阅读理解专题③——猜测词义(教师版)

（教师版）

一、目标预设

通过本节课学习，提高学生阅读理解猜测词义的解题能力。

二、知识梳理

（一）猜测词义常用的十种方法

在阅读中，我们会经常遇到一些生词，需要根据上下文猜测它们的词义。此类问题考查考生紧扣原文，根据上下文语境判断单词、短语或短句意义的能力。

1．根据定义或解释猜测词义

这类定义或解释通常由生词后的同位语（从句）或定语从句引出。

例：The modern age of medicine began with the stethoscope, an instrument for listening to a patient’s heartbeat and breathing.

析：同位语意思是，stethoscope是用来听病人心脏跳动和呼吸的仪器，即“听诊器”。

2．根据对比关系猜测词义

当句中含有but, however, yet, though, although, on the other hand, instead，in contrast等表示转折意义的词时，前后句含有对比意义，据此可以猜测生词的词义。

例：Andrew is one of the most supercilious men I knew. His brother, in contrast, is quite modest.

析：in contrast对比之下，supercilious与modest意义相对应，我们便能猜出supercilious 意为“傲慢的；目空一切的”。

3．根据因果关系猜测词义

表示因果关系的信息词有：because, so, therefore, thus, so…that等。

例：I found I was paying too much attention to the job and thus sacrificing my study time.

析：thus是信息词，因为我对工作过分注意，因此失去了许多学习的时间，这样就得知sacrifice意为“牺牲；失去”。

4．根据同等关系猜测词义

表示同等关系的信息词有：and, or, or rather, to be more exact, namely, that’s to say,

in other words，that is等。

例：His secret for a living and healthy life has been well publicized---no alcohol, no cigarette and no anger.

析：由a living and healthy life以及同类名词cigarette可推测alcohol意为“酒精”。

5．根据同义词、近义词或反义词猜测词义

这类同义词、近义词或反义词往往有and, or, but, however等信息词作暗示。

例：In our competitive world of today, examinations have a highly selecting or filtering role.

析：句中selecting 与filtering含义相近，可由selecting（挑选）推测filtering 意为“筛选；选拔”。

6．根据标点符号猜测词义

这类标点符号通常为括号、冒号、破折号、逗号等。

例：You can take any of the periodicals: The World of English, Foreign Language Teaching in School, or English Learning.

析：根据冒号后面所举例子可知periodicals意为“magazines published at regular times”，即“期刊”。

7．根据经验或常识猜测词义

有时需要根据中学生应具备的基本知识或常识作出合理的推测判断。

例：The heat of sun warms some ocean water. The surface of the water evaporates, forming a cloud of warm, wet air that moves upward.

析：结合地理学科中云团的形成过程可知，“海水因受到光照蒸发，水气上升形成暖湿云团”。由此可知evaporates意为“蒸发”。

8．根据上下文语境猜测词义

俗话说，“词不离句，句不离文”。特定的上下文往往是推测词义不可忽视的重要因素。例：The pupils assembled in front of the school hall. They came together to listen to the headmaster announce the result of the sports meeting.

析：第二句有came together（聚到一起），很明显学生们是“聚集到”学校大厅前听校长宣布运动会的成绩。

9．根据举例、例举猜测词义

这类信息词有such as, for example, for instance，say等短语。

例：Today young couples who are just starting their household often spend lots of their money on appliances, for instance, washing-machines, fridges and colour TV sets.

析：从for instance后所列举的例子可知，appliances意为“electric equipment used at home”，即“家用电器”。

10．根据构词法猜测词义

英语中构词法有三种，即派生、转化和合成。

例：He was performing before a packed home and his technique was unbelievable, his tone was wonderful and his audience deeply loved him.

析：unbelievable是由词根believe，前缀un-，后缀-able组成，意为“cannot be believed”，即“难以置信的”

（二）高中英语常用前缀、后缀

常用前缀

1. aero: concerning the air or aircraft plane飞机—aeroplane飞机

2. anti: against; opposite of nuclear［核］核子的—antinuclear反对使用核武器的

war战争/作战/打仗—antiwar反战的, 反对战争的

3. auto: of or by oneself biography传记—autobiography自传

4. bi: two; twice; double lingual语言的—bilingual能说两种语言的

5. bio: concerning living things chemistry化学—biochemistry生物化学

6. by—:less important product产品/产物—by-product副产品/附加产物

7. co: together, with author作家/创造者—coauthor合著者/共同执笔者/合著

exist 存在/生存—coexist 共存

8. contra: opposite diction措辞/用语/言语—contradiction反驳/矛盾

natural自然的/自然界的—contranatural违背自然的

9. counter: opposite attack 攻击—counterattack反击,反攻

10. cross: across; going between the stated things and joining them