阅读理解专题③——猜测词义(教师版)

（教师版）一、目标预设通过本节课学习，提高学生阅读理解猜测词义的解题能力。

二、知识梳理（一）猜测词义常用的十种方法在阅读中，我们会经常遇到一些生词，需要根据上下文猜测它们的词义。

此类问题考查考生紧扣原文，根据上下文语境判断单词、短语或短句意义的能力。

1．根据定义或解释猜测词义这类定义或解释通常由生词后的同位语（从句）或定语从句引出。

例：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing.析：同位语意思是，stethoscope是用来听病人心脏跳动和呼吸的仪器，即“听诊器”。

2．根据对比关系猜测词义当句中含有but, however, yet, though, although, on the other hand, instead，in contrast等表示转折意义的词时，前后句含有对比意义，据此可以猜测生词的词义。

例：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I knew. His brother, in contrast, is quite modest.析：in contrast对比之下，supercilious与modest意义相对应，我们便能猜出supercilious 意为“傲慢的；目空一切的”。

3．根据因果关系猜测词义表示因果关系的信息词有：because, so, therefore, thus, so…that等。

例：I found I was paying too much attention to the job and thus sacrificing my study time.析：thus是信息词，因为我对工作过分注意，因此失去了许多学习的时间，这样就得知sacrifice意为“牺牲；失去”。

4．根据同等关系猜测词义表示同等关系的信息词有：and, or, or rather, to be more exact, namely, that’s to say,in other words，that is等。

例：His secret for a living and healthy life has been well publicized---no alcohol, no cigarette and no anger.析：由a living and healthy life以及同类名词cigarette可推测alcohol意为“酒精”。

5．根据同义词、近义词或反义词猜测词义这类同义词、近义词或反义词往往有and, or, but, however等信息词作暗示。

例：In our competitive world of today, examinations have a highly selecting or filtering role.析：句中selecting 与filtering含义相近，可由selecting（挑选）推测filtering 意为“筛选；选拔”。

6．根据标点符号猜测词义这类标点符号通常为括号、冒号、破折号、逗号等。

例：You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.析：根据冒号后面所举例子可知periodicals意为“magazines published at regular times”，即“期刊”。

7．根据经验或常识猜测词义有时需要根据中学生应具备的基本知识或常识作出合理的推测判断。

例：The heat of sun warms some ocean water. The surface of the water evaporates, forming a cloud of warm, wet air that moves upward.析：结合地理学科中云团的形成过程可知，“海水因受到光照蒸发，水气上升形成暖湿云团”。

由此可知evaporates意为“蒸发”。

8．根据上下文语境猜测词义俗话说，“词不离句，句不离文”。

特定的上下文往往是推测词义不可忽视的重要因素。

例：The pupils assembled in front of the school hall. They came together to listen to the headmaster announce the result of the sports meeting.析：第二句有came together（聚到一起），很明显学生们是“聚集到”学校大厅前听校长宣布运动会的成绩。

9．根据举例、例举猜测词义这类信息词有such as, for example, for instance，say等短语。

例：Today young couples who are just starting their household often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, fridges and colour TV sets.析：从for instance后所列举的例子可知，appliances意为“electric equipment used at home”，即“家用电器”。

10．根据构词法猜测词义英语中构词法有三种，即派生、转化和合成。

例：He was performing before a packed home and his technique was unbelievable, his tone was wonderful and his audience deeply loved him.析：unbelievable是由词根believe，前缀un-，后缀-able组成，意为“cannot be believed”，即“难以置信的”（二）高中英语常用前缀、后缀常用前缀1. aero: concerning the air or aircraft plane飞机—aeroplane飞机2. anti: against; opposite of nuclear［核］核子的—antinuclear反对使用核武器的war战争/作战/打仗—antiwar反战的, 反对战争的3. auto: of or by oneself biography传记—autobiography自传4. bi: two; twice; double lingual语言的—bilingual能说两种语言的5. bio: concerning living things chemistry化学—biochemistry生物化学6. by—:less important product产品/产物—by-product副产品/附加产物7. co: together, with author作家/创造者—coauthor合著者/共同执笔者/合著exist 存在/生存—coexist 共存8. contra: opposite diction措辞/用语/言语—contradiction反驳/矛盾natural自然的/自然界的—contranatural违背自然的9. counter: opposite attack 攻击—counterattack反击,反攻10. cross: across; going between the stated things and joining themcountry乡下的/乡村的—cross-country横过田野的11.dis:not; the opposite of advantage优势/有利条—disadvantage不利/不利条件/劣势12. en: to cause to become; to make danger 威胁—endanger危及Large 大的/巨大的—enlarge扩大/放大13. ex: former(and still living) minister部长/大臣—ex-minister 前部长14. extra: outside; beyondordinary平常的/普通的/平凡的—extraordinary非常的/特别的/非凡的15. fore: in advance, before; in or at the frontarm臂/武器/装备—forearm前臂/准备战斗/预先武装/准备16. il: (used before l) not legal法律的/合法—illegal违法的/不合规定的literate学者/有文化的/有阅读写作能力的—illiterate 文盲/文盲的17. im:(used before b,m,p) notmoral道德(上)的/精神的/道德—immoral不道德的/邪恶的/放荡的/淫荡的18. ir:(used before r)not regular规则的/有秩序的—irregular不规则的/无规律的responsible有责任的/可靠的—irresponsible不负责任的/不可靠的19. in: not direct径直的/直接的—indirect间接的/迂回的20. inter: between; among change改变/变化—interchange(指两人等)交换/相互交换national国家的/民族的—international国际的/国际性组织/国际比赛21. macro: large, esp. concerning a whole system rather than particular parts ofeconomics经济学—macroeconomics宏观经济学22. micro: extremely small computer计算机/电脑—microcomputer微型计算机23. tri: three; three times angular有角的—triangular三角形的24. mini: small; short minibus小型公共汽车miniskirt超短裙25. mis: bad or badly; wrong or wrongly misfortune不幸/灾祸misunderstand误解/误会26. post: later than; after war战争/作战/打仗—postwar战后的graduate(大学)毕业生，(使)(大学)毕业—postgraduate研究所学生/研究生/毕业后的27. semi: half; partly semicircle半圆形final决赛—semifinal半决赛28. super: more, larger, greater than usual market市场—supermarket超级市场supernatural 超自然的,超自然物29. un: not uncertain不确定的/靠不住的unfortunate不幸的/使人遗憾的30. under: too little; below sea海洋/大浪—undersea海面下的develop发展/显影—underdevelop(使)发展不完全/(使)显影不足31. ab, abs 离去，离开；分离abnormal 畸形、不正常32.be: 加以…；在；使…; befriend 以朋友相待beside33.centi 百分之一centigrade 百分度的centimeter 厘米34.circum 周围/环绕circumstance 环境/ 情况35.kilo 千kilowatt 千瓦kilogram 千克36.max 最好/最大maximum最大maximize 取…最大值37.mid 中midnight mid-autumni 千分之一millimeter 千分之一米/毫米39.multi 多multinational 多民族的multimedia多媒体40.non 不/非/无nonsense 胡说/废话41.over 上/在上/从上/越过/过度overall 全面的，overdue过期的，overhear 偷听oversea 海外的/外国的overwork 过度劳累42.pre 前/先/预先predict预测presume 假定/推测prewar44.re 反对/相反；再次/重新；向后/回reverse颠倒reaction 反应recall回忆45.uni 一、单一uniform统一的46.vice 副vice-president 副总统常用后缀名词后缀1.ibility 性/力able能...的/能干的—ability能力/才干flexible有弹性的/柔韧的—flexibility弹性/适应性/机动性2. an, ian, arianlibrary（图书馆, 藏书室）—librarian（图书馆员, 图书管理员）music（音乐, 乐曲）—musician（音乐家）3. ance,enceappear（出现, 公开露面）—appearance（出现, 露面, 外貌, 外观）refer（提交, 谈及，提到, 涉及, 查阅, 咨询）—reference提及, 涉及, 参考, 参考书目, 证明书(人), 介绍信(人)4. ancy,ency emerge显现/(事实)显现出来—emergency紧急情况/突然事件5. ant,ent apply（申请）—applicant（申请者, 请求者）6. cy accurate（正确的, 精确的）—accuracy（精确性, 正确度）7. dom king（国王, 君主, (部落的)首领, , 统治）—kingdom（王国, 领域）8. ee employ（雇用, 用）—employee（职工, 雇员, 店员）9.er,or,ar paint（油漆, 颜料）—painter（油漆匠）beg（乞求,）—beggar（乞丐）10. ery brave（勇敢的）—bravery（勇敢）11. ese: China（中国）—Chinese（中国的,）Japan（日本）—Japanese（日本的）12. hood child（孩子,）—childhood（孩童时期）man（男人）—manbood（成年男子）13. ics electron（电子）—electronics（电子器件）14. ism Marx马克思—Marxism马克思主义socialist社会主义者—socialism社会主义15. ist violin（小提琴）—violinist（小提琴演奏者）16. ity,ty cruel（残酷的）—cruelty（残酷）17. ment move（移动, 迁居）—movement（运动, 动作）18. ness dark（黑暗, 夜）—darkness（黑暗, 漆黑）19. ship scholar（学者）—scholarship（奖学金, 学问, 学识）20. sion, ssion decide决定/判决—decision决定/决心expand使膨胀/扩张—expansion扩充/开展21. th grow（生长, 成长）—growth（生长, 种植）22. ure close（关, 关闭）—closure（关闭，使终止）动词后缀23. en deep（深的, 纵深的）—deepen（加深, 深化）24. ify class（班级, 阶级）—classify（分类, 分等）simple（简单的, 简易的）—simplify（单一化, 简单化）25. ize, modernize popular（通俗的, 流行的, 受欢迎的）—popularise/popularize形容词后缀26. able, ible question（疑问）—questionable（可疑的）27. al structure（结构, 构造）—structural（结构的, 建筑的）28. an,arian,ian suburb（市郊, 郊区）—suburban（郊外的, 偏远的）29. ant,ent differ（不一致, 不同）—different（不同的）please（满足, 使满足）—pleasant（令人愉快的, 舒适的）30. ary,ory advise（劝告, 忠告, 警告）—advisory（顾问的, 咨询的, 劝告的）31. en gold（黄金, 金币）—golden（金色的）wood（木材）—wooden（木制的）32. free care（烦恼, 忧虑）—carefree（无忧无虑的, 轻松愉快的）duty（义务, 责任, 税）—dutyfree（自由的, 大方的, 免费）33. less hope（希望, 信心）—hopeless（没有希望的, 绝望的）pain（痛苦, 疼, 痛,）—painless（无痛的, 不痛的）34. ful pain（痛苦, 疼）—painful（疼痛的, 使痛苦的）35. ic,ical atom（原子）—atomic（原子的, 原子能的）psychology（心理学, 心理状态）—psychological（心理(上)的）36. ish girl（女孩, 少女）—girlish（少女的, 少女似的(男孩)）child（孩子）—childish（孩子气的, 幼稚的）37. ive support（支援，支柱）—supportive（支持的，支援的）三、达标检测1. It will be very hard but also very brittle--- that is, it will break easily.易碎的(同等关系)2. A strict vegetarian is a person who never eats meat in his life. 素食主义者(定义法)3. Some actions are learned, but other actions are innate. 天生的(对比法)4. Some readers try to understand the general idea while others look for specific details.具体的(对比法)5. Anthropologist thought the Indians’culture would be very primitive; however, they foundmany modern elements in the Indian’s lives. 原始的(对比法)6. That museum is so immense that it will be impossible to see all the exhibits in one day.巨大的(因果关系)7.The lack of movement caused the muscles to weaken. Sometimes the weakness waspermanent. So the player could never play the sport again.永恒的(因果关系)8.There are many sources of air pollution; exhaust fumes, for example. 废气(例举法)9.But for the captain’s courage, perseverance, and powerful will, people on board would havedied. 毅力(例举法)10.Each person has a cup and saucer, a spoon and a plate for bread-and-butter breakfast.茶碟(例举法)11.Brazilian government decided to have a new city built 600 miles northwest of Rio de Jaciro,designed by the great architect Lucio Costa.建筑师（上下文语境）12. It was a blue Monday and he just didn’t like going back to work.忧郁的（上下文语境）13.There are also rules which deal with the standard of services you get--- from, say, travelagents, shoe repairers, hairdressers and builders. These tell you what you should expect from any service you pay for. （05湖北C）(代词替代法)64.The underlined wore “these” in Paragraph 2 refers to “____D_____”.A. the servicesB. the workersC. the goodsD. the rules四、巩固训练1．2007江西卷It is obvious that if students value highly their test scores, then a great amount of their self-respect is put in the number. Students who perform poorly on the exam are left feeling that it is all over. The low test score, they think, will make it impossible for them to get into a good college. And without a degree from a prestigious university, they fear that many of life's doors will remain forever closed.66.“A prestigious university”is most probably AA. a famous universityB. a technical universityC. a traditional universityD. an expensive university2. 2008江苏卷Time is something from which we ca n’t escape. Even if we ignore it, it’s still going by, ticking away, second by second, minute by minute, hour by hour. So the main issue in using your time well is, “Who’s in charge?” We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.B__.A. your slave and serves youB. your supporter and helps youC. under your control and obeys youD. under your influence and follows you3.2008辽宁卷Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules (分子) held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP.What does "glyco-"' in the underlined word "'glycoprotein" in the last paragraph mean? AA. sugarB. iceC. bloodD. Molecule4.2008浙江卷A Brown University sleep researcher has some advice for people who run high schools: Don’t start classesso early in the morning. It may not be that the students who nod off at their desks are lazy. And it may not be that their parents have failed to enforce (确保) bedtime. Instead, it may be that biologically these sleepyhead students aren’t used to the early hour.49. The underlined phrase “nod off” most probably means “ ___C____”.A. turn aroundB. agree with othersC. fall asleepD. refuse to work5.2008福建卷For years we hav e been told that encouraging a child’s self-respect is important to his or her success in life. But child experts are now learning that too much praise can lead to the opposite effect. Praise-sholic kids who expect it at every turn may become teens who seek to same kind of approval from friends when asked if they want to go in the backseat of the car.61. The underlined words “Praise-sholic kids” refers to kids who are ____D__.A. tired of being praisedB. worthy of being praisedC. very proud of being praisedD. extremely fond of being praised6.2008广东C篇When some kind of pain killer was brought out recently, researchers found that the colours turned the customers off because they made the product look weak and ineffective.65.The underlined part ”the colours turned the customers off ”(in para 3) means that the colours____.CA. attracted the customers stronglyB. had weak effected on the customersC. tricked the customers into shoppingD. caused the customers to lose interest。