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浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：建筑环境与暖通空调节能是建筑领域中一个重要的课题。

通过合理的设计规划和应用节能技术，可以降低建筑的能耗，减少对能源的依赖，提高室内环境的舒适度。

然而，实施建筑节能策略需要政府、企业和社会各界的共同努力，同时需要提高技术水平和加强宣传教育。

只有通过全社会的共同努力，才能推动建筑环境与暖通空调节能工作取得更大的进展。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能一、建筑环境与暖通空调节能概述建筑环境与暖通空调节能旨在减少建筑能源消耗，提高能源利用效率，降低对环境的影响。

建筑环境与暖通空调系统在建筑中占据重要的能源消耗比例，因此采取节能措施对于减少碳排放和实现可持续发展至关重要。

建筑节能的关键在于通过优化建筑设计、采用高效能源设备、实施智能控制等手段来降低能源消耗。

合理的建筑设计与规划可以最大程度地利用自然资源，如采光、通风等，减少对人工能源的需求。

通过优化建筑方位、增加隔热保温措施、减少热桥等手段，可以减少能源损失。

选择高效能源设备可以提高能源利用效率，降低能源消耗，并且可以在节约能源的同时提供相同或更好的使用效果。

采用智能控制系统可以根据实际需求进行精确的能源管理[1]。

通过实时监测、调整温湿度、照明等参数，可以在保证舒适度的同时节约能源。

建立有效的能源管理系统并进行定期监测，可以及时发现和处理能源浪费的问题。

通过能源管理软件、能源计量设备等手段，可以增强对能源消耗的掌控和管理。

提供员工培训和宣传教育，提高他们的节能意识和能源管理能力。

员工通过了解节能措施的重要性以及自身的作用，能够更好地配合和推动节能工作的实施。

二、建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响（一）室内环境的影响室内环境因素包括温度、湿度、空气质量等，对人们的舒适感和生产效率有直接的影响，同时也直接关系到暖通空调系统的能耗。

建筑的隔热性能和热容量直接决定了建筑内部温度的变化速度和稳定性。

优秀的隔热设计可以减少建筑外部温度的侵入，保持室内恒温的需要减少空调系统的工作负荷，从而降低能耗。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能能源问题成为全球性问题，能源短缺将制约这我们可持续性发展。

暖通空调在给我们带来舒适条件的同时也带来了大量的能源损耗，因此我们需要实现暖通空调节能。

建筑环境对暖通空调的节能起着非常大的作用，改善建筑环境有利于实现暖通空调的节能，包括改善室内环境和室外环境，改善的内容具体体现在建筑的设计与布局，建筑的材料与围护结构，当地的气候条件，建筑周围的绿色环境。

标签：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能随着经济的不断发展与进步，能源问题逐渐成为全球性的问题，能源短缺将制约我国可持续性发展。

暖通空调的使用可以为人们提供舒适的工作生活环境，但与此同时，暖通空调的能耗损失是建筑环境的主要能源损耗，大量的能耗损耗既不利于降低使用成本又不利于实现绿色节能，因此实现暖通空调的绿色节能是我们亟待解决的问题。

本文我们将探索建筑环境与暖通空调节能的关系以及建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响，并探讨从建筑生态环境的角度实现暖通空调的节能。

1、建筑生态环境建筑环境指对建筑本身产生影响的一切事物。

现代建筑环境不仅仅包括室内外的温度与湿度，还包括室内的采光、照明、室外的绿化、室内外环境相互的影响等。

建筑生态环境较建筑环境的概念不仅包含传统建筑环境的含义还强调人、建筑环境、生态的关系，强调以人为主体良好的建筑生态环境既保证了主体人在舒适现代化的建筑环境中居住，又能保证整个建筑环境具有良好的绿色环保理念。

建筑生态环境既包括室内生态建筑环境又包括室外生态建筑环境。

室内生态环境建筑生态环境包括室内的温度、湿度、采光、照明、设计、空间布局等，建筑室外环境包括周围自然环境水环境、声环境、光环境和人文环境。

良好的自然与人文环境给人以良好的居住体验。

室内与室外建筑生态环境的统一构成了建筑生态环境。

我们旨在构建良好的建筑生态环境，为主体人构建舒适、绿色节能的居住环境。

2、建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响暖通空调是建筑的主要能源损耗，为了建造一个良好的建筑生态环境，我们需要实现暖通空调的节能。

外文翻译--浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗

中文2300字Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with thewarmSummary: The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Keyword: Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consumeShallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warmThe energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development. In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy. The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order. The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation, region is warm, well ventilated, the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique .The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason andinfluencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Warm the air condition can consume of constituteFor creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy. Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always can consume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm: Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition, hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of. So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc. s of the outside wall, door, window, roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.The influence of the indoor environmentWarm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：能源问题是当前社会关注的全球性问题，而对于能源短缺问题直接影响到社会的可持续发展。

暖通空调可以对建筑物室内居住舒适度的调节，但对于能源的使用存在过度消耗的情况，因此需要完成对暖通空调节能规划，建筑环境对暖通空调的节能起到非常大的作用，通过对建筑物室内环境的调节与改善，更好地实现暖通空调节能安排，在暖通空调节能设计中，进一步改善室内环境与室外环境，同时针对节能内容完成具体的体现，配合建筑物的材料和围护结构，融合气候条件，满足建筑周围绿色环境建设。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能引言：随着经济的快速发展与进步，能源已经成为全球关注的重点问题，能源短缺的问题直接影响了社会的全面发展，因此在当前的具体工作开展和实施当中，应针对暖通空调进行科学化的安排，在提升室内居住环境的前提条件下，更好地对能源进行保护。

通过对能源的合理使用，满足绿色节能的相关需求，同时提高建筑环境的装饰效果，设计暖通空调在使用中的能源保护，从而完成对社会可持续发展的合理安排。

1建筑环境对暖通空调的影响1.1建筑内部对暖通空调的影响室内环境的舒适程度直接决定了人们对暖通空调的使用效果，通过对建筑物内部结构的合理化设计，进一步改善建筑物的室内环境，减少对各种暖通空调的使用次数，从而解决空调过度使用的问题。

第一，在建筑物的建设中，需要合理构筑建筑物内部格局从而完成对室内环境带来的有利影响。

在进行建筑物科学化布局的时，从全面的内容进行思考，结合各方面因素完成综合化分析，建筑物可以设计成南北通透的布局，尽可能防止东西朝向建筑物的出现，当室内的通风效果可以起到调节舒适度的作用，因此人们会减少使用暖通空调，从而做到对能源的科学化保护，防止造成能源消耗量增加。

第二，加强地板与门窗等围护结构的作用，结合环境内容营造适合居住的良好环境。

建筑物内部围护结构应做出合理化的设计，该技术的使用能够减少能源的消耗，增加室内的通风效果，更是满足保温性能要求，为室内居住环境改善奠定坚实的基础，进一步减少暖通空调的使用次数。

浅谈建筑工程暖通空调的节能设计及新能源利用

浅谈建筑工程暖通空调的节能设计及新能源利用摘要：人类为生存、发展和繁荣推进了人类文明的历史进程。

在享受大自然的同时，其实我们每个人也同样肩负着节约能源、保护环境的责任。

随着我国建筑业发展迅猛，建筑能耗不断增加,而暖通空调系统的节能占建筑节能的主要部分，我们应从设计与系统本身的工作状态方面来完成节能举措，从而实现节能环保的目标。

关键词：建筑工程；暖通空调；节能设计Abstract: for human survival, development and promote the prosperity of the history of human civilization. In to enjoy nature at the same time, in fact every one of us also has the energy conservation, the responsibility of protecting the environment. With the fast development of construction industry, increase of building energy consumption, and hvac system energy saving accounts for the main part of the building energy efficiency, we should design and system itself to complete energy saving measures state, so as to achieve the goal of saving energy and environmental protection.Keywords: building engineering; Hvac; Energy saving design前言随着我国经济社会的快速发展，暖通空调已经普遍应用于我国建筑中，在我国大部分的地区夏天比较炎热，中央空调被普遍的应用，建筑的空调能耗正快速的增长。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗暖通空调发展到今天,在满足人们众多功能要求的同时,不得不将考虑的范围扩展到建筑周围的生态环境。

能源的大量使用,对周围环境的无限破坏,这些都对人类发展产生了严重的影响。

如何建立一种生态的平衡,这需要我们暖通空调进行反思。

研究建筑环境,了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素,可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。

1、建筑环境与暖通空调能耗概述(1)建筑与建筑生态环境之间的关系,本质应该是建筑去适应其生态环境,减少对环境的各种恶劣影响,而暖通空调系统此时便在建筑中发挥一种能动性的作用,利用各种方法创造良好的建筑生态环境,以此来协调建筑与环境之间的关系。

为了创造舒适的室内空调环境,必须消耗大量的能源。

暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户,由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。

从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出:暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置,空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。

所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定,而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手,合理布置建筑物的位置,正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等,尽量减少空调负荷。

暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境,在一般的舒适性空调中,以能够使人体保持平衡而满足人们的舒适感觉为目的;在恒温恒湿或有洁净要求的工艺性空调中,一切以满足生产工艺为目标。

而房屋的建筑热工设计是恰当地利用房屋维护结构的热导性,抵抗室外气候的变化,使房间内产生舒适的微气候。

(2)围护结构包括外围结构和内围护结构。

外围护结构主要包括屋面、外墙和窗户;内围护结构主要包括地面、顶棚、内隔墙等。

在采暖建筑中,围护结构的传热热损失占总的热损失的比例是较大的,在北京地区,通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的77％;通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占23％;在哈尔滨地区,通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的71％;通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占29％。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能胡乃永

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能胡乃永发布时间：2021-07-01T14:20:59.940Z 来源：《建筑科技》2021年6月上作者：胡乃永[导读] 目前，暖通空调工程在现代建筑工程中已经成为建筑工程改善室内环境不可或缺的一部分。

然而，暖通空调的使用造成了大量的能源浪费，给环境带来了一定的压力和挑战。

因此，建筑暖通空调工程的节能设计一直受到业界的广泛关注。

身份证号:371323199112****** 胡乃永摘要：目前，暖通空调工程在现代建筑工程中已经成为建筑工程改善室内环境不可或缺的一部分。

然而，暖通空调的使用造成了大量的能源浪费，给环境带来了一定的压力和挑战。

因此，建筑暖通空调工程的节能设计一直受到业界的广泛关注。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能前言：建筑暖通空调能耗的主要影响因素是建筑环境，因此建筑环境是每个参与暖通空调节能的人都应该关注的第一个焦点。

建筑环境对暖通空调的节能有一定的影响，周围的气候环境、建筑材料和结构对室内外热交换有不同的影响。

暖通空调可以提供舒适的温度、湿度等。

室内，让人们开心，提高工作效率。

因此，暖通空调系统设计的合理性对暖通空调节能有着重要的影响。

1、节能对暖通空调的意义暖通空调的节能直接关系到人们的冷暖，也关系到人们的健康。

近年来，中国经济发展迅速，在这种情况下，能源越来越稀缺。

为了实现节能环保，我国政府从各个角度入手，确保资源的可持续利用，节约资源也是每个公民的义务。

暖通空调耗能很大。

基于这种情况，暖通空调需要节能。

而且，随着社会的发展，人们的居住面积不断扩大，这将大大增加能源消耗，造成一系列能源供需问题。

在暖通空调的使用中，使用的大部分能源是不可再生的，暖通空调的使用也在不断增加。

能耗太大的时候，资源就更少了。

在暖通空调行业工作时，也会消耗大量的电能，从长远来看会对人们的生活产生影响。

在暖通空调的使用中，必须节约能源。

只有这样，才能有效减少能源的过度消耗，努力改变我国能源短缺的现象，节约电能，缓解电能的供需短缺。

毕业论文外文翻译--析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题(适用于毕业论

外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologies emerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reducethe energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in a variety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity andpromotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficientbuilding can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能发表时间：2020-07-08T08:33:37.373Z 来源：《建筑监督检测与造价》2020年第1期作者：杨光[导读] 随着人们生活水平的提高，对社会经济水平要求不断能提高，推动着国内建筑行业稳步稳定向前，随之相关的能源消耗也逐步增多。

亳州建投房地产开发有限公司安徽 236800摘要：随着人们生活水平的提高，对社会经济水平要求不断能提高，推动着国内建筑行业稳步稳定向前，随之相关的能源消耗也逐步增多。

由于能源短缺，且国内在不断建设节约型市场，人们对建筑暖通空调设备的节能性也越来越重视。

建筑暖通空调设备作为建筑基础设施中关键的构成部分，能源耗损量大，因此对于建筑工程的节能关键在于建筑暖通空调设备的节能方面。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调；节能；影响；有效策略引言如今，我国建筑行业在快速发展中，空调成为人们生活中不可或缺的物质，对应的能源消耗随之增加，然而因为世界能源的短缺，加之我国朝向节约型国家方向发展，暖通空调节能现象被社会上的诸多人士关注。

而建筑环境时常出现变化，在很大程度上对暖通空调的节能效果带来影响，所以怎样结合建筑环境的发展情况，实现暖通空调节能工作质量最大化，成为建筑行业前进发展的主要方向，以下为笔者对此给予的相关分析与建议。

1暖通空调存在的意义和影响暖通空调是为了提供给人们舒适的室内生活环境，包括改善气流速度、湿度、温度与人体周围建筑物的辐射热交换，确保机体处于热平衡，满足人体的感官需求。

在大型企业中，应用空调系统保持恒湿、恒温环境，满足生产需求。

近年来，随着建筑物密闭性的不断增加，新的装饰物也不断投入使用，室内污染物也随之增加，研究表明，弃用空调系统不利于人身健康。

空调系统主要是循环利用室内空气，在新风量方面出现严重不足，使得空调系统应用下的室内环境污染物比国家安全标准更高。

由此可见，暖通空调虽然给人们带来好处，但也存在一定的缺点，应当引起重视并给予有效解决。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：随着经济的发展和社会的进步，暖通空调业也成为了我国人民不可缺少的一部分。

在日常人们使用的过程中也存在着很严重的能源消耗的问题：在暖通空调的使用中也加剧了能源供应，使得能源供应的压力逐步加大。

在使用的过程中也带来了很大的经济成本。

这些问题并不利于我国社会经济的发展。

为了降低能源供应的压力，提高暖通空调业的节能水平，本篇文章针对建筑环境对于暖通空调节能的影响进行了分析并给出一定的参考措施，希望可以为暖通空调节能技术的发展提供有效的参考依据。

关键词：建筑环境；暖通空调节能引言制造暖通空调设备的最终目的，是为了向人们提供高品质的生活以及室内居住环境。

虽然我国社会经济迅速发展的过程中，普通居民住宅区以及公关场所采用的空调设备，起到了改善人民生活质量的目的。

但是，由于空调设备运行需要消耗大量的电力资源，所以，出现了严重的能源短缺和环境问题。

而我国颁布实施的能源节约法，主要是通过加强能源管理的方式，避免能源消费过程中出现浪费与损失的现象，从而达到合理利用能源的目的。

所以，建立完善的暖通空调系统运行管理制度，对于暖通空调系统节能环保技术的发展有着极为重要的意义。

1暖通空调调节的重要性随着人们经济水平的提高，更多人选择在城市里买房，人们生活质量提高的同时对环境的要求要越来越严格，传统的空调已经不能满足人们的需求，暖通空调的出现使得人们可以享受舒适的室内环境，让生活的环境更美好，心情更加愉悦。

然而，随着经济的发展，人类对于自然的破坏越来越大，因此，需要降低对自然的能耗，这就需要在设计暖通空调时朝着满足人们需求和降低能耗的方向考虑。

对暖通空调在建筑行业中所占比重较大，这样就需要暖通空调进行不断的创新节能设计，通过暖通空调节能的设计对新风向做出新的改变，节省电能，还能将余热供其他方面使用。

暖通空调的节能设计，利于企业公司减少污染物的排放，净化空气质量，让屋内新引进的空气质量更优，暖通空调过滤起来更方便，这样就可以达到良性的循环过程，促进暖通空调节能产业的发展。

谈暖通空调节能设计施工

谈暖通空调的节能设计与施工摘要：本文从能源节约出发，揭示了暖通空调节能的重要性和必要性，科学的分析了建筑环境对空调节能的影响，并提出了暖通空调系统节能的设计方向，最后就加强和改进暖通工程质量控制与管理提出了可行性措施。

关键字：暖通空调；系统；建筑环境；节能abstract: this paper, based on the energy saving, reveals the energy-saving air conditioning, analyses the importance and necessity of scientific building environment on the influence of the air conditioning energy saving, and puts forward the hvac system energy saving design direction. finally it focuses on the strengthening and improving hvac project quality control and management proposed the feasible measures.key word: hvac; system; building environment; energy saving中图分类号：te08 文献标识码：a 文章编号：一前言能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。

近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约lo％，但是能源的增长率只有3％～4％，这样的形势要求我们必须节能。

建筑能耗在社会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的30％～40％；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13．6％，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9．6％。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗

及太阳能进行有效的开发与利用。

2.3加快研发制造和技术推广应用及时更新落后的技术和装备，对高能耗高污染的特种设备实行节能审查和监督。

相关部门应出台特种设备的能耗标识，建立特种设备的强制性节能标准，将新型清洁能源作为经济发展的动力进行大力推广，并不断提高可再生能源的研发能力，降低能源成本。

加快节能减排技术创新的优化，构建技术研发平台，推动建立以企业为主，产学研相结合的节能减排技术创新。

在电梯、起重机械中，采用变频变压调速拖动技术，有效的提高特种设备工作效率，实现节能环保的目标。

将变频控制装置和光电感应装置安装在自动扶梯上，乘客进入扶梯时，扶梯以正常的速度运行，当扶梯内无乘客时将转为低速运行，其节能效果十分明显。

2.4强化管理环节特种设备安全节能运行关键因素在于人员素质及其管理制度的健全。

由于科学技术进步迅速，尽管特种设备操作人员和管理人员持证上岗，但是对先进工艺、技术以及设备的了解和掌握程度较低，使得节能所产生的效果并不显著。

因此必须对特种设备相关人员定期进行培训和考核，提高其特种设备专业技术水平和操作水平。

同时，相关部门应利用网络、电视、广播广泛宣传节能减排的重要性和紧迫性，提高全社会节能环保意识，在企业、机关、社区以及学校积极开展节能环保的科普宣传活动，促进特种设备节能、环保同步、健康发展。

3结束语作为高耗能、高污染的特种设备，其肩负的节能减排历史任务十分艰巨，其该空间节能减排的潜力较大。

因此企业、家庭以及个人应该提高对特种设备节能减排重要性的认识程度，在科学发展观的指导下，相关部门应积极采取有效措施，加强节能减排法制建设，建立节能减排工作相关激励政策，不断研发和推广新技术、新工艺以及新设备，强化特种设备相关人员的培训力度，加大特种设备节能环保的宣传力度，从而最大程度降低特种设备能源消耗，保护和改善环境，促进社会经济健康、和谐、稳定的发展。

参考文献:[1]鲍永国，李敏.关于节能减排技术在港口起重设备节能中的讨论[J].资源节约与环保，2011，02:48-49.[2]张纲.高耗能特种设备节能工作大有可为[J].节能与环保，2012，01:18-23.[3]张吉，夏尚，陈云荣.特种设备能效的评价与展望[J].机电产品开发与创新，2012，05:32-34.[4]本报记者史玉成.寻找高耗能特种设备节能突破口[N].中国质量报，2010-07-09003.[5]李伟.基于煤炭港口设备节能减排问题分析研究[J].科技风，2013，23:252.（上接第125页）摘要:随着我国环境的日益恶化，人们越来越强调通过生态建筑实现暖通空调的节能效应，暖通空调通过制冷制热系统调节人们的生活环境，提高生活质量。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能摘要：暖通空调系统节能对建筑节能的重要性不言而喻。

设计人员应该对此给予足够的关注。

相关人员要按照节能规范，把节能理念贯穿到建筑的各个领域。

可再生能源的利用和节能技术的发展也需要政府有关部门的大力支持。

关键词：建筑环境;暖通空调;节能如今，我国建筑行业在快速发展中，空调成为人们生活中不可或缺的物质，对应的能源消耗随之增加，然而因为世界能源的短缺，加之我国朝向节约型国家方向发展，暖通空调节能现象被社会上的诸多人士关注。

1建筑环境对暖通空调节能的关联性1.1 室内环境是暖通空调节能实现的影响因素暖通空调能为室内的人们创造舒适的温湿度，促进人们工作和生活的愉快心情，提高工作效率。

在提高室内环境舒适度的前提下，需要消耗一定的能量，特别是暖通空调的能量，才能科学发挥暖通空调的价值，一方面可以提供良好的室内温湿度环境，另一方面，可降低能耗，实现暖通空调的节能运行。

首先，设计建筑。

根据建筑的实际设计，围绕节能理念进行建筑标准化设计。

墙、窗的比例应满足节能的要求。

在材料的选择上，包括门窗材料和围护材料，应选择能耗较低的材料，以减少空调运行负荷，提高空调节能效果。

其次，做好围护结构的保温工作，目前国家发布关于建筑物设计节能的准则，明确保温的具体要求，促使建筑物的保温问题得到明显的改善。

在新型技术与材料的使用背景下，加气混凝土材料广泛地存在于墙体的保温设计上，同时建筑物门窗的运用由以往的门窗转变为钢塑门窗或者双层玻璃，减小对应的传热性能，且节能效果相对显著，便于暖通空调节能理念的实施。

最后，建筑物形状以及朝向因素，对于实际的建筑物设计上，形状以及朝向针对暖通空调的节能工作执行产生影响，便于完成节能目标。

外文文献及翻译：空调节能技术的研究

外文文献及翻译：空调节能技术的研究中文4160字英文原文How Air Conditionersenergy conservation technologyresearch1. IntroductionsThe energy conservation may say is the building character automatic control system starting point and the home to return to. It is well known, in the intelligent construction, HV AC (heating, ventilates and air conditioning) the system consumes to have to occupy the building consumption total energy enormous partial proportions, approximately about 50% ~60%. Specially cold: East the unit, the cooling tower, the circulating water pump and the air conditioning unit, the new atmosphere unit, all are consumes energy the big household. Therefore really has essential develops one effective air-conditioning system energy conservation method, especially uses is in improves in the existing building air-conditioning system automation the aspect.DDC (Directdigitalcontr01) the direct of numerical control, is a structure simple operation easy control device, it may borrow by the connection switches over the equipment to make the systems control along with the load change, like the air conditioning cold water circulatory system, the air conditioning box frequency conversion automatic amount of wind adjustment and the cooling tower radiation ventilator frequency conversion holds controls and so on, may let an air-conditioning system more effective revolution, like this, not only brings the very big economic efficiency for the estate management, moreover also may cause the system to move under a better operating mode,thus lengthens the equipment the service life as well as achieved provides goal of the comfortable air conditioning environment and the energy conservation.The general building commonly used air-conditioning system has CA V, V A V, VWV and so on, respectively has differently holds controls the way, all may use DDC to control.1）decides the amount of wind system (ConstantAirV olume, is called CAV).Decides certainly the amount of wind system the amount of wind which blows out for the air conditioner certainly, provides coldly (is warm) the gas which the air conditioning region needs. When air conditioning region load variation, then changes the blast temperature to deal with in the room to shoulder, and achieves themaintenance indoor temperature to the comfortable area request. The commonly used central air-conditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system (the FCU system). These two generally decides the amount of wind (CA V) to supply the air conditioning area, in order to deal with in the room the partial loads change, decides the amount of wind system in AHU to change warm by the air conditioner blows of processes, controls in the general FCU system by cold water valve ON/OFF adjusts the blast temperature.2）changes the amount of wind system (V A V)Changes the amount of wind system (VarlableAirV olume, is called V A V) is the air conditioner (AHU or FCU) may move changes the amount of wind. The commonly used central air-conditioning system is AHU (air conditioner) and the cooling water pipe system FCU system. These two generally decides the amount of wind (CA V) to supply the air conditioning area, inorder to deal with in the room the partial loads change, decides the amount of wind system in AHU to change warm by the air conditioner blows of processes, controls in the general FCU system by cold water valve ON/OFF adjusts the blast temperature. However these two has wasted the massive energy on the blast system. Because in long-term low load time the air feeder also carries out the entire amount of wind revolution to consume the electricity, this not only is not easy to maintain in the stable room humidity the condition, also wastes the massive blasts revolution energy. Changes the amount of wind system is aims at the blast system to consume the electricity shortcoming the energy conservation countermeasure.3）changes the current capacity system (VWV)So-called changes the current capacity system (VariableWaterV olume, is called VWV), is enhances the heat source machine by the certain water temperature supply air conditioner the efficiency, but changes by the special water pump delivers the water volume, while convenient achieves saves the effect which the water pump uses electricity. Changes the water volume system to depend on the water pump to the water pump system energy conservation efficiency the control mode and the VWV use proportion but different, whether there is the general VWV control mode section speed change (SP) and the bidirectional valve control mode. Above three kind of air-conditioning system is the present building air conditioning most often the system which designs. The central air conditioning control also is the pipeline, the fitting, the valve body or the valve centralism hypothesis control fluid provides the airconditioning. Therefore effectively combines the central air conditioning control namely to be able the active control toconsume energy, the design conforms with the energy conservation the air-conditioning system.In recent years, the our country majority of areas, in particular southeast the coastal area summer the air conditioning energy consumption suddenly was rising, the air conditioning uses electricity the tendency which increases sharply to cause the electrical network power supply to be intense. Statistics have indicated, our country every year the burning hot season air conditioning consumed the electricity to occupy 1/3 in recent years which the entire society uses electricity, the massive electrical energies swallow by the industry and the civil construction air conditioning, in particular large-scale construction central air-conditioning system, like each kind of commercial construction (office, market, hospital, hotel and so on) central air conditioning because its space big, person current capacity many, operation time long, management complex characteristic, causes the movement energy consumption to be quite high, the commercial construction air conditioning energy consumption nearly occupies its total energy consumption 50%. The central air conditioning design capacity is according to the biggest load computation, but in a major part building year only has several dozensdays time central air conditioning to be at the biggest load condition. The central air conditioning cold load throughout is in during the dynamic change, like every day sooner or later, each season in turn, every year samsara, the environment and the humanities condition, real-time will be affecting the central air conditioning cold load. General, it also gives the general energy conservation control domain the worker brought enormously has displayed the talent the space.The power load gap increases, the electric power supplytense aspect with difficulty obtains in recent years relaxes. Therefore, energy conservation in particular electricity saving, not only has the significant social significance moreover to have the urgent practical significance. Positively studies the development promotion green environmental protection new air conditioning technology and the equipment, the suppression air conditioning energy consumption increases, has become the building warmly to pass air conditioning domain urgent and the popular research topic. The dependence technology innovation, the system innovation, the energy conservation falls consumes, enhances the energy use efficiency, guaranteed are least in the "energy consumption, in the environmental pollution smallest" foundation, realizes the"energy conservation first, structure many Yuan, environment friendly" energy developmental strategy.In our telecommunication production, air conditioning energy conservation supervisory work weaker, the energy waste phenomenon is serious, therefore strengthens air conditioning the maintenance management and the technological transformations, may achieve the energy conservation the goal.2. Air conditioning energy conservation system research survey1) Through the load control, achieves the energy conservation goal. (a) The burning hot season new atmosphere load occupies the entire cold load 25-40%, reduces the new atmosphere load, reduces the new atmosphere energy consumption, the choice smallest essential new amount of wind, also can achieve the goal. But the new amount of wind smallest supply on the one hand the country had the standard, moreover the new amount of wind insufficient will affect the air quality, willendanger the human body health. (b) Outside the optimized construction the surrounding protection structure energy conservation design, uses the heat preservation thermal insulation material technology, reduces the air conditioning load, the realization construction energy conservation, but simultaneously also causes the building cost rise, the promotion to receive the certain limit.2) gathers can the air conditioning. Gathers coldly through the ice, avoids the daytime to use electricity the peak, at night stores up the air conditioning freezing water refrigeration, daytime does not start the air conditioning main engine only to use the aqueous system to circulate. This method itself certainly does not conserve energy the province electricity, but optimized the electrical network power supply, to already implemented the time sharing electrovalence the area, played "to economize does not conserve energy" the role, had the area promotion significance.3) water source heat pump. Is opposite says to the air and the soil, the water is the most ideal spatial transfer cold heat source, the water source heat pump also therefore has the environmental protection, is highly effective, the energy conservation and so on the multitudinous merit, but our country water source heat pump engineering research is not very mature, compares with some developed countries also has the certain disparity. At the same time, the water source heat pump although has very many merits, but receives the geology, the environment, the policy and so on the limit quite is also big, this caused the water source heat pump to be restricted in an our country more widespread application.4) In the central air-conditioning system individuallyconsumes energy the equipment energy conservation transformation. (a) Air blower and water pump general frequency changer velocity modulation energy conservation, this is at present uses more technologies. This method simple practical, electricity saving effect obvious, but product and so on water pump, air blower is the system auxiliary engine partially, occupies the overall system energy consumption approximately is 40%, therefore the excavation space is limited. (b) The refrigeration main engine, the refrigeration unit's power consumption holds the very big share in the air-conditioning system, saves this part of consuming energy is the entire air-conditioning system economy movement key. At present generally all uses reduces the indoor temperature standard, enhances the cold water temperature and so on the measure realization refrigeration main engine energy conservation.Above several methods deficiency has only considered the partial energy conservation, but had not considered from the overall system overall situation.5) the dynamic load track energy conservation control system take the entire central air-conditioning system as a body, unceasingly changes the condition according to the air conditioning area load, through changes in the main engine and the circulatory system various parameters movement change situation, the lock following load change, realizes in meets the load need under the premise the prompt quota supplies cold quantity, namely achieves "according to must supply", basically achieved "does not lag, are not many for, many gives" the goal. This method not only compared with the permanent current capacity water pump gentle breeze machine has realized the auxiliary engine largest scale energy conservation, moreover optimized the main engine movement operating mode, mightachieve the overall system conserved energy 15-35%. This is this topic research key point.3. Dynamic loads tracks energy conservation control planThe traditional central air-conditioning system adjustment plan is: Uses the permanent current capacity pattern or the heat sink side permanent current capacity but the load side changes the current capacity pattern, the system must shoulder is according to the biggest load, the worst meteorological condition and the worst use working conditions designs, when actual moves 50% above time, the system must shoulder all below 50%, the existence has the enormous energy dissipation. Also when shoulders Q when the change, the traditional system movement parameter simply cannot achieve the synchronized adjustment, the lag adjustment methodbesides passively increase the unloading through the main engine, nearly no other controls method.This research topic will abandon the former control plan, will recognize, the servo-control system theory, the intelligence control system theory take the model as the foundation, will unify with the central air conditioning main engine refrigeration technology and the cold intermediary circulatory system control, take the frequency conversion technology as the assistance method, the realization central air conditioning entire system whole coordination movement and the overall performance optimization. This research is the air conditioning energy conservation new idea, has represented the energy conservation technology recent development tendency.1) circulatory system energy conservation: By the system angle, through to the terminal load parameter, the central air conditioning main engine, the auxiliary engine movementoperating mode change, the gathering temperature, the pressure and so on the many kinds of coefficient of variation, then through the load move computation, the change system freezing water current capacity, the cooling water current capacity and the cooling tower air blower amount of wind adapts the air conditioning load change, simultaneously causes the main engine movement operating mode throughout to be in optimized in the best operating point. Generally when full load pumping machine needs the full speed movement, has not conserved energy the space, but uses the redundant technology and the frequency conversion technology unifies, the proportioning pump and the variable displacement pump coordinate,it is the truths.T o freezes the aqueous system to use the best output energy control. When the ambient temperature, the air conditioning terminal load changes, Optimized the main engine movement pattern each group freezing water for the backwater temperature, the temperature difference, the differential pressure and the current capacity also along with it change, these parameters which the flowmeter, the differential-pressure pickup and the temperature sensor examines delivers to the intelligent controller, the real-time data and the system historyperformance data which the controller basis gathers, the real-time idea figures out the refrigeration quantity which the terminal air conditioning load needs, as well as each group freezing water for the backwater temperature, the temperature difference, the differential pressure and the current capacity best value, and to this adjusts various frequency changers output frequency, the control freezes the water pump the rotational speed, Changes its current capacity to cause the freezing aqueous system for the backwater temperature, the temperaturedifference, the differential pressure and the current capacity movement the optimum value which produces in the controller.Because the freezing aqueous system has used the output energy dynamic control, the realization air conditioning host frozen intermediary current capacity follows the terminal load the demand supply, causes the air-conditioning system in each kind of load situation, all can both guarantee terminal user's comfortableness, and maximum limit has saved the system energy consumption.The cooling water system uses the best hot transfer efficiency control. The cooling water and the cooling tower air blower system uses the best transfer efficiency control. When the ambient temperature, the air conditioning terminal load changes, central air conditioning main engine load factor along with it change, main engine condenser best hot transformation temperature also along with it change. The intelligent controller basis gathers the real-time data and the system history performance data, calculates the main engine condenser the best hot transformation temperature (inflection point temperature) and the cooling water is best, the inlet temperature, and by this adjustment cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower frequency changer output frequency, the control cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower rotational speed, the dynamic adjustment cooling water current capacity and the cooling tower air blower amount of wind, causes the cooling water to enter, the outlet temperature approaches the optimum value which the intelligent controller produces, thus guaranteed the central air conditioning main engine is at under the best transfer efficiency condition to move as necessary.Because the cooling water system uses the best transfer efficiency control, had guaranteed the central air conditioningmain engine in the full load and in the partial load situation, is at the best active status, throughout maintains the best energy use factor (namely the COP value), thus reduced the air conditioning main engine energy consumption, simultaneously because the cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower frequently in are lower than under the fixed load to move, also maximum limit saved the cooling water pump and the cooling tower air blower energy consumption.2) Auxiliary engine energy conservation: Each kind pumps the kind (freezing to pump, cold water pump, air blower and so on) the movement energy conservation. Use has the space vector control the frequency conversion velocity modulation way, changes the proportioning pump the variable displacement pump. Auxiliary engine energy conservation many to 40% .3) optimizes the auxiliary engine movement pattern: Generally when full load pumping machine needs the full speed movement, has not conserved energy the space, but uses the redundant technology and the frequency conversion technology unifies, the proportioning pump and the variable displacement pump coordinate, the optimized movement pattern, may cause the auxiliary engine unit to synthesize the energy conservation.4) multi- parameters non-linearity control: This system for multi- parameters, when changes, the nonlinear system, take the computer as the control method, designs a set to have from seeks the stable security control system which the superior auto-adapted intelligent control, the function consummates.This central air conditioning dynamic load track energy conservation control system, with the central air-conditioning system necessary use, may realize the central air-conditioning system highly effective energy conservation, the effect isremarkable. After the theoretical calculation, compares with the permanent current capacity central air-conditioning system, whole year the average electricity saving rate may reach 20%-30%. This project technology content is high, is the collection warmly passes the air conditioning technology, the refrigeration technology, the intelligent control theory and the computer control technology is a body central air conditioning highly effective energy conservation system.4. forecasts equipment system invests the market, if every year has will surpass 200 sets of products completely to install is bigger than 50,000 m2 in the floor space in the commercial construction central air conditioning engine room, it saves the electric quantity to be equal to every year newly built 50,000 kW power plant, decrease the peak will use electricity to the summer electrical network also plays certainly alleviates the role, truly will realize the society sustainable coordinated development.空调节能技术的研究1．引言节能可以说是楼字自动控制系统的出发点和归宿。

暖通空调系统专业外文翻译

暖通空调系统专业外文翻译英文文献Air Conditioning SystemsAir conditioning has rapidly grown over the past 50 years from a luxury to a standard system included in most residential and commercial buildings In 1970 36 of residences in the US were either fully air conditioned or utilized a room air conditioner for cooling Blue et al 1979 By 1997 this number had more than doubled to 77 and that year also marked the first time that over half 509 of residences in the US had central air conditioners Census Bureau 1999 An estimated 83 of all new homes constructed in 1998 had central air conditioners Census Bureau 1999 Air conditioning has also grown rapidly in commercial buildings From 1970 to 1995 the percentage of commercial buildings with air conditioning increased from 54 to 73 Jackson and Johnson 1978 and DOE 1998Air conditioning in buildings is usually accomplished with the use of mechanical or heat-activated equipment In most applications the air conditioner must provide both cooling and dehumidification to maintain comfort in the building Air conditioning systems are also used in other applications such as automobiles trucks aircraft ships and industrialfacilities However the description of equipment in this chapter is limited to those commonly used in commercial and residential buildings Commercial buildings range from large high-rise office buildings to the corner convenience store Because of the range in size and types of buildings in the commercial sector there is a wide variety of equipment applied in these buildings For larger buildings the air conditioning equipment is part of a total system design that includes items such as a piping system air distribution system and cooling tower Proper design of these systems requires a qualified engineer The residential building sector is dominatedby single family homes and low-rise apartmentscondominiums The cooling equipment applied in these buildings comes in standard packages that are often both sized and installed by the air conditioning contractor The chapter starts with a general discussion of the vapor compression refrigeration cycle then moves to refrigerants and their selection followed by packaged Chilled Water Systems11 Vapor Compression CycleEven though there is a large range in sizes and variety of air conditioning systems used in buildings most systems utilize the vapor compression cycle to produce the desired cooling and dehumidification This cycle is also used for refrigerating and freezing foods and for automotive air conditioning The first patent on a mechanically drivenrefrigeration system was issued to Jacob Perkins in 1834 in London and the first viable commercial system was produced in 1857 by James Harrison and DE SiebeBesides vapor compression there are two less common methods used to produce cooling in buildings the absorption cycle and evaporative cooling These are described later in the chapter With the vapor compression cycle a working fluid which is called the refrigerant evaporates and condenses at suitable pressures for practical equipment designsThe four basic components in every vapor compression refrigeration system are the compressor condenser expansion device and evaporator The compressor raises the pressure of the refrigerant vapor so that the refrigerant saturation temperature is slightly above the temperature of the cooling medium used in the condenser The type of compressor used depends on the application of the system Large electric chillers typically use a centrifugal compressor while small residential equipment uses a reciprocating or scroll compressorThe condenser is a heat exchanger used to reject heat from the refrigerant to a cooling medium The refrigerant enters the condenser and usually leaves as a subcooled liquid Typical cooling mediums used in condensers are air and water Most residential-sized equipment uses air as the cooling medium in the condenser while many larger chillers use water After leaving the condenser the liquid refrigerant expands to a lowerpressure in the expansion valveThe expansion valve can be a passive device such as a capillary tube or short tube orifice or an active device such as a thermal expansion valve or electronic expansion valve The purpose of the valve is toregulate the flow of refrigerant to the evaporator so that the refrigerant is superheated when it reaches the suction of the compressor At the exit of the expansion valve the refrigerant is at a temperature below that of the medium air or water to be cooled The refrigerant travels through a heat exchanger called the evaporator It absorbs energy from the air or water circulated through the evaporator If air is circulated through the evaporator the system is called a direct expansion system If water is circulated through the evaporator it is called a chiller In either case the refrigerant does not make direct contact with the air or water in the evaporatorThe refrigerant is converted from a low quality two-phase fluid to a superheated vapor under normal operating conditions in the evaporator The vapor formed must be removed by the compressor at a sufficient rate to maintain the low pressure in the evaporator and keep the cycle operating All mechanical cooling results in the production of heat energy that must be rejected through the condenser In many instances this heat energy is rejected to the environment directly to the air in the condenser or indirectly to water where it is rejected in a cooling tower With someapplications it is possible to utilize this waste heat energy to provide simultaneous heating to the building Recovery of this waste heat at temperatures up to 65°C 150°F can be used to reduce costs for space heatingCapacities of air conditioning are often expressed in either tons or kilowatts kW of cooling The ton is a unit of measure related to the ability of an ice plant to freeze one short ton 907 kg of ice in 24 hr Its value is 351 kW 12000 Btuhr The kW of thermal cooling capacity produced by the air conditioner must not be confused with the amount of electrical power also expressed in kW required to produce the cooling effect21 Refrigerants Use and SelectionUp until the mid-1980s refrigerant selection was not an issue in most building air conditioning applications because there were no regulations on the use of refrigerants Many of the refrigerants historically used for building air conditioning applications have been chlorofluorocarbons CFCs and hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs Most of these refrigerants are nontoxic and nonflammable However recent US federal regulations EPA 1993a EPA 1993b and international agreements UNEP 1987 have placed restrictions on the production and use of CFCs and HCFCs Hydrofluorocarbons HFCs are now being used in some applications where CFCs and HCFCs were used Having an understanding of refrigerants can helpa building owner or engineer make a more informed decision about the best choice of refrigerants for specific applications This section discusses the different refrigerants used in or proposed for building air conditioning applications and the regulations affecting their use The American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers ASHRAE has a standard numbering systemfor identifying refrigerants ASHRAE 1992 Many popular CFC HCFC and HFC refrigerants are in the methane and ethane series of refrigerants They are called halocarbons or halogenated hydrocarbons because of the presence of halogen elements such as fluorine or chlorine King 1986 Zeotropes and azeotropes are mixtures of two or more different refrigerants A zeotropic mixture changes saturation temperatures as it evaporates or condenses at constant pressure The phenomena is called temperature glide At atmospheric pressure R-407C has a boiling bubble point of –44°C –47°F and a condensation dew point of –37°C –35°F which gives it a temperature glide of 7°C 12°F An azeotropic mixture behaves like a single component refrigerant in that the saturation temperature does not change appreciably as it evaporates or condenses at constant pressure R-410A has a small enough temperature glide less than 55°C 10°F that it is considered a near-azeotropic refrigerant mixture ASHRAE groups refrigerants by their toxicity and flammability ASHRAE 1994 Group A1 is nonflammable and least toxic while Group B3 isflammable and most toxic Toxicity is based on the upper safety limit for airborne exposure to the refrigerant If the refrigerant is nontoxic in quantities less than 400 parts per million it is a Class A refrigerant If exposure to less than 400 parts per million is toxic then the substance is given the B designation The numerical designations refer to the flammability of the refrigerant The last column of Table com shows the toxicity and flammability rating of common refrigerantsRefrigerant 22 is an HCFC is used in many of the same applications and is still the refrigerant of choice in many reciprocating and screw chillers as well as small commercial and residential packaged equipment It operates at a much higher pressure than either R-11 or R-12 Restrictions on the production of HCFCs will start in 2004 In 2010 R-22 cannot be used in new air conditioning equipment R-22 cannot be produced after 2020 EPA 1993bR-407C and R-410A are both mixtures of HFCs Both are considered replacements for R-22 R-407C is expected to be a drop-in replacement refrigerant for R-22 Its evaporating and condensing pressures for air conditioning applications are close to those of R-22 Table com However replacement of R-22 with R-407C should be done only after consulting with the equipment manufacturer At a minimum the lubricant and expansion device will need to be replaced The first residential-sized air conditioning equipment using R-410A was introduced in the US in 1998 Systems usingR-410A operate at approximately 50 higher pressure than R-22 Table com thus R-410A cannot be used as a drop-in refrigerant for R-22 R-410A systems utilize compressors expansion valves and heat exchangers designed specifically for use with that refrigerantAmmonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and in ammonia water absorption chillers It is moderately flammable and has a class B toxicity rating but has had limited applications in commercial buildings unless the chiller plant can be isolated from the building being cooled Toth 1994 Stoecker 1994 As a refrigerant ammonia has many desirable qualities It has a high specific heat and high thermal conductivity Its enthalpy of vaporization is typically 6 to 8 times higher than that of the commonly used halocarbons and it provides higher heat transfer compared to halocarbons It can be used in both reciprocating and centrifugal compressorsResearch is underway to investigate the use of natural refrigerants such as carbon dioxide R-744 and hydrocarbons in air conditioning and refrigeration systems Bullock 1997 and Kramer 1991 Carbon dioxide operates at much higher pressures than conventional HCFCs or HFCs and requires operation above the critical point in typical air conditioning applications Hydrocarbon refrigerants often thought of as too hazardous because of flammability can be used in conventional compressors and have been used in industrial applications R-290 propane has operatingpressures close to R-22 and has been proposed as a replacement for R-22 Kramer 1991 Currently there are no commercial systems sold in the US for building operations that use either carbon dioxide or flammable refrigerants31 Chilled Water SystemsChilled water systems were used in less than 4 of commercial buildings in the US in 1995 However because chillers are usually installed in larger buildings chillers cooled over 28 of the US commercial building floor space that same year DOE 1998 Five types of chillers are commonly applied to commercial buildings reciprocating screw scroll centrifugal and absorption The first four utilize the vapor compression cycle to produce chilled water They differ primarily in the type of compressor used Absorption chillers utilize thermal energy typically steam or combustion source in an absorption cycle with either an ammonia-water or water-lithium bromide solution to produce chilled water32 Overall SystemAn estimated 86 of chillers are applied in multiple chiller arrangements like that shown in the figure Bitondo and Tozzi 1999 In chilled water systems return water from the building is circulated through each chiller evaporator where it is cooled to an acceptable temperature typically 4 to 7°C 39 to 45°F The chilled water is then distributed to water-to-air heat exchangers spread throughout the facility In theseheat exchangers air is cooled and dehumidified by the cold water During the process the chilled water increases in temperature and must be returned to the chiller sThe chillers are water-cooled chillers Water is circulated through the condenser of each chiller where it absorbs heat energy rejected from the high pressure refrigerant The water is then pumped to a cooling tower where the water is cooled through an evaporation process Cooling towers are described in a later section Chillers can also be air cooled In this configuration the condenserwould be a refrigerant-to-air heat exchanger with air absorbing the heat energy rejected by the high pressure refrigerantChillers nominally range in capacities from 30 to 18000 kW 8 to 5100 ton Most chillers sold in the US are electric and utilize vapor compression refrigeration to produce chilled water Compressors for these systems are either reciprocating screw scroll or centrifugal in design A small number of centrifugal chillers are sold that use either an internal combustion engine or steam drive instead of an electric motor to drive the compressorThe type of chiller used in a building depends on the application For large office buildings or in chiller plants serving multiple buildings centrifugal compressors are often used In applications under 1000 kW 280 tons cooling capacities reciprocating or screw chillers may be moreappropriate In smaller applications below 100 kW 30 tons reciprocating or scroll chillers are typically used33 Vapor Compression ChillersThe nominal capacity ranges for the four types of electrically driven vapor compression chillers Each chiller derives its name from the type of compressor used in the chiller The systems range in capacities from the smallest scroll 30 kW 8 tons to the largest centrifugal 18000 kW 5000 tons Chillers can utilize either an HCFC R-22 and R-123 or HFC R-134a refrigerant The steady state efficiency of chillers is often stated as a ratio of the power input in kW to the chilling capacity in tons A capacity rating of one ton is equal to 352 kW or 12000 btuh With this measure of efficiency the smaller number is better centrifugal chillers are the most efficient whereas reciprocating chillers have the worst efficiency of the four types The efficiency numbers provided in the table are the steady state full-load efficiency determined in accordance to ASHRAE Standard 30 ASHRAE 1995 These efficiency numbers do not include the auxiliary equipment such as pumps and cooling tower fans that can add from 006 to 031 kWton to the numbers shownChillers run at part load capacity most of the time Only during the highest thermal loads in the building will a chiller operate near its rated capacity As a consequence it is important to know how the efficiency of the chiller varies with part load capacity a representative data for theefficiency in kWton as a function of percentage full load capacity for a reciprocating screw and scroll chiller plus a centrifugal chiller with inlet vane control and one with variable frequency drive VFD for the compressor The reciprocating chiller increases in efficiency as it operates at a smaller percentage of full load In contrast the efficiency of a centrifugal with inlet vane control is relatively constant until theload falls to about 60 of its rated capacity and its kWton increases to almost twice its fully loaded valueIn 1998 the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute ARI developed a new standard that incorporates into their ratings part load performance of chillers ARI 1998c Part load efficiency is expressed by a single number called the integrated part load value IPLV The IPLV takes data similar to that in Figure com and weights it at the 25 50 75 and 100 loads to produce a single integrated efficiency number The weighting factors at these loads are 012 045 042 and 001 respectively The equation to determine IPLV isMost of the IPLV is determined by the efficiency at the 50 and 75 part load values Manufacturers will provide on request IPLVs as well as part load efficienciesThe four compressors used in vapor compression chillers are each briefly described below While centrifugal and screw compressors are primarily used in chiller applications reciprocating and scrollcompressors are also used in smaller unitary packaged air conditioners and heat pumps34 Reciprocating CompressorsThe reciprocating compressor is a positive displacement compressor On the intake stroke of the piston a fixed amount of gas is pulled into the cylinder On the compression stroke the gas is compressed until the discharge valve opens The quantity of gas compressed on each stroke is equal to the displacement of the cylinder Compressors used in chillers have multiple cylinders depending on the capacity of the compressor Reciprocating compressors use refrigerants with low specific volumes and relatively high pressures Most reciprocating chillers used in building applications currently employ R-22Modern high-speed reciprocating compressors are generally limited to a pressure ratio of approximately nine The reciprocating compressor is basically a constant-volume variable-head machine It handles various discharge pressures with relatively small changes in inlet-volume flow rate as shown by the heavy line labeled 16 cylinders Condenser operation in many chillers is related to ambient conditions for example through cooling towers so that on cooler days the condenser pressure can be reduced When the air conditioning load is lowered less refrigerant circulation is required The resulting load characteristic is represented by the solid line that runs from the upper right to lower leftThe compressor must be capable of matching the pressure and flow requirements imposed by the system The reciprocating compressor matches the imposed discharge pressure at any level up to its limiting pressure ratio Varying capacity requirements can be met by providing devices that unloadindividual or multiple cylinders This unloading is accomplished by blocking the suction or discharge valves that open either manually or automatically Capacity can also be controlled through the use of variable speed or multi-speed motors When capacity control is implemented on a compressor other factors at part-load conditions need to considered such as a effect on compressor vibration and sound when unloaders are used b the need for good oil return because of lower refrigerant velocities and c proper functioning of expansion devices at the lower capacities With most reciprocating compressors oil is pumped into the refrigeration system from the compressor during normal operation Systems must be designed carefully to return oil to the compressor crankcase to provide for continuous lubrication and also to avoid contaminating heat-exchanger surfacesReciprocating compressors usually are arranged to start unloaded so that normal torque motors are adequate for starting When gas engines are used for reciprocating compressor drives careful matching of the torque requirements of the compressor and engine must be considered35 Screw CompressorsScrew compressors first introduced in 1958 Thevenot 1979 are positive displacement compressors They are available in the capacity ranges that overlap with reciprocating compressors and small centrifugal compressors Both twin-screw and single-screw compressors are used in chillers The twin-screw compressor is also called the helical rotary compressor A cutaway of a twin-screw compressor design There are two main rotors screws One is designated male and the other female The compression process is accomplished by reducing the volume of the refrigerant with the rotary motion of screws At the low pressure side of the compressor a void is created when the rotors begin to unmesh Low pressure gas is drawn into the void between the rotors As the rotors continue to turn the gas is progressively compressed as it moves toward the discharge port Once reaching a predetermined volume ratio the discharge port is uncovered and the gas is discharged into the high pressure side of the system At a rotation speed of 3600 rpm a screw compressor has over 14000 discharges per minute ASHRAE 1996 Fixed suction and discharge ports are used with screw compressors instead of valves as used in reciprocating compressors These set the built-in volume ratio the ratio of the volume of fluid space in the meshing rotors at the beginning of the compression process to the volume in the rotors as the discharge port is first exposed Associated with thebuilt-in volume ratio is a pressure ratio that depends on the properties of the refrigerant being compressed Screw compressors have the capability to operate at pressure ratios of above 201 ASHRAE 1996 Peak efficiency is obtained if the discharge pressure imposed by the system matches the pressure developed by the rotors when the discharge port is exposed If the interlobe pressure in the screws is greater or less than discharge pressure energy losses occur but no harm is done to the compressor Capacity modulation is accomplished by slide valves that provide a variable suction bypass or delayed suction port closing reducing the volume of refrigerant compressed Continuously variable capacity control is most common but stepped capacity control is offered in some manufacturers machines Variable discharge porting is available on some machines to allow control of the built-in volume ratio during operation Oil is used in screw compressors to seal the extensive clearance spaces between the rotors to cool the machines to provide lubrication and to serve as hydraulic fluid for the capacity controls An oil separator is required for the compressor discharge flow to remove the oil from the high-pressure refrigerant so that performance of system heat exchangers will not be penalized and the oil can be returned for reinjection in the compressorScrew compressors can be direct driven at two-pole motor speeds 50 or 60 Hz Their rotary motion makes these machines smooth running andquiet Reliability is high when the machines are applied properly Screw compressors are compact so they can be changed out readily for replacement or maintenance The efficiency of the best screw compressors matches or exceeds that of the best reciprocating compressors at full load High isentropic and volumetric efficiencies can be achieved with screw compressors because there are no suction or discharge valves and small clearance volumes Screw compressors for building applications generally use either R-134a or R-22中文译文空调系统过去 50 年以来空调得到了快速的发展从曾经的奢侈品发展到可应用于大多数住宅和商业建筑的比较标准的系统在 1970 年的美国 36 的住宅不是全空气调节就是利用一个房间空调器冷却到1997年这一数字达到了 77在那年作的第一次市场调查表明在美国有超过一半的住宅安装了中央空调人口普查局1999 在1998年83的新建住宅安装了中央空调人口普查局 1999 中央空调在商业建筑物中也得到了快速的发展从 1970年到1995年有空调的商业建筑物的百分比从54增加到 73 杰克森和詹森1978建筑物中的空气调节通常是利用机械设备或热交换设备完成在大多数应用中建筑物中的空调器为维持舒适要求必须既能制冷又能除湿空调系统也用于其他的场所例如汽车卡车飞机船和工业设备然而在本章中仅说明空调在商业和住宅建筑中的应用商业的建筑物从比较大的多层的办公大楼到街角的便利商店占地面积和类型差别很大因此应用于这类建筑的设备类型比较多样对于比较大型的建筑物空调设备设计是总系统设计的一部分这部分包括如下项目例如一个管道系统设计空气分配系统设计和冷却塔设计等这些系统的正确设计需要一个有资质的工程师才能完成居住的建筑物即研究对象被划分成单独的家庭或共有式公寓应用于这些建筑物的冷却设备通常都是标准化组装的由空调厂家进行设计尺寸和安装本章节首先对蒸汽压缩制冷循环作一个概述接着介绍制冷剂及制冷剂的选择最后介绍冷水机组11 蒸汽压缩循环虽然空调系统应用在建筑物中有较大的尺寸和多样性大多数的系统利用蒸汽压缩循环来制取需要的冷量和除湿这个循环也用于制冷和冰冻食物和汽车的空调在1834年一个名叫帕金斯的人在伦敦获得了机械制冷系统的第一专利权在1857年詹姆士和赛博生产出第一个有活力的商业系统除了蒸汽压缩循环之外有两种不常用的制冷方法在建筑物中被应用吸收式循环和蒸发式冷却这些将在后面的章节中讲到对于蒸汽压缩制冷循环有一种叫制冷剂的工作液体它能在适当的工艺设备设计压力下蒸发和冷凝每个蒸汽压缩制冷系统中都有四大部件它们是压缩机冷凝器节流装置和蒸发器压缩机提升制冷剂的蒸汽压力以便使制冷剂的饱和温度微高于在冷凝器中冷却介质温度使用的压缩机类型和系统的设备有关比较大的电冷却设备使用一个离心式的压缩机而小的住宅设备使用的是一种往复或漩涡式压缩机冷凝器是一个热交换器用于将制冷剂的热量传递到冷却介质中制冷剂进入冷凝器变成过冷液体用于冷凝器中的典型冷却介质是空气和水大多数住宅建筑的冷凝器中使用空气作为冷却介质而大型系统的冷凝器中采用水作为冷却介质液体制冷剂在离开冷凝器之后在膨胀阀中节流到一个更低的压力膨胀阀是一个节流的装置例如毛细管或有孔的短管或一个活动的装置例如热力膨胀阀或电子膨胀阀膨胀阀的作用是到蒸发器中分流制冷剂以便当它到压缩物吸入口的时候制冷剂处于过热状态在膨胀阀的出口制冷剂的温度在介质空气或水的温度以下之后制冷剂经过一个热交换器叫做蒸发器它吸收通过蒸发器的空气或水的热量如果空气经过蒸发器在流通该系统叫做一个直接膨胀式系统如果水经过蒸发器在流通它叫做冷却设备在任何情况下在蒸发器中的制冷剂不直接和空气或水接触在蒸发器中制冷剂从一个低品位的两相液体转换成在正常的工艺条件下过热的蒸汽蒸汽的形成要以一定的足够速度被压缩机排出以维持在蒸发器中低压和保持循环进行所有在生产中的机械冷却产生的热量必须经过冷凝器散发在许多例子中在冷凝器中这个热能被直接散发到环境的空气中或间接地散发到一个冷却塔的水中在一些应用中利用这些废热向建筑物提供热量是可能的回收这些最高温度为65℃ 150°F 的废热可以减少建筑物中采暖的费用空调的制冷能力常用冷吨或千瓦千瓦来表示冷吨是一个度量单位它与制冰厂在 24小时内使1吨 907 公斤的水结冰的能力有关其值是351千瓦12000 Btuhr 空调的冷却能力不要和产生冷量所需的电能相互混淆21 制冷剂的使用和选择直到20世纪80年代中叶制冷剂的选择在大多数的建筑物空调设备中不是一个问题因为在制冷剂的使用上还没有统一的的标准在以前用于建筑物空调设备的大多数制冷剂是氟氯碳化物和氟氯碳氢化物且大多数的制冷剂是无毒的和不可燃的然而最近的美国联邦的标准环保署 1993a环保署 1993b 和国际的协议 UNEP1987 已经限制了氟氯碳化物和氟氯碳氢化物的制造和使用现在氟氯碳化物和氟氯碳氢化物在一些场合依然被使用对制冷剂的理解能帮助建筑物拥有者或者工程师更好的了解关于为特定的设备下如何选择制冷剂这里将讨论不同制冷剂的使用并给出影响它们使用的建筑空调设备和标准美国社会的供暖制冷和空调工程师学会 ASHRAE 有一个标准的限制系统表 com 用来区分制冷剂许多流行的氟氯碳化物氟氯碳氢化物和氟碳化物的制冷剂是在甲烷和乙烷的制冷剂系列中因为卤素元素的存在他们被叫作碳化卤或卤化的碳化氢例如氟或氯Zeotropes 和azeotropes 是混合二种或更多不同的制冷剂一种zeotropic混合物能改变饱和温度在它在不变的压力蒸发或冷凝这种现象被称温度的移动在大气压力下R-407 C的沸点沸腾是–44 °C – 47° F 和一个凝结点露点是–37°C –35°F 产生了7°C的温度移动 12°F 一个azeotropic 混合物的性能像单独成份制冷剂那样它在不变的压力下蒸发或冷凝它们的饱和温度不会有少许变化R-410有微小的足够温度滑动少于55 C10°F 可以认为接近azeotropic混合制冷剂ASHRAE组制冷剂 com 根据它们的毒性和易燃性 ASHRAE1994 划分的A1组合是不燃烧的和最没有毒的而B3组是易燃的和最有毒的以空气为媒介的制冷剂最高安全限制是毒性如果制冷剂在少于每百万分之400是无毒的它是一个A级制冷剂如果对泄露少于每百万分之400是有毒的那么该物质被称B级制冷剂这几个级别表示制冷剂的易燃性表 com 的最后一栏列出了常用的制冷剂的毒性和易燃的等级因为他们是无毒的和不燃烧的所以在A1组中制冷剂通常作为理想的制冷剂能基本满足舒适性空调的需求在A1中的制冷剂通常用在建筑空调设备方面的包括 R-11R-12R-22R-134a和R-410AR-11R-12R-123和R-134a是普遍用在离心式的冷却设备的制冷剂R-11氟氯碳化物和R-123 HCFC 都有低压高容积特性是用在离心式压缩机上的理想制冷剂在对氟氯碳化物的制造的禁令颁布之前R-11和R-12已经是冷却设备的首选制冷剂在已存在的系统维护中现在这两种制冷剂的使用已经被限制现在R-123 和 R-134a都广泛的用在新的冷却设备中R-123拥有的效率优势在 R-134a之上表 com 然而R-123有 B1安全等级这就意谓它有一个比较低的毒性而胜于R-134a如果一个使用R-123冷却设备在一栋建筑物中被用当使用这些或任何其他有毒的或易燃的制冷剂时候标准 15 ASHRAE1992 提供安全预防的指导方针制冷剂22 属于HCFC在多数的相同设备中被用也是在多数往复和螺旋式冷却设备和小型商业和住宅的集中式设备中的首选制冷剂它可以在一个更高的压力下运行这一点要优于R-11或R-12中的任何一个从2004开始HCFCs的制造将会受到限制在2010年R-22不能在新的空调设备中被使用 2020年之后R-22不允许生产环保署1993bR-407C和R-410A是 HFCs的两种混合物两者都是R-22的替代品R-407C预期将很快地替换R-22在空调设备中它的蒸发和冷凝压力接近R-22 com 然而用R-407C来替换R-22应该在和设备制造者商议之后才能进行至少润滑油和膨胀装置将需要更换在1998年第一个使用R-410A的空调设备的住宅在美国出现使用R-410A的系统运作中压力大约比R-22高50 表 com 因此R-410A不能够用于当作速冻制冷剂来替代 R-22R-410A系统利用特定的压缩机膨胀阀和热交换器来利用该制冷剂氨广泛地被在工业的冷却设备和氨水吸收式制冷中用它具有可燃性并且分毒性等级为B因此在商业建筑物中使用受到限制除非冷却设备的制造工厂独立于被冷却的建筑物之外作为制冷剂氨有许多良好的品质例如它有较高的比热和高的导热率它的蒸发焓通常比那普遍使用的卤化碳高6到8倍而且氨和卤化碳比较来看它能提供更高的热交换量而且它能用在往复式和离心式压缩机中天然制冷剂的使用例如二氧化碳 R-744 和碳化氢在空调和制冷系统中的使用正在研究之中二氧化碳能在高于传统的HCFCs或HFCs的压力下工作和在超过临界点的典型的空调设备中工作人们通常认为碳化氢制冷剂易燃且比较危险但它在传统的压缩机中和有的工业设备中都可以被使用R-290 丙烷都有接近R-22的工作压力并被推荐来替代R-22 Kramer 1991 目前在美国没有用二氧化碳或可燃的制冷剂的商业系统用于建筑部门31冷水机组1995年在美国冷水机组应用在至少4％的商用建筑中而且由于制冷机组通常安装在较大的建筑中在同一年里制冷机组冷却了多于28％的商用建筑的地板空间DOE1998在商用建筑中普遍采用五种型式的制冷机往复式螺杆式旋涡式离心式和吸收式前四种利用蒸汽压缩式循环来制得冷冻水它们的不同主要在于使用的压缩机种类的不同吸收式制冷机在吸收循环中利用热能典型的是来自蒸汽或燃料燃烧并利用氨－水或水－锂溴化物制得冷冻水32总的系统大约86％的制冷机和表所示的一样用在多台制冷机系统中Bitondo和Tozzi1999在冷冻水系统中建筑物的回水通过每个蒸发器循环流动在蒸发器中回水被冷却到合意的温度典型的为4～7℃－39～45℉然后冷冻水通过各设备传送到水－空气换热器在换热器中空气被冷冻水冷却和加湿在这个过程中冷水的温度升高然后必须回送到蒸发器中制冷机组是冷水机组水通过每个机组的冷凝器循环在冷凝器中水吸收了来自高压制冷剂的热量接着水用水泵打到冷却塔中水通过蒸发而降温冷却塔将在后一部分讲述冷凝器也可以是空冷式的在这种循环中冷凝器应是制冷剂－空气热交换器空气吸收来自高压制冷剂的热量制冷机组名义制冷量为30～18000kw8～5100tons在美国出售的大部分制冷机组是用电的利用蒸汽压缩制冷循环来制得冷冻水在设计中这种系统所使用的压缩机也有往复式螺杆式旋涡式和离心式一小部分的离心式制冷机利用内燃机或蒸汽机代替电来启动压缩机在建筑中所使用的制冷机组类型根据应用场所来确定对于大的办公室建筑或制冷机组需服务于多个建筑时通常使用离心式压缩机在所需制冷量小于1000kw280tons时使用往复式或螺杆式制冷机组较合适在小的应用场合若低于100kw30tons时使用往复式或旋涡式制冷机组33蒸汽压缩式制冷机四种电启动的蒸汽压缩式制冷机组的名义制冷量范围每种制冷机以所使用的压缩机类型来命名各种系统的制冷能力范围从最小的旋涡式30kw8tons到最大的离心式18000kw5000tons制冷机可使用HCFCsR22R123或HFCsR－134a制冷剂制冷机的效率通常用输入功用kw表示与制冷量用tons表示的比值表示1tons 的制冷量等于352kw或1200btu／h用这种方法衡量效率其数值越小越好离心式制冷机的效率最高而往复式是这四种类型中效率最低的表中所提供的效率是根据ASHRAE Standard30ASHRAE1995在稳定状态下测得满负荷时的效率这些效率中不包括辅助设备的能耗比如泵冷却塔的风机而这些设备可以增加006～。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

景观环境Landscape & Environment– 240 –随着暖通空调被广泛应用到我国人民的日常生活中，我国人民的生活质量显著提升，但是暖通空调的普及化应用造成了较大的能源供应压力，且暖通空调使用过程存在较严重的能源浪费问题，对我国社会经济稳定发展造成一定影响。

通过深入分析建筑环境与暖通空调节能，有利于找出更加可靠的措施使暖通空调节能水平得到提高，为我国社会发展奠定良好基础。

一、建筑环境对暖通空调节能的影响（一）室内环境对暖通空调的影响首先，在进行建筑设计过程中，需要合理设计建筑物体形系数及窗墙比，以此提高建筑物本身的节能性能。

通过正立面朝向、平面设计等建筑节能措施能够有效降低能源消耗，使暖通空调的负荷得到控制。

其次，为降低暖通空调的负荷，需要重视建筑朝向及建筑造型的设计，以此实现暖通空调的能源节约。

在进行建筑造型及平面设计时，需要利用南北通透、玻璃幕墙等各种方式提高建筑物的节能效果，使暖通空调的负荷得到降低。

最后，为居民构建舒适的居住环境，调节室内的气体流速、湿度、温度及热辐射是暖通空调的主要作用。

通过发挥建筑围护结构的热特性能，能够降低室外温度变化对室内环境的影响，进而使暖通空调的使用率得到控制。

（二）室内环境对暖通空调的影响为实现对暖通空调负荷的有效控制，需要充分了解室外环境对暖通空调的影响，其主要体现在以下几个方面：（1）气象条件对暖通空调的影响。

目前暖通空调包括了通风、采暖、空调等几个系统，这些系统对室外参数的要求不同，需要准确计算系统的负荷，为实现节能型的暖通空调提供有利依据。

（2）环境绿化对暖通空调的影响。

在建筑工程项目的建设过程中，普遍都会种植一些花草树木，既能够起到良好的环境美化作用，也能够起到一定的防辐射及吸热作用。

若是环境绿化达到要求，可以充分利用植物的吸热及隔热等作用，使暖通空调的负荷得到降低。

二、暖通空调实现节能的具体措施（一）降低空调新风系统的负荷新风量是暖通空调卫生健康标准的重要内容，一般空调新风系统的能耗占系统总能耗的30%左右，当新风量不断上升的时候，空调系统的能耗也就随之提高。

建筑环境与设备工程专业空调工作过程和节能技术的研究大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：空调工作过程和节能技术的研究文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：建筑环境与设备工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14本科毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计外文翻译英文：How Air Conditioners Work and energy conservationtechnology researchAbstract：An air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner.Keywords：water towers 、weather-resistant、compressor、energy conservation When the temperature outside begins to climb, many people seek the cool comfort of indoor air conditioning. Like water towers and power lines, air conditioners are one of those things that we see every day but seldom pay much attention to. Wouldn't it be nice to know how these indispensable machines work their magic? In this article, we will examine air conditioners -- from small to huge -- so you know more about what you're seeing!The Many Faces of CoolAir conditioners come in various sizes, cooling capacities and prices. One type that we see all the time is the window air conditioner.Window air conditioners are an easy and economical way to cool a small area. Most people who live in suburban areas usually have one of these in their backyard: If you live in an apartment complex, this is probably a familiar sight: Most businesses and office buildings have condensing units on their roofs, and as you fly into any airport you notice that warehouses and malls may have 10 or 20 condensing units hidden on their roofs:And then if you go around back at many hospitals, universities and office complexes, you find large cooling towers that are connected to the air conditioning system:Even though each of these machines has a pretty distinct look, they all work on the same principles. Let's take a closer look.The Basic IdeaAn air conditioner is basically a refrigerator without the insulated box. It uses the evaporation of a refrigerant, like Freon, to provide cooling. The mechanics of the Freon evaporation cycle are the same in a refrigerator as in an air conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various conditioner. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary Online, the term Freon is generically "used for any of various nonflammablefluorocarbons used as refrigerants and as propellants for aerosols."This is how the evaporation cycle in an air conditioner works (See How Refrigerators Work for complete details on this cycle):1.The compressor compresses cool Freon gas, causing it to become hot,high-pressure Freon gas (red in the diagram above).2.This hot gas runs through a set of coils so it can dissipate its heat, and it condenses into a liquid.3.The Freon liquid runs through an expansion valve, and in the process it evaporates to become cold, low-pressure Freon gas (light blue in the diagram above).4.This cold gas runs through a set of coils that allow the gas to absorb heat and cool down the air inside the building.Mixed in with the Freon is a small amount of a light weight oil. This oil lubricates the compressor.Window UnitsA window air conditioner unit implements a complete air conditioner in a small space. The units are made small enough to fit into a standard window frame. You close the window down on the unit, plug the unit in and turn it on to get cool air. If you take the cover off of an unplugged window unit, you will find that it contains:A compressorAn expansion valveA hot coil (on the outside)A chilled coil (on the inside)A control unitThe fans blow air over the coils to improve their ability to dissipate heat (to the outside air) and cold (to the room being cooled).BTU and EERMost air conditioners have their capacity rated in British thermal units (BTU). Generally speaking, a BTU is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature ofone pound (0.45 kg) of water 1 degree Fahrenheit (0.56 degrees Celsius). Specifically, 1 BTU equals 1,055 joules. In heating and cooling terms, 1 "ton" equals 12,000 BTU.A typical window air conditioner might be rated at 10,000 BTU. For comparison, a typical 2,000-square-foot (185.8 m2) house might have a 5-ton (60,000-BTU) air conditioning system, implying that you might need perhaps 30 BTU per square foot. (Keep in mind that these are rough estimates. To size an air conditioner for your specific needs, contact an HV AC contractor.)The energy efficiency rating (EER) of an air conditioner is its BTU rating over its wattage. For example, if a 10,000-BTU air conditioner consumes 1,200 watts, its EER is 8.3 (10,000 BTU/1,200 watts). Obviously, you would like the EER to be as high as possible, but normally a higher EER is accompanied by a higher price.Is the higher EER is worth it?Let's say that you have a choice between two 10,000-BTU units. One has an EER of 8.3 and consumes 1,200 watts, and the other has an EER of 10 and consumes 1,000 watts. Let's also say that the price difference is $100. To understand what the payback period is on the more expensive unit, you need to know:1.Approximately how many hours per year you will be operating the unit2.How much a kilowatt-hour (kWh) costs in your areaLet's say that you plan to use the air conditioner in the summer (four months a year) and it will be operating about six hours a day. Let's also imagine that the cost in your area is $0.10/kWh. The difference in energy consumption between the two units is 200 watts, which means that every five hours the less expensive unit will consume 1 additional kWh (and therefore $0.10 more) than the more expensive unit.Assuming that there are 30 days in a month, you find that during the summer you are operating the air conditioner:Since the more expensive unit costs $100 more that means that it will take about seven years for the more expensive unit to break even.See this page for a great explanation of seasonal energy efficiency rating (SEER).Split-system UnitsA split-system air conditioner splits the hot side from the cold side of the system。

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毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：建筑工程学院专业：建筑环境与设备工程姓名： *****学号： ********外文出处： Shallow talk the building environment an air conditionto can consume with the warm附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

指导教师评语：签名：年月日浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗摘要：研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。

关键词：建筑环境暖通空调能耗浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗能源为经济的发展提供了动力，但是由于各种原因，能源的发展往往滞后于经济的发展。

近几年，中国的国民生产总值的增长率维持在约10％，但是能源的增长率只有3％～4％。

这样的形势要求我们必须节能。

建筑能源消耗在社会总能耗中的比例较大，发达国家的建筑用能一般占到全国总能耗的30％～40％；中国采暖区的城镇人口虽然只占全国人口的13.6％，但是采暖用能却占全国总能耗的9.6％。

建筑节能是建筑发展的基本趋势，也是当代建筑科学技术的一个新的生长点。

现代建筑的必要组成部分暖通空调领域也已经收到这种趋势的影响，暖通空调系统中的节能正在引起暖通空调工作者的注意，并且针对不同的国家、地区的能源特点和不同建筑的采暖、通风、空调要求发展者相关的节能技术。

研究建筑环境，了解暖通空调负荷产生的原因及影响因素，可以更加合理地提出解决问题的方法。

暖通空调能耗的组成为了创造舒适的室内空调环境，必须消耗大量的能源。

暖通空调能耗是建筑能耗中的大户，居统计在发达国家中暖通空调能耗占建筑能耗的65％，以建筑能耗占总能耗的356％计算，暖通空调能耗占总能耗的比例竟高达22.75％，由此可见建筑节能工作的重点应该是暖通空调的节能。

从暖通空调的能耗组成可以看出：暖通空调系统的能耗主要决定于空调冷、热负荷的确定和空调系统的合理配置，空调系统的布置和空调设备的选择是以空调负荷为依据的。

所以暖通空调节能的关键是空调外界负荷和内部负荷的确定，而暖通空调节能工作也应该从这个方面着手，合理布置建筑物的位置，正确选择外墙、门、窗、屋顶的形状及材料等，尽量减少空调负荷。

室内环境的影响暖通空调的目标是为人们提供舒适的生活和生产室内热环境，主要包括：室内空气温度、空气湿度、气流速度以及人体与周围环境（包括四壁、地面、顶棚等）之间的辐射换热（简称环境热辐射）等。

在一般的舒适性空调中，以能够使人体保持平衡而满足人们的舒适感觉为目的；在恒温恒湿或有洁净要求的工艺性空调中，一切以满足生产工艺为目标。

而房屋的建筑热工设计是恰当地利用房屋维护结构的热导性，抵抗室外气候的变化，使房间内产生舒适的微气候。

围护结构暖通空调负荷的影响围护结构包括外围结构和内围护结构。

外围护结构主要包括屋面、外墙和窗户（包括阳台门等）；内围护结构主要包括地面、顶棚、内隔墙等。

在采暖建筑中，围护结构的传热热损失占总的热损失的比例是较大的，以4个单元6层的砖墙、混凝土楼板的典型多层建筑为例，在北京地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的77％（其中外墙25％，窗户24％，楼梯间隔墙11％，屋面9％，阳台门下部3％，地面2％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占23％；在哈尔滨地区，通过围护结构的传热热损失约占全部热损失的71％（其中外墙28％，窗户28％，屋面9％，阳台门下部1％，外门1％，地面4％）；通过门窗缝隙的空气渗透热损失约占29％。

由此可见改善围护结构的热工性能对于暖通空调节能具有重要意义。

建筑规划设计对暖通空调节能的影响规划设计时建筑节能设计的重要方面，规划节能设计应从建设选址、分区、建筑和道路布局走向、建筑方位朝向、建筑体型、建筑间距、冬季季风主导方向、太阳辐射、建筑外部空间环境构成等方面进行研究。

以优化建筑的微气候环境；有利于节能，充分重视和利用太阳能、冬季主导风向、地形和地貌，利用自然因素。

节能规划设计就是分析成气候的决定因素、辐射因素、大气环流因素和地理因素的有利、不利影响，通过建筑的规划布局对上述因素进行充分利用、改造，形成良好的居住条件和有利于节能的微气候环境。

建筑旁边的绿化不但有防风、隔声、防尘和美化环境的作用，而且对于建筑节能也有重要作用。

因为首先树木可以从根部吸收水分，同过叶面蒸发，从而降低空气温度，其次树木有很好的遮阳作用，从而使建筑物直接受到的太阳辐射及从地面得到的辐射热减少，二是树木有引导风及挡风的作用。

此外，地面不但会反射太阳辐射，而且其本身辐射升高后又会成为新的热辐射源。

所以尽量种草、植树，避免地面土壤裸露，并减少不必要的大面积混凝土地坪对于减少空调负荷，达到节能的目的是非常重要的手段。

而且清洁的室外环境对于洁净空调系统的有效运行和空调箱过滤器的寿命也是有利的。

总之，建筑环境是影响暖通空调能耗的重要因素，从建筑环境着手考虑是解决暖通空调节能问题的关键，也是一种积极的节能工作作者认为应着重以下方面的工作：（1）制定相应的政策法规。

制定政策法规对建筑节能工作具有指导意义，而且以法规的形式出现，一则表示政府重视和鼓励，二则可以为节能工作的开展提供法律依据。

近年来国务院和有关部委也颁布了相关的建筑节能法规；此外各地方政府也根据气候条件和能源特点，制定了各自的建筑节能标准和规定；但是总的来说法规和政策还有待进一步的完善。

（2）推动科技的进步。

暖通空调节能工作的顺利开展离不开技术的进步。

国家在制定节能政策时，即指明了发展方向，同时也鼓励了技术进步。

只有依靠科技的发展，不断优化能源结构和用能方式，才能够真正做到节能，创造巨大的社会效益和经济效益。

（3）加强专业间的协调。

建筑是各工种配合的产物，建筑专业在考虑建筑环境时，不但要从建筑功能、建筑美学等方面考虑，还要与设备工种进行配合，充分重视建筑环境、建筑材料等对暖通空调乃至建筑能耗的影响，各工种协调工作，共同完成节能设计。

总之从建筑内外环境着手，不断优化建筑热功能，充分利用有利的建筑环境，必然会创造出适宜的室内热环境，同时也必将有利于暖通空调节能的发展。

Shallow talk the building environment an air condition to canconsume with the warmSummary:The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Keyword:Constructing a warm of environment an air condition can consumeShallow talk the building environment an air condition to can consume with the warm The energy provided motive for the development of the economy, but because of various reason, the development of the energy is a usually behind in economy of development.In the last few years, the growth rate maintenance of citizen's total output value of China are in about 10%, but the growth rate of the energy only have 3% ～s 4%.Such situation's requesting us has to economize on energy.The comparison that constructs the energy depletion in the society always the ability consume compares greatly, the building of the flourishing nations' use can have to the whole country generally and always can consume of 30% ～s 40%;China adopts the town population of the warm area although only 13.6% that have national population, adopt warm use an ability but have a whole country and always can consume of 9.6%.Construct the economy energy is the basic trend of the building development, is also a new growth of[with] the contemporary building science technique to order.The necessity of the modern building constitutes a part of warm, the air condition realm has already received the influence of this kind of trend as well, warm the economy energy within air condition system is cause a warm the attention of the air condition worker, and aims at different of the adopt of energy characteristics and the dissimilarity building of the nation,region is warm,well ventilated,the air condition request develop a related economy energy technique.The research constructs environment, understanding a warm an air condition to carry output reason and influencing factor, can be more and reasonably put forward solve problem of method.Warm the air condition can consume of constituteFor creating comfortable indoor air condition environment, have to consume a great deal of energy.Warm the air condition can consume is the building can consume medium of big door, reside to statistics a warm an air condition in the flourishing nation and can consume to have 65% that building can consume, canning consume to share by building always canconsume of 356% calculation, warm the air condition can consume to share and always can consume of the comparison is up to 22.75% unexpectedly, be showed from this the building economy energy work of point should be warm the economy energy of the air condition.The air condition can consume to constitute and can see from the warm:Warm the air condition system can consume main the decision is cold in the air condition,hot the burden really certainly installs with the reasonable of the air condition system, the decoration of the air condition system and the choice of the air-condition take the air condition burden as basis of.So warm air condition economy energy of the key is the air condition the external world to carry to carry and inner part really settle, and warm air condition economy energy the work should also begin from this aspect, reasonable decoration building of position, the exactitude chooses the shape and material etc.s of the outside wall,door,window,roof, reducing air condition burden as far as possible.The influence of the indoor environmentWarm the target of the air condition is for people to provide comfortable life and produce indoor hot environment。

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗 外文资料翻译

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调节能

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建筑环境与设备工程专业空调工作过程和节能技术的研究大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

浅谈建筑环境与暖通空调能耗外文资料翻译