英汉互译Unit 1 Introduction
Unit 1 Introduction
Nature
--if
it refers to a process, in which something is translated, then we may regard it as a craft or skill. For unlike any branch of natural science, the process of translation has its peculiarity, and none of its rules and principles are universally applicable. Besides, it entails (needs) a l o t o f p r a c t i c e - - - - p a r t i c u l a r craftsmanship and skills are displayed by the touched of differeterms of materials to be translated translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works, like novels, stories, prose, poetry, drama, etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems, reports, speeches, etc., translation of practical writing (as official documents, contracts and agreements, notices, etc.);
13
翻译课程 第8讲 正说反译和反说正译
翻译课程第8讲正说反译和反说正译广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-8 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第八讲正说反译与反说正译（Conversion Between Positive and Negative Expressions）17. He reminded me of what I should otherwise have forgotten.他提醒了我，要不然我就会把这事忘了。
7. 原文中的介词在译文里从反面表达18. The book is beyond the knowledge of a five-year-old child.这本书五岁孩子读不懂。
19. I am embarrassed to write of “God’s presence”. God is off my beat.我决不会就“上帝的存在”挥笔撰文，上帝不属于我工作的范围。
20. Child-development experts warn parents against placing unreasonable expectations on school-age children.儿童成长专家警告说，家长不要对学龄儿童寄予不合理的期望。
21. How delightful it would be, I thought, to have months of clean snow and a landscape sparkling with frost instead of innumerable gray featureless days of rain and raw winds.我想，如果我们这里经常是个冰雪积月、霜华璀璨的景色，而不是像现在这种苦雨凄风永无尽期的阴沉而乏特色的日子，那该会多么令人喜悦啊！22. His behavior is above praise.他的行为不止是值得称赞的。
英语第一部分总结
• 这个报告提供了对加 拿大劳动力中，有技 术移民的分析，和对 怎样有效地使他们与 组织融合，提供合理 的建议。
第三段
• Hiring skilled immigrant is a common ghenomenon in Canada due to the aging workpiace,but not many companies have effective programs to integrate them into the workplace. Skilled immigrants can be a potential asset,but it'sthe company's choice to utilize it utilize it or not.
• 下面的文章首先解释提供了加拿大移民 的概括。例如一些规则、条例等。然后 ，发现了在工厂中雇佣有技术的移民的 重要性，也审查了公司可能遇到的阻碍 。当使移民，，，，最后，我们将会提 供一些策略和建议使移民能更好的融入 工厂中。
重点词语
• leaf through 浏览 • labor force 劳动 力 • feasible 合理的 • integrate 使—— 结合 • overview 概括 • obstacles 障碍物 • the aging workforce 劳动力年 龄老龄化 • strategies 策略 • pay more attention to 对什么更多的注 意
总的概括
• 第一部分主要是一个总的介绍，下面的 文章主要对加拿大中有技术的移民现况 面临困难进行了解析。同时，为使他们 更好的与公司融合给出了建议和策略。
谢谢观赏
WPS Office
Make Presentation much more fun
Unit 1 Greeting and Introduction 问候与介绍 对话翻译
Unit 1 Greeting and Introduction 问候与介绍对话翻译韩丽与琳达·布罗克在同一个办公室工作。
HanLi and Lynda Brock work in the same office.韩丽：早上好，琳达。
Good morning,Lynda.琳达·布罗克：早上好，韩丽。
你好吗？Good morning,Han Li.How are you?韩丽：我很好，谢谢。
你呢？I’m fine,thank you.and you?琳达·布罗克：谢谢，我也很好。
今天又是繁忙的一天，是吧？I’m fine,too.Thank you.I t’s going to be anther busy day today,I believe?韩丽：你说对了。
那我们开始吧？You are right.show we start?琳达·布罗克：好的，开始吧。
OK,let’s.公司经理张文正在给韩丽介绍他的新秘书海伦·泰勒。
Zhang Wen the manager of a company.Is introducing Helen Taylor,his new secretary for Han Li.张文：下午好，韩丽。
Good afternoon,Han Li.韩丽：下午好，张先生。
Good afternoon,Mr.Zhang.张文：这是海伦·泰勒，我的新秘书，来自美国。
海伦，这是韩丽。
This is Helen Taylor,my new secretary,she is from united states.And Helen,this is Han Li.海伦·泰勒：你好，韩小姐。
很高兴认识你。
How do you do?Miss Han.Glad meet you.韩丽：你好，泰勒小姐。
我也很高兴认识你。
How do you do ?Miss Taylor.Glad meet you,too.韩丽和几个外国同事韩丽在北京一家公司工作。
热能与动力工程专业外文翻译、中英对照、英汉互译
毕业设计外文翻译原文标题：Proposal for a high efficiency LNGpower-generation System utilizing wasteheat from the combined cycle中文标题:一个高效的利用液化天然气联合循环余热的发电系统学院名称：能源与动力工程学院专业名称：热能与动力工程Proposal for a high efficiency LNG power-generation system utilizing waste heat from the combined cycleY. Hisazumi*, Y. Yamasaki, S. SugiyamaEngineering Department, Osaka Gas Co., 1-2 Hiranomachi 4-chome Chuo-ku, Osaka 541, Japan Accepted 9 September 1998AbstractHigh-efficiency power-generation with an LNG vaporizing system isproposed: it utilizesthe LNG's cold energy to the best potential limit. This system can be applied to LNG vaporizers in gas companies or electric power companies and recovers the LNG's cold energy as electric power. The system consists of a Rankine cycle using a Freon mixture, natural-gas. Rankine cycle and a combined cycle with gas and steam turbines. The heat sources for this system are the latent heat from the steam-turbine's condenser and the sensible heat of exhaust gas from the waste-heat recovery boiler. In order to find out the optimal condition of the system, several factors, such as gas turbine combustion pressure, steam pressure, condensing temperature in combined cycle, composition of mixture Freon, and natural gas vaporizing pressure are evaluated by simulation. The results of these studies show that in the total system, about 400 kWh can be generated by vaporizing 1 ton of LNG, including about 60 kWh/LNG ton recovered from the LNG cold energy when supplying NG in 3.6 MPa.. About 8.2MWh can be produced by using 1 ton of LNG as fuel, compared with about 7 MWh by the conventional combined system. A net efficiency of over 53%HHV could be achieved by the proposed system. In the case of the LNG terminal receiving 5 million tons of LNG per year, this system can generate 240 MW and reduce the power of the sea water pump by more than 2MW. 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionIn the fiscal year 1994, the amount of LNG imported to Japan reached about 43 million tons; of this 31 million tons were used as fuel for power generation. As shown in Fig. 1, about 20% of the LNG imported was used for power generation [2]. Fig. 2 shows the major LNG power generation systems now in operation and their outputs. Several commercial LNG power generation plants have been constructed since 1979, and their total output has reached approximately 73 MW. Among the new power-generation plants without CO2 emission, this value of 73 MW is second to the 450 MW input of geo-thermal power generation plants in Japan, with the exception of power generation by refuse incinerators, and is much larger compared with the 35 MW output of solar-power plants and the 14 MW output of wind-power stations.Table 1 shows the LNG power generation plants constructed in Japan. The economics of LNG power generation became worse as the appreciation of the yen madethe cost of energy kept constant but while raising the construction cost; the adoption of the combined cycle utilizing gas-turbine and steam turbine (hereafter called combined cycle) increased the gas send-out pressure and lowered the power output per ton of LNG. Therefore, no LNG powergeneration plants were constructed in the 1990s due to lower cost effectiveness of the systems.As for the thermal power plant using natural gas as fuel, the steam turbine produced only about 6 MWh of power output per ton of LNG. But recently, improvement in blade-cooling technology and materials of the gas turbine enabled a 1400℃class turbine to be designed and increased the combustion pressure up to 3 MPa. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 3, the heat efficiency of the combined cycle has been improved and the electrical output from 1 ton of LNG has reached about 7MWh.In this paper, a proposal is made for the high-efficiency LNG power generation system based on a new concept which fully utilizes the cold energy without discarding it into the sea. The system is composed of the combined cycle and the LNG power-generation plant.2. High-efficiency LNG power-generation system2.1. Basic componentsFig.4 shows the process flow diagram of the high-efficiency LNG power-generation system. This complex system consists of the combined cycle and the LNG power generation cycle. The combined cycle is composed of a gas turbine (GAS-T) and a steam turbine (ST-T) using natural gas (NG) as fuel, while the LNG power generation cycle is composed of a Freon (uorocarbon) mixture turbine (FR-T) and a natural-gas turbine (NG-HT, NG-LT) using the latent heat of condensation from the exhaust steam and the sensible heat of the exhaust gas as heat sources. The plate fin type heat exchanger can be used for the LNG/natural gas (LNG-CON) and LNG/ Freon mixture (FR-CON). The shell-and-tube type can be selected as exchangers for exhaust steam/natural gas (LNG-VAP),exhaust steam/Freon mixture(FR-VAP), and exhaust gas/natural gas (NG-SH) applications according to the operating conditions.Ice thickness on the surface of the heat-exchanger tubes becomes a problem as heat is exchanged between exhaust gas and cold natural gas or Freon mixture. The ice thickness can be estimated by the technology of heat transfer between LNG and sea water, thus enabling one to avoid blockages due to ice inside the tubes.In addition, stable and continuous send-out of gas is made possible by using a bypass system, even if turbines and pumps for the Freon mixture and natural gas circulating systems (FR-RP, LNG-RP) stop.2.2. Features of the systemThe practical use of the following existing technologies in combination shows the high feasibility of the proposed system:. Power generation using Freon or hydrocarbon type Rankine cycle,. Power generation by natural-gas direct expansion],. TRI-EX type vaporizer which vaporizes LNG by using an intermediate medium or vacuum type LNG vaporizer.The Freon mixture is made up of the HFC type, which is a fluorocarbon consisting of H, F, and C and has no adverse influence on the ozone layer; it enables reduction in exergy loss at the heat exchanger and increases itscirculating flow rate to be achieved.The effective recovery of cold exergy and pressure exergy is made possible by the combined system using natural gas and Freon mixture Rankine cycle.Fig. 5 shows the temperature-heat duty relation when vaporizing 1 kg of LNG in the system shown in Fig. 4. Separation of the condensed natural-gas in two sections enables an increase in the heat duty between Freon (FR) and LNG, and a reduction of difference in temperature of LNG and natural gas between the inlet and outlet of the heat exchanger.3. Evaluation of the characteristics of the proposed system3.1. Process simulationThe characteristics of this system were evaluated by using process simulator. The followings are the conditions used for the calculation:Effciencies of rotating machines LNG compositionGas turbine (GAS-T) 88% CH4 89.39%Steam turbine (ST-T) 85% C2H6 8.65%Natural-gas turbine (NG-HT, LT) 88% C3H8 1.55%Freon turbine (FR-T) 88% iC4H10 0.20%Air compressor (AIR-C) 85% nC4H10 0.15%LNG pump (LNG-MP, RP) 70% iC5H12 0.01%Freon pump (FR-RP) 70% N2 0.05%Natural gas gross heat-value: 10,510 kcal/Nm3AIR/NG flow ratio of gas turbine: 323.2. Effects of send-out pressure of the natural gasWhen natural-gas is sent out at 3.5 or 1.8 MPa, evaluations were made of the effects of send-out pressure of the LNG and change in superheating temperature of the natural gas on the total output of the high pressure (NG-HT) and the low pressure (NG-LT) natural-gas expansion-turbines. Fig. 6 shows the results of this calculation, where self consumption of power is calculated from the power, raising the pressure of the LNG up to the inlet pressure of the turbine minus the power required for the original send-out pressure. In both cases, the inlet pressure rise for the turbine causes an increase of self consumption power, but brings about a greater out-put. About 7 MPa of the inlet pressure of the turbine is appropriate considering the pressure tolerance of the heat exchangers.When the superheating temperature of the natural gas at the inlet to the turbine becomes high, the recovery of power increases, but the temperature of the exhaust gas from the outlet of the natural-gas super heater (NG-SH) declines, thus indicating that there is a limitation to superheating gas.3.3. Effects of combustion pressure of the gas turbineThe outputs of the gas turbine and the steam turbine, and the efficiency per gross heating value were evaluated by changing the combustion pressure of the gas turbine operating at 1300℃turbine-inlet temperature - see Fig. 7.If the combustion pressure of the gas turbine becomes high, the output of the gas turbine increases, but the output of the steam turbine decreases because the rise in combustion pressure causes a lowering of the exhaust-gas temperature at the outlet of the gas turbine and consequently a decline in the steam temperature at the inlet of the steam turbine. However, the overall efficiency of the turbines increases upon increasing the combustion pressure because the increment of gas-turbine output exceeds the decrement of steam turbine output. As a result, taking the pressure loss into account, it is appropriate to set the send-out pressure of the natural gas at the LNG terminal at 3.5 MPa.（FR-vap），3.4. Effects of Inlet pressure of the steam turbineFig. 8 shows the relations between the steam-turbines output and exhaust gas temperatures by changing the steam pressure in the range of 3-7 MPa. As the steam pressure increases, the output of the steam turbine rises and the temperature of the exhaust gases also increase. Besides, the power required for the water-supply pump increases with a rise in the steam pressure. Therefore, the current combined cycles operate at steam pressure of 7 MPa or more because the increment of the output of steam turbine exceeds the additional power required for the water-supply pump.3.5. Rankine cycle using a Freon-mixture refrigerant.The Freon refrigerant was selected from the HFC refrigerants on the basis of marketability, boiling point and freezing-point. Table 2 shows the physical properties of HFC Freon.When only HFC-23 is used as the medium, because of its low freezing-point it never freezes even if heat is exchanged between the LNG and HFC-23. But if HFC-23 is heated by the exhaust steam of the steam turbine, the pressure rises approximately up to the critical pressure. Therefore, the use of HFC-23 is not cost effective, because it is then necessary to set a high design pressure. To cope with this problem, we evaluated the compound refrigerant composed of HFC-134a (with high boiling point) and HFC-23.Fig. 9 shows saturated vapor pressure at various temperatures, the boiling point and the dew point at atmospheric pressure for mixtures of HFC-23 andHFC-134a of various compositions. The saturated pressure at each temperature rises with the increasing mole ratio of HFC-23: Hence, 40-45% of the mole ratio of HFC-23 is the optimal value considering the design pressure of the equipment.Fig. 10 shows the plots of the output of the Freon turbine versus the condensing temperature of the steam turbine when changing the composition of the HFC-23. In this figure, the turbine outlet pressure is determined in such a way that thedifference in temperature between the LNG and Freon mixture is not less than 5℃in the Freon condenser (FR-CON). The Freon turbine's inlet-pressure is set to the saturatedtemperature of the Freon mixture, i.e. less than 2℃from the steam-condensing temperature.This figure indicates that the output of the turbine scarcely correlates with the mole ratio of HFC-23. The higher the steam-condensing temperature becomes, the greater the output per ton of LNG the turbine produces, but in such a case, it is necessary to evaluate the system as a whole because more fuel is required, as described below. The result indicates that the optimal mole composition of HFC-23 and HFC-134a is 40%/60% considering both design pressure and the output of the turbine.3.6. Comprehensive evaluation from the viewpoint of the steam-condensing Temperature.As the dew point of the exhaust gas is 42℃, it is wise to set the exit temperature of the exhaust gas from the natural-gas super heater (NG-SH) to 80℃or more in order to prevent white smoke from the smoke stack. Table 3 shows the effect of the steam-condensing temperature on the generated output of the total system. The lower steam-condensing temperature brings about a higher efficiency of the total system, but also causes a lowering in the inlet temperature of natural-gas turbine. Therefore, it is appropriate to set the steam-condensing temperature at approximately 30℃.When the condensing temperature is 30C, the generated outputs per ton of LNG of the combined cycle and LNG power generation plant are 342.83 and67.55 kWh, respectively, resulting in 402.64 kWh of total generated output aftersubtracting the self-use power. As 48.94 kg of fuel is used for operating the system, the generated outputs of the combined cycle and the total system reach about 7 and 8.2 MWh, per ton of fuel respectively.3.7. Evaluation of exergyNatural-gas is liquefied at an LNG liquefaction terminal, with the consumption of about 380 kWh/LNG-ton: 1 ton of LNG having about 250 kWh of physical exergy as cold exergy and 13.5 MWh of chemical exergy. Fig. 11 shows the result of evaluating the exergy of the system shown in Fig. 4 under the optimal condition. The total output of Freon and natural gas turbines is 67.5 kWh, and the effective recovery percentage of cold exergy is 56%. As 90 kWh out of the pressure exergy can be recovered as output, about 157 kWh of net recovery can be obtained, which indicates the recovery percentage reaches about 63% for 250 kWh of LNG cold exergy. This conversion efficiency is higher than that achieved from chemical exergy to electric power.Most of the exergy loss occurs in the heat exchanger and the turbine, and in mixing with re-condensed LNG. As for the turbines, the loss of energy may be improved by using high-efficiency turbines. On the other hand, modification of the heat exchanger to reduce the energy loss may cause increased complexity of the system and is difficult to be done from the economic viewpoint. Though the recovery.percentage of cold energy in this system is low compared with the 80% in air-separation equipment, this system has the advantage of recovering a large amount of the available cold energy.4. ConclusionThe paper has proposed a high-efficiency LNG power generation system in combination with a combined-cycle power generation system fueled by natural-gas. The system utilizes LNG cold energy and it requires no sea water as a heat source.This system can be applied to LNG vaporization and send-out processes of gas companies or electric-power companies. The system recovers LNG coldenergy as an electric-power output without wasting it into sea water. The system consists of Rankine cycle with Freon mixture and a natural-gas Rankine cycle using the latent heat of exhaust steam from the steam turbine and the sensible heat of exhaust gas from the waste-heat recovery boiler. To improve the total efficiency of the system, a simulation was conducted to evaluate several factors, such as the composition of the Freon mixture, natural gas send-out pressure, as well as the combustion pressure steam inlet pressure, and steam-condensing temperature of the combined cycle. As a result, not less than 60 kWh/LNG-ton of output was generated even at a high natural-gas send-out pressure of 3.5 MPa. This value is considerably higher than the output generated at a LNG send-out pressure of 3 or 4 MPa, as given in Table 2.The system can produce about 400 kWh of net output when vaporizing 1 ton of LNG. While the conventional combined-cycle system in operation generates about 7 MWh when 1 ton of LNG is used as fuel, the system using the same amount of fuel generates about 8.2 MWh with a high degree of efficiency: a not-less-than 53% conversion efficiency was achieved per gross heat value.In the case of an LNG terminal receiving 5 million tons of LNG per year, this system can generate a power of about 240 MW when 600 t of LNG is used in an hour. With the elimination of about 24,000 tons per hour of sea water, which has been used for vaporizing 600 t/h of LNG in the conventional system, no less than 2 MW of electric power for operating sea water pumps can be saved.The proposed system emits no CO2, and can generate a large amount of electricity with high cost efficiency when incorporated into a combined cycle, with no use of sea water. Therefore, we consider that installation of this system is the one of the most favorable means of investment to put a new energy source or energy-saving equipment to practical use.To realize the full potential of this system, it is necessary to understand the heat characteristics of the Freon mixture, the icing and heat transfer characteristics of exhaust steam, the controllability of total system and the characteristics against partial load.References[1] The Center for Promotion of Natural gas Foundation. Research and development report of cold energy utilizing system, 1994[2] Japan's Energy and Economy Research Center. Energy and economy statistical data in 1995[3] Abe. Operating results and future prospect of a recent combined-cycle power generation plant. Thermal and Nuclear Power 1995;46(6):33-41[4] Maertens J. Design of Rankine cycles for power generation. Int. Refrig. 1986;9:137-43[5] Terada, Nakamoto. Power generation utilizing LNG cold. Thermal and Nuclear Power Generation 1986;37(10):66-71[6] Ooka, Ueda, Akasaka. Advanced LNG vaporizer and power generation utilizing LNG cold. Chemical Engineering 1981;45(3):187-90[7] Miura. The development of LNG vaporizer using vacuum steam heat (VSV). Journal of Japan Gas Society 1992;45:34-6[8] Nagai. Software-package and the usage. Chemical Equipment1994;August:31-7[9] Daikin Co. Ltd. Freon Data Sheet of HFC23一个高效的利用液化天然气联合循环余热的发电系统日本大阪541燃气有限公司工程部1-2平野町4肖梅中央谷，1998年9月概述本文提出了一个高效液化天然气气化发电系统，它是利用液化天然气冷能的最佳潜能极限。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程Chapter One Introduction to Translation
[点评] ：
(1)译文1中，well-paved确是“铺设得很好的”，可是，一见到well或good
[译就译文成1“]：好铺”，设显得得很语言好贫的乏公。事路实经上过，英一语排里排的这整两洁个的词在，汉现译代时有的很房多屋译法，。 如：a这w些ell房-be屋ha坐ved落gi在rl“树举中止得。体的姑娘”
[译文]: 我们都会想念他的，但我们祝愿他退休后快乐，长寿。 4. He has enough money to burn.
[译文]: 他有花不完的钱。 5. Why did you set the wolf to keep the sheep?
[译文]: 你为什么要引狼入室？
General Introduction to Translation
expression）。
General Introduction to Translation
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
• 这类翻译标准或原则的共同特点是：翻译既要“忠实”又要 “通顺”，即译文必须既要考虑到原作者又要考虑到译文的 读者。
• 所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。译者必须把原作的内 容完整而准确地表达出来，不得有任何篡改、歪曲、遗漏阉 割或任意增删的现象。其次还应保持原作的风格——即原作 的民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。 译者对原作的风格不能任意破坏和改变，不能以译者的风格 代替原作的风格。
英汉汉英翻译实训教程
以作者和读者为取向
Chapter One
十八世纪末的英国学者亚历山大·泰特勒（Alexander Fraser Tytler,1747-1814）在《论翻译的原则》（Essay on the Principles of Translation）一书中提出了著名的翻译三 原则：
英语口译基础教程-Unit-1-Introduction
KI=KL+EK+S (P+AP) 译员应该掌握的知识 =双语知识+百科知识 +技能(职业 口译技能 +艺术表达技能 )
– KI=Knowledge Required for an Interpreter – KL=Knowledge for language – EK=Encyclopedic Knowledge – S (P+AP)=Professional Interpreting Skills and
By ways: one-way interpreting 单向口译 two-way interpreting 双向口译
9
2021/3/11
Types of interpreting
By contents: guide interpreting 导游口译 ceremony interpreting 礼仪口译 information interpreting 宣传口译 conference interpreting 会议口译 negotiation interpreting 谈判口译
美 经 中美合企 2年 I 说 dif@bus. man. 中← →美// we 更 直 率 比 中←不同文传// I x 我 bus. ++ 毕 有 + & - @both // 近年 美企exe. 强: hu 中管//
13
2021/3/11
Example 2: How do you interpret?
今晚，我们很高兴在北京大学再次接待我们的老朋友格林博士和夫人。 /我代表学校的全体师生员工向格林博士和夫人及其他新西兰贵宾表示热 烈的欢迎。//
我相信格林博士这次对我校的访问，必将为进一步加强两校的友好合 作关系作出重要的贡献。//
英语口译基础教程Unit1Introdu
01
Introduction to Interpretation
Definition of Interpretation
It involves comprehending the exact meaning and intention of the source language and expressing it in the target language with accuracy and fluency
Executive Interpretation
The interpreter translates the spooked words of the source language after they have been delivered, either note taking or without notes
Standards for Interpretation
Accuracy
The interpreter must accurately translate the source language into the target language, ensuring that the meaning and intention are fully conveyed.
The interpreter needs to have a good memory to store and recall information during the interpretation process
Language conversion skills
Language comprehension
英语翻译大概介绍
The process of translation consists of five links:
Author of the source text
Source text Translator
Target text
Readers of the target text
广义的翻译： （1）语际翻译（interlingual translation）：语言与
A: What does your watch say? B: It says “five past three”.
B—符际翻译(intersemiotic translation)
翻译是一门科学：语言之间的转换涉及两种语言 的内在规律和相互联系，因而具有独特的科学规 律性。
翻译是一门艺术：译者采用各自独特的翻译方法， 灵活地、创造性地对原文进行移植、重塑、再造 和复归，故翻译是一种艺术性的重构活动与再现 活动。
子曰：“学而时习之，不亦悦乎！有朋自远方来， 不亦乐乎！人不知而不愠，不亦君子乎！”
译文一：孔子说： “学习了而时常温习，不也高兴 吗？有朋友从远方来，不也快乐吗？别人不了解 我，我并不怨恨，不也是君子吗？”（徐志刚 译）
译文二：The Master said, “To learn and at due times to repeat what one has learnt, is that not after all a pleasure? That friends should come to one from afar, is this not after all a delightful? To remian unsoured even though one’s merits are unrecognized by others, is that not after all what is expected of a gentleman?” (Waley 译）
英汉互译第一章
32
7）对联 静坐常思己过, 闲谈莫说人非。 Think of your own faults when speechless sitting. Never refer to others’ demerits while chattering.
Morning after morning I don't see the sun,
Year after year, not a sign of spring.
▪
21
▪ Long, long the pathway to Cold Hill; Drear, drear the waterside so chill. Chirp, chirp, I often hear the bird; Mute, mute, nobody says a word. Gust by gust winds caress my face; Flake on flake snow covers all trace. From day to day the sun won't shine; From year to year no spring is mine.
----Peter Newmark, A Textbook Of Translation
4
“Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, firstly in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”
Unit 1 Introduction
IV Principles or criteria of translation
• 严复：信 达 雅 信 faithfulness 达 expressiveness 雅 elegance
IV Principles or criteria of translation
钱钟书:化境论 “transmigration theory” 傅雷: “形似”,“神似”说
I The history of translation in China
二、明朝至五四运动时期 徐光启和意大利人利玛窦合作，译了欧几里得的《几 何原本》、《测量法义》等。 严复所译作品多系西方政治经济学说，翻译《天演 论》、亚当斯密的《原富》、孟德斯鸠的《法意》等。严 氏选材严谨，态度认真，提出的翻译标准“信、达、雅”， 对我国翻译事业作出了重要贡献。 林纾采取与他人合作的方式，译了一百六十多部文学 作品，著名的译作有《巴黎茶花女遗事》、《黑奴吁天录》 等。
• X Literal translation
• • • • • • • black tea bull’s eye Lie on one’s back The milky way It is an old and ragged moon. Cast pearls before swine Wish you god speed Last night I heard him driving his pigs to the market. • After so much bad blood between us, how generous can I expect him to be?
II Important role of translation
• Good examples:
大学英语教材1全文翻译
大学英语教材1全文翻译Unit 1: Introduction to EnglishEnglish is an international language that is widely spoken and understood across the globe. It is important to study English as it serves as a means of communication with people from different cultures. In this unit, we will delve deeper into the basics of the English language.Chapter 1: The Sounds of English1.1 Vowels and ConsonantsEnglish consists of both vowels and consonants. Vowels are voiced sounds produced with an open vocal tract, while consonants involve some form of constriction or closure. The pronunciation of English words heavily relies on these sounds.1.2 Stress and IntonationStress refers to the emphasis placed on certain syllables or words within a sentence. This plays a crucial role in conveying meaning and expressing emotions. Intonation, on the other hand, is the rise and fall of the voice while speaking.Chapter 2: Grammar and Sentence Structure2.1 Parts of SpeechEnglish comprises various parts of speech, including nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, prepositions, and conjunctions.Understanding their roles in a sentence is essential for constructing grammatically correct sentences.2.2 Sentence TypesEnglish sentences can be categorized into four types: declarative, interrogative, imperative, and exclamatory. Each type conveys a different mood or purpose. Through exercises and activities, students will learn howto form and identify these sentence types.Chapter 3: Vocabulary and Word Usage3.1 Word FormationEnglish words can be formed through various processes such as affixation, conversion, compound formation, and blending. This chapter explores the different strategies for building vocabulary.3.2 Collocations and Idiomatic ExpressionsCollocations are combinations of words that are frequently used together, while idiomatic expressions are phrases with figurative meanings that cannot be inferred from individual words. Learning collocations and idioms enhances students' language proficiency and fluency.Unit 2: Reading and ComprehensionChapter 1: Reading StrategiesThis chapter introduces effective reading strategies such as skimming, scanning, and predicting. These skills enable students to extract important information quickly and comprehend texts more efficiently.Chapter 2: Context CluesContext clues are words or phrases surrounding an unfamiliar word that provide hints for its meaning. Understanding how to use context clues empowers students to infer the meaning of unknown words while reading.Chapter 3: Reading Comprehension SkillsDeveloping reading comprehension skills is essential for understanding texts at various levels of complexity. Students will learn techniques such as summarizing, synthesizing, and evaluating information.Unit 3: WritingChapter 1: The Writing ProcessWriting involves a series of steps, including prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, and publishing. This chapter guides students through each stage, providing tips on generating ideas, organizing content, and polishing their final drafts.Chapter 2: Paragraph StructureA well-structured paragraph consists of a clear topic sentence, supporting sentences, and a concluding sentence. This chapter teaches students how to construct coherent and cohesive paragraphs.Chapter 3: Essay WritingFrom persuasive essays to descriptive essays, this chapter covers various essay types and provides guidelines on writing effective introductions, body paragraphs, and conclusions. Students will also learn how to incorporate evidence and develop their arguments.以上是大学英语教材1的全文翻译，希望对您有所帮助。
大学英语教材1课文翻译
大学英语教材1课文翻译Unit 1: Introduction to EnglishLesson 1: GreetingsGreetings are the way we express goodwill when we meet or welcome someone. They are an important part of social interaction and can vary across cultures.In English-speaking countries, common greetings include "Good morning," "Good afternoon," and "Good evening." These greetings are often accompanied by a friendly smile and a firm handshake. Additionally, asking "How are you?" is a customary way to show interest in the other person's well-being.In formal situations, such as meetings or professional settings, greetings are more formal and may consist of a simple nod or a slight bow. It is important to maintain proper etiquette and show respect towards others.Understanding the appropriate greetings in different scenarios is crucial to effective communication. In English, it is considered polite to greet people when entering a room or starting a conversation. Failure to do so may be seen as impolite or rude.Furthermore, greetings may vary based on the time of day. For instance, "Good morning" is used before noon, while "Good afternoon" is suitable for the period between noon and sunset. "Good evening" is used after sunset and is typically used as a parting phrase.Learning greetings is one of the first steps in mastering a language. It not only helps you initiate conversations but also portrays your interest in others. By understanding and using appropriate greetings, you can create a positive impression and build rapport with people from different backgrounds.In conclusion, greetings play a significant role in social interactions and communication. They reflect cultural norms and contribute to establishing connections. Regardless of the language, greetings serve as a bridge between individuals, fostering mutual understanding and respect.。
[英语学习]英汉互译实践与技巧
![[英语学习]英汉互译实践与技巧](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/be731d31a8114431b90dd8ae.png)
• One afternoon I heard lmelda and her daughter arguing in the kitchen. Her daughter had quarrelled with her husband's parents, and lmelda was insisting that she apologize to them. Her daughter objected. "But, Mama, I just can't swallow them, not even with honey. They talk so big until we need something; then they're too poor. So today when they wouldn't even lend enough to pay for a new bed, all I did was say something that I've heard you say a hundred times:' If so grand, why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?' • 一天下午我听见伊美达在厨房教训女儿。她女儿跟公公婆 婆吵了架，伊美达坚持要女儿回去跟公公婆婆道歉，可是 女儿不从。“只是，妈妈，我咽不下这口气，拌蜂蜜咽都 咽不下。平时他们他们说大话，真要他们用钱时却穷得不 得了。所以今天向他们借钱买张新床他们都不借时，我就 说了句听你说过一百遍的话，“既然这么阔气，何必叫穷？ 既然这么穷酸，何必摆阔？”
• Unit 1 Introduction
• What Is Translation? • Translation is a rendering（转化） from one language into another, i. e. , the faithful representation（再现） in one language of what is written or said in another language. • 什么叫翻译？ • 翻译就是把一种语言的内容转化成另一种 语言的同一内容，也就是说，翻译就是在 一种语言中忠实地再现在另外一种语言中 所写或者所述的内容。
《 英汉互译(一)》第1课教案
广西师范学院《英汉互译（一）》课程教案编号: 15-1 开课单位：外语系授课教研室：翻译写作课程名称：《英汉互译（一）》授课教师：唐旭光教材：《新编英汉互译教程》，授课对象：06级英语专业2、3、5班《英汉互译（一）》第一讲翻译简论与主要翻译方法（A Brief Discussion of Translation and Major Translation Approaches）1. IntroductionTranslation studies started along with translation practice. Translation theories developed flourishingly in the 20th century, especially in the second half of the last century.In fact, translation, which is a very complex phenomenon, is related to different disciplines, such as linguistics, psychology, sociology, cultural anthropology, communication theory, literary criticism, aesthetics, and semiotics. As translation study is a cross-discipline and cross-culture subject involving many aspects of human knowledge, the lack of a fully acceptable theory of translation should not come as a surprise. Meanwhile, quite a number of translation approaches and strategies have become universally acceptable and widely applicable. They are, of course, the fruits of many translation theorists and translation practitioners at home and abroad.2.The Origin of TranslationLanguage makes it possible for people to communicate with one another freely so as to complete important tasks in human life. Translation makes it possible for people from different languages to communicate with one another so as to complete important tasks in their life.Theodore Savory points out, “Translation is almost as old as original authorship and has a history as honorable and as complex as that of any other branch of literature”(申雨平, 2002:4).In Zhou Dynasty there were different forms of address for translators in different places. “Translators are called Ji in the east, Xiang in the south, Didi in the west, andYi in the north(东方曰寄，南方曰象，西方曰狄鞮，北方曰译)”（陈福康, 2000:3）.3. Function of TranslationIt has helped people to better communicate with one another, and in the mean time it has facilitated the development of culture and civilization of all nations, such as the Sutra translation （佛经翻译）in China and the Bible translation in Western countries.Actually, translation, as a means to bridge different cultures, has been playing a very important role in promoting global economic and cultural development, and China in particular benefits a great deal from translation, which is obvious to all.4. Nature of translationOne school of theorists maintain that any interpretation is translation. Translation thus defined includes intra-lingual rewording（语言内的重新措辞）, inter-lingual （语言之间的翻译或语际翻译）translation and inter-semiotic transmutation（符号转换）.But most scholars who are interested in translation maintain that translation is a communicative activity which entails a most adequate or identical reproduction in a target language of a written message or text in a source language.5. Definition of translation in our textbook as follows: Translation or translating is a communicative activity or dynamic process in which the translator makes great effort to thoroughly comprehend a written message or text in the source language and works very hard to achieve an adequate or an almost identical reproduction in the target language version of the written source language message or text. In terms of its nature or character, translation is both an art and a science as well, since it calls for a good command of at least two languages, a flexible application of their rules, and some knowledge of at least two cultures, as well as a good grasp of the necessary translation theories.6. Other scholars’ viewpoints about the translation1). The traditional viewpoint about the nature of translation is that translation is an art only. This viewpoint is still maintained by Xu Yuanchong（许渊冲）, a well-known professor at Beijing University, and a few other scholars.2). Professor Liu Zhongde vigorously advocates that translation is a science as well as an art mainly because of the following reasons:Firstly, like any other art and science, translation requires a good grasp and a flexible use of the necessary specialized knowledge and skills.Secondly, like any other art and science, translation calls for independent, honest and creative effort.Thirdly, just like any other art and science, translation demands that the translator be very careful about and highly responsible for his or her work.7. Principle for translationThe 13 statements on page 81). A translation must reproduce the words of the SLT(Source Language Text).2). A translation must reproduce the ideas (meaning) of the SLT.3). A translation should read like an original work.4). A translation should read like a translation.5). A translation should reflect the style of the original.6). A translation should possess the style of the translator.7). A translation should retain the historical stylistic dimension of the SLT.8). A translation should read as a contemporary piece of literature.9). A translation may add to or omit from the original.10). A translation may never add to or omit from the original.11). A translation should let the readers of the SLT and the target language text (TLT) have essentially the same response.12). A translation should convey what the SLT author intends to convey.13). A translation should satisfy the need of the client.Evidently, though each of the above statements is right in a certain sense, yet it is not adequate or comprehensive enough to serve as a translation principle. Some of the principles proposed by various translation theorists can find their expression in the statements given above. Interlinear translation is an illustration of the first statement. Yan Fu’s three-character principle can be a combination of statements 2, 3 and 6. Nida’s functional equivalence is best express ed in statement 11.8. Yan Fu’s Considerations for translation?Strictly speaking, a translation theory in its true sense in China originated from Yan Fu(严复). He proposed the famous triple principle for translation, namely, faithfulness(信), expressiveness(达) and elegance(雅).1). His faithfulness means that the translated text should be faithful to the original text, ie, the version should keep the content or ideas of the original.2). His expressiveness means that the translated text should be expressive and coherent without anything awkward. In other words, his expressiveness requires that the version should be fluid, smooth, and easy to read and understand.3). His elegance demands that the translated text should be exquisite and that its style ought to be very graceful.9. Professor Liu Zhongde argues against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original styleHe argued eloquently against “elegance” as a principle for translation of the original style. We all know that not all works are characterized by the elegant style. Different writers display different styles. For instance, Lenin wrote in a bold style, and Hemingway wrote in a simple, symbolic style. Even the same writer shows different styles on different occasions for different purposes. Naturally, different works demonstrate different styles. Thus, it is impossible & absolutely wrong to achieve the effect of elegance in the translated text if the style of the original is not elegant.10. The compiler of the textbook in favor of “closeness”1). We are in favor of Professor Liu’s triple translation principle. He changed Yan Fu’s “elegance” into “closeness”, which represents his contribution to the translation theory. His “closeness” is central in meaning. It is suitable for translation of all types of texts with different styles.2). If the original text is characterized by the elegant style, the translator should do his utmost to render it into a graceful text in the target language whose style is close to the original elegant style.If the original style is highly technical with a wealth of technical terms, thetranslator ought to employ plenty of corresponding technical terms in the target language and make the translated style as close to the original technical style as possible.3). If the original style is colloquial with a lot of informal words and colloquial sentences, the translator should translate it into a text with an informal style as close as possible to the original one by using many colloquial words and informal sentences.If the original style is ornate, the translator should follow suit and make effort to render the translated style as close to the original as possible.If the original text contains some vulgar words and sentences, the translator is not entitled to replace them with elegant words or sentences, and he should reproduce the original by using some corresponding vulgar words and sentences in the receptor language. Translators are duty-bound to do so, for the simple reason that they are translators.4). As we know, Yan Fu’s triple translation principle is highly concise and well rhymed and quite easy to learn by heart, which is one of the reasons why it is still very popular in China today.Professor Liu’s triple principle is similar to Yan Fu’s in that it is equally concise and easy to remember.Though Professor Liu’s triple principle is n ot rhymed, yet it is very forceful and impressive, for the Chinese character “切” is uttered in the falling tone, carrying the implication that faithfully conveying the original style or rendering the translated style as close to the original as possible is absolutely necessary and worth the translator’s great effort.11. Nida’s principle for translationEugene A. Nida and Taber stated emphatically (1969:12): “Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalence of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style”.His dynamic equivalence is defined as a translation principle, according to which the translator seeks to translate the meaning of the original in such a way that the target language text wording will produce the same impact on the target text audience as the original wording does upon the source text audience. Later on, Nida changed “dynamic equivalence” into “functional equivalence”, because it seemed much more satisfactory to use the expression “functional equivalence” in describing the degree of adequacy of a translation.12. The literal translation approachProfessor Liu Zhongde (1994: 172) defines literal translation as follows: “In the process of translation, literal translation treats sentences as basic units and at the same time takes the whole passage into consideration; a translator who attaches great importance to literal translation does his or her best to reproduce the ideas and writing style of the original work, retaining in the version as many rhetorical devices and sentence structures of the original as possible.”ExamplesHe is said to be a rough diamond.人们说他是一块浑金璞玉。
人教版九年级英语单词英汉互译检测
九年级英语单词Unit 1 How can we become good learners1.textbook /tekstbuk/ n.2.conversation /kɔnvəs eɪʃn/, n.3.aloud /əlaud/ adv.4.pronunciation /prənʌnsieIʃn/ n.5.sentence /sentəns/ n.6.patient /peiʃnt/ adj. n.7.expression /ikspreʃn/ n.8.discover /dIskʌvə (r)/ v.9.secret /si:krət/ n. ；adj. ；10.look up11.grammar /græmə (r)/ n.12.repeat /ripi:t/ v.13.note /nəut/ n. v.14.pal /pæl/ n.15.physics /fiziks/ n.16.chemistry /kemistri/ n.17.memorize v.18.pattern /pætn/, /pætən/ n.19.pronounce /prənauns/ v.20.increase /Inkri:s/ v.21.speed /spi:d/ n.22.partner /pa:(r)tnə (r)/ n.23.born n. adj.24.be born with25.ability /əbiləti/ n.26.create27.brain /brein/ n.28.active /æktiv/ adj. 29.attention /ətenʃn/ n.30.pay attention to31.connect /kənekt/ v.32.connect … with33.overnight /əuvə (r)nait/adv.34.review /rivju:/ v. & n.35.knowledge /nɔlidʒ/, n.36.lifelong adj.37.wisely /waizli/ adv.Unit 2 I think that mooncakes are delicious!38.mooncake n.ntern /læntə (r)n/ n.40.stranger /streindʒə (r)/ n.41.relative /relətiv/ n.42.put on43.pound /paund/ n. ；44.folk /fəul k/ adj.45.goddess /gɔdes/ n.46.whoever n.47.steal /sti:l/ v. (stole /stəu l/, stolen /stəu lən/)y /lei/ v. (laid /leid/, laid)y out50.dessert /di’zə:(r)t/ n51.garden /ga:(r)dn/ n.52.tradition n.53.admire /ədmaiə (r)/ v.54.tie /tai/ n. v.55.haunted /hɔ:ntid/ a.56.ghost /gəu st/ n.57.trick /trik/ n.58.treat /tri:t/ n. v.59.spider /spaidər)/ n.60.Christmas /krisməs/n.61.lie /laI/ v. (lay /leI/, lain /leIn/)62.novel /nɔvl/, /na:vl/ n.63.eve /i:v/ n64.dead /ded/ adj.65.business /biznəs/ n.66.punish /pʌnis/ v.67.warn /wɔ:(r)n/ v.68.end up69.present /preznt/ n. adj.70.warmth /wɔ:(r)mθ/ n.71.spread /spred/ v. n.Macao /məkau/ 澳门Chiang Mai /tʃiæn maI/, /dʒa:nmaI/ 清迈（泰城市）Water Festival 泼水节Mid-Autumn中秋节Mother’s Day 母亲节Father’s Day 父亲节Halloween /hæləu i:n/ 万圣节前夕A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》（小说明）Easter 复活节Unit 3 Could you please tell me where the restrooms are?72.restroom /restru:m/ n.73.stamp /stæmp/ n.74.bookstore n.75.beside prep.76.postcard /pəu stka:(r)d/ n.77.pardon /pa:(r)dn/ interj.78.washroom /wɔʃru:m/, n.79.bathroom /ba:θru:m/ n.80.normally adv. 81.rush /rʌʃ/ v. & n.82.suggest /sədʒest/ v.83.pass by84.staff /sta:f/ n.85.grape /greip/ n.86.central /sentrəl/ adj.87.nearby adj. adv.88.pardon me89.mail /meil/ v. n.90.east /i:st/ adj. adv. n.91.fascinating /fæsineitiŋ/ a.92.inexpensive adj.93.uncrowded adj.94.convenient /kənvi:niənt/ adj.95.mall /mɔ:l/ n.96.clerk /kla:k/, /kl3:rk/ n.97.corner /kɔ:(r)nə(r)/ n.98.politely /pəlaitli/ adv.99.request /rikwest/ n.100.direction /direkʃn, dairekʃn/ n.101.correct /kərekt/ adj.102.polite/pəlait/ ad j.103.direct /direkt, dairekt/ adj.104.speaker n.105.whom /hu:m/ pron.106.impolite adj.107.address /ədres/, / ædres/ n.108.underground adj. n.109.parking lot110.course n.Italian /Itæliən/ a意大利(人)的；意大利人;意大利语Unit 4 I used to be afraid of the dark.111.humorou /hju:mərəs/ a.112.silent /sailənt/ adj.113.helpful /helpfl/adj.114.from time to time115.score /skɔ:(r)/ n. & v.116.background /bækgraund/ n.117.interview /Intə (r)vju:/ v. n. n /eiʃn, / a. n.119.deal v.120.deal with121.shyness n.122.dare /deə/, /der/ v.123.crowd n.124.ton n.125.private /praivət/ adj.126.guard /ga:(r)d/ n. v. 127.require /rikwaiə(r)/ v.128.European /ju(ə)rəpi:ən/ adj.129.African adj.130.British /britiʃ/ adj.131.speech/spi:tʃ/ n.132.public n. adj.133.in public134.ant / ænt/ n.135.insect /insekt/ n.136.influence /influəns/ v. & n.137.seldom /seldəm/ adv.138.absent / æbsənt/ adj.139.fail /feil/ v.140.examination /igzæmineiʃn/ n.141.boarding /bɔ:(r)diŋ/ school142.in person143.exactly /igzæktli/ adv. 144.pride /praid/ n.145.take pride in146.proud /praud/ adj.147.be proud of148.general /dʒenrəl/ a. n. 149.introduction /intrədʌkʃn/ n.Unit 5 What are the shirts made of?150.chopstick /tʃɔpstik/n.151.coin /kɔin/n.152.fork /fɔ:k/n.153.blouse /blauz/ n.154.sliver /silvə/ n. adj. 155.glass /glas/ n.156.cotton /kɔtn/ n.157.steel /sti:l/ n.158.fair n.159.environmental adj.160.grass /gras/ n.161.leaf /li:f/ n（pl. leaves /li:vz/）n.162.produce /prədju:s/,v.163.widely /waidli/ adv.164.be known for165.process /prəu ses/, v.166.pack v.167.product /prɔdʌkt/ n.168.France /fra:ns/169.no matter170.local /ləu kl/ adj.171.brand /brænd/ n.172.avoid /əvɔi d/ v.173.handbag /hændbæg/ n.174.mobile /məu bail/, /məu bl/ a.175.everyday adj.176.boss n.177.Germany /dʒə:(r)məni/ n.178.surface /sə:(r)fis/ n.179.material /mətiəriəl/ n.180.traffic/træfik/ n.181.postman /pəu stmən/ n.182.cap /kæp/ n183.glove /glʌv/ n184.international /intə(r)næʃnəl/ adj. petitor /kəmpetitə(r)/ n.186.its /its/ adj.187.form /fɔ:(r)m/ n.188.clay /klei/ n.189.celebration n.190.balloon /bəlu:n/ n.191.paper cutting192.scissors /sizə(r)z/ n. (pl.)193.lively /laivli/ a.194.fairy /feəri/, /feri/ tale /teil/ n.195.historical adj.196.heat /hi:t/ n. v.197.polish /pɔliʃ/ v.plete /kəmpli:t/ v.Korea /kəri:ə/ 朝鲜；韩国Switzerland /switsə(r)lənd/ 瑞士San Francisco /sæn frənsiskəu/圣弗朗西斯科（旧金山，美国城市）Unit 6 When was it invented?199.heel /hi:l/ n.200.scoop /sku:p/ n. 201.electricity /ilektrisəti/ n.202.style/stail/ n.203.project /prədʒekt/ n.204.pleasure /pleʒə(r)/ n.205.zipper /zipə(r)/ n. (= zip)206.daily /deili/ adj.207.have a point208.website /websait/ n.209.pioneer /paiəniə/ n.210.list /list/ v. n.211.mention /menʃn/ v.212.accidental adj.213.by accident214.nearly /niəli/, /nirli/ adv.215.ruler n.216.boil /bɔi l/ v.217.remain v.218.smell /smel/ n. v.219.saint/seint/ n.220.national adj.221.trade n. v.222.take place223.doubt /daut/ n. v.224.without doubt225.fridge /fridʒ/ n.226.low adj.227.somebody/sʌmbədi/ pron. n. 228.translate /trænsleit/ v.229.lock /lɔk/, /la:k/ v.230.earthquake /ə:(r)θkweik/n.231.sudden /sʌdən/ adj.232.all of a sudden233.bell n.234.biscuit /biskit/ n.235.cookie/kuki/ n.236.musical adj.237.instrument /instrumənt/ n.238.crispy /krispi/ adj.239.salty adj.240.sour /sauə(r)/ adj.241.by mistake242.customer /kʌstəmə (r)/ n.243.the Olympics /əu limpiks/244.Canadian /kəneidiən/ a. /n.245.divide /divaid/ v.246.divide ... into247.basket /ba:skit/ n.248.popularity n.249.not only…but also…250.look up to251.hero /hiərəu/ n.252.professional /prəfeʃənl/ adj.Berlin /bə:lin/ 柏林（德国城市）NBA (National Basketball Association)国家篮球协会（美国职业篮球联赛）CBA (China Basketball Association)中国篮球协会（中国职业篮球联赛）Unit 7 Teenagers should be allowed to choose their own clothes.253.license /laIsns/n. (= licence)254.safety /seifti/ n.255.smoke /sməu k/ v. n.256.part-time adj.& adv.257.pierce /piəs/, /pirs/ v.258.earring /iəriŋ/ n.259.flash n. v. 260.tiny adj.261.cry /krai/ v. & n.262.field /fi:ld/ n.263.hug /hʌg/ n. & v.264.lift /lIft/ v. n.265.badly adv.266.talk back267.awful /ɔ:fl/ adj.268.teen /ti:n/ n.269.regret /rigret/ v.270.poem /pəui m/ n.munity /kəmju:nəti/ n.272.keep …away from273.chance /tʃa:ns/ n.274.make one’s own decisioncate /edʒukeit/ v.276.manage /mænidʒ/ v.277.society /səsaiəti/ n.278.get in the way of279.support /səpɔ:(r)t/ v. & n.280.enter /entə(r)/ v.281.choice n.Unit 8 It must belong to Carla.282.whose /hu:z/ adj. & pron.283.truck /trʌk/ n.284.picnic /piknik/ n.285.rabbit /ræbIt/ n.286.attend /ətend/ v.287.valuable /væljuəbl/ a.288.pink /pink/ adj. n. 289.anybody /enibədi/ pron.290.happening n.291.noise /nɔi z/ n.292.policeman /pəli:smən/ n.293.wolf /wulf/ n.294.uneasy adj.boratory /ləbɔrətri/ n.296.outdoors adv.297.coat /kəu t/ n.298.sleepy /sli:pi/ adj.nd v.300.alien /eiliən/ n.301.run after302.suit /sju:t/, /su:t/ n.303.express /ikspres/ v.304.at the same time305.circle /sə:(r)kl/ n. v. 306.Britain /britn/ n. (= Great Britain) 307.mystery /mistri/ n.308.receive /risi:v/ v.309.hstorian n.310.leader /li:də (r)/ n.311.midsummer /mIidsmə(r)/ n.312.medical /medikl/ adj.313.puepose n.314.prevent /privent/ v.315.energy /enə(r)dʒi/ n.316.position /pəziʃn/ n.317.burial /beriəl/ n.318.honor /ɔnə/ (= honour) v. n. 319.ancestor /ænsestə(r)/ n.320.victory /viktəri/ n.321.enemy /enəmi/ n.322.period /piəriəd/ n.323.hard-working adj. Stonehenge /stəu nhendʒ/ 巨石阵Unit 9 I like music that I can dance to.324.prefer /prifə:(r)/ v.325.Lyrics /liriks/ n. (pl.)326.Australian /ɔstreiliən/ a. n. 327.electronic /ilektrɔnik/ a.328.suppose /səpəu z/ v.329.smooth /smu:ð/ / adj.330.spare /speə / adj.331.director /direktə/ n.332.case /keIs/ n.333.in that case334.war /wɔ:(r)/ n.335.stick v.336.stick to337.down adj.338.dialog(-dialogue) adj.339.ending n.340.documentary /dɔkjumentri/ n.341.drama /dra:mə/ n.342.plenty /plenti/ pron.343.plenty of344.shut /ʃʌt/ v. (shut, shut)345.shut off346.superhero /su:pə(r)hiərəu/ n.347.once in a while348.intelligent /intelIdʒənt/ a.349.sense /sens/ v. n.350.sadness n.351.pain /pein/ n.352.horror /hɔrə/ n.353.reflect /riflekt/ v.354.perform /pə (r)fɔ:(r)m/ v.355.lifetime n.356.pity /piti/ n.357.total /təu tl/ n. a.358.in total359.master /ma:stə / n. v.360.praise /preiz/ v. & n.361.recall /rikɔ:l/ v.362.wound /wu:nd/ n.363.painful adj.World War II 二战Titanic /taitænik/ 《泰坦尼克号》（电影名）Unit 10 You're supposed to shake hands.364.custom /kʌstəm/ n.365.bow /bau v.366.kiss /kis/ v. & n.367.greet /gri:t/ v.368.relaxed adj.369.value /vælju:/ v. n.370.drop by371.capital /kæpitl/ n.372.after all373.noon /nu:n/ n.374.mad /mæd/ adj.375.get mad376.effort n.377.make an effort378.passport /pa:spɔ:t / n.379.clean…off380.chalk /tʃɔ:k/ n.381.blackboard /blækbɔ:(r)d/ n. 382.northern /nɔ:(r)ð(r)n/ adj.383.coast /kəu st/ n.384.season /si:zn/ n.385.knock /nɔk/ v.386.eastern /i:stə (r)n/ adj.387.take off388.worth /wə:(r)θ/ adj.389.manner /mænə(r)/ n.390.empty /empti/ adj.391.basic /beisik/ adj.392.exchange /ikstʃeindʒ/ n. & v.393.go out of one’s way394.make ... feel at home395.teenage adj.396.granddaughter /grændɔ:tə(r)/ n.397.behave /biheiv/ v.398.except /iksept/ prep. conj. 399.elbow /elbəu/ n.400.gradually /grædʒuəli/ adv.401.get used to .402.suggestion /sədʒestʃən/ n.Brazil /brəzil/ 巴西Mexico /meksikəu/ 墨西哥Cali /ka:li/ 卡利（哥伦比亚城市）Colombia /kəlʌmbiə/ 哥伦比亚（南美洲国家）Lausanne /ləu zæn/ 洛桑（瑞士城市）Norway /nɔ:(r)wei 挪威Unit 11 Sad movies make me cry.403.rather /ra: ð/ə/ adv.404.rather than405.drive406.drive sb crazy/mad 407.the more … the more… tely409.be friends with sb 410.leave out411.friendship /frendʃi p/ n. 412.king /kiŋ/ n.413.power /pauə(r)/ n. 414.prime /praim/ adj. 415.minister /ministə(r)/ n. 416.prime minister417.fame /feim/ n.418.pale /peil/ adj.419.queen /kwi:n/ n. 420.call in421.examine /igzæmin/ v 422.nor /nɔ:(r)/ conj. & adv. 423.neither ... nor424.palace /pæləs/ n. 425.wealth /welθ/ n. 426.to start with427.grey /grei/ a.428.lemon /lemən/ n. 429.uncomfortable adj. 430.weight /weit/ n.431.shoulder /ʃəuldə(r)/ n. 432.goal /gəul/ n.433.let…down434.coach /kəutʃ / n. 435.kick /kik/ v.436.kick sb. off437.be hard on sb438.teammate /ti:meit/ n. 439.courage /kʌridʒ / n. 440.rather than441.guy442.pull /pul/ v.443.pull together444.relief /rili:f/ n.445.nod /nɔd/ v.446.agreement /əgri:mənt/ n.447.fault /fɔ:lt/ n.448.disappoint /disəpɔi nt/ v.Unit 12 Life is full of the unexpected.449.unexpected /ʌnikspektid/ a.450.by the time451.backpack /bækpæk/ n.452.oversleep v.(overslept , overslept)453.ring v.454.give ... a lift455.block /blɔk / n.456.in line with457.worker /wə:(r)kə(r)/ n.458.stare /steə/ v.459.disbelief /disbili:f/ n.460.above /əbʌv/ adv. prep. 461.burn /bə:(r)n/ v. (burnt /bə:(r)nt/, burned /;burnt, burned)462.burning463.alive /əlaIv/adj.464.airport n.465.till /til/ conj. & prep.466.west /west/ adv. adj. n. 467.cream /kri:m/ n.468.workday n.469.pie /pai/ n.470.show up471.bean /bi:n/ n.472.market /ma:(r)kit/ n.473.by the end of474.fool n.475.costume /kɔstju:m/ n.476.embarrassed /imbærəst/ adj.477.costume party478.announce /ənauns/ v.479.spaghetti /spəgeti/ n.480.hoax /həu ks/ n.481.sell out482.discovery /diskʌvəri/ n.dy /leidi/ n.484.cancel /kænsl/ v.485.officer /ɔfisə/ n.486.believable /bili:vəbl/ adj.487.disappear v.488.embarrassing /imbærəsiŋ/ a.New Zealand /nju:zi:lənd/ 新西兰Italy /Itəli/ 意大利Unit 13 We're trying to save the earth!489.litter /litə(r)/ v. n.490.bottom /bɔtəm/n.491.fisherman /fiʃə(r)mən/ n.492.coal /kəu l/ n.493.ugly /ʌgli/ adj.494.advantage /ədva:ntidʒ/ n.495.cost /kɔst/, /kɔ:st/ v. n.496.wooden /wudn/ adj.497.plastic /plæstik/ adj. n.498.takeway n. 499.bin n.500.shark /ʃa:(r)k/ n.501.fin /fin/ n502.cruel /kru:əl/ adj.503.harmful /ha:(r)mfl/ adj.504.be harmful to505.at the top of506.chain /tʃein/ n.507.the food chain508.ecosystem /i:kəu sistəm/ n. 509.industry /indəstri/ n.w /lɔ:/ n.511.scientific adj.512.take part in513.afford /əfɔ:(r)d/ v.514.turn off515.reusable /ri:ju:zəbl/ adj.516.pay for517.take action518.transportation /t ænspɔ:(r)teiʃn/ n. 519.recycle /ri:saikl/ v.520.napkin /næpkin/ n.521.throw away522.put sth. to good use.523.pull…down524.upside down525.gate /geIt/ n.526.bottle /bɔtl/ n.527.president /prezidənt/ n.528.inspiration /inspəreiʃn/ n.529.iron n.530.work n.531.metal /metl/ n.532.bring back533.creativity /kri:eitivəti/ n.WildAid /waildeid/ 野生救援协会（美国WWF (World Wide Fund For Nature) 世界自然基金会Unit 14 I remember meeting all of you in Grade 7534.survey /sə:(r)vei/ n.535.standard /stændə(r)d/ n.536.row /rəu/ n.537.in a row538.keyboard /ki:bɔ:(r)d/ n.539.method /meθəd/ n.540.instruction /instrʌkʃn/ n.541.double /dʌbl/ v. adj.542.shall /ʃæl/ modal v.543.look back at544.overcome /əu və(r)kʌm/(overcame , overcome)v.545.make a mess546.graduate /grædʒueit/ v.547.keep one’s cool548.caring adj.549.ours /auə(r)z/ pron.550.senior /si:niə(r)/ a.551.senior high (school)552.text /tekst/ n.553.go by554.level /levl/ n.555.degree /digri:/ n556.manager /mænidʒə(r)/ n.557.believe in558.gentleman /dʒentlmən/ n. 559.graduation /grædʒueiʃn/ n.560.ceremony /serəməni/ n.561.first of all562.congratulate /kəngrætʃuleit/ v. 563.thirsty /θ3:(r)sti/ adj.564.be thirsty for565.thankful adj.566.be thankful to sbstly adv.568.task /ta:sk / n.569.ahead /əhed/ adv.570.ahead of571.along with572.responsible /rispɔnsəbl/ adj.573.be responsible for574.separate /sepəreit/ adj. v. 575.set out576.separate from577.wing /wiŋ/ n.九年级Unit1_____________n.教科书，课本_____________n.交谈，谈话_____________adv.大声地，出声地_____________v.发音，读音_____________n.句子_____________adj.有耐心的，n.病人_____________n.表情，表达方式_____________v.发现，发觉_____________n.秘密，秘诀_____________v.查阅，抬头看_____________v.语法_____________v.重复，重做_____________n.笔记，记录_____________n.朋友，伙伴_____________n.物理_____________n.化学_____________v.记忆，记住_____________n.模式，方式_____________n.发音_____________v.增加，增长_____________n.速度_____________n.搭档，同伴_____________adj.天生的_____________天生具有_____________n.能力，才能_____________v.创造，创建_____________n.大脑_____________adj.活跃的，积极的____________n.注意，关注_____________注意，关注（词组）_____________v.使连接，与…连接_____________使连接，与…连接（词组）_____________adv.一夜之间，在夜间_____________v.回顾，复习_____________n.知识，学问_____________adj.终身的，毕生的_____________adv.明智地，聪明地Unit2_____________n.月饼_____________n.灯笼_____________n.陌生人_____________n.亲属，亲戚_____________增加体重，发胖_____________n.英镑_____________adj.民间的，民俗的_____________n.女神____________pron.无论谁，不管什么人_____________v.偷_____________v.放置，产卵，下蛋_____________v.摆开，布置_____________n.甜点，甜食_____________n.花园，院子_____________n.传统_____________v.欣赏，仰慕_____________n.领带，v捆___________adj.有鬼魂出没的，闹鬼的_____________n.鬼，鬼魂_____________n.花招，把戏_____________v.宽带，招待，请客_____________n.蜘蛛_____________n.圣诞节_____________v.存在，平躺，处于_____________n.长篇小说_____________n.前夕，前夜_____________adj.死的，失去生命的_____________n.生意，商业_____________v.处罚，惩罚_____________v.警告，告诫_____________最终成为，最后处于___________n.现在，礼物，adj.现在的_____________n.温暖，暖和_____________v.传播，展开Unit3_____________n.洗手间，公共厕所_____________n.邮票，印章_____________n.书店_____________prep.在旁边，在附近_____________n.明信片_____________v.原谅_____________n.洗手间，厕所_____________n.浴室，洗手间_____________adv.通常，正常情况下_____________v&n仓促，急促_____________v.建议，提议_____________路过，经过_____________n.管理人员，职工_____________n.葡萄_____________adj.中心的，中央的_____________adj.附近的，邻近的_____________对不起，再说一遍_____________v.邮寄，发电子邮件，n邮件，信件_____________adj.东方的，东部的___________adj.迷人的，极有吸引力的_____________adj.不昂贵的_____________adj.不拥挤的，人少的_____________adj.便利的，方便的_____________n.商场，购物中心_____________n.职员_____________n.拐角，角落_____________adv.礼貌地，客气地_____________n&v要求，请求_____________n.方向，方位_____________adj.正确的，恰当的_____________adj.有礼貌的，客气的_____________adj.直接的，直率的_____________n.发言者_____________pron.谁（宾格）_____________adj.不礼貌的，粗鲁的_____________n.住址，地址_____________adj.地下的，n地铁_____________停车场，停车区_____________n.课程，学科____________adj.意大利的，n.意大利人，意大利语Unit4_________adj.有幽默感的，滑稽有趣的_____________adj.不说话的，沉默的_____________adj.有用的，有帮助的_____________时常，有时_____________n&v.得分，进球_____________n.背景_____________n.采访，v.面试_________adj.亚洲（人）的，n.亚洲人_____________v.对付，对待_____________应对，处理_____________n.害羞，腼腆_____________v.敢于，胆敢_____________n.人群，观众_____________n.大量，许多_____________adj.私人的，私密的____________n.警卫，看守，v.守卫，保卫_____________v.需要，要求_____________adj.欧洲（人）的，n.欧洲人_____________adj.非洲（人）的，n.非洲人_____________adj.英国（人）的_____________n.讲话，发言_________n.民众，adj.公开的，公众的_____________公开的，在别人（尤指生人）面前_____________n.蚂蚁_____________n.昆虫_____________adv.不常，很少_____________v&n.影响，_____________adj.缺席，不在_____________v.不及格，失败，未能（做到）_____________n.考试，审查_____________寄宿学校_____________亲身，亲自_____________adv.确切地，精确地_____________n.自豪，骄傲_____________为…感到自豪_____________adj.自豪的，骄傲的_____________为…骄傲，感到自豪_____________adj.总的，普遍的，常规的，n.将军_____________n.介绍Unit5_____________n.筷子_____________n.硬币_____________n.餐叉，叉子_____________n.（女式）短上衣，衬衫_____________n.银，银器，银色的_____________n.玻璃_____________n.棉，棉花_____________n.钢，钢铁_____________n.展览会，交易会_____________adj.自然环境的，有关环境的_____________n.草，草地_____________n.叶，叶子_____________v.生产，制造，出产_____________adv.广泛地，普遍地_____________以…闻名，为人知晓_____________v.加工，处理，n过程_____________v.包装，装箱_____________n.产品，制品_____________n.法国_____________无论_____________adj.当地的，本地的_____________n.品牌，牌子_____________v.避免，回避_____________n.小手提包_____________adj.可移动的，非固定的_____________adj.每天的，日常的_____________n.老板，上司_____________n.德国_____________n.表层，表面_____________n.材料，原料_____________n.交通，路上行驶的车辆_____________n.邮递员_____________n.（尤指有帽舌的）帽子_____________n.（分手指的）手套_____________adj.国际的_____________n.参赛者，竞争者_____________adj.它的_____________n.形式，类型_____________n.粘土，陶土_____________n.庆典，庆祝活动_____________n.气球_____________n.剪纸_____________n.剪刀_____________adj.生气勃勃的，色彩鲜艳的_____________n.童话故事_____________adj.（有关）历史的_____________n.热，高温，v加热_____________v.磨光，修改，润色_____________v.完成Unit6_____________n.跟；足跟_____________n.铲子_____________n.电；电能_____________n.样式；款式_____________n.项目，工程_____________n.高兴，愉快_____________n.拉链；拉锁_____________adj日常的_____________有道理_____________n.网站_____________n.先锋；先驱_____________n.列表；v清单_____________v.提到；说到_____________adj.意外的，偶然的_____________偶然；意外地(词组)_____________adv差不多_____________n.统治者；支配者_____________v.煮沸；烧开_____________v.保持不变；剩余_____________n.气味，v出…气味；闻到_____________n.圣人；圣徒_____________adj.国家的；名族的_____________n.贸易；交易v.做买卖；从事贸易_____________发生；出现（词组）_____________n.疑惑；疑问v.怀疑_____________毫无疑问；的确（词组）_____________n.冰箱_____________adj.低的；矮的_____________n.某人；重要人物_____________v.翻译_____________v.锁上；锁住；n锁_____________n.地震_____________突然；猛地（词组）_____________n.钟（声）；铃（声）_____________n.饼干_____________n.曲奇饼_____________adj.音乐的；有音乐天赋的_____________n.器械；仪器；工具_____________adj.脆的；酥脆的_____________adj.咸的_____________adj.酸的；有酸味的_____________adj.错误的；无意的_____________n.顾客；客户_____________奥林奇克运动会__________adj.加拿大的；加拿大人的；n加拿大人_____________v.分开；分散_____________把…分开（词组）_____________n.篮；筐_____________n.受欢迎；普及_____________不但…而且…（词组）_____________钦佩；仰慕（词组）_____________n.英雄；男主角_____________adj.职业的；专业的Unit7_____________n.证；证件_____________n.安全；安全性_____________v.吸烟；冒烟n.烟_____________adj.兼职的_____________v.扎；刺破；穿透_____________n.耳环；耳饰_____________n.闪光灯；闪光；V.闪耀；闪光_____________adj.极小的；微小的_____________v.哭；叫喊_____________n.田野；场地_____________n&v.拥抱；搂抱_____________v.举起；抬高n.电梯；搭便车_____________adj.严重的；差；非常_____________v.回嘴；顶嘴_____________adj.很坏的；讨厌的_____________n.（13至19岁之间的）青年_____________v&n.感到遗憾；懊悔_____________n.诗；韵文_____________n.社区；社团_____________v.避免接近；远离_____________n.机会；可能性_____________自己做决定（词组）_____________v.教育；教导____________v.完成（困难的事）；应付（困难局面）_____________n.社会_____________挡……的路；妨碍（词组）_____________v&n.支持_____________v.进来；进去_____________n.选择；挑选Unit8_____________adj&pron.谁的_____________n.卡车；货车_____________n.兔；野兔_____________v.出席；参加_____________adj.贵重的；很有用的；宝贵的_____________adj.粉红色的n.粉红色_____________pron.任何人_____________n事件，发生的事（常指不寻常的）_____________n.声音；噪音_____________n.男警察_____________n.狼_____________adj.担心的；不安的_____________n.实验室_____________adv.在户外；在野外_____________n.外套；外衣_____________adj.困倦的；瞌睡的_____________v.着陆；降落_____________n.外星人_____________v.追逐；追赶_____________n.西服；套装；v.适合_____________v.表示；表达_____________同时；一起（词组）_____________n.圆圈；v.圈出_____________大不列颠_____________n.奥秘；神秘事物_____________v.接受；收到_____________n.历史学家；史学工作者_____________n.领导；领袖_____________n.仲夏；中夏_____________adj.医疗的；医学的_____________n.目的；目标_____________v.阻止；阻挠_____________n.力量；精力_____________n.位置；地方_____________n.埋葬；安葬_____________v.尊重；表示敬意；n.荣幸；荣誉_____________n.祖宗；祖先_____________n.胜利；成功_____________n.敌人；仇人_____________n.一段时间；时期_____________adj.工作努力的；辛勤的Unit9_____________v.更喜欢_____________n.歌词_____________adj.澳大利亚（人）的,n.澳大利亚人_____________adj.电子的；电子设备的_____________v.推断；料想_____________adj.悦耳的；平滑的_____________adj.空闲的；不用的；v.抽出；留出_____________n.导演；部门负责人_____________n.情况；实情_____________既然那样；假使那样的话（词组）_____________n.战争；战争状态_____________v.粘贴；将……刺入_____________坚持；固守（词组）_____________adj.悲哀；沮丧_____________n.对话；对白_____________n.结尾；结局_____________n.纪录片_____________n.戏；剧_____________pron.大量；众多_____________大量；充足（词组）_____________v.关闭；关上_____________关闭；停止运转（词组）_____________n.超级英雄_____________偶尔地；间或（词组）_____________adj有才智的，聪明的_____________v.感觉到，意识到，n.感觉，意识_____________n.悲伤，悲痛_____________n.痛苦，疼痛，苦恼_____________v.反映，映出_____________adj.动人的，令人感动的_____________v.表演，执行_____________n.一生，有生之年_____________n.遗憾，怜悯，v.同情_____________n.总数，合计，总的，全体的_____________总共，合计（词组）_____________n.大师，能手，主人，v.掌握_____________v.表扬，赞扬_____________v.回忆起，回想起_____________n.伤，伤口，v.使受伤，伤害_____________adj.令人痛苦的，令人疼痛的Unit10_____________n.风俗，习惯_____________v&n.鞠躬_____________v&n.亲吻，接吻_____________v.和…打招呼，迎接_____________adj.放松的，自在的_____________v.重视，珍视，n.价值_____________顺便拜访，随便进入（词组）_____________n.首都，国都_____________毕竟，终归（词组）_____________n.中午，中午_____________adj.很生气，疯的_____________大动肝火，气愤（词组）_____________n.努力，尽力_____________做出努力（词组）_____________n.护照_____________把…擦掉（词组）_____________n.粉笔_____________n.黑板_____________adj.北方的，北部的_____________n.海岸，海滨_____________n.季，季节_____________v.敲，击n.敲击声，敲击_____________adj.东方的，东部的_____________脱下（衣服），（飞机）起飞（词组）_____________adj.值得，有…价值的_____________n.方式，方法（pl）礼貌，礼仪_____________adj.空的，空洞的_____________adj.基本的，基础的_____________n&v.交换_____________特地，格外努力（词组）_____________使（某人）感到宾至如归（词组）_____________adj.十几岁的，青少年的_____________n.（外）孙女_____________v.表现，举止_____________prep.除…之外,conj.除了，只是_____________n.肘，胳膊_____________adv.逐步地，渐进地_____________习惯于（词组）_____________n.建议Unit11_____________adv.相当，相反_____________宁愿（词组）_____________v.迫使_____________使人发疯（词组）_____________越…越…（词组）_____________adv.最近，不久前_____________成为某人的朋友（词组）_____________忽略，不提及，不包括（词组）_____________n.友谊，友情_____________n.国王，君王_____________n.权力，力量_____________adj.首要的，基本的_____________n.大臣，部长_____________首相，大臣（词组）_____________n.银行家_____________n.名声，声誉_____________adj.苍白的，灰白的_____________n.王后，女王_____________召来，叫来（词组）_____________v.（仔细地）检查，检验_____________conj&adv.也不_____________既不…也不…（词组）_____________n.王宫，宫殿_____________n.财富_____________起初，开始时（词组）___________adj.（填空）阴沉的，昏暗的，灰色的_____________n.柠檬_____________adj.使人不舒服的，令人不舒适的_____________n.重量，分量_____________n.肩，肩膀_____________n.球门，射门，目标_____________使失望_____________n.教练，死人教师_____________v.踢，踹_____________开除某人（词组）_____________对某人苛刻，对某人要求严厉_____________adv. 而且_____________n.同队队员，队友_____________n.勇敢，勇气_____________而不是（词组）_____________n.家伙，伙计们_____________v.拉，拖_____________齐心协力，通力合作（词组）_____________n.轻松，解脱_____________v.点头_____________n.（意见或看法）一致，同意_____________n.过失，缺点_____________v.使失望Unit12_____________adj.出乎意料的，始料不及的_____________在…以前（词组）_____________n.背包，旅行包_____________v.睡过头，睡得太久_____________v.（钟，铃等）鸣，响_____________捎…一程（词组）_____________n.街区_____________（与…）成一排（词组）_____________n．工作者，工人_____________v.盯着看，凝视_____________n.不信，怀疑_____________prep.在…上面adv.在上面_____________v.着火，燃烧_____________adj.着火的，燃烧的_____________adj.活着，有生气的_____________n.机场_____________prep&conj.到，直到_____________adv.向西，朝西adj.西部的n.西方_____________n.奶油，奶酪_____________n.工作日_____________n.果馅派_____________赶到，露面（词组）_____________n.豆，豆荚_____________n.市场，集市_____________在（某时间点）以前（词组）_____________n.蠢人，傻瓜v.愚弄_____________n.（特定场合穿得）服装，装束。
新编商务英语口语第一册Unit1Introduction
Richard and his old classmateThere is a knock at the door. Mrs. White goes to open the door and sees a young man standing there with a colorful box in his lift hand.Hugh: Good afternoon. You must be Mrs. White.您肯定是怀特太太。
Mrs. White: Yes. And you are…Hugh: My name is Hugh Fox.我叫Hugh Fox。
I’m here to visit Richard. Is he in?Mrs. White: Yes, he is. Come in, please. Richard, your friend is here.Richard: Hi, Hugh.Hugh: Hi, Richard.Richard: I don’t thin k you’ve met my dad, Hugh. Hugh，我想你还没有见过我爸爸。
This is my dad. And Dad, this is my friend Hugh.这是我爸爸。
爸爸，这是我的朋友Hugh。
Hugh: How do you do, Mr. White? I’m glad to meet you.您好，怀特先生。
很高兴见到您。
Mr. White: Hello. I’m glad to meet you, too.你好。
也很高兴见到你。
Richard: And I think you’ve met my mom, haven’t you?Hugh: Yes. Nice to meet you, Mrs. White.很高兴见到您，怀特太太。
Mrs. White: Pleased to meet you, Hugh.很高兴见到你，Hugh。
英汉互译课后复习资料 L1
1 Definition of Translation (P1)In a broad sense:interlingual translation 语际翻译the process of transferring information from one languageinto another language.（不同种语言之间的转换）intralingual translation 语内翻译the process of transferring information between differentvarieties within a language（同种语言的不同变体之间的转换）varieties指语言的不同变体：比如历史变体（historical variety）、社会变体（social variety）、地域变体（regional variety）等intersemiotic translation 符际翻译the process of transferring information between linguistic symbolsand non-linguistic symbols（语言和非语言符号之间的转换）In a narrow sense： translation just refers to interlingual translation2 History of Translation2.1 History of Translation Research in China (P1-3)in the Xia Dynasty，material and spiritual exchanges based on translation began to emerge and developthe Zhou & Qin Dynasty，borrowed words started to show up, which demonstrated the further development of activities involving translation.the Eastern Han Dynasty，translation began to serve as an independent course or profession2.1.1 The First Climax (the Eastern Han Dynasty – the Northern Song orEarlier Song Dynasty ): Translation of the Buddhist Scriptures2.2.2 The Second Climax(the late Ming Dynasty – the Opium War):Translation of Bible, Science & Technology, Philosophy, Literature, etc.2.2.3 The Third Climax (the May 4th Movement – the foundation of thePeople’s Republic of China): Translation of Western Politics, Economy, trends of thought, Culture, etc.the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism, Marxism, etc2.2.4 The Fourth Climax (the foundation of the People’s Republic ofChina – the present): Translation of Overall Development and Rapid Progress2.2 History of Translation Research in the West (P3-6)2.2.1 Translation in the Ancient TimesThe First Climax (In the middle of the 3rd Century BC)The Second Climax (the 4th Century, AD - the 6th Century, AD)2.2.2 Translation in the Medieval TimesThe Third Climax (the 11th Century, AD - the 12th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the RenaissanceThe Fourth Climax (the 14th Century, AD - the 16th Century, AD)The Fifth Climax(the late 17th Century, AD - the early 20th Century, AD)2.2.3 Translation in the Modern TimesThe Sixth Climax (the Second World War – the present):3 Criteria of Translation3.1 Criteria of Translation in China (6-7)3.1.1 Controversy between “Form” and “Content”3.1.2 Focus on Accuracy as well as Easiness3.1.3 Faithfulness, fluency and Elegance3.1.4 Pursuit of Easiness and Consistency in Style3.2 Criteria of Translation in the West (7-9)3.2.1 Brief Introduction of the Western TheoriesP7: Marcus Tullius Cicero (马库斯·图留斯·西塞罗) (106 BC –43BC), a famous politician, speechmaker (演说家), rhetorician(雄辩家), legist (雄辩家) and philosopher (哲学家) during theperiod of ancient Rome, proposed the theory of “LiteralTranslation (直译) VS Free Translation (意译)”.P8: Irish scholar Alexander F. Tytler (泰特勒) proposed threeelements in Essay on the Principles of Translation:The translation should be a complete transcript of the ideas ofthe original work. (译文应与原文的思想完全相符)The style and manner of writing should be of the samecharacter with that of the original. (译文应与原文的风格及体裁相同)The translation should have all the ease of originalcomposition. (译文应与原作完全一样通顺自然)P8: Eugene Nida (尤金·奈达), a major founder of the moderntranslation theories as well as an excellent representative oftranslation practice, proposed “functional equivalence” (功能对等) based on “dynamic equivalence” (灵活对等) .One way of defining a D-E translation is to describe it as “the closest natural equivalent to the source-language message. This type of definition contains three essential terms 1) equivalent, which points toward the source-language, 2) natural, which points toward the receptor language, and 3) closest, which binds the two orientations together on the basis of the highest degree of approximation.”He animadverted on the traditional translation criteria focusing on the objective passage, and boldly raised a criterion that emphasizes on readers’ mental reaction ---- if the translated version can lead to the same mental reaction among its readers as that of the original readers’, then such translation is a success.3.2.2 Main Themes of the Western Translation (P9)Theme One: Translation based on Literature and ArtTheme Two: Translation based on Linguistic Theories(Structural Linguistics 结构语言学)3.3 Translation Criteria for English Teaching (P9-10)AccuracyFluencyStyle Consistency4 Approaches of Translation (P10)Literal Translation VS Free TranslationForm VS ContentFunctional Equivalence VS Formal CorrespondenceSource Language Oriented VS Target Language OrientedAuthor Centered VS Reader CenteredThe Purpose of the Writer VS The Purpose of the TranslatorExercise 1 (P30)1. There are many different understandings about translation. In abroad sense, translation includes , and .2. refers to the process of transferring information fromone language into another language.3. refers to the process of transferring informationbetween different varieties within a language.4. refers to the process of transferring informationbetween linguistic symbols and non-linguistic symbols.5. In a narrow sense, translation just refers to .6. In terms of translation, the western society has undergone thefollowing four stages: , , and .1. interlingual translation, intralingual translation, intersemiotic translation2. interlingual translation3. intralingual translation4. intersemiotic translation5. interlingual translation6. the Ancient Times, the Medieval Times, the Renaissance, the ModernTimesExercise 2 (P30-31)According to some historical literature, material and spiritualexchanges based on translation began to emerge and develop in. During , borrowed words started to show up, whichdemonstrated the further development of activities involvingtranslation. It is universally acknowledged that translation didn’tserve as an independent course or profession until .A) the Xia Dynasty B) the Shang DynastyC) the Zhou & Qin Dynasty D) the Eastern Han DynastyACDGenerally speaking, there are four climaxes in the Chinese historyof translation. The first climax refers to from theEastern Han Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty. The secondclimax refers to from the late Ming Dynasty to theFirst and Second Opium Wars. The third climax refers tofrom the May 4th Movement to the foundation of People’sRepublic of China. The fourth climax refers to fromthe establishment of China till now.A) the translation of democracy, science, human rights, patriotism,Marxism, etc.B) the translation of the Buddhist ScripturesC) the overall development and thriving advance of translationD) the translation of Bible, science and technology, philosophy,literature, etc.B, D, A, CTranslation criterion is the focus of all translation theories. Thetranslation criterion of , proposed by Yan Fu (严复), thegreatest translator in the modern history of China, has captured aunique and significant position in both theory studies andpractices. This translation criterion can be translated into“fidelity”, “expressiveness” and “elegance” in English.A) 忠、通、雅 B) 信、达、美C) 信、达、雅 D) 忠、顺、美C。
Unit1课文译文
Unit 1Text A 胜过金钱的报酬我14岁时，夏天给人家修剪草坪挣点钱。
记住那些我不能砍掉的花，那些有意插在地里的东西，或丢失在草地里的东西，我开始了解各种各样的人。
我还通过人们所喜欢的支付方式——按工付酬、按月付酬或者干脆什么都不付，对住在肯塔基州路易斯维尔的邻居们有了些了解。
巴卢先生属于最后一种人，而且他总有自己的理由。
有时，他身上只有50元以上的大票子，有时却身无分文，有时，我敲他家门时，他干脆就不在家。
不过，如果不提钱，他倒是一个好老头，老远见到我，他总是挥挥他的帽子或轻抬帽沿跟我打招呼。
我想他可能只有微薄的退休金，或者他曾受过伤而不能干院里的杂活。
我记住不断加上去的总账，不过也不太在乎这笔钱一共有多少，无非是除草而已，而且巴卢先生园子里的草就那么一点，也花不了多少时间去修整。
七月中旬的一个傍晚，我走过他家，他示意我进去。
厅里很阴凉，也挺暗的，足足过了好一会儿我才适应昏暗的光线。
“我还欠你钱呢”巴卢先生开了腔，“不过……”我想还是让他省了找借口的麻烦吧，“没关系的，不用担心。
”。
“银行把我的账目搞错了”，他又说，没有理睬我的话。
“过上一两天，就可以搞清楚了。
同时，我想你也许可以挑上一两本书，权当付首付款吧。
”他向四面墙壁指了指，我看到屋里到处都堆着书，像个图书馆，只是放得太乱了，没有条理。
“慢慢看吧，”巴卢先生用鼓励的口气说。
“看也行，借也行，或者留着。
挑一些你喜欢的。
你平时看些什么书?”“我不知道。
”我确实不知道。
我通常读一些从杂货店平装书架上弄来的书，或是在家里找到的杂志、麦片盒背面印的东西或报上的连环画。
有意识地专门找某一本书，这想法对我来说倒挺新鲜，倒也不无吸引力，所以我就浏览了一遍那一堆堆的书，问道：“这些书你真的都看过？”巴卢先生点点头，“这只是我要收藏的，值得看第二遍的书。
”“那你给我挑吧。
”他扬了扬眉，把脑袋抬了抬，好像要给我量衣服一样从上到下把我打量了一遍。
过了一会儿，他从一堆书中找出一本递给我，封面是深红色的，挺厚的一本书。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
16
问题
question, problem, trouble, point, issue 当时我们正在长征的路上，每天行军一百多 里。
We were on the Long March. Every day we marched a hundred li or more.
18
How to understand
1) contextual analysis
– The slums offered an ugly contrast to the classical grandeur of official Washington.
– The baseball season opens this afternoon and I suspect that most of official Washington are out at the field, including the president and many of the members of the Cabinet.
main
11
3. Avoid the misunderstanding of idioms
You can not trust him to keep a secret, he is sure to spill the beans before long.
切勿相信他会保守秘密，过不久他肯定会 泄露于人的。
1. Intralingual / interlingual translation 2. Interpretation, translation, machine
translation 3. Translation of different genres (EST
translation, literary translation, etc.) 4. Complete translation, adapted
1. man 2. I want my Martini dry. 3. An apple a day keeps a doctor away. 4. soft music / soft drinks
4
Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. ( Eugene A. Nida and Charles R.Taber, 1982:12)
15
1-2. Understanding the background
潺潺长江水, 悠悠远客情。 落花相与恨, 到地一无声。
-----韦承庆《南行别弟》
Mournfully, mournfully rolls the long River, Saddened, ah saddened, the stranger’s breast. The flowers as they fall, his fate recall, As each flutters down in the earth to rest.
3. Edition & finishing touches
14
1-1. Understanding the meaning of diction in the
context
A) Draw a line from A to B. B) The ship crossed the line. C) Cooking is more in your line than mine. D) They were given their marriage lines after the registration. E) She bought an overcoat lined with silk.
– Similar in living patterns.
Origin of translation:
– The Zhou Dynasty； – First recorded in the Western Han Dynasty;
History: 3 periods of climax
– The Eastern Han Dynasty -- the Tang & Song Dynasties
Faithfulness and smoothness
8
Faithfulness
Be faithful to the content
– 1. Avoid word for word translation – 2. Avoid cultural misunderstanding – 3. Avoid the misunderstandinal misunderstanding
Love me, love my dog.
Every dog has its day.
That funny guy often talks horse.
He became dissatisfied with modern life and man’s selfish wish for private wealth, so he went and joined a Hippie commune. 出于对现代生活的不满和对人们自私的个人 财富占有欲的反感，他加入了嬉皮士群居社。
17
The process of understanding
first reading , general reading for main idea, theme, background second reading, careful reading for details final reading for stylistic features, spirit
Clarice. 3. Translation strategies and techniques 4. Careful and conscientious attitude
main
7
Principles of Translation
Faithfulness, expressiveness, elegance (信达雅) -----严复《天演论》(Evolution and Ethics)
– The Ming and Qing Dynasties – The period of May 4th Movement
2
Functions of translation:
– A means of bilingual & bicultural communication;
– An instrument for transmitting culture;
idioms
Be faithful to the style
9
1.Avoid word for word translation
The greatest compensation for wrongful imprisonment.
– 1．对错误监禁的最大数额的赔偿。
– 2．最大数额的冤狱赔偿金。
– 那人对我太无礼了，我无论如何也不再去做那份 工作了。
– 那家伙对我太无礼了，八抬大轿来请，我也不去 做那份工作了。
– I am up to my neck in your bullshit.
– 你害得我好苦。
– 你让我倒他妈的八辈子邪霉了。
main
13
Process of translation
Unit 1
Introduction: Translation and Translation Techniques
广东海洋大学翻译网络课件
1
General Introduction
Translatability:
– Different in phonetics, lexicology, grammar, & syntactic structures;
Faithfulness, expressiveness, closeness (信达切) -----刘重德《翻译十讲》 Spiritual conformity (神似) -----傅雷 Sublimed adaptation (化境) -----钱钟书 Excellent translation faithfully reflects all the original passage in vocabulary, syntax, even punctuation and spelling.
march — walk 《高级英汉双解词典》: march: walk as soldiers do, with regular and measured steps. 《朗曼当代英语词典》: to walk with regular, esp. forceful steps like a soldier.
The chief criminals shall be punished without fail.
– 主要罪犯绝对要受到惩罚。
– 首恶必办。
Didn’t you go to see the film last night?
No, I didn’t.
– 你昨晚没去看电影是吗？
main
– 是的，我没去。
– You can’t be too careful. – It is five years since he smoked. 2. Broad knowledge – Big brother; kick bucket; – Hannibal (247-183 BC.) had us for lunch,