电子商务 外文翻译
电子商务 中英对照E-commerce Chapter2
20世纪80年代末独立 的学术和研究网络合 并成了互联网
1979年杜克大学和 北卡罗来纳大学的 一群学生和程序员 创建了用户新闻网
20世纪90年代起 互联网成为全球 性的共享资源
1991年美国科学基金 会进一步放宽对互联 网商业活动的限制， 并对互联网实施私有 化
1996年发展到 30多万台计算 机
20世纪60年代初，美 国防部担心核武器攻 击计算机设施，意欲 创建全球性网络
1969年美国防部将加州 大学洛杉矶分校与圣巴 巴拉分校、斯坦福大学 国际研究所、犹他大学 的四台计算机连接起来
1972年 电子邮件诞 生
互 联 网 的 起 源 与 发 展
1989年美科学基金会 允许两家商业性的电 子邮件服务商与互联 网建立有限的连接
world wide web
Computer network 计算机网络 Technology allowing people to connect computers to each other Internet 因特网 A large system of interconnected computer (internet) spanning the globe(地球) World Wide Web 万维网
p58
2. Packet-switched networks
- Works well for(适用于) telephone calls
Circuit switching 线路交换
- Does not work as well for:
Sending data across large WAN, interconnected network Circuit-switched network problem 线路交换网络的问题 • Connected circuit failure - Causes interrupted connection, data loss 中断连接，数据丢失
电子商务外文翻译文献
The Strategic Challenges of E-commerceIntroduction11th Century Europe saw the emergence of credit-based banking systemsand f i n ancial instruments such as bills of exchange. These concepts remain withus, in t heir modified form, to this day (Chown, 1994). They underpin all modernforms of commerce. The arrival of information technology (computers and telecommunications) has raised the prospect of radical change to this traditionalmodel.The rise of the Internet (electronic commerce), since the advent of the World Wide Web, has provided an easy to use communication channel for businesses tocontact current and potential customers. The emergence of the Internet as a general communication channel has also given rise to the possibility of widespread electronic commerce. Even though there is still much debate relating to electronic payment for commercial activities, this is clearly an area of growth.It is difficult to say how large the Internet is. Hoffman & Novak (1996) quotea number of surveys (O'Reilly, FIND/SVP , Times Mirror and CommerceNet) which suggest that there are at least 10 million Internet users in the United States alone.The number of computers (hosts) connected to the Internet topped 9.47 million (Network Wizards, 1996) as of January 1996. Note that a single host supportsanywhere from a single user to, in some cases, thousands of users.As of March 21, 1996, 24,347 firms were listed in Open Market's (1996) directory of "Commercial Services on the Net," and there were 54,800 entries inthe "Companies" directory of the Y ah o Guide to WWW (Y ah o , 1996), with thetotal number of Web sites doubling approximately every two months. Jim Clarke, the chairman of Netscape, estimated the Internet has 40 million users in 1995with growth at 8% per month (Clarke, 1995).The Internet is only one aspect of technology. Businesses require information and supporting systems (processes) to handle the data - over time these systems have become computerised (IT). Modern information technology can both support the processes and help capture useful information for the enterprise. These technologies include:anizational support systems, such as workflow and groupware - making businesses more efficient.2.Customer contact databases - helping capture information about customers and facilitate new methods of marketing.3.Electronic payment systems for g o ds and services - these are emerging, although the majority of payments are still based on relatively expensivetraditional cheque clearance.Collectively and individually, these areas will contribute to major changes inthe way a company conducts its business. Enix have coined the term Workware to describe the combination of these technologies.Figure 1 - The emergence of Electronic Commerce will be underpinned by three key c omponentsHowever, there is still widespread misunderstanding on the value of organisational support technology. A recent survey of 437 large enterprises by research company Xephon (1996) indicated that an astonishing proportion (44%) had no immediate intention of introducing modern information handling systems (Groupware was defined by Xephon as Lotus Notes, Microsoft Exchange and Novell GroupWise). Of these, 65% said they were unsure what these technologies could deliver. From these statistics, it is clear many organisations are still sceptical about the benefits of technology.The efficient collection, utilisation, handling, storage and dissemination of information is a vital component of corporate success in the modern business world. However, the gathering and use of information must take into account issues of privacy and security. A recent feature in the Financial Times (1996) notedthat " … in order to thrive in the 1990s, financial services organisations are as much in the business of managing and manipulating information as managing and making money." Furthermore, the interest shown in topics such as TQM andBPR has demonstrated the importance of processes as a fundamental building block.Inevitably a few savvy organizations in each sector will utilise all three components tochange their market or develop new markets. Those who do notadapt quickly to the new ways of working are likely to be disadvantaged as their strategies become redundant. All businesses should investigate the implicationsof these technologies for them and the markets within which they operate.MarketingChampy, Buday and Nohria (1996) argue that the rise of electronic commerce and the changing consumer processes brought about through electronic communities are likely to lead to a new wave of reengineering, mergers and acquisitions. Moreover, organizations may expand into new business areas, takingon roles unforeseen prior to the rise of the Web. For example: a magazinepublisher, Cond Naste, has moved into the travel business; Bill Gates is now an electronic real estate agent; and a recruitment advertising agency, Bernard Hodes, has now become an electronic recruitment company.The emergence of electronic commerce will significantly impact what we currently call‘m arke ting’.Cle arly,the appearance o f electronic communities (Armstrong and Hagel, 1996) implies that marketing professionals must expand their horizons as the advent of this technology will threaten existing channels of business. Those involved in marketing need to understand the full range o f products and services required b y the electronic community. They must learn totake advantage of the technology that allows customers to move seamlessly from information gathering to completion of a transaction, interacting with the various providers of products and services as necessary. A number of interesting questions are implied:1.What kind of information is available for collection? Is it appropriate to gather this information and for what should it be used?2.Are information systems equipped to capture customer information and transactions, making it available for later analysis?3.When dealing with electronic communities, do marketing profe s ionals comprehend the differences? One needs to engage t he customer as part of thetransaction rather than blindly mailing targets.This idea of community has been at the heart of the Internet since its origins as a defence and academic computer network although most communities arestill not particularly oriented toward commerce. However, the World Wide Webhas changed and broadened the nature of the Internet and the way in which commercial transactions are conducted. The CEO of Kodak is alleged to haverem arked that he co uld n’t tell if the Kod ak Web site was a m one y ma ker.But heknew it was important because it was the most personal way of selling since doorto d oo r sale sm e n,o n ly no w the custo m e rs we re kno ckin g o n Ko d ak’s d o o r.Armstrong and Hagel propose four types of non-exclusive electronic communities, those: interested in transactions; sharing common interests; indulging in fantasy games; and with a shared life experience. The busine s opportunity is for those who support and interact with these communities, building customer loyalty on an ongoing basis. By satisfying the requirements ofrelational marketing and transactions, companies may gain important insightsinto their customers’ nature and needs. For example, a baby products company could entice customers to order items from an associated on-line catalogue by providing bulletin boards for new parents.The desire to establish long-term customer relationships with increasingly sophisticated demands has led companies to seek new ways of acquiring,managing and utilising customer information (Peters and Fletcher, 1995).Furthermore, advances in information technology have fundamentally alteredthe channels through which companies and customers maintain their relationships. The capacity to obtain and apply customer information within processes has become a key strategic issue. This often places the company in the position of requiring sensitive personal information from customers.Gummesson (1987, 1994, 1995) views marketing as a set of relationships, networks and interactions and lists 30Rs (relationships) in contrast to McCarthy’s(1981) 4Ps (Product, Price, Place & Promotion). Gummesson highlights the fact that the electronic relationship is not discussed in the marketing literature even though it is practised widely by many businesses. Helinks relationship marketing to the imaginary (similar to a virtual or network) organisation. He argues that by increasingly applying IT, more relationships are established. They create a new type of bond to customers and between employees.The electronic relationship extends beyond the bounds of the organisationinto the market as seen in the example of airline, hotel and car rental reservation systems. Thecommunities established have a re-enforcing effect. These insightsforce us to re-examine traditional theories of economics, systems, organisations, marketing, competition and transaction cost analysis. As the boundaries betweenfirms and markets dissolve, a characteristic of relationship marketing and network organisations, a new image of interaction and business is needed.The importance of information exchange in relationship marketing (particularly using an electronic channel) requires a clear understanding and recognition of the potential problems. Privacy is also an issue - what is private changes from one person to another as well as between different cultures. Those who use the Internet are likely to be better educated and less willing to give information, unless they trust the recipient. Companies need to realise that the only reason they hold information on a customer is because they have a relationship with that customer - something which is not transferable. Those using electronic channels to reach customers are likely to target better educatedand more affluent customers. They need, therefore, to ensure that their customer information systems are appropriate.An understanding of the trust building process is also required. Firms need tomake a feature of their trustworthiness (a unique selling point!). Trust is best developed through processes. Processes tend to be customer facing - within each customer interaction trust is built-up or eroded. Companies must be absolutely clear about the value and intended use of information. Collecting information because it is technically possible (and one day might be useful) is likely to weakentrust development.Hoffman and Novak (1996) assert that the Web heralds an evolution in marketing concepts. In order for marketing efforts to succeed in this new medium, a new business paradigm is required in which the marketing function is reconstructed to facilitate electronic commerce in the emerging electronic society underlying the Web.The "many or any" communication model of the Web (in fact many instancesof many-to-one) turns traditional principles of mass media advertising inside out (a one-to-many model) (Hoffman and Novak, 1994). The application of advertising approaches which assume a passive, captive consumer are redundant on the W eb.Surprisingly, as it is currently evolving, there is little activity aimed at including the consumer in the development of emerging media (Dennis & Pease, 1994). In order to adopt a market orientation, firms must understand their customers and engage in consumer research. Potential customers are most effectively engaged through new conversational marketing approaches.Anecdotal evidence suggests there are two types of customers -‘convenienc e shoppers’and‘explorers’(those str-e s e m tart consum ers whoare happy to surf the Web looking for the best deal or most appropriate product combination). Furthermore, the sheer size of the Web (trillions of documents and growing exponentially) means finding relevant information is becoming moreand more difficult - despite the best efforts of search engines such as Yahoo. Our research suggests that the large proportion of Web users would rather rely on an intermediary (community operator) to sift and select information on their behalf.Web sites not endorsed will require knowledge of the address (URL) and are unlikely to be accessed when similar information, products or services are readily available inside the community.Contributing to the rise of intermediaries are associated issues of privacy,trust andsecurity (Schell, 1996). Whilst there is much discussion on theissues ofInternet privacy and security, in the context of normal business activities, many millions of people trust others with their personal financial information. Examples include ordering over the telephone, passing a credit card to an unknown waiter, even signing direct debit mandates. If an error occurs in these types of transactions we trust the service provider to correct the error. So why is it that weexpect the Internet to support a level of trust and security which we do not observe in everyday life?There is no reason why similar trust relationships cannot be established in electronically mediated discussions. If anything, it becomes easier for an individual (or group of individuals) to seek retribution on those that break therules within an electronic c ommunity. Evidence of this can be found in the tendency to attack those that try to advertise on academic discussion groups(mail bombs) and community policing against pornographers in the Netherlands.Marketeers must reconstruct their advertising models for the interactive, consumer controlled medium. The traditional customer loyalty ladder (Suspect, Prospect, Customer, Client, Partner, Advocate) is still applicable, but now operatesin a different fashion. The first three stages are often instantaneous in electronic commerce. The transition from customer to advocate relies on loyalty earned through trust. The instantaneous nature of the Internet makes this more difficult.Communicating Across The Value ChainIt should be recognized that processes are not confined within one organization - they cross the value chain as demonstrated by the following example. Steinfield, et al (1995) describe a large, multinational, electrical appliance and consumer electronics manufacturer that used France Te le com’s Telnet system to support EDI-like c onnections to approximately 10,000 separateretailers and independent service engineers throughout France (accessed through Minitel terminals). The ubiquitous Telnet service and the commercial applications which emergedto exploit it, provide insights into the developmentof commerce on a world-wide Internet.The after-sales service subsidiary of this manufacturer provided replacement parts and training to its widely dispersed customer base. The Telnet system permitted electronic transactions, even with the smallest trading partners. Through the use of on-line ordering, coupled with courier service for rapiddelivery, the firm was able to eliminate regional parts warehouses and reduce the average repair time from two weeks to two days. In the past, service engineers waited until they had a sufficient need for parts before driving to a regional warehouse. Once the system was implemented, they used the Telnet based "just-in-time" stocking practice for replacement parts.Moving to a centralised warehouse reduced the need for replicated inventories and extra personnel around the country, creating substantial savings. Moreover, service engineers were further bound-in following the introductionofa revenue producing, expert system-based, training application. Technicians connected to the expert system which asked a series of questions designed to diagnose the fault and indicate the repairs needed.。
电子商务的英语怎么说
电子商务的英语怎么说电子商务是以信息网络技术为手段，以商品交换为中心的商务活动。
那么，你知道电子商务的英文怎么写吗?下面就让店铺来告诉你电子商务的英语的说法。
电子商务的英文释义the e-businessElectronic CommerceElectronic Commercial Affairs电子商务的英文例句从B2C电子商务发展策略角度可将其分为典型B2C电子商务、平台服务型电子商务和整合型B2C电子商务。
The development strategy of B2C e-commerce can be classified into the typical B2C e-commerce, platform service e-commerce and integrated B2C e-commerce.从电子商务的企业应用研究来看，介绍性内容多，电子商务局部应用研究多，如电子商务在采购过程中的应用、电子商务在客户关系管理中的应用等。
From the aspects of EC application introductory contents and partial applications researches like EC applications in terms of procurement and CRM are the majority.电子支付技术是电子商务中的核心技术，也是目前制约电子商务发展的一个根本性问题，移动电子商务也不例外。
Electronic Payment Technology is very important in electronic commerce aside m-commerce, which is a base problem that restricts the development ofm-commerce.信任缺乏已成为我国电子商务发展最大的障碍之一，如何建立和提高电子商务信任成为促进电子商务发展的关键。
电子商务英语的翻译（吴楠）
电子商务英语的英汉与汉英翻译Lead-in:电子商务是互联网的产物。
互联网的本质是一个巨大的且不断发展的全球计算机网络。
据估计，目前连接到互联网上的用户已超过5亿，在世界范围内有超过9千万台的互联网主机，从而使在线交易和有效信息量显著增长。
在世界贸易组织关于电子商务的工作组中，电子商务被理解为：采用电子化的方式进行生产、分销、营销、销售或交付货物以及服务。
广义上讲，电子商务包含了电子化媒介或网络，实质上是通过互联网完成的各种商业交易。
电子商务是进行商业交易的一种新途径。
从商业观点来看，电子商务不仅仅局限于商品的购买。
除电子邮件和其他交流平台外，它还包括一个公司可以通过网络提供给顾客的所有信息或服务，从售前信息到售后服务和支持。
电子商务能通过时间和程序方面的效率提高来降低交易费用，从而降低总成本。
（改编自《电子商务英语》，北京大学出版社) Electronic Commerce is the product of the Internet. The Internet is basically a vast and ever increasing network of computers across the globe. It is estimated that the number of persons connected to the Internet today has surpassed 500 million, and there are over 90 million Internet hosts world-wide, facilitating a dramatic increase in the volume of trade and information available online.In the World Trade Organization (WTO) Work Group on Electronic Commerce, it is understood to mean: the production, distribution, marketing, sale or delivery of goods and services by electronic means. Broadly defined, electronic commerce includes an electronic medium or network. It essentially refers to all kinds of commercial transactions that are concluded over the Internet. Electronic Commerce is a new way of doing business.From a business point of view, e-commerce is not limited to the purchase of commodities. Besides e-mail and other communication platforms, it includes all information or services that a company may offer to its customers over the Net, from pre-purchase information to after-sale service and support. E-commerce can reduce transaction costs by increasing efficiency in the use of time and procedures, and thus lowering total costs.Model Essay:W eb BusinessIn the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. (1) More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business to business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they’re looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. (2) “Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,”(3) says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transaction s only with established business partners who are given access to the company’s private intranet.(4)Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. (5) Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to “push”information directly out to consumers, transmit ting marketing messages directly to target ed customers. (6) Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscriber s’computer monitor s. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to company’s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offering s, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. (7) Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. (8) Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fade s. (9) That’s a prospect that horrifies Net purist s.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.（摘自《商务英语翻译教程（笔译）》，中国水利水电出版社）Notes:1.web business 网上交易补充：web-surfing 网上冲浪web page 网页website 网站2．revolve around 围绕着例：Their troubles revolve around money management. 他们的麻烦围绕着金钱管理。
电子商务 中英对照E-commerce Chapter11
Learning Objectives
• How electronic wallets work
• 电子钱包是如何工作的
• The use of stored-value cards in electronic commerce
• 电子商务储值卡的使用
• Internet technologies and the banking industry
• 哪个支付方式同时对公司和用户都有利
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Four different payment technologies
• 4种不同的支付方式: 1. Payment card 2. Electronic cash 3. Software wallets
–现金、支票、信用卡、借记卡 • 90% of all United States consumer payments
• 90%的美国消费者使用的支付方式
Online Payment Basics 在线支付的基本知识
• Electronic transfer: small but growing
segment
Payment Cards 支付卡
• Single-use cards 一次性卡 –Cards with disposable numbers –有一次性号码的卡 • Addresses concern of giving online vendors payment card numbers • 适合担心给供应商卡号的用户 • Valid for one transaction only • 有效期为一项交易
Payment Cards 支付卡
电子商务外文资料翻译译文 2
附件2：外文原文The e-commerce strategyIt may be useful for development organizations to consider the many issues involved before embarking on an e-commerce initiative,in relation to the organization's mandate,development goals,and organizational structure.The primary issues involved would include:Resource Expansion--Is the main goal of selling goods and services online the generation of revenue to offset operational costs?If so,how much revenue does the organization expect/wish to generate?These strategic questions will allow the organization to assess how much funding will go toward e-commerce activities.If the organization is approaching e-commerce as a means of covering not only the costs of producing the goods and services and disseminating development-focused products,but wishes to expand its revenue base to support other project costs,then it may want to develop an e-commerce platform and strategy that can attract customers.The organization may have to approach e-commerce as a resource expansion activity that uses business strategies and a full marketing approach.This leads to the question of whether this fits in with the development mandate of the organization and its charitable organization status.Will e-commerce activities distort the tax-free status of the development organization?Is the organization liable in the case of legal conflicts?Most development organizations have already faced these questions if they sell publications and other products by"traditional"means. Capital Costs--How much funding is the organization willing to put into e-commerce activities? E-commerce platforms can be high priced,depending on the level of sophistication.A development organization undertaking e-commerce activities should consider whether it wants to incur higher costs,with the possibility of cost recovery from an expected higher level of sales. What are the possibilities of receiving financial assistance from donor agencies or partner organizations for this activity?Development organizations pursuing e-commerce activities may have to decide between a variety of options for their online selling activities,depending on their financial capacities.These options can be divided into1)technical hardware and2)site design and maintenance.The organization will have to decide whether it wants to invest in setting up its own in-house server,depending on the organization's size and computing requirements,or find a third party that is willing to host the site on its server.Is the third party another development-focused organization,or is it a private company/ISP?Regarding design and maintenance of the e-commerce site,is the organization able to hire in-house technical personnel to handle design,development,and maintenance,or is it more cost effective to hire an outside party to handle these tasks?Developing an e-commerce site that generates high levels of revenue will have to respond to the changes in e-commerce platforms in the commercial sector. The development organization may want to consider using security encryption software for credit card payment,increasing costs to an extent yet benefiting from increasing customer confidence in the transaction process.Will the site be eye-catching,with the hope of attracting customers, possibly increasing site development costs for higher level graphics and design?Pan Partners currently do not have to bear all of the above-mentioned capital costs,but may one day have to consider them when they initiate an e-commerce site on their own.Marketing--As evident from the discussion above,a good marketing strategy forms the basis of the operational strategy,in order to attract customers to the e-commerce site and ensure asteady pattern of sales.Development organizations often need not employ capital-intensive marketing programs in order to have a successful marketing campaign.The marketing strategy can be divided into two main categories:1)online markets and2)offline markets.Purchasing Patterns of Online Customers--The frequency of updating new products can impact the number of items purchased by customers and the number of returning customers.In order to encourage customers to purchase more than one item at a time,it is important to offer a(wide) variety of products.Returning to the marketing strategies,development organizations can offer sales promotions mentioned above.This can increase the per-customer volume of sales, increasing overall revenue.Development organizations can consider organizing a schedule for updating their e-commerce site,adding new products and promotional offers on a regular basis. This way,previous customers will see that new products are available for sale and may be attracted to purchasing a second or third time.Developing an e-commerce strategy can allow development organizations to approach this initiative with an understanding of what they want to achieve and how to achieve it.This can encourage strategic thinking of how to attract potential customers to the site and how to keep them returning.In order for e-commerce initiatives to be successful,whether generating revenue to offset production costs or increasing overall revenue to offset operational costs,development organizations can often use business strategies to more effectively achieve their overall goals.。
电子商务英语词汇
-oriented 面向...的 object-oriented 面向对象的 market-oriented 市场导向的 process-oriented 面向进程的 user-oriented 面向用户的 -free 自由的,无关的 tax-free 免税的 paper-free 无纸的 jumper-free 无跳线的 charge-free 免费的
02
词汇内容丰富、专业性强
一、电子商务英语词汇特点
2.词缀使用频繁
电子商务英语中有大量通过缩略形式构成的新词(主要是首字母缩略词
如: EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)电子数据交换、
CA (Certificate Authority) 认证SET(Secure Electronic Transaction)安全电子交易协议。
单词前缀还有很多，其构成可以同义而不同源(如拉丁、希腊)，可以互换，例如
multi, poly 相当于many 如: multimedia多媒体, polytechnic多种科技的 uni, mono 相当于single 如: unicode统一代码, monochrome单色 bi, di 相当于 twice 如: bicycle自行车, diode二极管 equi,iso 相当于equa 如: equality等式, isograph等线图 simili, homo 相当于same 如: similarity相似性, homogeneous同样的 semi,hemi 相当于half 如: semiconductor半导体, hemicycle半圆形 hyper, super 相当于over 如: hypertext超文本, superscalar超级标量
电子商务外文资料翻译-- 如何使用网上交易平台
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：经济管理学院专业：信息管理与信息系统姓名：学号： 0802010105外文出处：Electronic Commerce: Second International Workshop 附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
指导教师评语：签名：年月日附件1：外文资料翻译译文如何使用网上交易平台网络交易平台，是从事外汇交易，目前最流行的方式。
您节省了不少麻烦，并通过开放的网上外汇经纪商之一帐户，开始网上交易，从你的家，。
基于网络的交易平台，促进具有许多功能，所以你实际上可以做，甚至没有一个单一的新闻纸张或任何其他材料的网上外汇交易平台提供的信息以外的整个业务。
你需要找到一个良好的网络培训平台，然后才开始使用一个。
选择网上外汇作为paltforms没有选项将满足您的需求时，你需要考虑很多事情。
大多数的网上外汇经纪公司提供一个模拟账户或试用帐户，让你了解他们的网络交易平台的想法，这样你就可以有虚拟货币交易，以了解网上外汇交易平台的优势和弱点。
如果你喜欢你所看到的，它是很容易的转换到一个新的帐户和您的模拟账户，开始真正的游戏。
情况下，如果你不满意，只需关闭一个平台模拟账户转移到另一个。
当您使用一个Web交易平台，分析和趋势图是最重要的指标。
这些图表显示了货币市场的行为。
您可以选择您看到的信息的粒度。
有时，有必要给你看当天的看法，有时一个月的看法。
趋势图通常表明你的货币的行为，当您计划买入或卖出某一特定货币。
根据货币是否正赶上或失去价值，可以使交易决策。
自动化是网上交易平台推出宽松的商人忙碌的生活的最佳功能之一。
几乎每一个网络交易平台提供此功能，无需支付额外费用。
使用此功能时，您可以轻松地定义了一套自动化您的交易规则和阈值。
这样，你的身体存在是不是强制性的贸易在货币市场上，自交易客户端软件将采取的贸易业务代表你照顾。
虽然许多网上平台用户喜欢此功能，此功能的不正确使用可能会损坏您的外汇投资组合。
电子商务定义英文版
电子商务定义英文版电子商务定义英文版IntroductionElectronic commerce, commonly known as ecommerce, refers to the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet. It involves conducting business electronically, using various digital technologies such as mobile devices, computers, and the internet. Ecommerce has revolutionized the way companies do business and has become an essential part of the global economy.DefinitionEcommerce can be defined as the transaction and exchange of goods, services, and information via electronic networks, primarily the internet. It encompasses a wide range of activities, including online shopping, electronic payments, online banking, online auctions, and electronic ticketing. Ecommerce can be conducted between businesses (B2B), between businesses and consumers (B2C), between consumers (C2C), or between consumers and governments (C2G).Types of EcommerceB2B (BusinesstoBusiness):B2B ecommerce refers to transactions taking place between businesses. It involves the electronic exchange of products, services, and information between two or more businesses. B2B ecommerce includes activities such as online procurement, supply chn management, and electronic data interchange (EDI). This type of ecommerce is typically used by wholesalers, manufacturers, and suppliers.B2C (BusinesstoConsumer):B2C ecommerce involves transactions between businesses and individual consumers. It is the most common type of ecommerce and includes online shopping, retl websites, and online marketplaces. B2C ecommerce allows businesses to reach a larger customer base and enables consumers to easily purchase products and services online.C2C (ConsumertoConsumer):C2C ecommerce refers to transactions between individual consumers. It allows individuals to buy and sell products or services directly to each other without the involvement of a business. This type of ecommerce is facilitated by online classified ads, auction websites, and peertopeer marketplaces. Examples of C2C ecommerce platforms include eBay and Crgslist.C2G (ConsumertoGovernment):C2G ecommerce involves transactions between individual consumers and government entities. It allows consumers to interact with government agencies and make online payments for taxes, licenses, permits, and other government services. C2G ecommerce streamlines the process of interacting with government agencies and provides a convenient way for consumers to access and pay for government services.Importance of EcommerceEcommerce has become increasingly important in today's digital age. Here are a few reasons why it is crucial for businesses and consumers:1. Global Reach: Ecommerce allows businesses to reach customers globally, breaking down geographical barriers. It provides access to a larger customer base and allows businesses to expand their market reach beyond their physical locations.2. Convenience: Ecommerce provides convenience for consumers, allowing them to shop anytime and anywhere. It eliminates the need to visit physical stores, saving time and effort.3. Cost Savings: Ecommerce reduces overhead costs for businesses by eliminating the need for physical retl spaces, sales staff, and other traditional expenses. This can lead to cost savings that can be passed on to the consumers in the form of lower prices.4. Increased Efficiency: Ecommerce streamlines business processes and improves efficiency. It automates various tasks, including inventory management, order processing, and payment collection. This reduces manual efforts and allows businesses to handle a larger volume of transactions.5. Personalization: Ecommerce allows businesses to collect data on consumer preferences and behavior. This data can be used to personalize the shopping experience, offer tlored recommendations, and improve customer satisfaction.Challenges and Future TrendsWhile ecommerce offers numerous benefits, there are also challenges that businesses and consumers face:1. Security: Ecommerce involves the use of sensitive personal and financial information. Ensuring robust security measures to protect agnst cyber threats and data breaches is crucial for businesses and consumers.2. Trust: Building trust and credibility in the online marketplace is important for businesses. Consumers need to feel confident in making online transactions and providing their personal information.3. Competition: With the growth of ecommerce, competition has become intense. Businesses need to adapt to changing consumer preferences, invest in innovative technologies, and provide excellent customer service to stay ahead.The future of ecommerce is promising, with several trends shaping its landscape:1. Mobile Commerce (mcommerce): With the increasing use of smartphones and mobile devices, mobile commerce is becoming a significant part of ecommerce. Businesses need to optimize their websites and platforms for mobile devices to cater to the growing base of mobile users.2. Artificial Intelligence (): is being increasingly used in ecommerce to personalize the shopping experience, improve product recommendations, and enhance customer service.3. Voice Commerce: Voicecontrolled devices such as smart speakers and virtual assistants are gning popularity. Voice commerce allows consumers to make purchases and interact with businesses using voice commands.4. Augmented Reality (AR): AR technology is being used to enhance the online shopping experience by allowing consumers to virtually try on products or visualize how they would look in their homes before making a purchase.ConclusionEcommerce has revolutionized the way businesses operate and consumers shop. It has provided new opportunities for businesses to reach customers globally and has offered convenience, cost savings, and personalization for consumers. As technology continues to advance, ecommerce will evolve further, offering new innovations and challenges for businesses and consumers alike. It is essential for businesses to embrace ecommerce and adapt to the changing landscape in order to thrive in the digital era.formatted document has been successfully created.。
电子商务英语-汉译英
二汉语意义1.电子商务程序e-business process2.在线营销online marketing3.万维网接口World-Wide-Web interface4.财务往来financial transaction5. 商务模式business model6.客户服务customer service7.解决争端dispute resolution8.客户关系管理customer relationship management9.电子兑帐与支付系统electronic billing and payment system10.运输单shipping document11.电子数据交换EDI12.企业内部互联网intranet13.企业外部网extranet14.企业与企业之间B2B15.最终客户final customer16.清关customs clearance17.企业与消费者之间B2C18.信用卡鉴别credit card verification19.市场领域market niche20.软件模块software module21. 准时生产制Just-In-Time(JIT)22.带宽bandwidth23.统一资源定位器URL24.电子现金DigiCash25.研究与开发D&G26.损益帐profit/loss statement27.现金周转；现金流量cash-flow28.资产负债表；资金平衡表balance sheet29.有利形势tangible benefit30.无利形势intangible benefit31.业务重组business reengineering32.全球市场global marketplace33.宽带技术broadband technology34.多媒体multi-media35.目标市场target-market36.在线订购on-line online37.网站Web site38.在线支付on-line payment39.网络服务器Web server40.形式发票；估价单pro forma41.经营单位business unit（BU）42.新经济new economy43.过程创新/流程再造business process re-engineering(BPR)44.分销渠道distribution channel45.最终用户end user46.客户关系管理47.企业对企业营销模式business-to-business(B2B)48.企业对客户模式business-to-customer(B2C)49.实体企业brick-and-mortar enterprise50.买进buy-in51.每股收益earnings per share52.市场份额market share53.净亏损net loss54.战略目标strategic objective55.折扣价格discounted price56.规划周期planning horizon57.整个企业范围的enterprisewide58.投资回报率return on investment59.市场分割market segmentation60.渠道效率图channel effectiveness chart61.自动再补给automatic replenishment62.通过邮购运作生意的方法mail-order operation63.当地商店定价local store pricing64.同类比较apples-to-apples comparison65.客户服务customer service66.商务自杀；生意自杀commercial suicide67.线上和线下/网上和网下/虚拟和现实online and offline68.及时的送货timely delivery69.现实生活中的商店brick-and-mortar business70.拖欠订货；延期交货Backorder71.总裁，首席执行官CEO(Chief Executive Officer)72.最佳价格保障best-price guarantee73.联合包裹快递公司UPS: United Parcel Service74.联邦快递公司Federal Express75.利润profit margin76.全国的商品目录national catalog77.邮购定价mail-order pricing78.产品回转product return79.保护隐私的措施privacy policy80.搜索引擎search engines81.线上信息/网络信息online information82.信息网information network83.站点访问量site traffic84.增长率growth rate85.顾客群customer base86.产品描述product description87.数据库database88.退货率return rate89.售后服务电话follow-up calls90.销售金额sales figures91.电子货币公司（网络银行）CyberCash92.网络公司online venture93.销售率sales tax94.最畅销的货品top seller95.邮购商cataloger96.产品系列product line97.多个服务器multiple servers98.首席技术官chief technology office(CTO)99.信息技术information technology(IT)100.销售预测sales projections100.市场营销marketing101.电子商务客户关系管理eCRM102.互联网技术Web technology103.顾客，客户client104.按顾客要求制作的软件customized software 105.解决方案solution106.客户信息customer information107.实地技术人员filed technician108.机器自动生成的报告automated reports109.顾客的购物喜好customers’buying preference110.IP地址IP address111.工作流程workflow112.虚拟专用网VPN113.销售人员自动化软件sales-force automation software 114.用户支持customer support115.经常提到的问题frequently asked questions(FAQ)116.免费电话toll-free telephone117.解决问题do the trick118.实时交流real-time communication119.一次性启动费one-time start-up fee120.结算清单与支付statements and payments121.电子货币e-money122.电子账单付兑与支付electronic bill presentment and payment(EBPP)123.基金转移transfer funds124.客户关怀customer care125.票据中心billing department126.AT&T电子结算AT&T electronic statements127.交叉销售cross-sell128.上行销售up-sell129.内部流程in-house program130.营业费用overhead131.客户关系customer relations132.信用卡credit card133.节约成本cost saving134.个人消费习惯individual spending habits135.因特网结算与客户管理Internet billing and customer management136.账户数据account data137.直接结算direct billing138.中央系统centralized system139.数据收集data collection140.数据库管理系统database management systems141.智能搜索引擎intelligent search engines142.神经网络neural networks143.姓名地址簿directory144.信息检索information retrieval145.多语言搜索multilingual searches146.文本文件text documents147.特殊文件格式particular file format148.图像image149.数据库集成database integration150.跨语言搜索引擎cross language search engine151.检索和分类数据retrieval and classification technologies 152.原型prototype153.网页web page154.自然语言搜索Natural Language Search155.节点node156.图像搜索引Image Search Engine157.文本信息textual information158.算法algorithm159.自然语言处理器natural language processor(NLP) 160.电子采购 e procurement161.购买杠杆buying leverage162.开支分析spending analysis163.供应链supply chains164.企业资源管理软件ERP software/system165.个性化购买maverick purchasing166.购货请购周期purchase requisition cycle167.订单初始化order initialization168.有效性核查availability check169.订单跟踪purchase order tracking170.状态跟踪status tracking171.非契约购买Rogue/off-tract buying172.检查批准流程review and approval process173.流行手段trending tolls174.后台整理back-end integration175.麦特卡尔夫定律Metcalf’s Law176.企业对企业实物交易Business-to-Business barter 177.受理周期approval cycle/channel178.法律顾问legal counsel179.法律环境legal environment180.人力资源human resources181.客户忠诚customer loyalty182.域名domain name183.可执行交易enforceable transaction184.电子支付electronic payment185.电子签名electronic signature186.消费者保护法consumer protection law 187.法律争端legal issue188.责任风险liability risk189.在线卖方online seller190.管制风险regulatory risk191.数据保护法data protection laws192.合资企业；联合经营joint venture193.数据所有项data ownership194.声音摘录sound clip195.司法干预legal intervention196.信息隐私information privacy197.智力资产intellectual property198.电子商务网站e-commerce site199.结账过程checkout process200.无效错误信息ineffective error messages201.建立账户create an account202.老顾客和新顾客通道Return and New customer paths 203.网络零售商online retailer204.破产out of business205.假日收入holiday revenues206.收银机cash register207.网络交通site traffic208.潜在销售potential sales209.购买企图purchase attempts210.购物车shopping cart211.徒劳in vain212.被动注册passive registration213.信用卡号码credit card number214.更正fix the error215.交货方式shipping method216.为实现交易lost sales217.订购place an order218.移动电话技术mobile telephone 219.交互式电视interactive TV220.智能卡smart cards221.电信telecommunications222.网络经济network economy223.技术趋势technology trends224.赢家和输家winners and losers 225.消费者市场consumer market 226.电子商务商务空间e-business space 227.真实世界virtual world228.焦点key issues229.先驱者first -movers230.市场份额market share231.最大价值maximum value232.营销部门marketing department 233.广告媒介advertising medium 234.经济实用cost-effective and efficient 235.价值链value chain236.交换平台transaction platforms 237.汽车工业automotive industry。
电子商务英语词汇汇总（3）
电子商务英语词汇汇总(3)108、Domain Name Service(DNS) 域名服务109、Domains 域110、Download 下载111、Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) 动态数据交换112、Dynamic Routing 动态路由113、E-book 电子图书114、Ecash 电子现金115、Electronic Mall 电子购物中心116、Electronic money 电子货币117、Eyeball Economy “眼球”经济118、E-wallet 电子钱包119、E-banking 网上银行120、EC(Electronic Commerce)电子商务121、EC Website in China 中国电子商务网站122、EC of Wireless 无线电子商务123、Electronic Data Interchange(EDI) 电子数据交换124、Electronic Mail 电子邮件125、E-Traditional Industry 传统产业的电子化126、E-Mail System and Standard 电子邮件系统和标准127、SMTP 互联网简易邮件传输协议128、Novell, MHS 信息管理服务系统129、Constitute Project E-Mail System 建立企业电子邮件系统130、E-Mail Application Program Interface Standard电子邮件应用程序接口标准131、Electronic Business 电子商务132、E-Marketplace 电子交易市场133、E-journal 电子刊物134、Enterprise Network 企业网135、E-zine 电子杂志136、Extranet 企业外部互联网137、EBay() 电子港湾138、Electronic Mail Broadcasts to a Roaming Computer (EMBARC)对移动计算机的电子邮件广播139、E-Consumer 电子消费者140、ECR(Electronic Cash Register)电子收款机141、ECP (Enterprise Customer Portal)企业客户门户142、EDI(Electronic Data Interchange)电子数据交换143、E-Distribution 电子分销144、EFT(Electronic Fund Transfer)电子资金转帐145、ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning)企业资源计划146、EOS(Electronic Ordering System)电子订货系统147、Encoder 编码148、Enterprise Networks 企业网络149、Expert system 专家系统150、E-Publishing 电子出版151、FAQ(Frequently Asked Questions)常见问题回答152、Big File, Little Space 大文件，小空间153、File Transfer Access and Management (FTAM) 文件传输存取与管理154、File Transfer Protocol(FTP) 文件传输协议155、Follow up Article 后续新闻稿156、Free-Net 免费网络157、Freeware 免费软件158、FTP(File Transfer Protocol)匿名 FTP159、Domain Name Service 域名服务160、Electronic Mail Gateway 电子邮件网关161、Gateway-to-Gateway Protocol 网关一网关协议162、Global Naming Service 全球命名服务163、Group Buy 网上集体议价164、Group 新闻组165、GIF(Graphic Interchange Format)图形交换格式166、Goods Online 在线商品167、Gopher space Gopher 公共Gopher服务器168、Price of Goods Online 在线商品价格169、Groupware 新闻组软件170、E-Mail And Groupware 电子邮件与新闻组软件171、Work Flow Software 工作流软件172、Gateway 网关173、Hacker 黑客174、Header 标题、报头、页眉175、Hierarchy 新闻组的分级176、Host 主机177、Home Page 主页178、Home Shopping 在家购物179、Hostname 主机名180、Hot list 热表181、HTTP(Hyper Text Transport Protocol)超文本传输协议182、Hyperlink 超链接183、Hypermedia 超媒体184、Hypertext 超文本185、IC 我明白了186、IDK 我不知道187、IOW 换句话说188、Internet 内部互联网189、IDG(International Data Group)国际数据集团190、Inter NTC(internet network information center) 互联网网络信息中心191、ID(Identifier)标识符192、Reseller Online 网上中间商。
电子商务外文翻译文献
文献信息：文献标题：ELECTRONIC COMMERCE（电子商务）国外作者：Đerić Slavko文献出处：《Economics》,2017,4字数统计：英文2060单词，11447字符；中文3455汉字外文文献：ELECTRONIC COMMERCESUMMARY Electronic commerce can be defined in different ways. Any definition helps to understand and explain that concept as better as possible. Electronic commerce is a set of procedures and technologies that automate the tasks of financial transactions using electronic means. Also, according to some authors, electronic commerce is defined as a new concept, which is being developed and which includes process of buying and selling or exchanging products, services or information via computer networks, including the Internet. Electronic commerce is not limited just to buying and selling, but it also includes all pre-sales and after-sales ongoing activities along the supply chain. Introducing electronic commerce, using the Internet and Web services in business, realizes the way to a completely new type of economy—internet economy.Keywords:electronic commerce, development, purchase, sale, economy, InternetINTRODUCTIONToday, development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, which radically change the existing power relations and the power on the global market, have a significant role in more evident process of globalization. The magnitude of impact of the development of communication and information resources on the world economy may be implied by the fact that it goes into traditional laborintensive activities, where before there were not opportunities for the application of modern information technology.Managers of large companies, as well as small and medium-sized enterprises, need to understand first of all the importance, as well as many advantages that use of modern digital technology enables them in the creation of new business ideas and their realization. In the new digital era the benefits and opportunities of e-business represent a significant potential that should be used in the best and the most efficient way. Thanks to the internet there are some changes in the way of business, geographical boundaries are disappearing, language barriers and currency restrictions are being bowed down.ELECTRONIC COMMERCEToday’s way of doing business is completely changed, mostly thanks to the Internet. E-commerce has a great role in the process of globalization and in the development of modern means of communication, especially electronic, by radically changing the existing power relations and the power on the global market. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business. Besides the technological aspect it is necessary to emphasize the economic aspect and define e-commerce as a new market that offers new types of goods and services, such as digital products through digital processes. Sellers of physical goods are also being included in digital processes, such as on-line ordering, market research and payment, which are the parts of the new market.Electronic commerce is the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions between different organizations via telecommunication networks and is more than a set of Internet technologies.E-commerce can be viewed from the narrower and wider point of view. In the narrow sense electronic commerce involves buying and selling through the Internet, and in a broader sense it includes the exchange of business information, maintaining business relationships, and conducting business transactions by means oftelecommunications networks. In fulfilling tasks it uses electronic communication media such as the Internet, extranets, e-mail, database and mobile telephony. Electronic commerce includes several activities such as electronic sales and purchases of goods and services, online delivery of digital content, electronic funds transfer, public procurement, direct consumer marketing and other after-sales services. The basis of e-business is often called a fully digital business and it contains three components: product, process and participants, which have two components, physical and digital. Everything that can be sent and received via the Internet is considered to be a digital product.Electronic commerce creates new markets and economic activities, which are characterized by rapid information processes and market dynamics. Electronic networks provide the infrastructure for collecting and disseminating information. They also serve as a new channel for the sales, promotion of products and services delivery. Moreover, network integrate information for managing business activities at all levels of the company and provide new electronic connections with customers and partners in the supply chain. An increasing number of activities that add value to the economy take place in cyberspace through globally connected electronic networks. The Internet has expanded the premises to which companies reach. Managers can detect a greater number of business opportunities due to obtaining many additional business information from the Internet.ELECTRONIC MARKETMilicevic (2002) states that the Internetand new information technologies are leading to restructuring of markets on a global level and some industrial and service sectors. As well as on traditional (physical) market, also in electronic market, customers and sellers exchange goods and services for money or other goods or services, but only electronically. Electronic market uses electronic transactions leading to a new way of distribution of products and services to ultimate consumers. Electronic market means a place where electronic commerce is conducted, that is to say a network of interactions and communication where the information, products,services and payments are exchanged. In recent years, electronic market is gaining importance in the modern way of doing business. When it comes to e-business, business center is a network based on the locations where there are customers, sellers and other participants and they all find each other electronically and do business so.MODELS OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThere are many models of electronic commerce that vary according to the relations which exist between participants in trade (companies, customers, employees, government). Some of the models are: B2B, B2C, B2E, C2C, C2B, but lately there are also more complex forms that are created as a combination and updating of existing models such as B2B2C and C2B2C.B2B (Business to Business) is the automated exchange of information between different organizations;B2C (Business to Consumer) means the sale of goods and services to end consumers;B2E (Business to Employee) is a model which is also known as Intranet, or the Web site that gives products or information to employees;C2B (Consumer to Business) is a model where the consumer requests a product or service from the seller;C2C (Consumer to Consumer) is a model in which customers sell to each other;B2B2C (Business to Business to Consumer) is a model that is realized using B2B model that supports the company’s operations on the model of B2C;C2B2C (Consumer to Business to Consumer) is a model that connects consumers using on-line company as an intermediary.LEGAL ISSUES SPECIFIC TO ELECTRONIC COMMERCEThe most important legal issues specific to e-commerce are: assigning domain names, tax collection from incomes generated electronically and intellectual property protection. When assigning Internet addresses or domain names, problems arise when several companies that have similar names compete around the domain. The problemis solved in court or before an international arbitration system. Federal, state and local authorities are trying in every way to calculate how to get a share of revenue generated electronically. The problems are particularly prominent in international trade, when the question is where you need to pay a tax for a business license, income tax, value-added tax, the annual income tax and the like, as well as who controls the charge. Protection of software and other intangible creations is difficult to be implemented over the Web, which is why the issues of copyright and protection of intellectual property are subjects of frequent discussions. One solution might be a tax that is unique to the Internet, the so-called “bit tax”. The idea of this tax is based on the fact that each bit that travels through the network represents a subject to taxation at a rate that is unique. It could be collected in telephone exchanges or at the service provider and to be submitted to the competent tax authorities. However, such a tax would not take account of the nature of the information or goods that are purchased. The largest amount of bits on the Internet belongs to the children’s video games which are in most countries, wheree-business is developed, tax-exempt or taxed at the lowest rate. It is also unclear which government would take over the tax that is a result of cross-border data flow. Besides safety problems, the problem of unclear model of taxation of commercial transactions on the Internet certainly inflicts great torments to fiscal experts worldwide.ADV ANTAGES AND DISADV ANTAGES OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE The main characteristic of e-commerce is a profound and very rapid change in the way trade is conducted. Today, e-commerce has many advantages over traditional conducting commercial transactions. Extensive use of e-commerce leads to new advantages. A set of interactive, content-rich and personalized messages can be delivered tospecifically selected consumers to increase sales. Today companies have a lot more information than before, which allows them to take advantage of this information as efficiently as possible, to segment the market and to adapt their products or services to potential customers or service users as well as possible.The impact of e-commerce is especially expressed in industries engaged in theproduction of computers, software and computer equipment and other elements necessary for realization of e-commerce. E-commerce has enabled companies to choose suppliers all over the world regardless of their geographical location, and to sell and market their products or services anywhere in the global market.Compared to traditional commerce the advantages of Internet commerce are numerous because properties are not necessary, as well as window dressing, sales staff is reduced to a minimum, there is a possibility of selling around the world, instant communication, presentation of interactive multimedia catalog that can provide the information that the customer wants (there is no classic catalog and postal shipping), promotion is much cheaper, it is easier to achieve publicity on the internet, there are more opportunities to adapt to customer needs, and with allthat the customer is enabled easier purchases carried out from an armchair, with no time limit (nonstop) ,without affecting the sales staff in the decision-making and various other benefits. Due to the complexity of the system of electronic trade problems in the sale or purchase over the Internet may occur. Problems refer to the fact that many potential customers still do not have Internet access or do not use it, some do not have fast Internet connection, online purchase involves a lot of confidence, privacy is compromised and there is a problem of the actual existence of stores on the Internet. Internet is a public network that is accessible to everyone, and because of that there is a possibility that someone monitors comunication without authorization and to abuse it later. Because of these reasons, it is necessary to find mechanisms that will ensure the protection of information, information integrity, and their authenticity. Cryptography is the science that deals with methods of maintenance of the confidentiality of information and which has its own features such as encryption, decryption and key. Defining and verifying the identity of the sender is achieved by using digital signatures and certificates. The purpose of the digital signature is authentication of the message content, as well as provision of guarantee of identity of the sender of the message.CONCLUSIONWith the advent of the Internet a lot has changed in terms of business and trade. Once the operating was based on the principle of face-toface, but now with the advent of the Internet participants in trade do not need to know, nor meet and see each other. With the advent of e-commerce there are no more geographical borders, nor language barriers and currency constraints. In modern business there is a transition from mechanical to electronic phase of business, which leads to more rapid penetration of technical progress in trade. It comes to development of electronic stores, which have significant benefits for end consumers, but there are new problems related to payments and the security of transactions carried out in this way. E-commerce and e-business are becoming inevitable everyday. Paper, pencil, stamp and other equipmentare replaced by computer and the Internet, thanks to which it is much easier and better to conduct an increasing number of business transactions. Online purchase and e-commerce are developing very fast, thus opening up new business opportunities, which affects an increase in productivity, reduction of costs and faster capital turnover. E-commerce creates employment opportunities, stimulates economic growth, investment in innovations, new technologies and knowledge, which contributes to the emergence of new operators in the market.中文译文：电子商务摘要电子商务可以用不同的方式进行定义。
电子商务外文翻译doc资料
电子商务外文翻译Information Security Problems in E-commerceⅠ. IntroductionE-commerce (E-Business) is in open networks, including between enterprises (B2B), business and consumers (B2C) commercial transactions, compared with the traditional business model, e-commerce with efficient, convenient, covered wide range of characteristics and benefits. However, e-commerce open this Internet-based data exchange is great its security vulnerabilities, security is a core e-commerce development constraints and key issues.In this paper, the basic ideas and principles of systems engineering, analyzes the current security threats facing e-commerce, in this based on security technology from the perspective of development trend of e-commerce.Ⅱ. E-commerce modelModern e-commerce technology has focused on the establishment and operation of the network of stores. Network in the department stores and real stores no distinction between structure and function, differences in their function and structure to achieve these methods and the way business operate.Web store from the front view is a special kind of WEB server. WEB site of modern multimedia support and a good interactive feature as the basis for the establishment of this virtual store, so customers can, as in a real supermarket pushing a shopping cart to select goods, and finally in the checkout check out. These online stores also constitute the three pillars of software: catalog, shopping cart and customer checkout. Customers use an electronic currency and transaction must store customers and stores are safe and reliable.Behind the store in the network, enterprises must first have a product storage warehouse and administration; second network to sell products by mail or other delivery channels to customers hands; Third, enterprises should also be responsible for product after-sales service, This service may be through networks, may not. Internet transactions are usually a first Pay the bill and getting goods shopping. For customers, convenience is that the goods purchased will be directly delivered to their home, but hard to feel assured that the goods can not be confirmed until the hands reach into their own hands, what it is.Therefore, the credibility of the store network and service quality is actually the key to the success of e-commerce.Ⅲ.the key to development of electronic commerceE-commerce in the telecommunications network to develop. Therefore, the advanced computer network infrastructure and telecommunications policy easing the development of electronic commerce has become a prerequisite. Currently, telecom services, high prices, limited bandwidth, the service is not timely or not reliable and so the development of e-commerce has become a constraint. Speed up the construction of telecommunications infrastructure, to break the telecommunications market monopoly, introduce competition mechanism to ensure fair competition in the telecommunications business, to promote networking, ensure to provide users with low-cost, high-speed, reliable communications services is a good construction targetnetwork environment, but also all of the world common task.E-commerce the most prominent problem is to solve the on-line shopping, trading and clearing of security issues, including the establishment of e-commerce trust between all the main issues, namely the establishment of safety certification system (CA) issues; choose safety standards (such as SET , SSL, PKI, etc.) problems; using encryption and decryption method and encryption strength problems. Establishment of security authentication system which is the key.Online trading and traditional face to face or written transactions in different ways, it is transmitted through the network business information and trade activities. The security of online transactions means:Validity: the validity of the contract to ensure online transactions, to prevent system failure, computer viruses, hacker attacks.Confidentiality: the content of the transaction, both transactions account, the password is not recognized by others and stealing.Integrity: to prevent the formation of unilateral transaction information and modify.Therefore, the e-commerce security system should include: secure and reliable communications network to ensure reliable data transmission integrity, prevent viruses, hackers; electronic signatures and other authentication systems; complete data encryption system and so on.Ⅳ.e-commerce security issues facingAs e-commerce network is the computer-based, it inevitably faces a number of security issues.(1) Information leakPerformance in e-commerce for the leakage of business secrets, including two aspects: the parties are dealing transactions by third parties to steal the contents; transaction to the other party to provide documents used illegal use by third parties.(2) AlteredE-commerce information for business performance in the authenticity and integrity issues. Electronic transaction information in the network transmission process may be others to illegally modify, delete or re-changed, so that information about its authenticity and integrity.(3) IdentificationWithout identification, third-party transactions is likely to fake the identity of parties to a deal breaker, damage the reputation of being counterfeit or stolen by one party to the transaction fake results and so on, for identification, the transaction between the two sides can prevent suspicion situation.(4) Computer virusesComputer virus appeared 10 years, a variety of new virus and its variants rapidly increasing, the emergence of the Internet for the spread of the virus has provided the best medium. Many new viruses directly using the network as its transmission, as well as many viruses spread faster through dried networks, frequently causing billions of dollars in economic losses.(5) HackerWith the spread of a variety of application tools, hackers have been popular, and are not in the past; non-computer expert can not be a hacker. Have kicked Yahoo's mafia boy did not receive any special training, only a few attacks to the users to download software and learn how to use the Internet on a big dry.Ⅴ.e-commerce security and safety factorsEnterprise application security is the most worried about e-commerce, and how to protect the security of e-commerce activities, will remain the core of e-commerce research. As a secure e-commerce system, we must first have a safe, reliable communication network, to ensure that transaction information secure and rapid transmission; second database server to ensure absolute security against hackers break into networks to steal information. E-commerce security technologies include encryption, authentication technology and e-commerce security protocols, firewall technology.(A), encryption technologyTo ensure the security of data and transactions to prevent fraud, to confirm the true identity of transaction parties, e-commerce to adopt encryption technology, encryption technology is through the use of code or password to protect data security. For encrypted data is called plaintext, specifically through the role of a encryption algorithm, the conversion into cipher text, we will express this change as the cipher text is called encryption, the cipher text by the decryption algorithm to form a clear role in the output of this a process known as decryption. Encryption algorithm known as the key parameters used. The longer the key, the key space is large, traverse the key space the more time spent, the less likely cracked.Encryption technology can be divided into two categories: symmetric encryption and asymmetric encryption. Symmetric encryption to the data encryption standard DES (Data Encryption Standard) algorithm is represented. Asymmetric encryption is usually RSA (Rivets Shamir Aleman) algorithm is represented.(B), authenticationCommonly used security authentication technologies: digital signatures, digital certificates, digital time stamp, CA security authentication technology.(C), hacker protection technologyCurrently, hackers have become the biggest e-commerce security threats, thus preventing hacking network security technology has become the main content, by governments and industry are highly valued. Hacking techniques include buffer overflow attacks, Trojans, port scans, IP fraud, network monitoring, password attacks, and denial of service Dos attacks. At present, people have made many effective anti-hacker technologies, including firewalls, intrusion detection, and network security evaluation techniques.Ⅵ.the future security of e-commerceIncreasingly severe security problems, are growing threat to national and global economic security, governments have been based on efforts in the following areas:(1) Strengthen the legislation, refer to the advanced countries have effective legislation, innovative, e-commerce and improve the protection of the laws againstcyber-crime security system.(2) Establishment of relevant institutions, to take practical measures to combat cyber crime. Development of the law, the implementing agencies should also be used for its relevant laws, which must establish an independent oversight body, such as the executing agency to implement the law.(3) Increase investment in network security technology; improve the level of network security technology. E-commerce security law is the prerequisite and basis for development and secure e-commerce security technology is a means of protection. There are many security issues are technical reasons, it should increase the technology resources, and continuously push forward the development of old technologies and developing new security technology.(4) To encourage enterprises to protect themselves against Internet crime against. To avoid attack, companies can not hold things to chance, must attach great importance to system vulnerabilities, in time to find security holes to install the operating system and server patches, and network security detection equipment should be used regularly scan the network monitoring, develop a set of complete security protection system to enable enterprises to form a system and combined with the comprehensive protection system.(5) To strengthen international cooperation to strengthen global efforts to combat cyber crime. As e-commerce knows no borders, no geographical, it is a completely open area, so the action against cyber crime e-commerce will also be global. This will require Governments to strengthen cooperation, can not have "the saying which goes, regardless of others, cream tile" misconception.(6) To strengthen the network of national safety education, pay attention to the cultivation of outstanding computer.Ⅶ. ConclusionE-commerce in China has developed rapidly in recent years, but the security has not yet established. This has an impact on the development of electronic commerce as a barrier.To this end, we must accelerate the construction of the e-commerce security systems. This will be a comprehensive, systematic project involving the whole society. Specifically, we want legal recognition of electronic communications records of the effectiveness of legal protection for electronic commerce; we should strengthen the research on electronic signatures, to protect e-commerce technology; we need to build e-commerce authentication system as soon as possible, to organize protection for electronic commerce. Moreover, for e-commerce features without borders, we should also strengthen international cooperation, so that e-commerce truly plays its role. Only in this way, we can adapt to the times Promoting China's economic development; also the only way we can in the economic globalization today, to participate in international competition, and thus gain a competitive advantage.REFERENCES：[1]Grover, V. et al., 2001, E-Commerce and the Information Market, Communications of the ACM, vol. 44, no. 4, April, 79-86.[2]EWT Ngai.Fuzzy decision support system for risk analysis in e-commerce development. 2005[3]DH McKnight.What trust means in e-commerce customer relationships: an interdisciplinary conceptual typology .2001[4]W Wang.Interactive decision aids for consumer decision making in e-commerce: the influence of perceived strategy restrictiveness .2009[5]Lohse, L. G., Spiller, P., 1998, Electronic Shopping, Communications of the ACM, vol. 41, no. 7, July, 81- 88.[6]Lima, R. S. et al, 2000, Evaluating Web sites for an educational environment target for cardiology, The 3rd European Software Measurement Conference –FESMA-AEMES, Madrid, September.。
电子商务英语汉译英
.汉译英1.按固定日期发送信息简报，让客户叹服你的敬业精神。
(A)You dazzle your customers with your commitment by releasing the newsletter on fixed days.2.安排这样的相互交流可以让你了解自己的公司实际是如何运作的，这常常需要对软件进行定制。
(A) Arranging this interaction can teach you lessons in how your company actually works ,and it often calls for customized software.3.安装防火墙能够禁止任何未授权的访客访问所有这些相关信息。
(A) Installing a firewall can prohibit unauthorized sources from accessing all of this pertinent information.4.必须考虑外在威胁以保护名誉免受损害。
(B)External threats must be considered to protect the name and reputation from harm.5.不要低估了高品质的价值。
(B)Don't underestimate the value of high quality links.6.创建一个高质量，能够为访问者提供很好的信息和资源的。
(C)Create a high quality website that offers excellent information and resources to those visiting the site . 7.除了购买和销售产品，电子商务同样也可以处理其他的传统业务。
(C)In addition to buying and selling products,e-business may also handle other traditional business aspects.8.从本质上讲，这就是一种网上支付的方法。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
电子商务术语翻译
电子商务术语翻译●B2C（参考答案：Business to Consumer企业与消费者之间；参见教科书1.2.2）●B2B（参考答案：Business to Business企业与企业之间；参见教科书1.2.2）●The World Business Agenda for Electronic Commerce（参考答案：世界电子商务会议；参见教科书1.2.1）●B2G（参考答案：Business to Government，企业与政府之间；参见教科书1.2.2）●EDI（参考答案：Electronic Data Interchange，电子数据交换；参见教科书1.2.2）●XML（参考答案：可扩展标识语言；参见教科书1.2.2）●CA（参考答案：认证机构；参见教科书1.4.4）●ISP（参考答案：Internet Service Provider，网络服务提供商；参见教科书1.5.5）●ICP（参考答案：Internet Content Provider，网络内容提供商；参见教科书1.5.1）●China Public Packet Switched Dada Network（参考答案：公用分组交换数据网；参见教科书2.2.2）●Paperless Trading（参考答案：无纸贸易；参见教科书2.5.2）●Electronic Data Interchange（参考答案：电子数据交换技术；参见教科书2.5.1）●Digital Subscriber Line（参考答案：数字用户线路；参见教科书3.1.4）●Integrated Service Digital Network（参考答案：综合业务数字网；参见教科书3.1.4）●Transport Control Protocol（参考答案：传输控制协议；参见教科书3.3.1）●Net Operation System（参考答案：网络操作系统；参见教科书3.1.3）●Internet Service Provider（ISP）（参考答案：因特网服务供应商；参见教科书4.2.1.1）●Application Service Provider（ASP）（参考答案：应用服务提供商；参见教科书4.2.1.1）●Internet Content Provider（ICP）（参考答案：网络内容提供商；参见教科书4.2.1.2）●Network Database（参考答案：网络数据库；参见教科书4.2.3.1）●Hyper Text Markup Language（HTTP）（参考答案：超文本标注语言；参见教科书4.3.5.1）●Extensible Markup Language（XML）（参考答案：可扩展置标语言；参见教科书4.3.5.2）●EDI（参考答案：电子数据交换；参见教科书6.3.3）●Soft goods（参考答案：软体商品；参见教科书7.2.3）●Brand Asset（参考答案：品牌资产；参见教科书7.3.1）●Continuity（参考答案：连续性；参见教科书7.5.4）●Coverage（参考答案：覆盖；参见教科书7.5.4）●Credit（参考答案：信用；参见教科书7.5.4）●Personal Data Assistants，PDAs（参考答案：个人数据助手；参见教科书7.7.1）●Page view（参考答案：网页浏览次数；参见教科书8.3.2）●Click-through Rate（参考答案：点进率；参见教科书8.3.2）●Cost Per Thousand Impressions（参考答案：千人广告成本；参见教科书8.3.2）●Cost Per Click-Through（参考答案：每点击成本；参见教科书8.3.2）●Partnership Marketing（参考答案：伙伴营销；参见教科书8.7.2）●Really Simple Syndication（参考答案：简易信息聚合；参见教科书8.7.6）●E-wallet（参考答案：电子钱包软件；参见教科书10.2.2）●E-cash（参考答案：电子现金；参见教科书10.2.2）●Electronic Purse（参考答案：电子钱包；参见教科书10.2.2）●Electronic Fund Transfer（参考答案：电子资金划拨；参见教科书10.2.2）●FSTC（Financial Services Technology Consortium）（参考答案：资金服务技术协会；参见教科书10.2.3）●SET（Secure Electronic Transaction）（参考答案：电子商务交易安全协议；参见教科书10.3.2）●Physical Distribution（参考答案：货物配送；参见教科书11.1.1）●Barcode technology参考答案：条码技术；参见教科书11.1.3）●Enterprise Resource Planning（参考答案：企业资源计划系统；参见教科书11.2.2）●Cross docking（参考答案：码头直接发运；参见教科书11.3.1）●Radio Frequency（参考答案：射频技术；参见教科书11.3.2）●Global Positioning System（参考答案：全球定位系统；参见教科书11.3.2）●Geographical Information System（参考答案：地理信息系统；参见教科书11.3.2）●Digita1TimeStampsever（参考答案：数字时间戳服务；参见教科书12.2.2）●Certificate Authority（参考答案：电子认证服务机构；参见教科书12.2.3）●functional-equivalent approach（参考答案：功能等同法；参见教科书12.5.2）●Public Key Infrastructure（参考答案：公钥基础设施；参见教科书12.2.3）。
电子商务外文翻译
中文4650字外文翻译E-commerceWith the rapid development of Internet, websites surging forward are after frying the foot " concept ", it is " practical " to all change direction one after another, and " practical one of the more distinct characteristics ": It is most websites that are all attempting to do the true " e-commerce ". What is " e-commerce " so? The so-called e-commerce (Electronic Commerce ) utilizes technology of the computer, network technology and long-range communication technology, realize the electrification , digitization and networked in the course of the whole commercial affair (buys and sells ). People are no longer face-to-face , look at the true goods , depend on the paper medium document (including the cash ) to carry on the business transaction. But provide and deliver system and fund convenient to be safe and settle account and do a deal systematically through a feast for the eyes goods information on net , perfect logistics through the network (buy and sell).In fact, the course of the whole trade can be divided into three stages:The first stage is information interchange stage: To trade company, in order to release information stage this stage. Mainly choose one's own outstanding goods , organize one's own goods information meticulously, set up one's own webpage, then join in famous websites with greater reputation , with stronger influence power , of higher clicking rate, let as many as possible people understand you know you. To buyer, this stage is the stage going to look for the goods and goods information on the net. It is mainly according to the needs of one's own one, surf the Net and look for the information and goods that oneself needs, and the trade company choosing the service with a high reputation to be well cheap.The second stage signs the contract stage of the goods: As B2B (trade company vs. trade company ), this stage is exchange course of signing the contract , finishing the essential trade and business note. The ones that should pay attention to are: Complicated problems , such as accuracy , dependability , can't be alteredding of the data ,etc.. As B2C (trade company vs. personal customer ), this stage finishes doing shopping the order form of the course signs course, the customer should refer goods ,one's own contacting information , way , payment method to deliver goods which you choose to the trade company after in the network good sign well, the trade company should send mails or the telephone and verify above-mentioned contents after receiving the order form .The third stage carries on goods handing over , fund settlement stage according to the contract: This stage is stage when trade of the whole goods is very key, not merely involve the putting in place correctly and safely on the net of fund, involve the accuracy that the goods provide and deliver , put in place on time too at the same time . There is banking , provide and deliver systematic involvement at this stage, technically, in law, such respects as the standard is first-class have higher requests. The succeeding or not for a stage just here of online trade.Second, characteristic that e-commerce develops:Wider environment: People are not restricted by time , is not restricted by space , a great deal of restrictions not doing shopping by the tradition , can conclude the business on the net whenever and wherever possible .Wider market: This world will become very small on the net, a trade company can face global consumers , and a consumer can do shopping in any global trade company .Faster circulation and cheap price: E-commerce has reduce the intermediate link of circulation of commodities, has saved a large amount of expenses, thus reduced the cost of the circulation of commodities and trade greatly .Accord with the demands for times even more: People pursue the fashion , stress the individual character more and more nowadays, pay attention to the environment that does shopping, the online shopping, the shopping course that best reflects individualization.Third, which influence is e-commerce produced to social economy?E-commerce will change the way of the commercial activityThe traditional most typical scene of commercial activity is that " the salesman exists everywhere ", " the purchasing agent runs everywhere ", " reveal the mouth , run and break the leg ", consumers look for the goods that oneself need all pooped outlay in the market . Now, it is if touch it all right to pass Internet, people can enter the online market to browse through , purchase all kinds of products, and can also get online service , trade company can get in touch with the customer on the net , utilize the network to carry on the payment for goods and close serving, the government can also carry on electron calling for bid , government procurement ,etc. conveniently .E-commerce will change people's consumption patternThe biggest characteristic of online shopping is consumers' leading factor, do shopping the will is grasped in consumer's hands, at the same time consumers can also finish the trade by way of a kind of relaxed and free self-service , consumer's sovereignty can be fully embodied in the shopping at network.E-commerce will change the modes of production of enterprisesBecause e-commerce is a kind of swift , convenient shopping means, consumers' individualization , priviledges need and be able to be totally shown in front of the manufacturer through the network, in order to please customers, stress the design style of the products, a lot of enterprises in the manufacturing industry develop and popularize e-commerce one after another , if American Ford Motor Company connects with inside network of the company in 120,000 computer work stations in the whole world of March of 1998, and include 15,000 distributors of the whole world in the inside network , the final purpose of Ford Company is to realize being according to users' different requests, supply the automobile as required.E-commerce will bring a revolution to the traditional tradeE-commerce is in the course of the whole commercial activity, through the combination of people and telecommunications way , improve the efficiency of the commercial activity greatly, reduce the unnecessary intermediate link, the traditional manufacturing industry enters the eras of short run , much varieties by this, " zero stock " become possible; Traditional retail business and wholesale business open the new mode of " online marketing " of " having no shop "; Various kinds of online services have offered the brand-new method of service for service trade of the tradition. E-commerce will bring a brand-new financial circlesBecause pay the key link that is e-commerce by mails online, it is basic condition that e-commerce can be developed smoothly too, with the break-through ofe-commerce on the electronic trade link, such services as online bank , bank card pay the network , electronic payment system of bank and electronic cheque , electronic cash, bring traditional financial circles into a brand-new field.E-commerce will change the government's behaviorThe government is undertaking the function of the management and service of a large number of societies , economy , culture, in e-commerce era, as enterprises usee-commerce to carry on the production and management, the bank computerizes financial services, and while consumers realize cosumption online, will put forward the new request , an electronic government or calling the online government forgovernment's administration behaviour too, will become an important social role as e-commerce is developed.In a word, as a kind of commercial activity course, e-commerce will bring an unprecedented revolution, its impact on social economy far exceeds the commercial affair itself. Besides these above-mentioned influence, it will also bring enormous influence on employment , legal system and culture and education ,etc., e-commerce will bring the mankind into the information-intensive society .Three pieces of function of e-commerceIn the modern information-intensive society, e-commerce can enable mastering the enterprises and individuals of the information technology and business rule , utilizing various kinds of electronic tools and networks systematically, the low cost with high efficiency is engaged in various kinds of commercial trade activities realized in electronic way. According to using with the function , can dividee-commerce into three levels or 3S , namely SHOW , SALE , SERVE: SHOW (show)Offer the electronic market conditions, enterprises release goods and other information on the net by way of webpage, with advertise etc. on the net, through SHOW, enterprises can establish one's own corporate image , expand the popularity of enterprises, propagate the service of one's own products , look for the new trade cooperative partner.SALE (trade)Realize the whole course of the transaction activity of the traditional form in electronic way in the network, for instance online shopping ,etc.. Enterprises can finish the whole course of the trade through SALE, expand the range traded, improve the efficiency of the work , reduce the cost of the trade , thus obtain the economic and social benefit.SERVE (serve)And the service after sale before meaning various kinds of related to commercial activity that enterprises launch through the network and selling, through such SERVE on net, enterprises can perfect one's own e-commerce system , consolidate the already existing customer , attract the new customer , thus expand the management business of enterprises, obtain greater economic benefits and social benefit. The enterprise is a protagonist who launches e-commerce.How many kinds are electronic business application?E-commerce inside ¡è enterprise is mainly to deal with and exchange trade and business information through the way of the network (Intranet ) inside enterprises. The network (Intranet) is a kind of effective commercial tool inside enterprises, pass the fire wall , enterprises isolate one's own inside network from Internet, it can be used for automati callying process the commercial affair to operate and work to flow, strengthen it to the access of important system and key data, share experience , solve customer's problem together, and keep the connection while organizing. E-commerce inside enterprises, can bring the following advantage to enterprise: Increase agility that commercial activity punish, to market situation can reacting quickly, can provide service for the customer better . E-commerce (B-B mode ) among ¡è enterprise and enterprise mainly carries on the electronic commercial activity through INTERNET or the special-purpose network way. E-commerce among enterprises is merits attention and probes into most three kinds of modes of e-commerce, because it has potentiality of development most. E-commerce (B-C mode ) between enterprise and consumer is mainly that enterprises offer a new-type shopping environment to consumer through INTERNET --The online shop, consumers do shopping on the net through the network , pay on the net. Because this kind of mode has saved customer and time and space of both sides of enterprise, have improve trade efficiency greatly, has saved the unnecessary expenses. ¡¡è enterprise and inter-governmental e-commerce (B-G mode) the commercial activity cover enterprise and government organize every thing among, mainly including government procurement , declare at the Customs , declare dutiable goods etc. on the net.E-commerce inside enterprise is mainly to deal with and exchange trade and business information through the way of the network (Intranet ) inside enterprises. The network (Intranet ) is a kind of effective commercial tool inside enterprises, pass the fire wall , enterprises isolate one's own inside network from Internet, it can be used for automaticallying process the commercial affair to operate and work to flow, strengthen it to the access of important system and key data, share experience , solve customer's problem together, and keep the connection while organizing. E-commerce inside enterprises, can bring the following advantage to enterprise : Increase agility that commercial activity punish, to market situation can reacting quickly, can provide service for the customer better . E-commerce (B-B mode ) among ¡è enterprise and enterprise mainly carries on the electronic commercial activity through INTERNET or the special-purpose network way. E-commerce among enterprises is merits attention and probes into most three kinds of modes of e-commerce, because it has potentialityof development most. E-commerce (B-C mode ) between ¡è enterprise and consumer is mainly that enterprises offer a new-type shopping environment to consumer through INTERNET --The online shop, consumers do shopping on the net through the network , pay on the net. Because this kind of mode has saved customer and time and space of both sides of enterprise, have improve trade efficiency greatly, has saved the unnecessary expenses. Enterprise and inter-governmental e-commerce (B-G mode) the commercial activity cover enterprise and government organize every thing among, mainly including government procurement , declare at the Customs , declare dutiable goods etc. on the net.The e-commerce strategyIt may be useful for development organizations to consider the many issues involved before embarking on an e-commerce initiative, in relation to the organization's mandate, development goals, and organizational structure. The primary issues involved would include:Resource Expansion -- Is the main goal of selling goods and services online the generation of revenue to offset operational costs? If so, how much revenue does the organization expect/wish to generate? These strategic questions will allow the organization to assess how much funding will go toward e-commerce activities. If the organization is approaching e-commerce as a means of covering not only the costs of producing the goods and services and disseminating development-focused products, but wishes to expand its revenue base to support other project costs, then it may want to develop an e-commerce platform and strategy that can attract customers. The organization may have to approach e-commerce as a resource expansion activity that uses business strategies and a full marketing approach. This leads to the question of whether this fits in with the development mandate of the organization and its charitable organization status. Will e-commerce activities distort the tax-free status of the development organization? Is the organization liable in the case of legal conflicts? Most development organizations have already faced these questions if they sell publications and other products by "traditional" means.Capital Costs -- How much funding is the organization willing to put intoe-commerce activities? E-commerce platforms can be high priced, depending on the level of sophistication. A development organization undertaking e-commerce activities should consider whether it wants to incur higher costs, with the possibility of cost recovery from an expected higher level of sales. What are the possibilities of receiving financial assistance from donor agencies or partner organizations for thisactivity? Development organizations pursuing e-commerce activities may have to decide between a variety of options for their online selling activities, depending on their financial capacities. These options can be divided into 1) technical hardware and 2) site design and maintenance. The organization will have to decide whether it wants to invest in setting up its own in-house server, depending on the organization's size and computing requirements, or find a third party that is willing to host the site on its server. Is the third party another development-focused organization, or is it a private company/ISP? Regarding design and maintenance of the e-commerce site, is the organization able to hire in-house technical personnel to handle design, development, and maintenance, or is it more cost effective to hire an outside party to handle these tasks? Developing an e-commerce site that generates high levels of revenue will have to respond to the changes in e-commerce platforms in the commercial sector. The development organization may want to consider using security encryption software for credit card payment, increasing costs to an extent yet benefiting from increasing customer confidence in the transaction process. Will the site be eye-catching, with the hope of attracting customers, possibly increasing site development costs for higher level graphics and design? Pan Partners currently do not have to bear all of the above-mentioned capital costs, but may one day have to consider them when they initiate an e-commerce site on their own.Marketing -- As evident from the discussion above, a good marketing strategy forms the basis of the operational strategy, in order to attract customers to thee-commerce site and ensure a steady pattern of sales. Development organizations often need not employ capital-intensive marketing programs in order to have a successful marketing campaign. The marketing strategy can be divided into two main categories: 1) online markets and 2) offline markets.Purchasing Patterns of Online Customers -- The frequency of updating new products can impact the number of items purchased by customers and the number of returning customers. In order to encourage customers to purchase more than one item at a time, it is important to offer a (wide) variety of products. Returning to the marketing strategies, development organizations can offer sales promotions mentioned above. This can increase the per-customer volume of sales, increasing overall revenue. Development organizations can consider organizing a schedule for updating their e-commerce site, adding new products and promotional offers on a regular basis. This way, previous customers will see that new products are available for sale and may be attracted to purchasing a second or third time.Developing an e-commerce strategy can allow development organizations to approach this initiative with an understanding of what they want to achieve and how to achieve it. This can encourage strategic thinking of how to attract potential customers to the site and how to keep them returning. In order for e-commerce initiatives to be successful, whether generating revenue to offset production costs or increasing overall revenue to offset operational costs, development organizations can often use business strategies to more effectively achieve their overall goals.电子商务一、什么是电子商务?随着因特网的迅速发展，风起云涌的网站在炒足了“概念”之后，都纷纷转向了“务实”，而“务实”比较鲜明的特点之一：是绝大多数的网站都在试图做实实在在的“电子商务”。
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献
电子商务概论中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文：Electronic CommerceElectronic commerce, or Electronic trade, or electronic business as a newly rising mode of commerce will have far-reaching influence on social economy and play an important role in social development worldwide. It represents the trend of world trade in the 21st century and beyond.1. What is Electronic Commerce?Electronic commerce refers to commercial data exchange in digital form through electronic transmission means and commercial activities conducted on-line. Usually, electronic commerce can be divided into two levels: One is low-level electronic commerce that is, electronic commercial intelligence, electronic trade, and electronic contracts. Another is high-level electronic commerce which includes all commercial activities done via Internet, ranging from searching for clients, commercial negotia-tion, making orders, on-line payment, releasing electronic invoice, to electronic dec-laration to Customs, electronic tax-payment, all conducted on Internet.Electronic commerce means electrification of all trade transactions. It is featured by these characters: ①fairness and freedom, ②high efficiency, ③globalization, ④virtualization, ⑤interactivity, ⑥autonomy, ⑦personalized service. With electronic commerce, clients and suppliers can closely and conveniently contact with each other on a global scale, so that clients can find satisfactory suppliers from all comers of the world to meet their demands.Electronic commerce will change the environment in which enterprises compete with each other and reduce costs which would otherwise be high in traditional market structure. Low costs in transactions, convenience in market entry and government encouragement to use Internet (exemption from tax) activate electronic commerce and boost it to develop rapidly right from its beginning. As experts predicted, by 2000, electronic commerce would reach a scale of 300billion US dollars worldwide. And it has exceeded this scale.To ensure security of electronic commerce, an electronic certification center should be established. Digital ID is used to validate identity. Digital 11 is trusted to a third party, namely, an authorized agency, to release, including identifying informa-tion of the holder (name, address, liaison way, ID card number), an encryptive key for common use by the both parties,period of validity, password and identification in-formation of the authorized agency, etc. With digital ID, both parties in transactions can be assured of identifying the other party and validate that the information sent out from the other party has not been subject to alteration.2. Influence That Electronic Commerce May HaveCompared with traditional commerce, electronic commerce has superiorities as follows *Extensive coverage. A network system combining Internet, Intranet (local area network inside enterprises) and Extranet (networks outside enterprises) enables buy-ers, sellers, manufacturers and their partners to contact with each other and conven-iently transmit commercial intelligence and documents worldwide.*Complete functions. In electronic commerce, users of different types and on dif-ferent tiers can realize different targets in trade, for example, releasing commercial intelligence, on-line negotiation, electronic payment, establishment of virtual com-mercial market place and on-line banking, etc.*Convenience and flexibility in use.. Based on Internet, electronic commerce is free from restriction by specialized protocol for data exchange. Transactions can be conducted conveniently on computer screen, by using any type of PCs, at any place around the world.*Low cost. Use of electronic commerce can cut down costs for hiring employees, maintaining warehouse and storefront, expense for international travel and postage to a great extent. The cost for using Internet is very low.Electronic commerce will have substantial influence on social economy:*Electronic commerce will change the way people used to take in commercial ac-tivities. Through networks, people can enter virtual stores and browse around, select what they are interested in, and enjoy various on-line services. On the other hand, merchants can contact withconsumers through networks, decide on buying in goods (categories and quantities) and perform settlement of accounts. Government agencies can perform electronic tendering and pursue government purchase through networks.*The core of electronic commerce is people. It is a social system. On-line shop-ping changes the way of people's daily life and fully embodies autonomy of consum-ers in trade.*Electronic commerce changes the way enterprises produce their goods. Through networks, manufacturers know market demand directly and make arrangement of production, in accordance with consumers' need.*Electronic commerce dramatically raises efficiency of trade. Intermediate links can be cut down; costs for sales will be reduced to minimum. Production can be ar-ranged in "small batches plus diverse varieties", and "zero stock" will be reality.*Electronic commerce calls for reformation of banking services. New concepts like on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line settlement of accounts, electronic invoice, electronic "cash"-consumers will no longer use the real cash when shopping-will become reality.*Electronic commerce will change government behavior. Called "on-line gov-ernment", an on-line administration plays the important role of a social channel, maintaining order and fairness and detecting and cracking down on-line fraud.3. The Present Situation of Electronic Commerce in Developed CountriesIn the mid-1990s, when Internet experienced explosive development and micro-computers entered homes in great numbers, computer networks became an indispen-sable part of people's daily life. People expect for more interests and convenience brought in by computer networks. Electronic Commerce emerged just in time. In de-veloped countries, governments timely madepolicies to boost electronic commerce to practical use and dominant position in a new round of worldwide competition.In 1998, Internet helped the United States to create productive out put of 507 bil-lion US dollars, national income of 301 billion US dollars, and 1. 2 million job op-portunities; of these, electronic commerce created an income of 100 billion US dollars. Internet has be-come the first big industry with yearly productive output increasing by 60%，and accounting for 6% of GDP. Service export from the United States has at-tained 160 billion US dollars each year, and it is predicted that it can compensate trade deficit in commodity trade. Internet played an important role in promoting ex-port from the United States: in 1999, books, automobiles and services were sold through electronic commerce to foreign countries, exceeding 102 billion US dollars.Advocated by the United States, 132 members of WTO decided to turn Internet into a free trade zone within at least one-year term. Some countries and organizations scrambled to work out development framework for electronic commerce and made laws and regulations for developing electronic commerce. In 1996, the UN Confer-ence on Trade and Development passed "Model Law of Electronic Commerce". In December, 1996, the US government issued "Policy Framework for Global Electronic Commerce"．In April 1997, European Union issued "Proposal for Electronic Com-merce in Europe"．On July 1 1997, US President Clinton promulgated" A framework for Global Electronic Commerce" which has had great influence on global electronic commerce. In May 1998, WTO minister conference passed "A Manifesto on Global Electronic Commerce", and in September 1998, WTO general council passed "Scheme for Electronic Commerce Work"．In October 1998, UN Organization of Economy and Cooperation ＆Development (OECD) held minister conference at Ottawa, Canada on electronic commerce, which is praised as a milestone of global electronic commerce. InSeptember 1999, Global Business Dialog on Electronic Commerce (GBDE) was held in France and is-sued "Paris Proposal"．In December 1999, the United States issued another Internet commerce standard.Electronic commerce in the United States takes the rein of the trade in the world. At present, there are 60 million subscribers of Internet in the United States. More than 98% of purchasing managers seek targets on-line. As estimated, by 2002, the value involved in transactions done through electronic commerce between US enterprises will account for 6.1% of GDP. Fortune magazine's statistics show the 500 top com-panies in the world all engaged in on-line business.25% of income to IBM (about 20 billion US dollars) is related with electronic commerce. Thanks to electronic com-merce, IBM saved its expenses of 250 million US dollars during 1999. HP Company designated its electronic Commerce solution as E-world-an electronized world. This solution is oriented to medium-and small-size enterprises, and great investment was made to third parties-software companies to develop software suited for medium-and small-size enterprises to engage in electronic commerce. Intel places its risky invest-ment mainly on Internet and electronic commerce. In July 1998, Intel began on-line transactions Its monthly business turn electronic commerce reached one billion US dollars.As a survey made by European Information Technology Observation shows, of the surveyed 570 companies, 47% have implemented electronic commerce of some sorts, and 4/5 of them began their electronic commerce in the latest two years. Execu-tive Committee of European Union plans at least 25% of its purchase done through electronic commerce by 2001. In1998, in Australia, web sites related with electronic commerce on Internet doubled in number, and 11% of Australian enterprises have their web sites. 80% of Australian companies use Internet to transmit E-mails and conduct commercial activities. In 1998, Singapore governmentpromulgated，for electronic commerce. Singapore is the only country in Southeast Asia that formally joined the "Rights and Obligation Electronic commerce In cooperation with US manufacturers and firms, Singapore established an electronic commerce entry in Asia, providing comprehensive Business-to-Business (B to B) service, so as to enable Asian trade companies to enter the rank of global electronic commerce.4. Development of Electronic Commerce in ChinaExploration in electronic commerce, governmental and civil began in 1993 in China. Today, electronic commerce has found its applications in foreign trade, Cus-toms, finance and commerce. Local frameworks have been established in Beijing and Shanghai for electronic commerce. Some electronic commerce web sites have been opened to on-line shopping and on-line settlement of accounts.The Ministry of Foreign Trade set up in February 1996 China Electronic Com-merce Center responsible for research, construction, and operation of international electronic commerce project in CT he Center established "China Commodity Trade Market" on Internet, to put rich resources of goods in China to world market, opening new channel for our exports. The subject "Security Proof of Electronic Commerce" as a key item in science and technology during th9th Five-year Plan period was ap-praised in early 1996 by State Department of Science and Technology and State En-cryptive Code Administration, which laid a foundation for establishing a safe and normal environment for electronic commerce in our country.In March 1999, the Ministry of Information Industry approved the electronic commercial network of pharmaceutics and health as a model project of electronic commerce for all trades. It is one of the six specialized networks in China, which pro-vide all-direction serve of market information, product transaction, warehousing and delivery, and account settlement, etc.In Shanghai, in 1999, "Shanghai Administrative Center of Electronic Commerce Security Certificate" was set up, which provide security platform for electronic com-merce and is responsible for application, appraisal, making and management of digital certificate domestic and foreign clients in Shanghai, and offers services such as certi-fication of digital identity and digital signature, electronic notarization, secure E-mail and secure encryption, etc. In January 1 the first on-line bookstore in China-Shanghai Book City On-line standard. It provides VISA cardholders and card-holders of domestic Great Wall card, Dragon card, Peony card and Pacific card with instant and authorized security service.The measure taken in Beijing to develop electronic commerce is to build a capital electronic commerce city. In November 1998, the capital electronic commerce project formally activated, and a frame-work formally showed off. The Legend Computer Company open edits electronic commerce system in June 1999, and web sites 8848, sina, 163, all activated their electronic commerce.In April 2000, sponsored by the Ministry of Information Indus-try，National Economy and Trade Commission, and China Council for Promotion of International Trade, the 4th China International Electronic Commerce Conference was held. State leaders and superintendents of various ministries and commissions joined the opening conference. Mr. Levy, secretary of Commercial Department of the US government led a delegation of famous US enterprises and media, totally more than 100 persons, to join the conference. More than 60 seminars were held during the conference, to dis-cuss extensive topics on electronic commerce.Despite all these efforts, companies engaged in electronic commerce service in China suffer losses in their B-to-C business (B refers to Business, C refers to Con-sumers). Some Chinese experts attribute this to Chinese shopping habit-Chinese con-sumers treat shopping asan interesting hobby; they enjoy the pleasure of spending their money through appreciating and comparing merchandise, and bargaining; but all these will vanish from on-line shopping. Other experts attribute this phenomenon to the ubiquitous incredulity in society-banks can-not interconnect their business be-cause they fear their customers will be captured by their rivals; cash cards cannot be popularized because banks do not trust civilians; and civilians do not like to do on-line shopping because they do not trust on-line stores,…etc. Why？That's because many things on-line and in society are false, for ex-ample, false number of subscribers, false statistics of access flux, shoddy goods, forged diploma, sham curriculum vitae, sham investment, sham listing, false revenue to listed enterprises, etc. Such an over-all environment will not change within a long period of time. In such environment, no commercial activity can be done. Many IT practitioners are disheartened with elec-tronic commerce in our country.5. Prospects of Electronic CommerceAlthough developing rapidly and seeming to have brilliant prospects, electronic commerce faces a series of real problems, for example, problems involving security, technology, expense, legal system, tax system, conception, protection of privacy, in-frastructure, etc. However, electronic commerce is the mainstream of enterprises in the new century and will develop rapidly in the coming years. Some companies pre-dict that by 2003, electronic commerce between enterprises in developed countries will account for over 9%of the total turnover（1,300 billion US dollars）, and in consumer electronic commerce the turnover will attain 76. 3 billion US dollars by 2002. And as experts predicted, electronic commerce in China will catch up with de-veloped countries on the average level, in 10 years. They suggested 3 to 5 years be spent on working out plans, policies and regulations necessary for developing elec-tronic commerce, building substantial and tangible electronic commerce systems, fos-tering specialized talents,optimizing of the electronic commerce systems in some trades and areas; and then 5 to 7 years be spent on linking with international elec-tronic commerce to enable our electronic commerce system as an important compo-nent of international electronic commerce; popularizing of electronic commerce in application, raising electronic commerce in our country to a higher level in research, development and application, to the average level in developed countries.The following description tells what major I/e strategies some major manufactur-ers in the world are taking in development of electronic commerce.IBM: IBM is the pioneer that held up the banner of electronic commerce as a new application of Internet. In people's mind, IBM is now not only manufacturer of main-frames, PCs, servers, software but also the “godfather" of electronic commerce. IBM has always been dedicated to promoting secure commerce over the Internet. It sin-come from selling servers has accounted for 60% of its total in-come.IBM not only provides products for large-scale applications of secure, efficient, reliable electronic commerce and payment over Internet, but also for small electronic business as well.IBM Micro Payments an application enabling buyers to purchase low cost items over Internet-is another example of how IBM is expanding to new areas of commerce. By enabling billing servers, content providers and other merchants to profitably sell items for even a few cents, IBM opens up a whole new market.IBM Micro Payments allows buyers, sellers and billing systems to sell content, information, and services over Internet, for small amounts. IBM's commitment to electronic commerce and electronic business makes it a leader in the area of electronic payments. An automated compiler tool transforms existing HTML pages, creating "click and pay" links with either fixed or dynamic prices. Content and service provid-ers can take advantage of theextensive set of APIs and authoring tools to extend IBM Micro Payments available from OEMs. Billing servers can easily integrate the IBM Micro Payments application with existing billing systems and use it to attract content providers and open new sources of revenue.IBM Micro Payments provides scalability and interoperability, which allows widespread availability across Internet, including multi-currency and multilingual support, and low operational costs it easily supports transactions as low as one cent.SUN: SUN as a global leading supplier treats Internet not only a tool but also a new mode of commerce. SUN has provided very flexible solutions to commercial af-fairs for BBC, ETRADE, Federal Express, First Auction, Fruit of the Loom, Kodak, Thomas Cook, Virgin.Microsoft: Microsoft aims at helping enterprises to set up more powerful relation with their clients and partners by three means: (I)Windows 2000, BackOffice, Site Server, Biztalk, etc; (2) MSN (in the United States, more than 40% web users access MSN, and consumers can conduct comparative study when buying articles and ser-vices); (3) Partners provide customers with various products and services on Mi-crosoft MSN platform, realizing electronic commerce solutions, including settling account, paying tax, shopping, logistics, purchasing, accounting, ERP (Electronic Remote Processing) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange), etc.Site Server and Biz talk are the two major products of Microsoft adopted in exist-ing system for enterprises to develop electronic commerce. Site Server is used for constructing web stores, based on data-it enables the client to easily realize on-line catalog, buying/selling order, exchange of documents for promoting sale, etc. Disre-garding what platform, operating system or technology used in low layer.Novell: Novell defines itself as "NET Service Supplier" after2000. The word NET includes intranet, extranet, Internet, company net, public net, cable net, wireless net. Its aim isto breakout the existing service domain in which most software products can provide services only in a specific environment or for a specific procedure or server (rather than the whole network)．Novell's network service software NDS eDirectory as a nucleus helps clients to reduce complexity of business on network, and improve security, so that it enables network, applications and business processing to adapt to electronic commerce, and thus speed up their transfer to electronic commerce.SCO: SCO’s Tarantella is the best solution for existing users to conduct elec tronic commerce. Users can use only a browser to access any applications of platforms in back counter, without the need of re-writing existing applications, in their effort to transfer their business to electronic commercial mode. To ensure electronic commerce to continually operate, SCO provides an incessant cluster solution based on UNIXWARE 7. This product is easy to use, easy to manage and its cost is one-tenth of large-scale product of the same sort for mainframes while its performance doubles. It is a security solution with higher performance/ cost ratio among the same sort for electronic commerce.Tivoli Systems Inc. today announced Tivoli Business Systems Manager, a new, fully integrated solution that allows businesses to manage their IT environments from the top down, creating a powerful view of business systems management.The Tivoli Business Systems Manager solution provides us with business views and control mechanisms to manage all of our distributed IT resources in the retail, banking and electronic commerce environments-including system resources, data-bases, application servers, web servers and electronic commerce applications-from one central location. The Graphical User Interface allows us to monitor all of our re-sources on a single screen, regardless of geographical location.Combining the features of Tivoli Global Enterprise and Tivoli Manager for OS/390, Tivoli Business Systems Manager provides true end-to-end enterprise management from one console, simplifying the administration of heterogeneous environments. Tivoli Business Systems Manager enables customers to manage and control multiple applications that are required for different business functions.译文：电子商务电子商务或电子贸易，电子商业，或作为一个新兴的商业模式将产生深远的影响，经济和社会中发挥重要作用的社会发展世界各地。
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B2B e-marketplace: an e-marketing framework for B2B commercePurpose–The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear understanding of the performance of business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplace in conducting e-marketing in the global business environment. The proposed framework is intended to be used as a guide for B2B firms especially small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) who wish to adopt a proactive approach in the use of information and communication technology for business efficiency and competitive advantage, and those who wish to explore the internet technologies for marketing activities.Design/methodology/approach– Literature from the B2B e-marketplaces and operations of e-marketing fields were analysed, and the findings were synthesised to develop a preliminary conceptual model of e-marketing. The conceptual model was tested empirically through an online survey from various industries in China, Malaysia, and Singapore.Findings– With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry, there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. This new marketing paradigm is reported to reshape the business relationships between both consumer marketers and consumers, improving business processes and enhancing the business exposure in the new markets.Research limitations /implications– The major limitation of this paper is associated with the sample selection. Although the literature findings were international, the empirical study was restricted to China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Therefore, the generalizability of the results may not be applicable for other countries. Furthermore, the majority of the respondents participated were SMEs. Hence, the applicability of findings to large-scale organisations may be limited.Practical implications–The framework allows B2B firms to capitalise and understand the e-marketing opportunities provided by B2B e-marketplace. The framework also offers guidance to marketing managers a most appropriate approach to adopt B2B e-marketplace to perform their e-marketing activities.Originality/value– Based on the need for a framework for e-marketing, this study is significance to: SMEs, marketers, information technology practitioners, and all other stakeholders that adopted the internet and other electronic means for marketing purposes.BackgroundThe development of the internet and the world wide web (www) in the 1990s as a tool for the global sharing of information has opened up new opportunities in marketing practices. “The rapid growth of internet users has made the internet an increasingly important and attractive platform for business transactions”According to the Internet World Stats (2007), by March 2008, the internet user population reached 1.40 billions world wide, an increase of 290 percent in the period from 2000 to 2008 (Figure 1). Many academics and practitioners have emphasized that the internet is a major platform for e-marketing to deal with marketing mixes, which include global accessibility (Laudon, 2002), convenience in updating (Sandeep and Singh, 2005), real-time information services (Harridge-March, 2004), interactive communications features (Chaffey, 2004), and unique customisation and personalised capabilities (Teo and Tan, 2002). Additionally, e-marketing also refers to the use of electronic methods or media to build upon and maintain customer relationship through electronic platforms (e.g. business-to-business (B2B) e-marketplaces) that facilitates the exchange of ideas, products, and services to satisfy both buyers and sellers. Strauss and Frost (2001) support the above statement and suggested that, sales, public relations, direct marketing, and advertising are marketing communication that comprises the crucial components of e-marketing strategy.B2B e-marketplace, as one of the major trading platforms brought by the internet technology has made a significant contribution to the e-marketers. The larger organisations are taking advantages from the vast array of suppliers/buyers via the B2B e-marketplace (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). However, small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) are also eager to compete in the electronic environment remain concerns as how theirbusinesses can gain benefits from B2B e-marketplace. With significant online and offline publications from both academia and industry there is a growing awareness of the contribution of the e-marketing in the global environment. Nonetheless, there is limitation on how to explore the opportunities for SMEs in benefiting from the emergent e-marketing practices, derive from the B2B e-marketplace.Review of e-marketing performances in B2B e-marketplaceThe internet is the foundation for B2B commerce that provides the technology and platform to enable this business relationships work effectively. B2B transactions over public and private sectors uses the internet as a delivery vehicle for transactions including; financial transfer, on-line exchanges, auctions, delivery of products, and services (O’Reily and Finnegan, 2007). Many pra ctitioners are predicting B2B commerce is expected to have a massive growth and majority of the organisations will have to give consideration to involve with B2B commerce. Referring to Figure 5, B2B consists of three main elements and the e-marketplace performs the main tasks such as sourcing, automated purchasing, processing to facilitate the sellers and buyers to do business transactions. Laudon and Laudon (2000) stated that B2B e-marketplace refers to the exchange of information, products, services, and payment via the internet between buyers and sellers. B2B e-marketplaces are typically defined as inter-organisational IS through which multiple buyers and sellers interact electronically to identify potential trading partners, select them and execute transactions (Rohmtal.2004). Argued that, B2B e-marketplace is able to remove some of the inefficiency of traditional business functionality and allows partners to streamline their marketing activities by sharing information instantaneously.In recent years, B2B e-marketplace have improved/enhanced the extent of e-marketing activities; providing to all marketers especially to SMEs. Recent studies (Narayanasamy ET al.2008; Pavaloia, 2009) are indicative of the fact that SMEs have started to respond positively to the changes brought about by the internet technologies.While the main concerns of SMEs are related to the generic SMEs characteristics of limited time/resources and expertise, B2B e-marketplace provide a favorable environment for SMEs to; lower operating and marketing cost, better opportunity to promote their products/services, and enrich their overall marketing communications mix. Overall, the benefits of B2B e-marketplace as reported by many academics and practitioners include: reducing search costs by facilitating comparison of price, products, and services(Kandampully, 2003; Bakos, 1998; Kaplan and Sawhney, 2000);.improving production and supply capability (Barua et al. , 1997; Albrecht et al. ,2005);.improving personalization and customization of product offerings (Bakos, 1998);.enhancing customers relationships (Kierzkowski et al.1996);.reducing marketing costs compare to traditional marketing media (Sculley andWoods, 2001);.reducing numbers of marketing staff (Gloor, 2000).However, the current literatures do not fully explore the issues relating to the performances of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective. In addition, much of the research is focused on particular research areas of interest often ignoring the links to others dimensions in particular e-marketing services. Hence, there are concerns that the despite the efforts to promote adoption of B2B e-marketplace from an e-marketing perspective, SMEs are not fully aware of the opportunities and benefits (Stockdale and Standing, 2004). The literature provides insights into the current level of internet-enabler marketing technologies from B2B e-marketplace to the marketers. The online and offline publications from both academics and practitioners indicated that, e-marketing via B2B e-marketplace is a modern marketing practice for buying and selling goods/services, exchange information/ideas via the internet associated with communication and promotional purposes. The frameworks suggested by various authors including Chaffey (2004), Gloor (2000), Kierzkowski et al. (1996) makes a significant contribution to knowledge in the areas of e-marketing that has the potential to create competitive advantage and enhance customer value. However, it appears that there is limited exploitation of such frameworks by industry professional. In order to develop a better understanding of the topic under study, this paper will adapt a multidisciplinary approach by integrating; traditional SMEs marketing, e-marketing, IS/IT, and B2B e-marketplace to develop an e-marketing framework that will offer a greater value for SMEs.B2B电子商务市场：电子营销的B2B电子商务框架背景自上世纪90年代互联网作为一种全球共享信息的工具，互联网开辟了一种新的营销模式。