering.to the ore are also harmful as they hinder screening,filtration,and thickening,and again consume valuable flotation reagents.All these must be removed as far as possible at an early stage in treatment.Hand sorting from conveyor belts has declined in importance with the development of mechanised methods of dealing with large tonnages,but it is still used when plentiful cheap labour is available.Crushers can be protected from large pieces of"tramp"iron and steel by electromagnets suspended over conveyor belts(Figure2.1).These powerful electromagnets can pick up large pieces of iron and steel travelling over the belt and,at intervals,can be swung away from the belt and unloaded.Guard magnets,however,cannot be used to remove tramp iron from magnetic ores,such as those containing magnetite,nor will they remove non-ferrous metals or non-magnetic steels from the ore.Metal detectors,which measure the electrical conductivity of the material being conveyed,can be fitted over or around conveyor belts.The electrical conductivity of ores is much lower than that of metals and fluctuations in electrical conductivity in the conveyed material can be detected by measuring the change that tramp metal causes in a given electromagnetic field.When a metal object causes an alarm,the belt automatically stops and the object can be removed.It is advantageous with non-magnetic ores to precede the metal detector with a heavy guard magnet which will remove the ferromagnetic tramp metals and thus minimise belt stoppages.Large pieces of wood which have been"flattened out"by passage through a primary crusher can be removed by passing the ore feed over a vibrating scalping screen.Here the apertures of the screen are slightly larger than the maximum size of particle in the crusher discharge,allowing the ore to fall through the apertures and the flattened wood particles to ride over the screen and be collected separately.Wood can be further removed from the pulp discharge from the grinding mills by passing the pulp through a fine screen.Again,while the ore particles pass through the apertures,the wood collects on top of the screen and can be periodically removed.Washing of run-of-mine ore can be carried out to facilitate sorting by removing obscuring dirt from the surfaces of the ore particles.However,washing to remove very fine material,or slimes,of little or no value,is more important.Washing is normally performed after primary crushing as the ore is then of a suitable size to be passed over washing screens.It should always precede secondary crushing as slimes severely interfere with this stage.The ore is passed through high-pressure jets of water on mechanically vibrated screens. The screen apertures are usually of similar size to the particles in the feed to the grinding mills, the reason for which will become apparent.In the circuit shown in Figure2.2material passing over the screen,i.e.washed ore,is transported to the secondary crushers.Material passing through the screens is classified into coarse and fine fractions by a mechanical classifier or hydrocyclone or both.It may be beneficial to classify initially in a mechanical classifier as this is more able to smooth out fluctuations in flow than is the hydrocyclone and it is better suited to handling coarse material.The coarse product from the classifier,designated"washing plant sands",is either routed direct to the grinding mills or is dewatered over vibrating screens before being sent to mill storage.A considerable load,therefore,is taken off the dry crushing section.The fine product from classification,i.e.the"slimes",may be partially dewatered in shallow large diameter settling tanks known as thickenersand the thickened pulp is either pumped to tailings disposal or,if containing values,pumped direct to the concentration process,thus removing load from the grinding section.In the circuit shown,the thickener overflows are used to feed the high-pressure washing sprays.Water conservation in this manner is practised in most mills.Wood pulp may again be a problem in the above circuit,as it will tend to float in the thickener,and will choke the water spray nozzles unless it is removed by retention on a fine screen.Ore transportationIn a mineral processing plant,operating at the rate of400,000td-1this is equivalent to about28t of solid per minute,requiting up to75m3min-1of water.It is therefore important to operate with the minimum upward or horizontal movement and with the maximum practicable pulp density in all of those stages subsequent to the addition of water to the system. The basic philosophy requires maximum use of gravity and continuous movement over the shortest possible distances between processing units.Dry ore can be moved through chutes,provided they are of sufficient slope to allow easy sliding,and sharp turns are avoided.Clean solids slide easily on a15-25°steel-faced slope, but for most ores,a45-55°working slope is used.The ore may be difficult to control if the slope is too steepThe belt conveyor is the most widely used method of handling loose bulk materials. Belts now in use are with capacities up to20,000th-1and single flight lengths exceeding 15,000m("Bulk Materials Handling",2005),with feasible speeds of up to10m s-1.The standard rubber conveyor belt has a foundation of sufficient strength to withstand the driving tension and loading strains.This foundation,which may be of cotton,nylon,or steel cord,is bound together with a rubber matrix and completel y covered with a layer of vulcanised rubber.The carrying capacity of the belt is increased by passing it over troughing idlers.These are support rollers set normal to the travel of the belt and inclined upward from the centre so as to raise the edges and give it a trough-like profile.There may be three or five in a set and they will be rubbercoated under a loading point,so as to reduce the wear and damage from impact.Spacing along the belt is at the maximum interval which avoids excessive sag.The return belt is supported by horizontal straight idlers which overlap the belt by a few inches at each side.To induce motion without slipping requires good contact between the belt and drive pulley.(Figure2.3).This may not be possible with a single180~turn over a pulley and some form of"snubbed pulley"drive or"tandem"drive arrangement may be more effective.The belt system must incorporate some form of tensioning device to adjust the belt for stretch and shrinkage and thus prevent undue sag between idlers,and slip at the drive pulley. In most mills,gravity-operated arrangements are used which adjust the tension continuously (Figure2.4).Hydraulics have also been used extensively,and when more refined belt-tension control is required,especially in starting and stopping long conveyors,load-cell-controlled electrical tensioning devices are used.The reliability of belt systems has been enhanced by advances in control technology, making possible a high degree of fail-safe automation.A series of belts should incorporate an interlock system such that failure of any particular belt will automatically stop preceding belts. Interlock with devices being fed by the belt is important for the same reasons.It should not be possible to shut down any machine in the system without arresting the feed to the machine atthe same time and,similarly,motor failure should lead to the automatic tripping of all preceding belts and machines.Sophisticated electrical,pneumatic and hydraulic circuits have been widely employed to replace all but a few manual operations.Several methods can be used to minimise loading shock on the belt.A typical arrangement is shown in Figure2.5where the fines are screened on to the belt first and provide a cushion for the larger pieces of rock.Feed chutes must be designed to deliver the bulk of the material to the centre of the belt and at a velocity close to that of the belt.Ideally it should be the same,but in practice this condition is seldom obtained,particularly with wet sand or sticky materials.Where conditions will allow,the angle of the chute should be as great as possible,thereby allowing it to be gradually placed at lesser angles to the belt until the correct speed of flow is obtained.The material,particularly if it is heavy,or lumpy,should never be allowed to strike the belt vertically.Baffles in transfer chutes,to guide material flow,are now often remotely controlled by hydraulic cylinders.The conveyor may discharge at the head pulley,or the load may be removed before the head pulley is reached.The most satisfactory device for achieving this is a tripper.This is an arrangement of pulleys by which the belt is raised and doubled back so as to give it a localised discharge point.It is usually mounted on wheels,running on tracks,so that the load can be delivered at several points,over a long bin or into several bins.The discharge chute on the tripper can deliver to one or both sides of the belt.The tripper may be moved by hand,by head and tail ropes from a reversible hoisting drum,or by a motor.It may be automatic, moving backwards and forwards under power from the belt drive.Shuttle belts are reversible self-contained conveyor units mounted on carriages,whichpermit them to be moved lengthwise to discharge to either side of the feed point.The range of distribution is approximately twice the length of the conveyor.They are often preferred to trippers for permanent storage systems because they require less head room and,being without reverse bends,are much easier on the belt.Where space limitation does not permit the installation of a belt conveyor,gravity bucket elevators can be used(Figure2.1).These provide only low handling rates with both horizontal conveying and elevating of the material.The elevator consists of a continuous line of buckets attached by pins to two endless roller chains running on tracks and driven by sprockets.The buckets are pivoted so that they always remain in an uptight position and are dumped by means of a ramp placed to engage a shoe on the bucket,thus turning it into the dumping position.Sandwich conveyor systems can be used to transport solids at steep inclines from30to 90°.The material being transported is"sandwiched"between two belts which hold the material in position and prevent it from sliding back down the conveyor even after the conveyor has stopped or tripped.As pressure is applied to material to hold it in place,it is important the material has a reasonable internal friction angle.The advantage of sandwich belt conveyors is that they can transport material at steep angles at similar speeds to conventional belt conveyors("Sandwich Conveyors",2005).Screw conveyors are another means of transporting dry or damp particles or solids.The material is pushed along a troughby the rotation of a helix,which is mounted on a central shaft.The action of the screw conveyor allows for virtually any degree of mixing of different materials and allows for the transportation of material on any incline from the horizontal to vertical.The main limitation of screw conveyors is their capacity,which has a maximum rate of about300m3/h(Perry and Green,1997).Hydraulic transport of the ore stream normally takes over from dry transportation at the grinding stage in most modem mills.Pulp may be made to flow through open launders by gravity in some unders are gently sloping troughs of rectangular,triangular or semicircular section,in which the solid is carried in suspension,or by sliding or rolling.The slope must increase with particle size,with the solid content of the suspension,and with specific gravity of the solid.The effect of depth of water is complex;if the particles are carried in suspension,a deep launder is advantageous because the rate of solid transport is increased.If the particles are carried by rolling,a deep flow may be disadvantageous.In plants of any size,the pulp is moved through piping via centrifugal pumps.Pipelines should be as straight as possible to prevent abrasion at bends.The use of oversize pipe is dangerous whenever slow motion might allow the solids to settle and hence choke the pipe. The factors involved in pipeline design and installation are complex and include the solid-liquid ratio,the average pulp density,the density of the solid constituents,the size analysis and particle shape,and the fluid viscosity(Loretto and Laker,1978).Centrifugal pumps are cheap in capital cost and maintenance,and occupy little space (Wilson,1981;Pearse,1985).Single-stage pumps are normally used,lifting up to30m and in extreme cases100m.Their main disadvantage is the high velocity produced within the impeller chamber,which may result in serious wear of the impeller and chamber itself, especially when a coarse sand is being pumped.Ore storageThe necessity for storage arises from the fact that different parts of the operation of mining and milling are performed at different rates,some being intermittent and some continuous,some being subject to frequent interruption for repair,and others being essentially batch processes.Thus,unless reservoirs for material are provided between the different steps,the whole operation is rendered spasmodic and,consequently,uneconomical.The amount of storage necessary depends on the equipment of the plant as a whole,its method of operation,and the frequency and duration of regular and unexpected shutdowns of individual units.For various reasons,at most mines,ore is hoisted for only a part of each day.On the other hand,grinding and concentration circuits are most efficient when running continuously. Mine operations are more subject to unexpected interruption than mill operations,and coarse-crushing machines are more subject to clogging and breakage than fine crushers, grinding mills and concentration equipment.Consequently,both the mine and the coarse ore plant should have a greater hourly capacity than the fine crushing and grinding plants,and storage reservoirs should be provided between them.Ordinary mine shutdowns,expected or unexpected will not generally exceed a24h duration,and ordinary coarse-crushing plant repairs can be made within an equal period if a good supply of spare parts is kept on hand. Therefore,if a24h supply of ore that has passed the coarse-crushing plant is kept in reserve ahead of the mill proper,the mill can be kept running independent of shutdowns of less than a 24h duration in mine and coarse-crushing plant.It is wise to provide for a similar mill shutdown and,in order to do this,the reservoir between coarse crushing plant and mill must contain at all times unfilled space capable of holding a day's tonnage from the mine.This is not economically possible,however,with many of the modem very large mills;there is a trend now to design such mills with smaller storage reservoirs,often supplying less than a two-shift supply of ore,the philosophy being that storage does not do anything to the ore,and can,in some cases,have an adverse effect by allowing the ore to oxidise.Unstable sulphides must be treated with minimum delay,and wet ore cannot be exposed to extreme cold as it will freeze and be difficult to move.矿石处理矿石运搬所花费的费用，大概占所有原材料输送的过程的30%-60%。
采矿工程专业毕业设计外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)
外文原文：Adopt the crest of the coal work noodles plank managementproblem studyCrest the plank management is the point that adopts a safe management of the coal work noodles.Statistics according to the data, crest the plank trouble has 60% of the coal mine trouble about, adopting the trouble of the coal work noodles and having a crest 70% of the plank trouble above.Therefore, we have to strengthen a plank management, reducing to adopt the coal work noodles crest the occurrence of the plank trouble.1,the definition of the crest,scaleboard and it categorizeEndow with the existence coal seam on of the close by rock strata be called a plank, endow with the existence coal seam under of the close by rock strata be called scaleboard.Crest the rock,strength of the scaleboard and absorb water sex and digging to work the management of the noodles contain direct relation, they is certain crest the plank protect a way and choose to adopt the empty area processing method of main basis.1.1 planks categorizeAccording to rock,thickness and return to adopt process to fall in the 垮of difficult easy degree, crest the plank is divided into the false crest,direct crest and old crest.According to direct crest sport to adopt a field to the influence for press, the direct crest is divided into broken up,unsteady,medium etc. stability,stability,strong and tough crest plank etc. is five.According to old crest the sport Be work mineral inside the noodles press to present degree and to work safe threat of noodles of size, the old crest is is divided in to press very and severely, press mightiness, press to compare obviously, don't obviously press etc. is four.1.2 scaleboards categorizeAccording to the opposite position relation of the rock strata and the coal seam, the scaleboard is divided into direct bottom with the old bottom.Locate coal seam directly under of the rock strata be called direct bottom;locate the direct bottom or coal seam under of the rock strata be called old bottom.The coal seam crest the scaleboard type expects the influence of the geology structure sport after be subjected to the deposition environment and, its growth in different region degree dissimilarity, the coal seam possibility for have isn't whole.2,crest that need to be control plank classification and adopt the processing way of the empty areaAccording to different crest the plank type and property, choose to pay to protect a way and adopt the empty area processing method differently, is a plank management of basic principle.2.1 crest needed to pull to make plank classificationPress a knothole rock strata strength, the crest plank that needs to be control can is divided into: general crest the plank,slowness descend to sink a plank and is whole fall the crest of the cave in the danger plank etc..2.2 work noodles adopt the processing method of the empty areaThe processing method that adopts empty area mainly has: all 垮s fall a method,partial full to fill a method,the coal pillar to prop up a method to alleviate to descend to sink a method slowly etc..3,crest the plank pressure present a characteristic3.1 top the cover rock strata of the sport regulation and the work in front pay to accept pressure to distribute behindDuring the period of mine, adopt empty area above of the rock strata will take place ambulation, according to crest the plank change mind condition, taking the cranny rock strata in up the cover rock strata follow the work noodles to push forward the direction demarcation as three areas: the coal wall prop up the influence area,leave layer area and re- press solid area.The noodles opens to slice an eye to go to push forward forward in the process from the work, break original should the equilibrium of the dint field, cause should the dint re- distribute.Be adopting the coal work noodles to become to pay to accept pressure in front and back, it concretely distributes shape to have something to do with adopting the empty area processing method.3.2 first times to press to press a main manifestation with the periodFirst time to press a main manifestation:BE a plank"by oneself the vield song" range enlargement;the coal wall transform and fall to fall(the slice help);pay to protect to drill bottom etc..First time to press to want to keep on more and suddenly and generally for 2-3 days.Period to press a main manifestation:Main manifestation BE:crest the plank descend to sink nasty play increment of speed, crest the plank descend to sink quantity to become big;pay what pillar be subjected to load widespread increment;adopt empty area to hang a crest;pay pillar to make a noise;cause the coal wall slice to help,pay pillar to damage,crest plank occurrence the step descend to sink etc..If pay the pillar parameter choice to be unsuited to a proper or single body to pay the pillar stability worse, may cause the partial crest or crest plank follow the work noodles to slice to fall etc..4,crest the plank choice for protectThe work noodles the function for protect decelerate a plank to descend to sink, supporting to control a crest to be apart from the knothole integrity inside the crest, assurance work space safety.4.1 choices that protect material and formPay to protect material to mainly there are the metals support and the wood support.Pay to protect a form to mainly have a little the pillar to protect,the cote type protect to press a support with liquid.4.2s protect a specification choiceWhile choosing to pay to protect specification, mainly control the following 2:00:1.Control the work noodles adopt high and its variety.Generally can according to drill a holethe pillar form or have already dug the tunnel data of to make sure to adopt high.From last the movable regulation of the cover rock strata, can the initial assurance crest plank at biggest control a crest to be apart from place of average biggest descend to sink quantity, select to pay a pillar model number suitablely2 control the crest plank of the normal appearance to descend to sink the quantity and support can the draw back pute the biggest and high Hmax and minimum and high Hmin that pays pillar, select specification of pay the prehensive the pillar model number and specification, check related anticipate, assurance the model number of the pillar.5,the work noodles manages everyday of pointEveryday crest the point of plank management is the with accuracy certain protects density and control a method, right arrangement and organize to adopt coal and control a crest to relate to in fixed time, strengthen to pay to protect the quality management before press, the assistance that chooses to use a good necessity protect etc., attain to expel to emit a trouble, assurance the purpose of[with] efficiency.1 choice that protects density and controls a methodAccording to the work noodles crest plank rock,adopt a periodic to press obvious degree, press strength and to press in front and back a crest knothole variety a circumstance etc., the certain protect density and control a method.It adopt coal in 2 production lines with control of the crest to relate to in fixed timePeriod to don't obviously press to adopt a field, emphasize to pay to protect,adopt coal, control a parallel homework, possibly contract to adopt coal,return to pillar to put distance between an operations with speed the work noodles propulsion degree;period to press more and obviously adopt a field, at to press in front and back adopt different of,control the relation organization project, before press should not adopt coal,put a crest in the meantime homework, press after should adopt to adopt coal,put a crest to keep minimum wrong be apart from parallel homework.Field to strengthen to pay to protect the quality management assurance to pay pillar to have to prop up dint,prevent°from paying pillar to drill bottom enough before press,right adoption the assistance protect.Adopt the coal work noodles crest, the plank manages everyday of the key lie in raising the spot management,the operation level, paying to protect and adapt to adopt a field to press and crest the scaleboard variety circumstance, adopt right of the assistance protect measure, well exertivecontrol a result.译文：采煤工作面的顶板管理问题探讨顶板管理是采煤工作面安全管理的重点。
采矿工程毕业设计英文翻译
Underground MiningMost present-day mining in Europe occurs under 2000 to 4000 ft of overburden, as more easily mined coal deposits have been depleted. At this depth most mines are developed as shaft mines. All personnel, material, and coal have to be hoisted trough these shaft. Considering the two factors of hoisting capacity and required length of shaft, a considerable investment is necessary to reach the coal-bearing strata. The requires huge investments. Openings at this depth have to be equipped with costly supports, and periodic reworking and repair is necessary.Mines not only extend horizontally but also vertically through the development of new levels. The life of the mines is thus extend considerably, and surface installations can be amortize over a longer period.The more limited reserves have forced companies into mining less favorable deposits, and European government require that all possible deposits be mined to conserve the nation’s energy resources. These factor and the large percentage of inclined seams and faults make mining very difficult and costly. The population density and the heavy surface buildup cause additional expense in the form of payments for subsidence damage to surface structures. Therefore, backfilling is frequently practiced to reduce subsidence. The close spacing of faults often severely limits the size of a mining section, forcing frequent moves and excessive development work.The thickness of the overburden results in very high ground pressure. This would require extremely large pillars if the room and pillar method was applied. Additionally, support is required for any opening, adding prohibitive costs to a multiple-entry room and pillar operation.As a result, single-entry longwall operations requiring the minimum number of entries and allowing maximum recovery of resources is the mining method almost exclusively practiced.Shaft mines dominate the European coal mining industry. Shafts 20 to 30 ft in diameter, with circular cross section, lined with masonry, concrete, or steel are the dominant meansof gaining access to the coal-bearing strata. They are often extended beyond the last mining level to provide for future expansion. As in the Unite States, shafts are developed by drilling, blasting, and excavating or by large-diameter shaft-boring equipment. Shaft boring is more frequently used, particularly on the smaller and shorter subshaft, which connect the different levels but do not extend to the surface.Haulage in the shaft is usually accomplished by hoisting of the filled mine cars on multistage cages or by skips. Pumping of coal slurry is also done in special cases.The complex system of forces and the resulting rock mechanical problems developed by mining activities at different levels result in significant differences between European and US underground development. The rock mechanical interaction of the extraction operations at the various levels require that all deposits be mined as completely as possible. Pillars left after mining create zones of extreme and often unmanageable ground control problem, as well as a high probability of roof bounce.Since the number of entries is kept to a minimum because of cost, no bleeder systems are provided. If retreat mining is practiced, only two entries are advanced in to a new mining area.Panels are laid out as large as possible. The large-panel layout is used as another means of reducing the number ofentries. Minded–out panels are sealed off to prevent spontaneous combustion through the removal of oxygen.The main levels, with extensive entry systems, are used for coal, supply, and personnel haulage and for ventilation. They are often spaced with little regard to the position of the coal seams, because the deposits are reached selectively through other means. In the past, 165-or330-ft intervals were selected while increasing ground pressures and development and maintenance increase substantially, requiring large volumes of air for cooling. As a result, entry cross sections at these levels have to be increase.Fig.9.1 German multilevel, multiseam shaft-type coal mine.Underground facilities：(1) main shaft with skip hoisting;(2) exhaust ventilation shaft with multistage cage;(3) third-level station;(4) blind shaft with cylindrical storage bin;(5) blind shaft with car-hoisting facilities;(6) main entry;(7) main entry;(8) section or panel entry;(9) road heading machine(10) longwall section with plow;(11) longwall section with shearer;(12) longwall section in a steeply pitching seam mined manually with air picks;(13) longwall section in steeply pitching seam with plow;(14) minded-out gob area;(15) ventilation lock;(16) belt conveyor as main haulage;(17) main car haulage;(18) storage bin and skip-loading facilities;(19) supply haulage with a mono-rail;(20) supply haulage with mine cars;(21) monorail system as personnel carrier;(22) worker-trip cars;(23) pump station. Surface facilities:(a) hoisting tower with overhead hoist;(b) shaft building;(c) head frame;(d) main exhaust fan and diffuser;(e) coal preparation plant with loading facilities;(f) coking coal silo;(g) container vehicle for filling of coke ovens;(h) coke oven battery;(i) coke watering car;(k) coke quenching tower;(l) gas tank;(m) water-treatment plant;(n) refuse pile;(o) power plant;(p) cooling tower;(q) water tower;(r) supply storage area;(s) sawmill;(t) training and teaching center.地下采煤目前，大部分欧洲的煤矿开采都已经达到了2000到4000英尺，主要是因为浅部容易开采的煤层都已经采完。
采矿工程专业毕业论文外文翻译
英文原文：Analytical model and application of stressdistribution on mining coal floorAbstract：Given the analysis of underground pressure，a stress calculation model of cola floor stress has been established based on a theory of elasticity．The model presents the law of stress distribution on the relatively fixed position of the mining coal floor：the extent of stress variation in a fixed floor position decreases gradually along with depth．The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is clearly larger than that of the horizontal stress at a specific depth．The direction of the maximum principal stress changes gradually from a vertical direction to a horizontal direction with the advance of the working face．The deformation and permeability of the rock mass of the coal floor are obtained by contrasting the difference of the principal stress established from theoretical calculations with curves of stress-strain and permeability-strain from tests．Which is an important mechanical basis for preventing water inrush from confined aquifers．Key words：model；coal floor；stress distribution；analysis1 IntroductionWith the development of coal seam mining，The stress field of rock strata of coal seam floors will change and continue to be redistributed because of the effect of mining．The results will bring on floor deformation，displacement and possible destruction to attain a new balance[1]．A study of the law of stress distribution of floors has important，practical implications in understanding deformation and destructive characteristics and predicting water inrush from floors and for designing suitable locations for tunnels and selecting maintenance methods when depth increased．At present，the study of the law of stress distribution of floors mostly proceeds from a number of calculations based on finite element analyses and similar material tests[2-6]．In this paper，the study of stress distribution of floors in relatively fixed positions is discussed analytically with a theory of elasticity and we present an application combined with actual data of a particular site．2 Fundamental principleThe formulas of stress distribution are derived from the superposition principle，given the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane[7-8]．The vertical distribution load of AB on a semi-infinite plane is assumed to be q(x)，as illustrated in Fig.1.We want to solve the state of stress at a specific point inside a semi-infinite plane，such as point M ．Supposing the coordinate of point is (x，z)，the micro-1ength dζfrom the origin of coordinate is ζon the AB segment，the micro-concentration force d p=q dζis regarded as its force and the state of stress of the micro-concentration force at point is defined as follows．In order to calculate the stress at point M from all distributed loads，the stress which is caused by every micro-concentration force is superposed．We need to integrate Eq.(1) from ζ= -a to ζ= b and Eq.(1) then becomes：3 Stress calculation of coal seam floor3.1Foundation of the mechanical modelBased on the theory of underground pressure，the mechanical model of supporting pressure in front of the working face can be simplified，as shown in Fig.2[9-11]．Where the OA segment is the plastic area，with a length of x0；the AB segment is the elastic area，with a length of L0x0．In order to calculate easily the supporting pressure of both areas p z(1)，p z(2)，without losing its rational，we can assume the following two linear functions：Where is the supporting pressure of the plastic area(kPa)，the supporting pressure of the elastic area(kPa)，the maximum stress concentration coefficient，the width of the plastic area(m)，H the buried depth of the coal floor(m)，the width of the area affected by the supporting pressure(m) and is the average weight of the volume of the over-lying strata (kN/m3) ．3.2Stress calculation processAccording to the theory of elasticity on distributed loads on a semi-infinite plane，we can use Eq.(2) to calculate the vertical stresses σz(1) and σz(2) and the horizontal stresses σx(1)and σx(2)which are affected by the supporting pressures and ．The stress equations at point M(x, z) can then be obtained correspondingly by superposition (this calculation neglects the effect of the transferred load from the goaf and the overlying strata movement as well as the effect of the initial ground stress because it does not produce subsidiary stress at point M；largely we considered the action of the supporting pressure in front of the working face). The calculations are as follows：Therefore，σz = σz(1)+σz(2)(4) and σx = σx(1)+σx(2)(5). By coordinate transformation(x = x(n = 0，1，2，…))，x is regarded as x0 in Eqs.(4) and (5) and the stress values of each section can be calculated，where the variable expresses the relative distance from the pushing position of the working face to the origin of the coordinate system. Given the related parameters of supporting pressures，the stress values，located at the relatively fixed floor section，(x =) at different depths，can be calculated by computer when the working faces advance.When x = x，Eqs.(4) and (5) can be represented as follows：3.3Example analysisGiven the actual geological conditions and mining technology at the 2702 working face of the Yangcun Colliery of the Yanzhou Mining Group Limited Company，the following related parameters are determined：=3，=5 m，=50 m，=25 kN/m3 and H=500 ing Eqs.(6) and (7)，the stress distribution curves are obtained on the relatively fixed floor section x=at different depths with the working face advancing by calculation. The results are shown means of computer in Figs. 3 and 4.Fig. 3 shows that vertical stress maintains its maximum at the interface between the coal seam and floor on the section x=from the original coordinates and then quickly decreases with the increasing depth and slowly decreases at a specific depth. A similar situation is obtained when the working face advances，i.e.，the range of the vertical stress decreases with an increase in depth. From the results it can be seen that the range of depth, given the variation of vertical stress, is relatively large, i.e., within 40 m. The range of the vertical stress is clearly smaller after the working face advances 30 m.According to the relationship of the variation between vertical and horizontal stress, the multiplication of the variation of vertical stress and its corresponding coefficient of horizontal pressure (λ) is equal to the increment of horizontal stress at the point M[1]. Then the increment of horizontal stress and the horizontal stress at the point M continues to be superposed, which is inversed analysis when the working face advances 30 m. The results of the variation in stress show that the vertical stress is larger than the horizontal stress when the working face is at its original position: the maximum principal stress is the vertical stress; the minimum principal stress is horizontal stress. Because the rate of decrease of the vertical stress is faster than the horizontal stress, the horizontal stress is larger than the vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m (for details, see Fig. 4). Considering the effect of the variation in vertical stress, the horizontal stress is much larger than the vertical stress. The maximum principal stress is the horizontal stress and the minimum principal stress is the vertical stress. It agrees with the partial reasons of the mechanical principle of floor heave[12-14].Fig. 3 also shows that the variation is almost steady on the section x=when the working face advances 30 m. Therefore, the relationship of variation in stress with depth is calculated when the working face advances from 0 to 30 m. The details are shown in Table 1.Table 1 Data of rock characteristics and correlative stress of the floor on 2702 working face in Yangcun colliery (MPa)岩层深度(m)ΔλλΔx=0 m x=30 m x=30 m x=30 mλΔ泥岩0 37.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 37.500.4316.13 16.13 5 27.25 0.04 2.12 2.08 27.21 11.70 13.78砂岩10 22.53 0.28 3.83 3.55 22.250.327.12 10.67 15 19.95 0.77 4.91 4.14 19.18 6.14 10.28 21 18.17 1.46 5.40 3.94 16.71 5.35 9.29石灰岩25 16.75 2.21 5.46 3.25 14.540.284.07 7.32 28 15.55 2.94 5.24 2.30 12.61 3.53 5.83From the analysis of the related data, the stresses + λΔin Table 1 can be regarded as the stress values，obtained from mechanical rock tests. So the variations of the principal stress from theoretical calculations and the results from the servo-controlled tests can be contrasted. Given these contrasts it is seen that, the largest stress value of mudstone is 16.13 MPa and the largest stress value of sandstone10.67 MPa. When combining Fig. 5 with Table 1 it is seen that, the largest calculated principal stress is less than the peak value of the principal stress in Fig. 5, and the calculated section is at an elastic deformation section of Fig. 5, where permeability is relatively weak. So there is still a certain ability of water resistance. It can be shown that the obvious destruction is not produced in the mudstone and sandstone when the working face advances 30 m. This is essentially consistent with the conclusions of the survey report.4 Conclusions1) Based on the mechanical model of the floor, the analysis of stress distribution is obtained on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face. Owing to heterogeneity and discontinuity of the rock mass of the coal floor, there is a certain divergence between the ideal model and actual conditions. But from analyses and calculations, the basic variation law of stress distribution is discovered on the relatively fixed floor position with an advancing of working face when specific parameters are given for the working face.2) The decreasing rate of the vertical stress is faster than that of the horizontal stress up to a certain depth and the direction of the maximum principal stress is changed from vertical at the original position to horizontal with an advancing of the working face. The horizontal stress is larger than vertical stress within 42 m when the working face advances 30 m.3) The difference between the theoretically calculated principal stress and the results of the servo-controlled penetrability test can be contrasted. Deformation and penetrability can be obtained from the floor rock mass. From an example, it is seen that the mudstone and sandstone of coal floor are at an elastic deformation stage. There is no extreme destruction on the relatively fixed floor section with an advancing of working face and there still is a certain ability of water resistanceAcknowledgementsHere we express our sincere appreciation to director for Zhao Zhenzhong, minister Song Shun of Zhengzhou Coal Industry Group for their help during the course of the sampling. Appreciating Dr. Xi Yantao of China University of Mining and Technology for his help for modification.References：[1] Zhang J C, Zhang Y Z, Liu T Q. Rock Mass Permeability and Coal Mine Water Inrush.Beijing:Geological Publishing House, 1997. (In Chinese)[2] Miao X X, Lu A H, Mao X B, et al. Numerical simulation for roadways in swelling rock undercoupling function of water and ground pressure. Journal of China University ofMining and Technology, 2002, 12(2): 120-125.[3] Gong P L, Hu Y Q, Zhao Y S, et al. Three-dimensional simulation study on law of deformationand breakage of coal floor on mining above aquifer. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2005, 24(23): 4396-4402. (In Chinese)[4] Shi L Q, Han J. Floor Water-Inrush Mechanism and Prediction. Xuzhou: China University ofMining and Technology Press, 2004. (In Chinese)[5] Jing H W, Xu G A, Ma S Z. Numerical analysis on displacement law of discontinuous rockmass in broken rock zone for deep roadway. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2001, 11(2): 132-137.[6] Liu Y D, Zhang D S, Wang Ii S, et al. Simulation analysis of coal mining with top-coal cavingunder hard-and-thick strata. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2006, 16(2): 110-114.[7] Dun Z L, Gao J M. Mechanics of Elasticity and Its Application in Geotechnical Engineering.Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House, 2003. (In Chinese)[8] Xu Z L. A Concise Course in Elasticity. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2002. (In Chinese)[9] Liu W Q, Miao X X. Numerical analysis of finite deformation of overbroken rock mass in gobarea based on Euler model of control volume. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2006, 16(3): 245-248.[10] Jiang F X. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Beijing: China Coal Industry Publishing House,2004. (In Chinese)[11] Qian M G, Shi P W. Rock Pressure and Stress Control. Xuzhou: China University of Miningand Technology Press, 2003. (In Chinese)[12] Xu N Z, Tu M. The mechanism and control of floor heave of road driving along next goaf ofhigh seam. Journal of Anhui University of Science and Technology (Natural Science), 2004, 24(2): 1-4. (In Chinese)[I3] Wang W J, Hou C J. Study of mechanical principle of floor heave of roadway driving along next goaf in fully mechanized sub-level caving face. Journal of Coal Science and Engineering, 2001, 7(1): 13-17.[14] Zhai X X, Li D Q, Shao Q, et al. Control over surrounding rocks deformation of soft floorand whole-coal gateways with trapezoidal supports. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2005, 15(2): 118-123.中文译文：采场底板岩层应力的分析模型及应用摘要：在分析矿山压力的基础上，运用弹性理论建立了煤层底板应力分析计算模型。
采矿工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文：新技术和新理论的采矿业跨世纪发展摘要：煤炭产业需要更长远的发展，对工作中所讨论的热点在工业中出现新的理论和高科技成功使用在二十世纪末是最美好的，作为被关心的问题需要较快一步的发展，在20世纪中后期产生的新型、高速的新技术是最有吸引力和标志性的，即使在所有行业中不同的冲击变得起来越相关以及部门间彼此合作并明确地叙述许多新的理论，煤炭行业的新科技和新理论是不可避免的，并且包括一切的不可能性。
作者在这篇文章中阐述了他关于采矿学的发展问题的意见，举出了许多令人信服的事实，并对大部分新的情况予以求证。
关键字:采矿工程，矿业产业, 矿业经济学,新技术和高科技1.采矿在国民经济中的重要性今天，科技世界的发展已经引起了对采矿空前的不容忽视，空间工程，信息工程，生物工程和海洋工程的发展，新能源的发现和研究与发展以及新原料在目前和将来逐渐地改变着人类生活的每个方面。
“科学技术是第一生产力”指出了新科技在国民经济的中扮演了重要的角色。
在全球的一些大的国家中，互相竞争为的是努力探测外部的空间，我们不应该忘记基本的事实：有超过五十亿个人生活在地球上。
想要保住地球上的人类，我们必须做到以下四个方面：也就是营养物，原料，燃料和环境。
营养物主要是空气、水、森林、谷物和各种植物，它们都是来自于自然。
原料有铁、铁的金属，稀罕的金属，宝贵的化学的原料和建材的金属。
燃料如：煤炭，石油，天然气，铀，放射性金属元素和其他的发光要素。
这些也在自然界中发生。
最后一种是靠人类来维持的生态环境。
在上述中三个必要的物质中，原料和燃料从地球表面经过采矿学取出服务人类。
生态学的环境和采矿已及上述的三个必要的财产抽出有莫大的关系。
然而，随着新技术和它们进入煤炭行业成果的提高，逐渐使它由朝阳产业变成当日落业并逐渐地褪色消失。
如采矿产业是最古老的劳工即强烈传统的产业，因此，那里没落是在一个民族的特定部份需要的印象而且要再作任何的更高深的研究，并在此之上发展采矿。
采煤专业毕业设计外文文献翻译--高效生产 — 一个关于采煤机截割的次序的问题
外文文献翻译英文原文High Productivity —A Question of Shearer Loader CuttingSequences1 AbstractRecently, the focus in underground longwall coal mining has been on increasing the installed motor power of shearer loaders and armoured face conveyors (AFC), more sophisticated support control systems and longer face length, in order to reduce costs and achieve higher productivity. These efforts have resulted in higher output and previously unseen face advance rates. The trend towards “bigger and better” equipment and layout schemes, however, is rapidly nearing the limitations of technical and economical feasibility. To realise further productivity increases, organisational changes of longwall mining procedures looks like the only reasonable answer. The benefits of opti-mised shearer loader cutting sequences, leading to better performance, are discussed in this paper.2 IntroductionsTraditionally, in underground longwall mining operations, shearer loaders produce coal using either one of the following cutting sequences: uni-directional or bi-directional cycles. Besides these pre-dominant methods, alternative mining cycles have also been developed and successfully applied in underground hard coal mines all over the world. The half-web cutting cycle as e.g. utilized in RA G Coal International’s Twentymile Mine in Colorado, USA, and the “Opti-Cycle” of Matla’s South African shortwall operation must be mentioned in this context. Other mines have also tested similar but modified cutting cycles resulting in improved output, e.g. improvements in terms of productiv-ity increases of up to 40 % are thought possible。
采矿专业毕业设计外文翻译
附录外文翻译APPLICATION OF BLASTING IN DRIVING TUNNEL1 FRAGMENTATIONFragmentation is the breaking of coal, ore,or rock by blasting so that the bulk of the material is small enough to load, handle and transport.Fragmentation would be at its best when the debris is not smaller than necessary for handling and not so large as to require hand breaking or secondary blasting .Energy must be supplied to rock by direct or indirect means to fragment that rock and the type of loading system.Fragmentation energy is consumed by the main mechanisms: (1) creation of new surface area (fracture energy), (2)friction (plasticity) and (3)elastic wave enegy dispersion.The loading method determines the relative proportions and the amount of energy consumed in fragmenting a given rock type. Unonfined tensile failure consumes the least energy with an increasing a,mount of energy required as the rock is more highly confined within a compressive stress field during fragmentation The way energy is applied by tools to cause rock or mineral fragmentation is important in determining fragmentation efficiency. To best design fragmentation tools and optimize fragmentation systems it would be desirable to know how rock properties influence breakage.The strength of rock is influenced by the environmental conditions imposed on the rock.Those of most importance in rock are (1)confining pressure ,(2)pore fluid pressure, (3)temperature and (4)rate of load application .Increase in confining pressure, as with increasing depth beneath th earth's surface or under the action of a fragmentation tool, causes an increase in rock strength .Apparent rock strength decreases as porc fluid pressure increases, since it decreases the effect of confining pressure. Although chemical effects of pore fluids influence rock strength, they generally are small compared to the confining pressure effect, except for a small minority of rock types .Increase in rock temperature causes a decrease in rock strength.This effect is very small because of the small ambient temperature changesfound during mining. An increase in rate of load application causes an apparent increase in rock strength.Rock exhibits directional properties that in fluence the way it breaks. These are embodied in the concept of rock fabric ,which connotes the structure or configuration of the aggregate components as well as the physical or mechanical property manifestations. Rock fabric ont only relates to the preferred orientation of mineral constituents and their planes of weakness, but also to the configuration of discontinuities, microcracks and pores.Joints and bedding planes have great influence on fragmentation at field scale.Physical properties of rock (density,indentation,hardness,abrasivehardness and porosity ,)are frequently used in conjunction with mechanical properties to develop better empirical esti mations of rock fragmentation.2 BLASTHOLE CHARGING METHODSDrill hole charging can be carried out in different ways depending on whether the explosive used is in cartridges or in the form of loose material. The oldest charging method implies the use of a tamping rod and this system is still used to a very great extent .During the last 20years, compressed air chargers have been used and these machines provide both good capacity and also an improved level of charge concentration so that the drill holes are utilized to a higher degree. During the last few years semi-automatic chargers have been taken into use, primarily in underground work. Compressed air chargers for blasting powder in the form of loose material have also come into use on a large scale. As far as slurry blasting is concerned, special pumping methods have been developed through which charging capacity in the case of large diameter drill holes is practically good.A tamping rod must be made of wood or plastic. It must not be too thick in relation to the drill hole diameter since this can crush and damage fuse or electric detonator cables during charging work. If a good degree of packing is to be obtained during charging with a tamping rod then only one cartridge at a time should be charged and tamped. The detonator must be correctly fed into the drill hole during charging work.Compressed air chargers have been in use is Sweden for about 20 years. The first type consisted of aluminum pipes connected together and the cartridges were blown into the hole with an air pressure of 42 pounds per square inch .since that time the charging tube has been replaced by anti-static treated plastic hose of a special design.A charger includes a foot-operated valve, reduction vavle with air hose, breech, connecting tube and charging hose.The semi-automatic charger permits the continuous insertion of explosive cartridge at the same rate as they are charged in the hole by the hose .Instead of a valve being used ,the cartridges pass through an air lock between two flaps. The air pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are pressure in the charging hose is retained while cartridges are beins inserted .The semi-automatic charger permits considerably higher charging capacity than the normal type of charger.Explosives in the form of the form of loose material, usually ammonium nitrate explosives(ANFO), require special chargers. Two types can be differentiated: pressrure vessel machines and ejector units. Pressure vessel machines are particularly suitable for crystalline An explosives with good charging capacity. Ejector units are operate by an ejector sucking up explosive from a container through a charging hose. The explosive is then blown through the charging hose into the drill hole .There are, also combined pressure ejector machines. The charging hose used for ANFO charging operations must conduct electricity and have a resistance of at least 1KΏ/m and max.30KΏ/M.Nitro Nobel has developed a special pumping procedure which consists of a tanker vehicle which is used to pump explosive directly the drill holes. The charging capacity is very high in the case of large diameter drill holes.3 CONTROLLED BLASTING TECHNIQUTESControlled blasting is used to reduce overbreak and minimize fracturing of the rock at the boundary of an excavation. The four basic controlled blasting techniques are: line drilling, presplitting, cushion blasting and smooth blasting.Line drilling, the earliest controlled blasting technique, involves drilling a row of closely spaced holes along the final excavation line, providing a plane of weakness towhich to break. Line drill holes, 2or 4 diameters apart and contain no explosive. The blastholes adjacent to the line drillholes normally are loaded lighter and are on closer spacing than the other blastholes. The maximum depth for line drilling is about 30 ft .Line drilling involves no blasting in the final row of holes, and thus minimizes damage to the final wall.Presplitting, sometimes called preshearing ,involves a single row of boreholes ,usually 2 to 4 in .in diameter ,drilled along the final excavation at a spacing of 6 to 12 borehole diameters .Dynamite cartridges 1to 1.5 in . in size on 1 to 2 ft .centers usually are string-loadde on detonating cord ,although special small-diameter cartridges with special couplers are available for total column loading .In unconsolidated formations ,closer spacings with lighter powder loads are required .The bottom 2 to 3 ft .of borehole usually is loaded somewhat heavier than the remainder .Stemming between and around the individual charges is optional .The top 2 to 3 ft . of borehole is not loaded ,but is stemmed. The depth that can bu presplit is limited by hole alignment ,with 50 ft .being about maximum .The presplit holes are fired before before the adjacent primary holes to provide a fracture plane to which the primary blast can break .In presplitting it is difficult to determine the results until the adjacent primary blast is shot .For this reason ,presplitting too far in advance is not recommended .Presplitting seldom is done underground.Cushion blasting involves drilling a row of 2 – to 6-in .diameter boreholes along the final excavation line ,loading with a light well-distributed charge ,completely stemmed and firing after the main excavation is removed rather than before ,as in presplitting. The burden on the holes is slightly larger than the spacing .Wedges may be used to abut the charges to the excavation side of the borehole and minimize damage to the final wall .Eeplosive loading is similar to that in presplitting .Cushion blasting has been done to depths near 100 ft .in a single lift with the larger-diameter boreholes because alignment is more easily retained .Cushion blasting seldom is done underground.Smooth blasting is the underground counterpart of cushion blasting .At the perimeter of the tunnel or drift ,closely spaced holes with a burden-to-spacing rationear 1.5:1 are loaded with light well-distributed charges .Smooth blasting differs from cushion blasting in that (1) except at the collar ,the charges are not stemmed and (2) the perimeter holes are fired on the last delay in the same round as the primary blast .Total column loading is most common ,although spacers may be used .The holes are stemmed to prevent the charges from being pulled out by the detonation of the previous delayed holes .Smooth blasting reduces overbreak in a drift and also provides a more competent back requiring less support .It involves more perimeter holes than does normal blasting.Combinations of controlled blasting techniques are used .In unconsolidated rock,line drilling sometimes is desirable between presplit or cushion boreholes . Corners sometimes are presplit when cushion blasting is used.4 TUNNEL BLASTINGThe most common methed of driving a mining tunnel is a cyclic operation in three sequences:(1)Drilling shot holes ;charging them with explosives and blasting.(2)Removing the resulting muck pile.(3)Inserting the tunnel linings into the newly excaved area; and advancing the ralls. ventilation arrangements, and power supplies ready for the next cycle of operations.The basic principle of tunnel blasting ,in its simplest term, is to loosen a volume of the virgin rock in such a way that when it is removed the line of the tunnel has advance in the correct direction with as nearly as possible the correct cross-section.The dilling pattern in which the holes to receive the explosives are drilled into the working face is designed so that :the holes are easy to drill; the minimurd total quantity of explosive is required ;and the periphery of the space left after the blast conforms as nearly as possible to the required tunnel section.A blast round consists of cut ,relief, breast and trim holes . The cut portion is the most important . The objective of the cut is to provide a free face to which the remainder of the round may break.The two general types of cuts are the angled cut and the burn .These can be usedin combinations to form various other cuts .Angled cuts are more advantageous than burn in wide headings ,due to the fewer boles and less explosive required per foot .A disadvangtage is the possibility of large pieces of rock being thrown from the “V”.The wedge or V-cut consists of two holes angled to meet or nearly meet at the bottom . The cut can consist of one or several Vs, either verticao or horizontal .For deeper rounds or hard-breaking rock ,double Vs can be used .The smaller is called the baby cut . It is useful in small rge-diameter burn holes provide excellent relief in big headings .Burn cuts permit deeper rounds than angled cuts and , due to the increased advance per round ,may prove more economical .In burn cuts ,the holes must be drilled parallel , with proper spacing ,and 0.5 : 1 ft deeper than the remainder of the round .Usually ,one or more holes (large-diameter) are left unloaded to provide relief for the loaded holes . Various combinations of spacing ,alignment and holes loaded are possible.Innumerable typesofblastingrounds are used in underground headings .Even in the same heading the round may have to be altered as different rock charateristics develop.An important factor in any round is the firing sequence .In general ,the holes are fired so that each hole or series of holes is blasted to the free face provided by the preceding holes .The depth of drift rounds depends on the complete drifting cycle and drift size.A general rule is that a round will not break much deeper than the least cross-sectional dimension of the drift . Rounds can be arranged that provide certain muck-pile shapes and positions for more efficient loading and cycles . In drifts requiring close support , rounds can be arranged to prevent damage.爆破在岩巷掘进中的应用1 破岩理论破岩是用爆破的方式把煤、矿石或岩石破碎，以便于大部分物料的块度小到便于装载、处理和运输。
采矿专业英语文章带翻译
英译汉Underground Mining Methods地下采矿方法Room and Pillar Mining房柱采矿法Ramps (inclined tunnels) are excavated to connect the surface to the underground orebody. Drifts (horizontal tunnels) are excavated at different elevations to surround the orebody. Next, stopes (tunnels that have direct access to mining the ore) are mined to gain access to the ore. All tunnels are excavated by drilling and blasting. Jumbos are in charge of drilling the holes in the rocks and filling them with explosives. The loose rock, also called muck, is transported by either dump trucks back up to the surface for either waste disposal or processing.矿体由隧道（斜井）与地表联通。
阶段运输巷道分布在矿体的不同水平。
接下来，在采场采场开采矿石。
所有巷道通过钻孔和爆破的方式开掘的。
钻车是用来在岩石上钻研和并将钻孔填装炸药。
松动的岩石，也称为废石，由自卸卡车运输至废石场。
As mucking progresses, rooms (tunnels) are cut into the ore body. In order to provide safe roof support for mining, pillars of material around the rooms are left standing to hold up the rock ceiling above. Some parts of the mine roof can be particularly weak and fragile. In addition to pillar support, a jumbo is then brought back in for rock bolting of the roof to ensure safety.随着巷道的掘进，矿体被分割成矿块。
采矿安全工程毕业设计中英文名词对照表
名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology井底车场 shaft bottom石门 cross-cut主石门 main cross-cut采区石门 district cross-cut名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology名词矿井 mine立井开拓 vertical shaft development可采储量 recoverable reserves集中大巷 gathering main roadway煤层 coal seam综合机械化 full-mechanized工作面 working face服务年限 length of service采煤工艺 coal winning technology斜井开拓 inclined shaft development走向长壁采煤法 longwall coal mining method肥煤 fat coal气煤 gas coal底卸式矿车 drop-bottom mine car固定车箱式矿车solid mine car矿车 mine car倾斜长壁采煤法 inclined longwall coal mining method走向 strike倾向 dip开拓方式 development way of mine采区 district盘区 panel带区 strip district矿井设计 mine design开采水平 mining level井田 shaft area采煤工艺 mining technology。
采矿工程 毕业外文翻译
Careful planning is the foundation for establishing an efficient monitoring program and has a profound impact on the system's long-term performance. There are three important issues to be resolved at this stage: engineering assessment of monitoring objective and monitoring condition; determination of the monitoring system size (number of channels); and optimization of the sensor array layout. Also, the harsh mining environment requires a rigorous maintenance program because monitoring systems degrade rapidly.
附件 D：原文
姓名：王小丹
学号：20087281
Efficient mine microseismic monitoring
Maochen Ge Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA Received 6 May 2004; revised 24 August 2004; accepted 7 March 2005. Available online 12 April 2005.
采矿工程中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译Optimization of soft rock engineering with particular reference to coalminingAbstractSoft rock engineering is a difficult topic which has received much attention in the field of rock mechanics and engineering. Research and practical work have been carried out, but much of the work has been limited to solving problems from the surface. For overcoming the difficulties of large deformations, long durationtime-dependent effects, and difficulties in stabilizing the soft rock, the problem should be tackled more radically, leading to a more effective method of achieving optimization of the engineering system in soft rock. A summary of the optimization procedure is made based on engineering practice.1. IntroductionThere are many soft rock engineering problems around the world, involving engineering for mines, highways, railways, bridges, tunnels, civil subways, buildings, etc. Engineering losses have occurred because of volumetric expansion, loss of stability of the soft rock, etc. This has been an important question to which much attention has been paid in engineering circles, and in the field of academic rock mechanics. Since the 1970s, considerable research and practical efforts have been made in the field of soft rock engineering in various countries, but the major efforts were concentrated on such aspects as the method of construction, the design and reinforcing of the supporting structures, measurement and analysis of the rock’s physical and mechanical properties, its constitutive relations and engineering measurement.It has been found that the soft rock engineering problem involves complex systematic engineering including such subsystems as classification of soft rocks, judgement concerning the properties of soft rock, project design and construction. Only by considering the integral optimization of the system can we obtain animproved solution to the problem. Hopefully, a radical approach can lead to engineering feasibility, lower costs and engineering stability in order to achieve the engineering objectives.1.1. Mechanical properties of soft rock and associated engineeringSoft rock is an uneven and discontinuous medium. Its strength is low, with a uniaxial compressive strength usually lower than 30 MPa. Some soft rocks expand when they are wet. Cracks in some soft rocks will propagate easily — which makes them exhibit volumetric expansion. Large deformation and creep can occur in soft rocks. Many soft rocks are compound ones which have composite properties formed from two or more sets of constituent properties. Soft rock can be graded into divisions according to its properties. After engineering has occurred, soft rock can deform rapidly and by time-dependent deformation, owing to its low strength and sensitivity to the stress field. With the effect of water, the expansive minerals in soft rocks volumetrically expand, which causes large convergent deformations, which leads to damage of the surrounding rock.The mechanical properties of soft rocks appear so various and different that it is difficult to express them with mathematical formula, which is the technological challenge for soft rock engineering.1.2. Engineering in soft rock and its optimizationBecause soft rock engineering can induce large deformations, the maintenance of the engineering can be difficult. Moreover, volumetric expansion and loss of stabilization of the surrounding rock often causes damage to supporting structures. If we use strong supports to control the deformation of the surrounding rock, the engineering cost will be high, and the construction time will be increased by repeated installation of support, sometimes the support itself has to be repaired. In order to obtain the benefits of easier construction and lower cost, the integral optimization of the system must be carried out and managed in a systematic and comprehensive way.Design and construction are the two important steps in soft rock engineering. These must begin by understanding the physical and mechanical properties of soft rock, in the context of the stress field, hydrogeology and engineering geology. The engineering design plan is conceived as a whole according to the theory of rock mechanics and combining practical data from adjacent or similar projects, including integrating the many factors. The establishment of the correct soft rock engineeringsystem should come from practice, basing on a full mastery of the factors. The scheme is shown in Fig. 1.Fig. 1. Engineering system for soft rock.Optimization of soft rock engineering is achieved by making the surrounding rock interface with the supporting structure such that the engineering will be stable. The key technological strategy is to avoid a high stress field and enhance the supporting ability of the surrounding rock. Feasible measures are as follows: reducing the external load; optimizing the engineering structure’s size and shape, improving planar and cubic layouts of engineering; choosing better strata, and structure orientation, etc., as shown in Fig. 2.Fig. 2. The principle of the optimization process.According to these ideas, take the development of a coal mine in soft rock as an example. Integrated optimization of the development system of the mine should take the relevant factors into account: existing information; an overall arrangement foroptimal development and production; eliminate adverse factors; and deal with the problems of soft rock by a simple construction method. The content of the first part of the optimization includes: choosing the mine development method; deciding on the mining level; and determining layers in which the main roadways are to be located. Also important is arranging a reasonable layout of the pit bottom and chamber groups and seeking to reduce the deviator stress caused by mutual interference of the openings. Openings perpendicular to the direction of horizontal principal stress should be avoided when choosing the driving direction of roadways. Optimizing the layout of the mining roadways reduces the damage to support caused by moving loads introduced by mining. Further optimization is related to the geometry and size of the roadway sections, the supporting structure, and the method and technology of construction. Finally, by measuring and monitoring during construction, feedback information can be obtained to ensure that the engineering is running on the expected track and, if there is any deviation, corrective action can be implemented. The system is shown in Fig. 3.Fig. 3. Systematic optimization of coal mining in soft rock.2. Engineering examples2.1. Mine No. 5 in Youjiang coal mine, ChinaThe mine is situated to the east of Baise Coalfield, in the West of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It belongs to the new third Period. The mine area is located at the edge of the south synclinal basin. There are three coal layers; the average thickness of each seam is 1–2 m; above and below the coal layers are mudstone, whose colours are grey, greyish white, and green. There are minerals of mixed illite and montmorillonite in the rock, montmorillonite 5–8%, and illite 7–20%. The rock’suniaxial compressive strength is 4–5 MPa, the average being 4.8 MPa. There are irregular joints in the rock, but distributed irregularly, and the rock’s integral coefficient index is 0.55. Most of the cracks are discontinuous, without filling matter in them. The surrounding rock is a soft rock subject to swelling, with low strength, and is quite broken. The strike of the coalfield is NEE, the dip angle of the coal layers is 10–15°. The mine area is 6 km long along the strike, and 1 km long along its inclination, its area is 6 km2, the recoverable reserves are 4,430,000 tons. In the adjacent mine No. 4, the maximum principal stress is NNE–SSW, approximately along the seams’ inclined direction. A roadway perpendicular to this direction has convergence values of 70–100 mm, the damage of roadway supports is 51%. A roadway parallel to the direction of maximum principal stress has convergence values of 20–40 mm, the damage rate of supports is 12%, and the average damage rate of the mine is 40%.In the design of the mine, a pair of inclined shafts were included. The level of the shaft-top is +110 m, the elevation of the main mining level is located at −120 m. Strike longwall mining is planned, arranging with uphill and downhill stope areas, as shown in Fig. 4.Fig. 4. Development plans for Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The first optimization measure is to weaken the strain effect of the surrounding rock in the mine roadway caused by the stress field. Roadways are arranged as far as possible to be parallel with the maximum principal stress (that is, approximately along the inclined direction) so as to reduce the angle between them. The strike longwall mining is changed into inclined longwall mining, the mine is mined upward by using the downhill stope area, the main mining level is elevated by 20 m, 1131 mof roadways are saved and the cost of the roadway construction and facilities is saved ¥2,760,000 ($336,600). The new system is shown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5. Development system plans after optimization for Mine No.5 in Youjiang.The second optimization measure is to change the layout of the pit bottom and openings to be parallel with the maximum principal stress as far as possible. The total length of roadways initially designed was 1481 m, and 30.11% of them were arranged to be perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. After amendment, the total length of roadways is 1191 m, which is a decrease of 290 m, and with only 24.69% of roadways that are perpendicular to the principal horizontal stress, roadways are easier to maintain. As shown in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.Fig. 6. Layout of the pit bottom and chamber initially designed forMine No. 5 in Youjiang.Fig. 7. Layout of the pit bottom and chamber after the optimizationfor Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The third optimization measure is to excavate the section of the roadway in a circular arch shape to reduce the stress concentrations. In order to increase the supporting ability of the surrounding rock itself, after the roadway has been excavated, rockbolts are installed as the first support. Considering the expansivity of the surrounding rock, guniting is not suitable. The secondary support is the use of precast concrete blocks. Between the support and the surrounding rock, the gaps should be filled with a pliable layer of mixed lime-powder with sand. This produces the effect of distributing the stress and has a cushioning effect when the soft rock is deforming; also, it inhibits the soft rock from absorbing water and expanding. This scheme is shown in Fig. 8Fig. 8. Optimization design for the supporting structure of the mainroadway for Mine No. 5 in Youjiang.The fourth optimization measure is to simplify the chamber layout so as to reduce the number of roadways. For example, in order to decrease the stress concentrations by the roadway, the number of passageways in the pumproom and the sub-station can be reduced from three to one, and the roadway intersections connecting atright-angles can be reduced from 14 to nine.The fifth optimization measure is in accordance with the different stratigraphical lithologies which the roadways pass through, and for harder rock regions to change the roadway section into a structure with straight-sided semicircular top arch and arc bottom arch, and another structure with a straight-sided horse-shoe arch, so that the investment of supporting structure can be saved when there are better rock masses with comparatively few fractures.In construction, waterproofing and draining off the water should be implemented, and the catchment in the roadway bottom should be strictly prevented because it may cause the bottom rock to expand. When the opening groups are excavated, the construction sequence must be considered, enough rock pillar must be reserved, and the construction method of ‘short-digging and short-building’ must not be used, so that the interactions can be avoided.By the optimization described above, after the roadways have been constructed, the serviceable roadway is 95.5% of the total, 55.5% more than that of the adjacent mine No. 4. The length of the roadway was reduced, and ¥3,700,000 ($450,000) saved. In addition, ¥3,000,000 ($360,000) was saved in the maintenance costs of the roadways before the mine was put into production, so, the cost saving totals¥6,700,000 ($810,000) in all. After the mine has been turned over to production, the main designed capacity was reached in that year, and added to the saved money for the maintenance cost of roadways in production, there was ¥8,700,000 ($1,050,000) saved.2.2. The coal mine at Renziping, ChinaThe mine lies to the south of Qinzhou coalfield in Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It belongs to the new third Period and synclinal coal basin tectonics. There are two coal layers in it, the main seam thickness is 12–15 m. The roof and floor of the coal layers are arenaceous–argillaceous rocks, whose colour is greyish white, and whose essential minerals are quartz and kaolinite. The uniaxial compressive strength of the rock is from 10 to 15 MPa. Rock masses are quite integral with fractures only in it occasionally. It belongs to the class of soft rock that has weak expansion, lower strength, and is quite broken. There are faults around the coalfield basin which are8 km long and 1.5 km or so wide. Slopes are inconsistent, the edge angles are 25–40°, and the bottom of the coalfield is gentle. Affected by tectonic stress in the NW–SE direction, there is an inverse fault in the south. After the mine had been developed and put into production, a main roadway at the 250 m level was excavated along the strike, and the mine was mined by the ‘uphill and downhill stope area’. Affected by the rock stress, many parts of the main roadway have ruptured, parts have been pressed out, and supports have been broken; the serviceable rate of roadway supports was less than 40%, which seriously affected the haulage and ventilation of the mine road. In the following 10 years of production, the rated production output was not achieved and losses occurred leading to economic disbenefit.Through on-the-spot observations, it is apparent that the coalfield is affected by the tectonic stress field, that the deformation in the soft rock is serious, and is larger than that caused only by the vertical stress component. The technological reformation measures for the mine are proposed as follows.The first measure is to extend the depth of the shaft and abandon the main roadway excavated along the strike, and transform it into a bottom panel stonedoor along the synclinal basin minor axis to make it parallel with the main principal horizontal stress. The mining face can be laid on top of it. The force endured by the stonedoor is quite small, and the stonedoor is easy to maintain, as shown in Fig. 9.Fig. 9. Contrasting layouts before and after optimization at the coalmine in Renziping.The second measure is to select an improved stratum to lay out the stonedoor. If it is placed in the grey arenaceous–argillaceous rock, its uniaxial compressive strength is 15 MPa and is easy to maintain, constructing in the normal excavation manner, and supported with a granite block building body.After the mine was constructed, the maintenance of the stonedoor was in a better state, the serviceability rate of the roadway was raised to 85%, which is 45% more than that before the optimization. The haulage and ventilation of the mine were also improved, to enhance the normal production. The coal production of the mine has surpassed the designed capacity, the loss has been reversed and the mine has been transformed to a profitable enterprise.3. ConclusionsSoft rock engineering for coal mining involves many complex factors. Unable to solve the problems completely by quantitative means, much of the engineering relies on feedback after observation on the spot. The technique described in the paper — of systematic decomposition of the system into the component elements, individual optimization and then synthesis into overall optimization — has achieved good results in practice, as illustrated by the three coal mine examples.In fact, the basis of the technique is the process of applying basic rock mechanics principles, such as orienting roadway tunnels to be parallel to the maximum horizontal principal stress and avoiding complex excavation shapes. This involves major changes to coal mine layouts and thus represents a strategy of taking radical measures to solve soft rock engineering problems. If such radical measures are taken together with holding stopgap measures, the soft rock engineering can be optimized.煤矿开采中的软岩优化工程摘要软岩工程是一个已引起广泛关注的岩石力学与工程领域中的困难课题。
采煤机毕业设计外文翻译
英文原文THE SHEARERShearerLongwall equipment consists of three major components: the hydraulically powered roof support, the chain conveyor, and the coal-cutting machine.The two different types of coal-cutting equipment used in coal mines are shearers and plows.Plows are used in low seams, 42in. or less. The unit consists of steel construction equipped with carbon-tipped bits. This passive steel unit is engaged to a guiding system on the face conveyor. An endless round link chain powered by synchronized electric drives on each end of the face conveyor pulls the plow body at speeds between 120 and 420 ft/min along the face.For the cutting process the plow has to be forced against the coal face. This is done by hydraulic cylinder attached to the gob side of the face conveyor and to the base of the supports, or by a separate hydraulic prop. Forces of between 1and 3 tons are applied per cylinder.A plow drive is attached to each drive frame of the face conveyor. Only 30% to 60% of the drive power supplied to the plow is used for cutting and loading of coal; the remainder is lost in friction. This means that the power loss is considerably higher than that of a shearer, which uses 75% to 85% of its power for the removal of the coal. As a result, rather large drives are required at the face ends.Although there are many models, the shearer has several common basic components. A double-ended ranging-drum shearer (Fig. 8. 1), for example, consists of four major components: electric motors, gearheads, haulage unit (power pack), and cutting drums.The electric motor ranging from 300 to 1000 horsepower (223~750kW) is the power source for the shearer. It provides power to run the hydraulic pumps in the haulage unit and the gearheads for the cutting drum. The large-capacity shearers are generally equipped with two electric motors: one for the haulage unit and one gearhead and the other for the other gearhead and other ancillary equipment. Themotors can be remotely controlled.There are two gearheads, one on the left-hand the other on the right-hand side of the shearer. Each gearherad consists of a gearhead gearbox and a ranging arm.The cutting drum is laced with spiral vanes on with spiral vanes on which the cutting bits are mounted. Its diameter ranges from 34 to 72 in. (0.86~1.83 m) with rotational speeds from 30 to 105 rpm. The trends are toward fewer but larger bits and slower drum speed for better cutting efficiency and less coal dust production. The drums are also equipped with power cowls to increase the coal loading efficiency. The power cowl is usually located behind the cutting drum. For that reason, it can be rotated a full 180º.The electric motor, haulage unit, and gearhead boxes combine to form the shearer’s body which is mounted on the underframe. The underframe has four sliding shoes. The face-side shoes are fitted and ride on the face-side top guide of the face conveyor pan, and the other two gob-side sliding shoes are fitted on a guide tube to prevent derailment. The tramming aped of the shearer ranges from 19 to 46 ft/min (5.8~14.0 m/min).In addition, the shearer is equipped with auxiliary hydraulic pumps and control valves for operating the ranging arms and power cowls, water spraying devices, cable, chain anchorage and tensioners, and so onIn selecting the shearer, mining height should first be considered; that is, the diameter of the cutting drum, body height, length of the ranging arm, and swing angle must be properly selected. For the double-ended ranging-drum shearer, the maximum mining height cannot exceed twice the diameter of the cutting drum. The mining height can be determined by (Fig.8.3)H=Hb-B/2+Lsinα+D/2Where H=seam thickness or mining heightHb=shearer’s body heightB=body depthL=length of the ranging armα=the angle between the ranging arm and the horizontal line when the ranging arm is raised to its maximum heightD=diameter of the cutting drumFor example, for the Eichhoff EDW-170 L double ranging-drum shearer, Hb=4.3 ft, L=3.90 ft, α=52°，and D=5.3 ft. Its maximum cutting height is H=9.2 ft..Types of modern shearersSince its first appearance in 1954,the shearer has undergone continuous changes both in capability and structure. It is now the major cutting machine in longwall coal faces. There are two types of shearers, single-and double-drum. In the earlier models, the drum in the single-drum shearer is mounted on the shearer’s body and cannot be adjusted for height. Therefore it is not suitable for areas where there are constant changes in seam thickness and floor undulation. Thus the single-ended fixed-drum shearer is used mostly for thin seams.Figure 6.10 shows a single-drum shearer with a ranging arm. The cutting drum is mounted at the very end of the ranging arm. The ranging arm can be raised up and down by hydraulic control to accommodate the changing seam thickness and floor undulation. But when the seam exceeds a certain thickness, the single-drum shearer cannot cut the entire seam height in one cut and a return cutting trip is necessary to complete a full web cut. Furthermore, since the drum is located on the headentry side, it generally requires a niche in the tailentry side. A niche is a precut face end, one web deep and a shearer’s length long. With a niche at the face end the shearer can turn around.Nowadays, the double ranging-drum shearers are used predominantly. The shearer cuts the whole seam height in one trip. The two drums can be positioned to any required height (within the designed range) during cutting and lowered well below the floor level. The arrangement of the drums enables the whole seam to be cut in either direction of travel, thereby ensuring rapid face advance and shortening roof exposure time. There are various types of double ranging-drum shearers. Based on the location of the drums, there are two types: one with one drum mounted on each side of the shearer’s body and the other with both drums mounted on one side of the machine. The former type is the most widely used. Its advantage is that with one drum on each side of the shearer, it can sump in either direction. During the cutting trip, the leading drum cuts the upper 70% of the seam height while the rear drum cuts thelower 30% and cleans up the broken coal on the floor. The two drums are approximately 23~33 ft (7~10m) apart. When the shearer is traveling in the opposite direction to that of the face conveyor, the coal cut by the leading drum has to pass under the shearer’s body, which increases the moving resistance of the shearer and the face conveyor and could cause a “crowding” condition. If the broken coal is too large, it may block the shearer and stop the operation. In general, when the shearer and the face conveyor are traveling in the opposite directions, approximately 70% of the coal taken by the leading drum will pass under the shearer. But when they are traveling in the same direction, the coal taken down by the rear drum together with the float coal from the floor constitute the approximately 30% of the coal that has to pass under the shearer. The former case consumes 25% more power than the latter. As compared to the single-ended shearer, the underframe of the double-ended shearer is higher, thereby ensuring a sufficient cross section for coal passage.Based on the method of adjusting the height of the cutting drum, there are also two types of shearers: ranging-arm shearer and gearhead shearer. The former one is commonly used, whereas the latter one is a recent development. The advantage of the gearhead shearer is that the haulage unit is located at the center of the shearer’s body and mounted on the underframe. On both sides of the haulage unit, there is a gearhead. Each gearhead contains an electric motor and a speed-reduction unit. The gearhead is raised and lowered by an adjustable hydraulic ram. The adjustable range of cutting height is large. It can reach up to 4.6 ft(1.4m).Based on the mounting relation between the shearer and the face conveyor, there are also two types: the regular type which rides on the conveyor and the in-web shearer which moves on the floor in front of the conveyor. The in-web shearer is used mainly for the thin seams. As it moves along the face, the leading drum cuts the coal, making a sufficient space for the passage of the passage of the shearer’s body. Haulage of the shearerThere are two types of shearer haulage: chain and chainless. These are discussed separately in the following paragraphs.(1)Chain haulageThe haulage chain is a round-link chain which extends along the whole face width and is fixed on both ends at the head and tail drives of the face chain conveyor, respectively. The chain also passes through the driving and deflecting (or guiding) sprockets in the haulage unit of the shearer. As the driving sprocket rotates, its teeth trap to the matching chain links and move along the nonmoving haulage chain, thereby pulling the shearer along. When the driving sprocket rotates counterclockwise, the shearer moves to the right. Conversely, when the sprocket rotates clockwise, the shearer moves to the left. That part of the chain in front of the moving shearer isgenerally tight or on the tensioned side whereas the other side, behind the moving shearer, is slack or on the slack side.The total resistance encountered by a cutting shearer consists mainly of the cutting resistance of the drum, coal loading resistance, and the frictional resistance between the conveyor and the shearer. The summation of the three types of resistance is the total haulage resistance of the shearer. The haulage unit must provide sufficient haulage power to overcome the total haulage resistance so that the shearer can move along smoothly. In Fig. 6.15 the tensile force in the tensioned side is P2 and that in the slack side is P1. Since the haulage force(P2) is the summation of P1 and P, if the chain on the slack side is completely slack, P1=0, then the tensile force in the tensioned side will be the required haulage force, P2=P. Under such conditions, although the chain is subjected to relatively small tension, the driving sprocket can not pass out the chain smoothly and may easily cause chain “stuck” or sudden tensioning of the chain. Thus in actual operation, the slack side normally maintains a small tension, i. e. , P2=P1+P. Only when the tensile force in the tensioned side is sufficient to overcome the total haulage resistance and the tensile force in the slack side, the shearer will be able to move.When the shearer starts cutting from one end of the coal face, the haulage chain is relatively slack. As the shearer moves along, the chain is gradually tightened. When the shearer is near the other end of the coal face, the tensile force in the haulage chain is greatest. At this time the chain is most easily broken. In order that the tensile force on the tensioned side is not too high and that there is a sufficient tensile force on the slack side, most shearers are equipped with tension takeup systems. The tension takeup system is mounted at one end or both ends of the face conveyor depending on whether unidirectional or bidirectional cutting is employed. The haulage chain is connected to the tension takeup system. There are many types of tension takeup systems. But the basic principles are about the same.The problems associated with chain haulage are chain sticking, chain breakage, and chain link tangling. They are due mainly to the fact that the haulage chain is lengthened and becomes loose after some periods of usage.(2)Chainless haulageIn response to all the disadvantages associated with the chain haulage, the chainless haulage was developed. According to the haulage principles, the chainless haulage can be divided into three types: drive chain-rackatrack, drive wheel-rackatrack, and ram propulsion. The wheel-rackatrack haulage is the most popular type.Figure 6.16 is a double-ended ranging-drum shearer equipped with the wheel-rackatracd haulage system. The haulage driving unit is similar to theconventional ones. The driving sprocket matches an idler sprocket, which in turn rides on the rail track made of steel peg rods. Thus, the driving system of power transmission is highly efficient. The rack is made of sections that have the same length as the conveyor pan, but they are installed in such a way that the center of each section is directly above the connection line between two adjacent pans. This will ensure maximum vertical and horizontal flexibility of the pans and keep the pitch deviation in the gap between two rack sections within admissible limits. Two methods are used to connect the line pans with the rack sections: one is to tie the rack sections to the sides of the line pans with screws and the other is to set the rack section on the sliding channel. Only the rack sections on both ends of the conveyor are fixed, so that a limited amount of flexibility in the conveyor direction is permitted. In Fig. 6.17 (b), the hook shape anchor on the rack section locks and slides on the guide tube of the line pans. This method is good for converting chain haulage to chainless haulage.Figure 6.18 is another model of the wheel-rackatrack chainless haulage system. The driving sprocket is engaged directly to a special sprocket called Rollrack which has five hardened steel rollers spaced equally around the circumference. As the special sprocket or Rollrack rotates, the steel rollers engage on the teeth track of the rack and pull the shearer. Thus it is also called Roller-Teeth Rack chainless haulage.中文译文采煤机滚筒式采煤机长壁工作面的设备包含三个主要部分：液压支架，刮板运输机和破碎机。
南非采矿业：概览毕业课程设计外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
附录The South African mining industry:An overview c（Part）By J.J.Geldenhuys*Premier of the North-West Province,Mr Molefe,foreign dignitaries and guests,ladies and gentlemen.It is a pleasure and also a special honour for me to have been invited here this morning to make this address.The XV Congress of the Council of Mining and Metallurgical Institutions is,by its very nature,an extremely important event for the international minerals industry. But I believe that this specific Congress assumes an even greater significance because of the profound and far-reaching changes that have taken place in South Africa this year. These are exhilarating times ,a period when so much in out country hasaltered and when so much has to be done so quickly to build positively on our bold political decisions .Your Congress is taking place at the start of this critical building phase for South Africa,a phase which the mining industry is determined to contribute to in no small measure. And so ti is a special honour for me to make this address at such a vital time for the country and its mining interests.For more than a century now the mining industry has been the foundation of the South African economy .Today ,the industry remains robust ,energetic ,more innovative than ever,and still possessed of the capacity to be a reliable economic generator for this country and the region as a whole.Mining in this country is already ensconced in some of the challenges of our new era. South Africa’s mining houses,which for so long have been at the forefront of progress in mineral extraction,are researching new methods of enhancing production. They have already achieved technical breakthroughs to improve the safety of workersand ,on a broader front ,they are working on strategies to compete aggressively with growing international competition.I am pleased to report to you this mornig,that ,after a long drought our gold mining sector is buoyant and showing improving health.On an annualised basis ,working profit per kilogram of gold improved by 52.5 per cent last year. And,for the first six months of this year,working profits per kilgram rose another 16.2 per cent on the same period last year. This improvement has enabled the industry to re-evaluate its levels of capital expenditure and its strategies for new mining ventures.But, before I deal in more detail with the general state of the industry ,and in particular the outlook and the challenges for the nation’s gold mining operations ,mention must be made of the all-important relationship between our new Government and the miming industry.We are unequivocal in our belief that the mining industry can –and must –enter a cooperative replationship with Government .We believe such a relationship would not only be to the mutual benefit of both parties, but , would also help in the creation of an enticing and positive climate for investment in South Africa. In fact ,in recent days ,and specifically during a visit to Cape Town for the purpose ,the mining industry has indicated strongly to our elected leaders that it stands ready to use its diverse expertise to help the Government of National Unity to achieve its aims for a better life for all in partnership later.In an examination of the mining industry’s broad contribution—financial and otherwise—to the greater good of this country ,and its own economic state ,it remains clear that what was true a century ago remains true today:The mining industry is a mainstay of our economy both sa a foreign exchange earner and a direct and indirect contributor to the Gross Domestic Puoduct. It also remains a leading employer,in fact the second biggest behind the agricultural sector . In shot ,the industry has maintained,and in many ways reinforced , its capacity ot create wealth andemployment.Last year the industry generated,through the exports of primary and beneficiated mineral products ,more than 60 per cent fo South Africa’s foreign exchange earnings , It was also directly resposible for 8.7 pen cent of GDP or, more spectacularly ,18 pen cent of GDP if the so –called indirect backward and forward linkages were included.(Those linkages are the flow-on effects from mining into sectors such as manufac-turing,community services and electricity , and the effects of domestic industries making use of mining outputs such as coal .)Despite the protracted world recession and the generally depressed mineral markets ,the value of our mineral sales incpeased by 10.9 per cent to R46.7 billion last year .Our total export sales rose by 14.8 per cent ,and this was mainly the result of bigger exports of gold,platinum group metals ,iron ore and miscellaneous minerals ,among them diamonds .On a provincial basis ,latest statistics show that the impact of mining on economic growth in many of the provinces was significantly greater than the industry’s contribution to the national or overall economy . In the Free State ,imning is responsible for about 20 pen cent of the Gross Geographic Product; in North-West Province ,our hosts , about 43 per cent ; in North Cape Province almost 27 per cent and in Eastern Transaal Province mining is responsible for more than 20 pen cent of GGP .For the record , the PWV , which has by far the smallest surface area in the country , produces some 23 pen cent , or R9.7 billon worth , of the nation’s minerals . Its mining and quarrying activities contribute a little over five per cent to its Gross Geographic Product.………………………In conclusion ,the mining industry is determined to continue playing itseconomic anchor role in South Africa. We will create jobs and wealth ,both nationally and regionally ,wo will continue earing foreign exchange ,and we will build and sustain communities ,This determination is born of a faith in the political future of this country and its people .Political events in this country in the 90s, culminating in the breathtaking success of April’s transfer of power –a process of unimaginable political proportions a mere five or six years age –stand as monuments to the qualities of all South African people .Their capacity for forgiveness ,their tolerance ,their pragmatism and their determination form sturdy foundations for bright ,new South Africa.This country has now achieved a stable political dispensation , in which, almost all of the inhibiting tensions of the bygone era unambiguous signs that the right climate is being created for sound and prosperous investmet in South Africa .We hope that our faith in this country’s future and out commitment to aiding its continued well-being will act as an incentive to potential investors the world over.Ladies and Gentlemen,this has always been a country of ingenuity ,a nation which puts great store in innovation.Now that the shackles have been broken to enable all its resources to be tapped,the sky is South Africa’s limit.Thank you .The South African mining industry:An overview c:The South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy,1994.SA ISSN 0038-223X/3.00+0.00. Address delivered at the opening plenary session of the XV CMMI Congress held at Sun City,South Africa on Monday, 5 September 1994.By J.J.Geldenhuys*：President,Chamber of Mines of South Africa南非采矿业：概览c（部分）By J.J.Geldenhuys*西北省议员， Molefe先生，外国政要和嘉宾，各位朋友。
毕业设计地质外文文献翻译中英文对照
地质英语论文Title:Orthomagmatic ore depositsOne.Orthomagmatic ore depositsThe magma contains a certain number of metal and volatile components of the silicate melt. All kinds of magma after crystallization and differentiation, make the forming materials dispersed in the magma gathered and formed deposits.And this deposits is called magmatic deposits.Magmatic deposits formed in the magmatic stage, the source of the material of the deposit is the main ore-bearing magma.Magmatic deposits is the product of the magma by crystallization and differentiation, and generally have the following properties:1、Deposits have the mainly relationship with the mafic and ultramafic rocks.And a small number of magmatic deposits with alkaline rocks or magmatic carbonatite-related. Mineralization and diagenesis often begin at the same time.And this is typical of syngenetic ore deposits. Few mineralization of the magmatic deposits may be continued to a later time, but generally does not exceed a total period of magmatic activity.2、The magmatic deposits ore body majority presentstratiform,stratiform, lenticular and podiform and so on.And they produced in the magma body,and the wall rock of containing ore is the mother rock.Few cases,orebody presenting vein and stockwork enter the wall rock which outside of the mother rock.Between the ore body and the wall rock generally is gradual change or rapid gradual change relationship,.Only penetration magmatic deposits have the clear boundaries with the wall rock.3、Except the rare and rare earth elements deposits of the magmatic carbonatite due to special causes have some alteration about the wall rock,the vast majority of magmatic deposits surrounding rock does not have a significant alteration phenomenon.4、The ore and the wall rock basically have the same mineral composition, when the useful minerals of the rock body aggregate and reach a certain size,they become the orebody.5、The ore of magmatic deposits often have,disseminated,thebanded,eye porphyritic,dense massive,brecciated and so on,ore structure.The ores structure can be broadly divided into the following categories: I.Structure sub-the different magmatic condensate crystalline or stacking interactions; II.Reflect the structure of the immiscible fluid crystallization process III.Reflect the changes in the structure of the physical and chemical conditions.IV.Epigenetic structure.6、The magmatic deposits forming temperature is high, generally between 1200 to 700 ° C. The mineralization depth changes,generally formed in the ground a few kilometers to tens of kilometers.Tow.The formation conditions of magmatic depositsMagma deposits are mainly derived from the magma, it is the combined effects of the product by a variety of geological factors, which playing a leading role is the geochemistry of ore-forming elements traits, the magmatic rock conditions, tectonic conditions and physical and chemical conditions and so on.1、Control the conditions of magmatic rocks formed by magmatic depositsMagma is the main provider of the metallogenic material of the magmatic deposits and the medium of containing mineralmedium.Therefore,how much of the content of useful components of magma is the possibility of the formation of magmatic deposits.I.Magmatic rocks metallogenic specializationMetallogenic specialization of magmatic rocks in the genesis of magmatic rocks with endogenous deposits showed regular contact, and specific types of magmatic rocks are often produced specific types of deposits.a)With mafic and ultramafic intrusive rocks related depositsMafic and ultramafic rock is the complex igneous complex formed by the combination of a variety of rock types, rock types from a single rock composed of rock mass is relatively rare.The size of the rock mass ranging mostly small,and rock strains, rock cover, rock, bedrock is the most common form of the rock mass. With facies and the different combinations,the mafic and ultramafic rocks can be divided into three types.b)Mineral deposits associated with syenite, nepheline syenite and carbonate igneous complexRelating to magmatic deposits of these rocks are mostly produced with the form of rock strain,the different components of rock mass facies zone often has ring distribution.II.The role of the volatile components in the magmaThe magma volatile components have the low melting point,highly volatile and they can delay the condensation rate of the magma, make the magma have more fully differentiation.III.Magmatic assimilation have an influence on the mineralization of the magma DepositsIV.Beyond one period of magma intrusion on control of the mineralization2、Tectonic conditions that control the formation of magmatic depositsTectonics have a major impact on the type of magmatic deposits, distribution, the most magmatic deposits associated with mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks on the Causes and space. Mafic and ultramafic magma formed by partial melting of mantle material,so the deep fault cuts through the crust to reach the upper mantle have a strict control effect on the mafic, ultramafic rocks and magmatic deposits which have some relationship with them.Three.Magmatic deposits formation and its characteristics1、The process of the magma’s useful components analysis, aggregation and positioning is called magmatic mineralization. Because the magmatic deposits mafic - ultramafic petrogenesis process is very complex, the mineralization also is varied.According to the way and feature of the mineralization,magmatic mineralization can be divided into four categories,the crystallization differentiation mineralization, melting away from the mineralization the magma eruption mineralization and magma eruption mineralization.When magma is condensed, with the temperature gradually decreased, the various mineral sequentially from which crystallized out, result in magma changing,and the magma changes in the composition promote the crystallization of certain components, liking magma composition changed with the crystallization process is called crystallization differentiation.2、Magmatic liquation mineralization and liquation deposit Magmatic liquation, also known as liquid separation action or immiscibility, refers to the the uniform composition magma melt with decreasing temperature and pressure separated into two components of different melt role.3、Magmatic eruptions and effusive the Mineralization its deposit Magma outbreak mineralization kimberlite magma, together with early crystallized olivine, pyrope, diamond crystals and xenoliths along deep faults,and rise rapidly emplaced at the surface produce 2 to 3 kilometers outbreak and the role of the deposit is formed.The magmatic eruption mineralization is the ore-bearing lava spray overflow to the surface or penetration into the crater near volcanic series along certain channels, the the condensate accumulation of deposit formation. Formed deposits called magma eruption deposits.Four.Implications for researchMagmatic deposits having very important industrial significance,most of chromium, nickel, platinum group elements as well as a substantial portion of iron, copper, titanium, cobalt, phosphorus, niobium, tantalum and rare earth elements and other deposits are all from magmatic deposits in the world. Mineralization conditions, the genesis of magmatic deposits and distribution law is of great significance.题目：岩浆矿床一、岩浆矿床岩浆是含有一定数量金属及挥发性组分的硅酸盐熔融体。
采矿工程毕业翻译
2013 届毕业文献翻译题目文献翻译专业班级采矿工程学号 09010901xx学生姓名刘xx指导教师张电吉指导教师职称教授学院名称环境与城市建设学院完成日期： 2013 年 6 月日Room and pillar Mining MethodsBullock(1982a),quoting previous data, showed that room and pillar mining together with stope and pillar mining accounted for most of the underground mining in the United States. He estimated that 60% of noncoal minerals (about 80 million tons or 70 Mt) and 90% of coal ( about 290 million tons or 260 Mt) were obtained by room and pillar methods, and it is unlikely that things are radically different today. The method is cheap, highly productive, easily mechanized, and relatively simple to design.The room and pillar mining method (Fig.5. 2) is a type of open stoping used in near horizontal deposits in reasonably competent rock, where the roof is supported primarily by pillars. Ore is extracted from rectangular shaped rooms or entries in the ore body, leaving parts of the ore between the entries as pillars to support the hanging wall or roof. The pillars are arranged in a regular pattern, or grid, to simplify planning and operation. They can be any shape but are usually square or rectangular. The dimensions of the rooms and pillars depend on many design factors. These include the stability of the hanging wall and the strength of the ore in the pillars, the thickness of the deposit, and the depth of mining. The objective of design is to extract the maximum amount of ore that is compatible with safe working conditions. The ore left in the pillars is usually regarded as irrecoverable or recoverable only with backfill in noncoal mines.applications of pillar mining have been discussed by Hamrin ( 1982) and Hittman( Anon. . 1976) among others. Suitable conditions include ore that are horizontal or have a dip of less than 30°. A major requirement is that the hanging wall is relatively competent over a short period of time, or is capable of support by rock bolts that are used extensively in room and pillar mining. The method：! is particularly suited to bedded deposits of moderate thickness (2 to 6 m) such as coal-the main application一salt, potash, and limestone.Figure.5.2Room and pillar mining method.1, Methods of Room and Pillar MiningRoom and pillar mining takes place in sections or panels, which are usually rectangular and regular in plan. In hard rock mining of horizontal ore bodies, the method is very similar to open stoping. In many cases, ore grade control may be the primary requirement in mine design, and ground control and ventilation secondary considerations. This may lead to an ad hoc room and pillar design with irregular- , nonrecoverable pillars of low-grade ore.Hard-rock room and pillar mining is a effectively method of open stoping (stope and pillar mining) at a low angle to the horizontal, excavating rooms and leaving supporting pillars.Where mineral values vary, the method is similar to the old “gophering" method of mining where random excavations followed highly mineralized zones. Where mineral values are consistent, the mine layout can be regular. The method differs from most hard-rock mining methods in that gravity flow is limited, and ore must be loaded in the excavation where it has been blasted and transported from that point. In large operations this involves trucks and loaders or load — haul — dumps ( LHDs).There are various methods of room and pillar stoping. The most common are full-face slicing breast stoping and multiple slicing or bench and breast stoping. In the former, the rooms are opened to their full vertical height with no mineral or economic value left in the roof or the floor. probably the reasonable safe limit for full-face slicing is 8 to 10 m depending on drilling and support equipment, and beyond this, multiple slicing is used.2. Production CycleFor hard-rock ore bodies ,the basic cycle is similar to hard-rock tunneling four main elements, (1)mark out and drill blast holes , usually in a wedge pattern , (2) ,and ventilate to remove blast fumes ,(3) introduce mucker and muck and load，and ④scale the face and walls and bolt the roof where necessary. There is considerable complexity in the interaction among these elements that make up a basic critical path. In order to estimate the cycle time, it is necessary to determine unit loading and drilling rates and task times for these elements and also to estimate how subsidiary elements and tasks such as haulage and ventilation takeup may impinge upon the critical path in a badly organized mine.3.Panel DevelopmentA panel layout for a typical room and pillar mine in a noncoal mine is illustrated as follows ：The excavation height is about 4.5m,and the normal sloping practice is to drive a single development drift about 10. 5 m wide a distance of about four or five rooms into the ore body. This will serve as the main haulage drift. Pillars are then marked out on the drift walls and rooms driven between them.To drill and blast the initial drive when the only exposed or free face is the drive face, some form of cut pattern is used. This is known as the “ face round or “ swing and in a 4. 5 by 10.5 m face will comprise 60 to 70 holes of about 8 mm to a depth at 3 to 3. 6 m. If more than one face is exposed,a group of holes may be drilled at a low angle to the free face in what is known as a " slab round or slabbing or “slashing”. This requires less explosive and less drilling than a single face. the most common form of face round is a wedge or V, cut although bum cuts can also beDrilling is carried out with jumbo-mounted hydraulic drills ；loading is usually by gathering arm loader, although in modern mines, trackless LHD vehicles are used to the load to a transfer raise where it is reloaded into trucks or conveyors.房柱法Bullock在1982年提出房柱法,它指在矿房与矿柱里回采矿物，在美国大多数地下开采应用柱式开采。
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ROOM-AND-PILLAR METHOD OF OPEN-STOPE MINING空场采矿法中的房柱采矿法Chapter 1.A Classification of the Room-and-Pillar Method of Open-Stope Mining第一部分，空场采矿的房柱法的分类OPEN STOPING空场采矿法An open stope is an underground cavity from which the initial ore has been mined. Caving of the opening is prevented (at least temporarily) by support from the unmined ore or waste left in the stope,in the form of pillars,and the stope walls (also called ribs or abutments). In addition to this primary may also be required using rockbolts , reinforcing rods, split pipes ,or shotcrete to stabilize the rock surface immediately adjacent to the opening. The secondary reinforcement procedure does not preclude the method classified as open stoping.露天采场台阶是开采了地下矿石后形成的地下洞室。
通过块矿或采场的支柱和（也称为肋或肩）采场墙形式的废料的支持来（至少是暂时的）预防放顶煤的开幕。
除了这个，可能还需要使用锚杆，钢筋棒，分流管，或喷浆，以稳定紧邻开幕的岩石表面。
二次加固过程不排除归类为开放式回采方法。
There are many forms of open-stope mining used to extract the initial material from mine .Having once established that the mineral and waste rock are competent enough to use an open-stoping method ,and assuming that the reserve is not classified as gassy, the form which the method will take is primarily determined by the dip and thickness of the reserve .How these two factors affect the selection of the open-stope mining is discussed in a later chapter . At this point it will suffice to say that the classification of the open-stope mining system which follows is based on whether dry , broken material flows by gravity or whether it must be moved by non gravity methods where energy must be supplied to move the material.这里有许多空场采矿法用于才出地下的矿石。
一旦确立，矿物和废石足以胜任使用开放式回采方法，并假设储备不归类为高瓦斯，该方法将采取的形式主要取决于浸和储备的厚度。
在后面一章，将讨论了这两个因素如何影响采场采矿法的选择。
在这一点上就足以说的露天采场采矿系统的分类，根据是否干燥，破碎的物料通过重力或是否流动，它必须由非重力能源必须提供移动材料的方法提出。
Room-and Pillar-Mining房柱采矿法Room-and-pillar mining is an open-stoping method where mining progresses in a nearly horizontal or low angle direction by opening multiple stopes or rooms, leaving solid material to act as pillars to support the vertical load. Since the direction of excavation ( angle of dip ) is below that which would cause the dry material to flow by gravity to a draw point or gathering point, the material must be loaded in the room where it was extracted and transported to a point where it will flow, either by gravity or mechanical means, to a central gathering point to be taken out of the mine. This is an important aspect of room-and-pillar mining which differentiates the system from other open-stope mining methods which rely heavily upon gravity to transport ore from where it was broken to a lower elevation, usually through a draw point .There are many variations of the method which go by a names in local districts: breast stoping , breast-and-bench stoping, board-and-pillar, stall-and-pillar, and panel-and-pillar are all basically open-stope room-and-pillar mining.房柱采矿是空场采矿法挖掘凡进步近水平或低角度方向通过打开多个采场或房间，离开固体材料采取行动，以支持垂直负载的支柱。
自开挖方向（倾角）以下，这会导致干料流重力平局点或聚会点，矿石必须先储存在矿房，在那里通过重力或机械手段被提取并运送到矿井旁的储矿仓，然后要向提升井运输。
这是一个房柱采矿法区分从其它空场采矿方法一个依据，依靠重力运输矿石到海拔较低的水平，通常这是绘制点制度的一个重要方面。
空场采矿法有许多形式，如全面采矿法，留矿采矿法，分段采矿法，阶段矿房法等都是空场采矿法的一种形式。
In some instances detailed stope planning is almost nonexistent ;I .e., the operator simple follows the visual pay values , leaves pillars only where necessary ,and tries to locate them in the zones of lower value . This method of mining is as old as the beginning of underground mining itself ,dating back thousands of years .Early in the history of mining in this country ,the term ”gophering”was used to describe this method (peele,1941). The term is appropriate , for it brings to mind the exact results of this type of system-a random and irregular room-and-pillar mine.详细的采场的规划，在某些情况下几乎是不存在的，在实际操作中一般按如下要求如下，只有在必要时保留支柱，并试图找到矿石品味较低的区域作为矿柱。
这种地下采矿方法本身就是很古老的，可以追溯到几千年。
早在这个国家的采矿历史上，术语“gophering”被用来描述这种采矿方法（peele，1941）。
这一词是恰当的，因为它使我想起这种类型系统随机和不规则的房间和支柱矿确切的结果。
In other instances where the mineral values are consistent both in physical dimcnsions and quality, , the mine layout can be planned to the last detail ,, resulting in a uniform room-and-pillar mine. Coal , trona, gilsonite, potash, oil shale , salt, limestone ,and sandstone mines can usually follow such a system. Today, most metal mines using a room-and-pillar operation try tomine as regular a pattern as possible but deviation in height , width, thickness, dip, and grade of the ore results in comparable deviation in the mine plan.在其他情况下，矿物的价值在物理性质和质量哪是一致的，矿山布局可以同时规划的最后细节、统一房柱结构。