ifrs13(德勤翻译的中文版)

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IFRS3 国际财务报告准则第3号 英文版 简版

IFRS3 国际财务报告准则第3号 英文版 简版

Technical SummaryThis extract has been prepared by IASC Foundation staff and has not been approved by the IASB. For the requirements reference must be made to International Financial Reporting Standards.The objective of this IFRS is to specify the financial reporting by an entity when it undertakes a business combination.A business combination is the bringing together of separate entities or businesses into one reporting entity. The result of nearly all business combinations is that one entity, the acquirer, obtains control of one or more other businesses, the acquiree. If an entity obtains control of one or more other entities that are not businesses, the bringing together of those entities is not a business combination.This IFRS:(a)requires all business combinations within its scope to be accounted for byapplying the purchase method.(b)requires an acquirer to be identified for every business combination within itsscope. The acquirer is the combining entity that obtains control of the othercombining entities or businesses.(c)requires an acquirer to measure the cost of a business combination as theaggregate of: the fair values, at the date of exchange, of assets given, liabilities incurred or assumed, and equity instruments issued by the acquirer, in exchange for control of the acquiree; plus any costs directly attributable to the combination.(d)requires an acquirer to recognise separately, at the acquisition date, the acquiree’sidentifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities that satisfy the following recognition criteria at that date, regardless of whether they had been previously recognised in the acquiree’s financial statements:(i)in the case of an asset other than an intangible asset, it is probable that anyassociated future economic benefits will flow to the acquirer, and its fair value can be measured reliably;(ii)in the case of a liability other than a contingent liability, it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settlethe obligation, and its fair value can be measured reliably; and (iii)in the case of an intangible asset or a contingent liability, its fair value can be measured reliably.(e)requires the identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities that satisfy theabove recognition criteria to be measured initially by the acquirer at their fairvalues at the acquisition date, irrespective of the extent of any minority interest. (f)requires goodwill acquired in a business combination to be recognised by theacquirer as an asset from the acquisition date, initially measured as the excess of the cost of the business combination over the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilitiesrecognised in accordance with (d) above.(g)prohibits the amortisation of goodwill acquired in a business combination andinstead requires the goodwill to be tested for impairment annually, or morefrequently if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the asset might be impaired, in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.(h)requires the acquirer to reassess the identification and measurement of theacquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities and themeasurement of the cost of the business combination if the acquirer’s interest in the net fair value of the items recognised in accordance with (d) above exceeds the cost of the combination. Any excess remaining after that reassessment must be recognised by the acquirer immediately in profit or loss.(i)requires disclosure of information that enables users of an entity’s financialstatements to evaluate the nature and financial effect of:(i)business combinations that were effected during the period;(ii)business combinations that were effected after the balance sheet date but before the financial statements are authorised for issue; and(iii)some business combinations that were effected in previous periods.(j)requires disclosure of information that enables users of an entity’s financial statements to evaluate changes in the carrying amount of goodwill during theperiod.A business combination may involve more than one exchange transaction, for example when it occurs in stages by successive share purchases. If so, each exchange transaction shall be treated separately by the acquirer, using the cost of the transaction and fair value information at the date of each exchange transaction, to determine the amount of any goodwill associated with that transaction. This results in a step-by-step comparison of the cost of the individual investments with the acquirer’s interest in the fair values of the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities at each step.If the initial accounting for a business combination can be determined only provisionally by the end of the period in which the combination is effected because either the fair values to be assigned to the acquiree’s identifiable assets, liabilities or contingent liabilities or the cost of the combination can be determined only provisionally, the acquirer shall account for the combination using those provisional values. The acquirer shall recognise any adjustments to those provisional values as a result of completing the initial accounting:(a) within twelve months of the acquisition date; and(b) from the acquisition date.。

最重要的会计科目(上):收入确认新准则IFRS15

最重要的会计科目(上):收入确认新准则IFRS15

最重要的会计科目(上):收入确认新准则IFRS15译者注:本文译自ACCA-P2最新(2015年9月)两篇文章《Revenue revisited》。

收入可以说是最重要的会计科目,收入确认准则无疑也是极其重要的,影响深远的(对ACCA考试至少是F7F8P2P7)。

因为文章很长,且用词重复多,为方便阅读理解,译者对原文进行了改编和一些简化,比如:Financial Statements=FS; Standard=Std; Goodor Service = G/S简译“商务”,with=w/,without=w/o, management=mgt, 不解释IASB、FASB等会计人士默认熟悉的组织。

同时,在翻译过程中,译者参考了专业组织文献如《德勤会计聚焦》等,并从中摘选了一些图片。

背景介绍On 28 May 2014, IASB, as a result of the joint project w/ FASB, issued IFRS 15, Revenue from Contracts w/ Customers. Application ofIFRS15 is mandatory for annual reporting periods starting from 1Jan 2017 (though there is currently a proposal to defer to 1 Jan 2018)& earlier application is permitted.IASB和FASB曾发起联合项目,统一收入准则。

2014年5月,IASAB发布《IFRS15-与客户合同产生的收入》(FASB发布《Topic606》)。

IFRS15适用于2017年1月1日及以后各期年报(有提议推迟到2018年1月实施),允许提前采用。

In line w/ ACCA’s established rule,accounting stds issued by 1 Sept in a given year are examinable from 1Sept in the following year, so IFRS15 are examinable in P2 from Sept 2015.据ACCA既定规则,当年9月1日前颁布的会计准则纳入次年9月起的考试范围。

德勤会计聚焦——IFRS15新收入准则如何对收入产生影响?

德勤会计聚焦——IFRS15新收入准则如何对收入产生影响?
步骤1:识别与客户订立的合同 应用新收入模型的第一步是识别与客户订立的合同。合同是双方或多方之间建立可强制执行的 权力和义务的协议。合同可以采用书面形式、口头形式或依据主体商业惯例的其他形式,而且 合同必须具有商业实质,以及主体是很可能收回其有权获得的对价。
每一项合同通常应当单独核算。但在现实中,主体可能会因为法律或商业理由等就其与客户的 协议在形式上签订多份而实质上只是一份的合同。
主体与客户订立的合同包括的履约义务中可能有一部分是属于IFRS15的适用范围,而其他部分 则属于另一准则范围的情况。在这种情况,首先需要应用其他IFRS规定的单独区分及初始计量 要求,并将剩余金额归属至属于收入模型的要素。如果该等其他IFRS并不存在任何区分或初始 计量要求,则应当应用IFRS15的要求。 由于IFRS15只规范基于与客户签订合同而产生的收入,因此现时被IAS18规范的股利收入便不 属于IFRS15的适用范围。股利收入将在IAS39或IFRS9中规范。 新收入模型
合并合同(Contract Combination) 虽然合同通常应当单独核算,但是,如果符合下列条件,则与同一客户(或客户的关联方)在 同一时间或相近时间订立的一组合同应予合并:
是在单一商业目的下作为一揽子合同议定的; 其中一项合同的对价金额取决于另一项合同所交付的商品或服务;或 多项合同所承诺的商品或服务被视为单一的履约义务。
步骤3:确定交易价格
为确认收入,主体必须确定预计因交付合同所承诺的商品或服务而有权获得的对价金额。预计 有权获得的金额指预期将收取的金额,而并非以主体预计最终收回的金额为基础。也就是说, 收入应针对折扣及类似重大融资 成分的交易则属例外。对于此类交易,收入应基于应收款的公允价值确认,该金额反映了客户 的信用风险,因为信用风险已在确定折现率时加以考虑。

CRC_Handbook

CRC_Handbook

Compour full, legal name. The first and last name must match your government issued identification. Middle names are not considered. When completing the “Statement of Experience” section, list all positions for which the essential duties were performed. Dates of employment must match those listed on your CV/résumé. Include your CV/résumé. Include a job description with dates of employment for each position listed in the "Statement of Experience" section to support your eligibility. Include a program certificate or transcript (for work experience substitution only). PI Applicants only—Include a copy of your current medical license PI Applicants only— Include proof of employment documents, (i.e., IRB/IEB approval letter) Confirm all documentation is in English. If original documentation was translated into English, it must also be submitted in the original language, with the certified translated document. Complete all sections completely and accurately. Sign "Authorization and Agreement" (and "Payment" if paying by credit card) sections.

B-德勤-财务成熟度评估

B-德勤-财务成熟度评估
财务业务
财务部门如何实现投资者期望
领先优势 领先优势
绩效边界
5 4 3 2 1
CFO 财务管理 Focus 职能
1 2 3 4 5
促进因素
(进行财务业务所需能力)
-7-
©2013 Deloitte Consulting
什么是财务能力成熟度评价体系?
德勤在全球首家借鉴CMM的分级方法和定义,研发形成财务管理职能评价体系,自 2003年至今已经服务过多家客户,并结合国有企业情况进行针对性完善 评价体系是对整个企业财务管理能力的评价,不是特指对财务部门的能力评价, 也不仅仅是针对某项具体的经济业务,是站在企业的整体视角上对财务职能整体履 行状况的评估 评价的对象是关键活动:通过定性与定量的结合,明确国机集团296项关键活动的 评价标准。这些评价标准充分考虑了国际和国内财务管理的先进经验和最佳实务 ,按照评价标准对于财务工作进行从低到高5个级别的科学、系统的考核评价 评价标准仅指明每个标准该做什么,而没有指明如何达到这个标准,它不是全部的 方法论,但是可以从中借鉴评价实务的框架 根据发展战略和管理重点对于关键实务被赋予一定的分值和权重系数,然后将这些 分值依次向有关的流程、子流程和业务活动进行分解。
德勤的财务管理转型规划和方法论
我们的财务转型框架将对财务职能的期望与为实现这些期望所必须具备的能力进行了整合。正是这些期 望与能力之间的差距,为我们找出强大的、重点得当的完善方案提供了基础。
CFO的四张面孔 定义财务的角色,明确其如何创造企业价值
财务价值驱动因素及保证因素 明确为完成已定义的角色,财务所必备的能力
6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2005 Source: Business Week, “Why CFOs Get Clawed in the Bear Market” 07/31/08 2008 5 years 4.1 years

标准ETSI EN300019-2-1

标准ETSI EN300019-2-1
O European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2000. All rights reserved.
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Copyright European Telecommunications Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ETSI No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
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Copyright European Telecommunications Standards Institute Provided by IHS under license with ETSI No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS
ETSI EN 300 O1 9-2-1 ~ 2 . 1 . (2000-09) 2
European Standard (Telecommunications series)
Environmental Engineering (EE); Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment; Part 2-1 : Specification of environmental tests; Storage
Siret No348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la No Sous-préfecture de Grasse (06) 7803/88

Fitbit Inspire HR 手冊 V2.6说明书

Fitbit Inspire HR 手冊 V2.6说明书

使用手冊版本 2.6目錄開始 (5)包裝盒內物品 (5)為智慧手環充電 (6)透過手機進行設定 (7)在 Fitbit 應用程式中查看您的資料 (7)佩戴 Inspire HR (8)整日佩戴和運動時的佩戴方式 (8)慣用手 (9)佩戴與保養技巧 (9)更換錶帶 (10)移除錶帶 (10)安裝錶帶 (10)基本資訊 (11)導覽 Inspire HR (11)基本導覽 (11)快速設定 (13)調整設定 (13)變更錶面 (14)手機通知 (15)設定通知 (15)查看傳入通知 (16)關閉通知 (16)計時 (17)設定鬧鐘 (17)解除或休眠鬧鐘 (18)使用計時器和碼錶 (18)活動與健康 (19)查看統計資料 (19)追蹤每日活動目標 (20)2追蹤每小時的活動 (20)追蹤您的睡眠 (20)設定睡眠目標 (21)瞭解您的睡眠習慣 (21)查看您的心率 (21)練習引導式呼吸 (22)運動和心臟健康 (23)自動追蹤您的運動 (23)使用運動應用程式追蹤與分析運動 (23)GPS 要求 (24)自訂運動設定與快速鍵 (25)查看您的運動摘要 (25)查看您的心率 (25)預設心率區間 (26)自訂心率區間 (26)分享您的活動 (27)檢視心肺健康分數 (27)更新、重新啟動和清除 (28)更新 Inspire HR (28)重新啟動 Inspire HR (28)清除 Inspire HR (28)疑難排解 (29)找不到心率訊號 (29)沒有 GPS 訊號 (29)其他問題 (30)General Info and Specifications (31)感應器與元件 (31)材質 (31)無線技術 (31)觸覺反饋 (31)電池 (31)記憶體 (31)顯示幕 (31)3環境條件 (32)瞭解詳情 (32)退貨政策和保固 (32)Regulatory and Safety Notices (33)USA: Federal Communications Commission (FCC) statement (33)Canada: Industry Canada (IC) statement (34)European Union (EU) (35)Customs Union (36)Argentina (36)Australia and New Zealand (36)Belarus (37)China (37)India (38)Israel (39)Japan (39)Mexico (39)Morocco (39)Nigeria (40)Oman (40)Pakistan (40)Philippines (41)Serbia (41)South Korea (41)Taiwan (42)United Arab Emirates (44)Zambia (44)Safety Statement (44)45開始Fitbit Inspire HR 是一款方便的心率健身智慧手環,可幫助您每天養成健康的習慣。

ifrs mandarin - new order

ifrs mandarin - new order


第二类 - 不作调整

32
IAS第10号: 资产负债表日后事项

第一类

记账并披露
持续经营 资产减值


贷款 应收款项 长期资产(有形或无形)
33
IAS第10号: 资产负债表日后事项

第二类

只需披露

非自愿性转换 建筑受损、征用 证券投资组合价值下跌 汇率变动 公布股息 放弃中期股息的合法权利 – 现金流不足
有助于管理层理解并描述其经济活动
4




1973年 国际会计准则委员会(IASC) = 国际会计准则(IAS)+ 解释公告(SIC) 1998年 国际证监会组织(IOSCO) = 核心准则 2002年 欧盟 = 2005 + 2007 2002年 国际会计准则委员会(IASB) = 国际财务报告准则(IFRS)+ 国际财 务报告解释 2008年 国际 = 100个国家 2011年 国际 = 150个国家
2008年国际财务报告准则(IFRS)
1

何人
何事 原因


2
新旧体系比较

旧体系(1973-2002) 新体系(2002年7月1日





10家组织经协商于1973 成立 委员会由13名兼职成员 组成 咨询机构 常设解释委员会(SIC) 指导委员会 颁布国际会计准则(IAS) 和解释公告
12
财务报表附注

编制依据

包括所有重要政策


提供公平列报必需的信息 按照系统的方式列报(包括财务报表中的交叉引用) 其他

XPSPEAK 说明书

XPSPEAK 说明书

Using XPSPEAK Version 4.1 November 2000Contents Page Number XPS Peak Fitting Program for WIN95/98 XPSPEAK Version 4.1 (1)Program Installation (1)Introduction (1)First Version (1)Version 2.0 (1)Version 3.0 (1)Version 3.1 (2)Version 4.0 (2)Version 4.1 (2)Future Versions (2)General Information (from R. Kwok) (3)Using XPS Peak (3)Overview of Processing (3)Appearance (4)Opening Files (4)Opening a Kratos (*.des) text file (4)Opening Multiple Kratos (*.des) text files (5)Saving Files (6)Region Parameters (6)Loading Region Parameters (6)Saving Parameters (6)Available Backgrounds (6)Averaging (7)Shirley + Linear Background (7)Tougaard (8)Adding/Adjusting the Background (8)Adding/Adjusting Peaks (9)Peak Types: p, d and f (10)Peak Constraints (11)Peak Parameters (11)Peak Function (12)Region Shift (13)Optimisation (14)Print/Export (15)Export (15)Program Options (15)Compatibility (16)File I/O (16)Limitations (17)Cautions for Peak Fitting (17)Sample Files: (17)gaas.xps (17)Cu2p_bg.xps (18)Kratos.des (18)ASCII.prn (18)Other Files (18)XPS Peak Fitting Program for WIN95/98 XPSPEAKVersion 4.1Program InstallationXPS Peak is freeware. Please ask RCSMS lab staff for a copy of the zipped 3.3MB file, if you would like your own copyUnzip the XPSPEA4.ZIP file and run Setup.exe in Win 95 or Win 98.Note: I haven’t successfully installed XPSPEAK on Win 95 machines unless they have been running Windows 95c – CMH.IntroductionRaymond Kwok, the author of XPSPEAK had spent >1000 hours on XPS peak fitting when he was a graduate student. During that time, he dreamed of many features in the XPS peak fitting software that could help obtain more information from the XPS peaks and reduce processing time.Most of the information in this users guide has come directly from the readme.doc file, automatically installed with XPSPEAK4.1First VersionIn 1994, Dr Kwok wrote a program that converted the Kratos XPS spectral files to ASCII data. Once this program was finished, he found that the program could be easily converted to a peak fitting program. Then he added the dreamed features into the program, e.g.∙ A better way to locate a point at a noise baseline for the Shirley background calculations∙Combine the two peaks of 2p3/2 and 2p1/2∙Fit different XPS regions at the same timeVersion 2.0After the first version and Version 2.0, many people emailed Dr Kwok and gave additional suggestions. He also found other features that could be put into the program.Version 3.0The major change in Version 3.0 is the addition of Newton’s Method for optimisation∙Newton’s method can greatly reduce the optimisation time for multiple region peak fitting.Version 3.11. Removed all the run-time errors that were reported2. A Shirley + Linear background was added3. The Export to Clipboard function was added as requested by a user∙Some other minor graphical features were addedVersion 4.0Added:1. The asymmetrical peak function. See note below2. Three additional file formats for importing data∙ A few minor adjustmentsThe addition of the Asymmetrical Peak Function required the peak function to be changed from the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function to the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function. Calculation of the asymmetrical function using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function was too difficult to implement. The software of some instruments uses the sum function, while others use the product function, so both functions are available in XPSPEAK.See Peak Function, (Page 12) for details of how to set this up.Note:If the selection is the sum function, when the user opens a *.xps file that was optimised using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function, you have to re-optimise the spectra using the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function with a different %Gaussian-Lorentzian value.Version 4.1Version 4.1 has only two changes.1. In version 4.0, the printed characters were inverted, a problem that wasdue to Visual Basic. After about half year, a patch was received from Microsoft, and the problem was solved by simply recompiling the program2. The import of multiple region VAMAS file format was addedFuture VersionsThe author believes the program has some weakness in the background subtraction routines. Extensive literature examination will be required in order to revise them. Dr Kwok intends to do that for the next version.General Information (from R. Kwok)This version of the program was written in Visual Basic 6.0 and uses 32 bit processes. This is freeware. You may ask for the source program if you really want to. I hope this program will be useful for people without modern XPS software. I also hope that the new features in this program can be adopted by the XPS manufacturers in the later versions of their software.If you have any questions/suggestions, please send an email to me.Raymund W.M. KwokDepartment of ChemistryThe Chinese University of Hong KongShatin, Hong KongTel: (852)-2609-6261Fax:(852)-2603-5057email: rmkwok@.hkI would like to thank the comments and suggestions from many people. For the completion of Version 4.0, I would like to think Dr. Bernard J. Flinn for the routine of reading Leybold ascii format, Prof. Igor Bello and Kelvin Dickinson for providing me the VAMAS files VG systems, and my graduate students for testing the program. I hope I will add other features into the program in the near future.R Kwok.Using XPS PeakOverview of Processing1. Open Required Files∙See Opening Files (Page 4)2. Make sure background is there/suitable∙See Adding/Adjusting the Background, (Page 8)3. Add/adjust peaks as necessary∙See Adding/Adjusting Peaks, (Page 9), and Peak Parameters, (Page 11)4. Save file∙See Saving Files, (Page 6)5. Export if necessary∙See Print/Export, (Page 15)AppearanceXPSPEAK opens with two windows, one above the other, which look like this:∙The top window opens and displays the active scan, adds or adjusts a background, adds peaks, and loads and saves parameters.∙The lower window allows peak processing and re-opening and saving dataOpening FilesOpening a Kratos (*.des) text file1. Make sure your data files have been converted to text files. See the backof the Vision Software manual for details of how to do this. Remember, from the original experiment files, each region of each file will now be a separate file.2. From the Data menu of the upper window, choose Import (Kratos)∙Choose directory∙Double click on the file of interest∙The spectra open with all previous processing INCLUDEDOpening Multiple Kratos (*.des) text files∙You can open up a maximum of 10 files together.1. Open the first file as above∙Opens in the first region (1)2. In the XPS Peak Processing (lower) window, left click on 2(secondregion), which makes this region active3. Open the second file as in Step2, Opening a Kratos (*.des) text file,(Page 4)∙Opens in the second region (2)∙You can only have one description for all the files that are open. Edit with a click in the Description box4. Open further files by clicking on the next available region number thenfollowing the above step.∙You can only have one description for all the files that are open. Edit with a click in the Description boxDescriptionBox 2∙To open a file that has already been processed and saved using XPSPEAK, click on the Open XPS button in the lower window. Choose directory and file as normal∙The program can store all the peak information into a *.XPS file for later use. See below.Saving Files1. To save a file click on the Save XPS button in the lower window2. Choose Directory3. Type in a suitable file name4. Click OK∙Everything that is open will be saved in this file∙The program can also store/read the peak parameter files (*.RPA)so that you do not need to re-type all the parameters again for a similar spectrum.Region ParametersRegion Parameters are the boundaries or limits you have used to set up the background and peaks for your files. These values can be saved as a file of the type *.rpa.Note that these Region Parameters are completely different from the mathematical parameters described in Peak Parameters, (Page 11) Loading Region Parameters1. From the Parameters menu in the upper window, click on Load RegionParameters2. Choose directory and file name3. Click on Open buttonSaving Parameters1. From the Parameters menu in the XPS Peak Fit (Upper) window, clickon Save Region Parameters2. Choose directory and file name3. Click on the Save buttonAvailable BackgroundsThis program provides the background choices of∙Shirley∙Linear∙TougaardAveraging∙ Averaging at the end points of the background can reduce the time tofind a point at the middle of a noisy baseline∙ The program includes the choices of None (1 point), 3, 5, 7, and 9point average∙ This will average the intensities around the binding energy youselect.Shirley + Linear Background1. The Shirley + Linear background has been added for slopingbackgrounds∙ The "Shirley + Linear" background is the Shirley background plus astraight line with starting point at the low BE end-point and with a slope value∙ If the slope value is zero , the original Shirley calculation is used∙ If the slope value is positive , the straight line has higher values atthe high BE side, which can be used for spectra with higher background intensities at the high BE side∙ Similarly, a negative slope value can be used for a spectrum withlower background intensities at the high BE side2. The Optimization button may be used when the Shirley background is higher at some point than the signal intensities∙ The program will increase the slope value until the Shirleybackground is below the signal intensities∙ Please see the example below - Cu2p_bg.xps - which showsbackground subtraction using the Shirley method (This spectrum was sent to Dr Kwok by Dr. Roland Schlesinger).∙ A shows the problematic background when the Shirley backgroundis higher than the signal intensities. In the Shirley calculation routine, some negative values were generated and resulted in a non-monotonic increase background∙ B shows a "Shirley + Linear" background. The slope value was inputby trial-and-error until the background was lower than the signal intensities∙ C was obtained using the optimisation routineA slope = 0B slope = 11C slope = 15.17Note: The background subtraction calculation cannot completely remove the background signals. For quantitative studies, the best procedure is "consistency". See Future Versions, (Page 2).TougaardFor a Tougaard background, the program can optimise the B1 parameter by minimising the "square of the difference" of the intensities of ten data points in the high binding energy side of the range with the intensities of the calculated background.Adding/Adjusting the BackgroundNote: The Background MUST be correct before Peaks can be added. As with all backgrounds, the range needs to include as much of your peak as possible and as little of anything else as possible.1. Make sure the file of interest is open and the appropriate region is active2. Click on Background in the upper window∙The Region 0 box comes up, which contains the information about the background3. Adjust the following as necessary. See Note.∙High BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data) ∙Low BE (This value needs to be within the range of your data) NOTE: High and Low BE are not automatically within the range of your data. CHECK CAREFULLY THAT BOTH ENDS OF THE BACKGROUND ARE INSIDE THE EDGE OF YOUR DATA. Nothing will happen otherwise.∙No. of Ave. Pts at end-points. See Averaging, (Page 7)∙Background Type∙Note for Shirley + Linear:To perform the Shirley + Linear Optimisation routine:a) Have the file of interest openb) From the upper window, click on Backgroundc) In the resulting box, change or optimise the Shirley + LinearSlope as desired∙Using Optimize in the Shirley + Linear window can cause problems. Adjust manually if necessary3. Click on Accept when satisfiedAdding/Adjusting PeaksNote: The Background MUST be correct before peaks can be added. Nothing will happen otherwise. See previous section.∙To add a peak, from the Region Window, click on Add Peak ∙The peak window appears∙This may be adjusted as below using the Peak Window which will have opened automaticallyIn the XPS Peak Processing (lower) window, there will be a list of Regions, which are all the open files, and beside each of these will be numbers representing the synthetic peaks included in that region.Regions(files)SyntheticPeaks1. Click on a region number to activate that region∙The active region will be displayed in the upper window2. Click on a peak number to start adjusting the parameters for that peak.∙The Processing window for that peak will open3. Click off Fix to adjust the following using the maximum/minimum arrowkeys provided:∙Peak Type. (i.e. orbital – s, p, d, f)∙S.O.S (Δ eV between the two halves of the peak)∙Position∙FWHM∙Area∙%Lorenzian-Gaussian∙See the notes for explanations of how Asymmetry works.4. Click on Accept when satisfiedPeak Types: p, d and f.1. Each of these peaks combines the two splitting peaks2. The FWHM is the same for both the splitting peaks, e.g. a p-type peakwith FWHM=0.7eV is the combination of a p3/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV anda p1/2 with FWHM at 0.7eV, and with an area ratio of 2 to 13. If the theoretical area ratio is not true for the split peaks, the old way ofsetting two s-type peaks and adding the constraints should be used.∙The S.O.S. stands for spin orbital splitting.Note: The FWHM of the p, d or f peaks are the FWHM of the p3/2,d5/2 or f7/2, respectively. The FWHM of the combined peaks (e.g. combination of p3/2and p1/2) is shown in the actual FWHM in the Peak Parameter Window.Peak Constraints1. Each parameter can be referenced to the same type of parameter inother peaks. For example, for four peaks (Peak #0, 1, 2 and 3) with known relative peak positions (0.5eV between adjacent peaks), the following can be used∙Position: Peak 1 = Peak 0 + 0.5eV∙Position: Peak 2 = Peak 1 + 0.5eV∙Position: Peak 3 = Peak 2 + 0.5eV2. You may reference to any peak except with looped references.3. The optimisation of the %GL value is allowed in this program.∙ A suggestion to use this feature is to find a nice peak for a certain setting of your instrument and optimise the %GL for this peak.∙Fix the %GL in the later peak fitting process when the same instrument settings were used.4. This version also includes the setting of the upper and lower bounds foreach parameter.Peak ParametersThis program uses the following asymmetric Gaussian-Lorentzian sumThe program also uses the following symmetrical Gaussian-Lorentzian product functionPeak FunctionNote:If the selection is the sum function, when the user opens a *.xps file that was optimised using the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function, you have to re-optimise the spectra using the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function with a different %Gaussian-Lorentzian value.∙You can choose the function type you want1. From the lower window, click on the Options button∙The peak parameters box comes up∙Select GL sum for the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function∙Select GL product for the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function. 2. For the Gaussian-Lorentzian sum function, each peak can have sixparameters∙Peak Position∙Area∙FWHM∙%Gaussian-Lorentzian∙TS∙TLIf anyone knows what TS or TL might be, please let me know. Thanks, CMH3. Each peak in the Gaussian-Lorentzian product function can have fourparameters∙Peak Position∙Area∙FWHM∙%Gaussian-LorentzianSince peak area relates to the atomic concentration directly, we use it as a peak parameter and the peak height will not be shown to the user.Note:For asymmetric peaks, the FWHM only refers to the half of the peak that is symmetrical. The actual FWHM of the peak is calculated numerically and is shown after the actual FWHM in the Peak Parameter Window. If the asymmetric peak is a doublet (p, d or f type peak), the actual FWHM is the FWHM of the doublet.Region ShiftA Region Shift parameter was added under the Parameters menu∙Use this parameter to compensate for the charging effect, the fermi level shift or any change in the system work function∙This value will be added to all the peak positions in the region for fitting purposes.An example:∙ A polymer surface is positively charged and all the peaks are shifted to the high binding energy by +0.5eV, e.g. aliphatic carbon at 285.0eV shifts to 285.5eV∙When the Region Shift parameter is set to +0.5eV, 0.5eV will be added to all the peak positions in the region during peak fitting, but the listed peak positions are not changed, e.g. 285.0eV for aliphatic carbon. Note: I have tried this without any actual shift taking place. If someone finds out how to perform this operation, please let me know. Thanks, CMH.In the meantime, I suggest you do the shift before converting your files from the Vision Software format.OptimisationYou can optimise:1. A single peak parameter∙Use the Optimize button beside the parameter in the Peak Fitting window2. The peak (the peak position, area, FWHM, and the %GL if the "fix" box isnot ticked)∙Use the Optimize Peak button at the base of the Peak Fitting window3. A single region (all the parameters of all the peaks in that region if the"fix" box is not ticked)∙Use the Optimize Region menu (button) in the upper window4. All the regions∙Use the Optimize All button in the lower window∙During any type of optimisation, you can press the "Stop Fitting" button and the program will stop the process in the next cycle.Print/ExportIn the XPS Peak Fit or Region window, From the Data menu, choose Export or Print options as desiredExport∙The program can export the ASCII file of spectrum (*.DAT) for making high quality figures using other software (e.g. SigmaPlot)∙It can export the parameters (*.PAR) for further calculations (e.g. use Excel for atomic ratio calculations)∙It can also copy the spectral image to the system clipboard so that the spectral image can be pasted into a document (e.g. MS WORD). Program Options1. The %tolerance allows the optimisation routine to stop if the change inthe difference after one loop is less that the %tolerance2. The default setting of the optimisation is Newton's method∙This method requires a delta value for the optimisation calculations ∙You may need to change the value in some cases, but the existing setting is enough for most data.3. For the binary search method, it searches the best fit for each parameterin up to four levels of value ranges∙For example, for a peak position, in first level, it calculates the chi^2 when the peak position is changed by +2eV, +1.5eV, +1eV, +0.5eV,-0.5eV, -1eV, -1.5eV, and -2eV (range 2eV, step 0.5eV) ∙Then, it selects the position value that gives the lowest chi^2∙In the second level, it searches the best values in the range +0.4eV, +0.3eV, +0.2eV, +0.1eV, -0.1eV, -0.2eV, -0.3eV, and -0.4eV (range0.4eV, step 0.1eV)∙In the third level, it selects the best value in +0.09eV, +0.08eV, ...+0.01eV, -0.01eV, ...-0.09eV∙This will give the best value with two digits after decimal∙Level 4 is not used in the default setting∙The range setting and the number of levels in the option window can be changed if needed.4. The Newton's Method or Binary Search Method can be selected byclicking the "use" selection box of that method.5. The selection of the peak function is also in the Options window.6. The user can save/read the option parameters with the file extension*.opa∙The program reads the default.opa file at start up. Therefore, the user can customize the program options by saving the selectionsinto the default.opa file.CompatibilityThe program can read:∙Kratos text (*.des) files together with the peak fitting parameters in the file∙The ASCII files exported from Phi's Multiplex software∙The ASCII files of Leybold's software∙The VAMAS file format∙For the Phi, Leybold and VAMAS formats, multiple regions can be read∙For the Phi format, if the description contains a comma ",", the program will give an error. (If you get the error, you may use any texteditor to remove the comma)The program can also import ASCII files in the following format:Binding Energy Value 1 Intensity Value 1Binding Energy Value 2 Intensity Value 2etc etc∙The B.E. list must be in ascending or descending order, and the separation of adjacent B.E.s must be the same∙The file cannot have other lines before and after the data∙Sometimes, TAB may cause a reading error.File I/OThe file format of XPSPEAK 4.1 is different from XPSPEAK 3.1, 3.0 and 2.0 ∙XPSPEAK 4.1 can read the file format of XPSPEAK 3.1, 3.0 and 2.0, but not the reverse∙File format of 4.1 is the same as that of 4.0.LimitationsThis program limits the:∙Maximum number of points for each spectrum to 5000∙Maximum of peaks for all the regions to 51∙For each region, the maximum number of peaks is 10. Cautions for Peak FittingSome graduate students believe that the fitting parameters for the best fitted spectrum is the "final answer". This is definitely not true. Adding enough peaks can always fit a spectrum∙Peak fitting only assists the verification of a model∙The user must have a model in mind before adding peaks to the spectrum!Sample Files:gaas.xpsThis file contains 10 spectra1. Use Open XPS to retrieve the file. It includes ten regions∙1-4 for Ga 3d∙5-8 for Ga 3d∙9-10 for S 2p2. For the Ga 3d and As 3d, the peaks are d-type with s.o.s. = 0.3 and 0.9respectively3. Regions 4 and 8 are the sample just after S-treatment4. Other regions are after annealing5. Peak width of Ga 3d and As 3d are constrained to those in regions 1 and56. The fermi level shift of each region was determined using the As 3d5/2peak and the value was put into the "Region Shift" of each region7. Since the region shift takes into account the Fermi level shift, the peakpositions can be easily referenced for the same chemical components in different regions, i.e.∙Peak#1, 3, 5 of Ga 3d are set equal to Peak#0∙Peak#8, 9, 10 of As 3d are set equal to Peak#78. Note that the %GL value of the peaks is 27% using the GL sum functionin Version 4.0, while it is 80% using the GL product function in previous versions.18 Cu2p_bg.xpsThis spectrum was sent to me by Dr. Roland Schlesinger. It shows a background subtraction using the Shirley + Linear method∙See Shirley + Linear Background, (Page 7)Kratos.des∙This file shows a Kratos *.des file∙This is the format your files should be in if they have come from the Kratos instrument∙Use import Kratos to retrieve the file. See Opening Files, (Page 4)∙Note that the four peaks are all s-type∙You may delete peak 2, 4 and change the peak 1,3 to d-type with s.o.s. = 0.7. You may also read in the parameter file: as3d.rpa. ASCII.prn∙This shows an ASCII file∙Use import ASCII to retrieve the file∙It is a As 3d spectrum of GaAs∙In order to fit the spectrum, you need to first add the background and then add two d-type peaks with s.o.s.=0.7∙You may also read in the parameter file: as3d.rpa.Other Files(We don’t have an instrument that produces these files at Auckland University., but you may wish to look at them anyway. See the readme.doc file for more info.)1. Phi.asc2. Leybold.asc3. VAMAS.txt4. VAMASmult.txtHave Fun! July 1, 1999.。

德勤咨询业务服务介绍

德勤咨询业务服务介绍
8.5.7.1 项目实施的五个阶段...................................................................................................................................18 8.5.7.2 项目实施管理要素 ................................................................................................................................. 23
• 消费品行业 全球 2 大软饮料公司之一 全球 4 大酿酒厂中的 3 家 全球 4 大烟草公司中的 3 家 全球 30 大消费品公司中的 20 家 全球 50 大零售商中的 32 家
• 金融服务行业 全球 20 大银行中的 13 家, 包括美国 50 大银行中超过 50%的银行 全球 15 大证券公司中的 12 家, 包括美国 25 大证券公司中的 80% 全球 20 大保险公司中的 11 家, 包括美国 100 大保险公司中超过 50%的公司 20 大资产管理公司中的 85%
• 公共部门 美国、英国、德国、意大利、挪威、法国、澳大利亚、新西兰、南非和日本的联邦和国家 政府部门 美国 50 个洲政府中的 44 个,哥伦比亚区和波多黎哥 加拿大 13 个省中的 7 个 北美洲最大的 19 个城市
几十个郡县、学校园区和地方政府实体 • 房地产
房地产 IT 公司前 50 位中的 27 家(按市场资本排列) 10 大零售房地产 IT 公司中的 9 家 25 家产业和办公室房产 IT 中的 14 家 20 家公寓房产 IT 中的 11 家 50 大房地产开发商中的 18 家 10 大工程和建筑公司中的 4 家(按综合运营收入排列) 10 大酒店运营商中的 8 家 20 大财产管理公司中的 2 家 • 运输 根据服务的财富 500 强和财富 1000 强中运输行业客户的年收益总和,德勤领先于其竞 争对手,排名第一。

VPN-HOWTO

VPN-HOWTO

VPN HOWTOMatthew D. Wilsonmatthew@Dec 1999Revision HistoryRevision 2.02002−05−30Revised by: tab Updated to Docbook 4.1 and applied GFDL per Matthew WilsonRevision 1.01999−12−01Revised by: mdw Initial releaseThis HOWTO describes how to set up a Virtual Private Network with Linux.Chapter 1. Introduction (1)1.1. Why I wrote this HOWTO (1)1.2. Acknowledgements and Thanks (1)1.3. Format of this document (1)1.4. Legal Information (2)1.4.1. Copyright (2)1.4.2. Disclaimer (2)1.4.3. GNU Free Documentation License (2)1.4.4. PREAMBLE (2)1.4.5. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS (3)1.4.6. VERBATIM COPYING (3)1.4.7. COPYING IN QUANTITY (4)1.4.8. MODIFICATIONS (4)1.4.9. COMBINING DOCUMENTS (5)1.4.10. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS (6)1.4.11. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS (6)1.4.12. TRANSLATION (6)1.4.13. TERMINATION (7)1.4.14. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE (7)1.4.15. How to use this License for your documents (7)1.5. Document History (7)1.6. Related Documents (8)Chapter 2. Theory (9)2.1. What is a VPN? (9)2.2. But really, what IS a VPN? (9)2.3. So how does it work? (9)2.4. SSH and PPP (10)2.5. Alternative VPN Systems (10)2.5.1. PPTP (10)2.5.2. IP Sec (10)2.5.3. CIPE (10)Chapter 3. Server (12)3.1. Security − keeping people out (12)3.1.1. Trim your daemons (12)3.1.2. Don't allow passwords (12)3.2. User Access − letting people in (13)3.2.1. Configuring sshd (13)3.3. Restricting Users (13)3.3.1. sudo or not sudo (13)3.4. Networking (14)3.4.1. The Kernel (14)3.4.2. Filter Rules (14)3.4.3. Routing (15)Chapter 4. Client (16)4.1. The Kernel (16)4.2. Bring up the link (16)4.3. Scripting (16)4.4. LRP − Linux Router Project (19)Chapter 5. Implementation (20)5.1. Planning (20)5.2. Gather the tools (20)5.2.1. For the Server: (20)5.2.2. For the Client: (20)5.3. Server: Build the kernel (21)5.4. Server: Configure Networking (21)5.4.1. Configuring the interfaces (21)5.4.2. Setting routes (22)5.4.3. Making filter rules (22)5.4.4. Routing (22)5.5. Server: Configure pppd (23)5.5.1. /etc/ppp/ (23)5.5.2. /etc/ppp/options (23)5.5.3. Avoiding conflicts (24)5.6. Server: Configure sshd (24)5.7. Server: Set up user accounts (24)5.8. Add vpn−users group (25)5.9. create the vpn−users home directory (25)5.10. The .ssh directory (25)5.11. Adding users (25)5.12. Server: Administration (26)5.13. Client: Build the kernel (26)5.14. Client: Configure Networking (27)5.14.1. Interface (27)5.14.2. Filter rules (27)5.14.3. Routing (28)5.15. Client: Configure pppd (28)5.16. Client: Configure ssh (28)5.17. Client: Bring up the connection (28)5.18. Client: Set the routes (29)5.19. Client: Scripting (29)5.19.1. Keeping it running (29)Chapter 6. Addenda (30)6.1. Pitfalls (30)6.1.1. read: I/O error (30)6.1.2. SIOCADDRT: Network is unreachable (30)6.1.3. IPv4 Forwarding and 2.2 kernels (30)6.1.4. Routing (30)6.2. Hardware and Software Requirements (31)6.2.1. Minimum Hardware Requirements (31)6.2.2. Software Requirements (31)Chapter 1. Introduction1.1. Why I wrote this HOWTOI work at Real Networks, and we needed VPN service. This was my first real project, and I truly learned more about Linux with this than with any other task. I ended up using my experience with that project to write this document, to share with others what I learned, so that they can do ultra−nifty things with Linux too!1.2. Acknowledgements and ThanksI want to first and foremost thank my wife Julie, without her, I wouldn't be where I am today. I also want to thank Arpad Magosanyi, the author of the first VPN mini−howto and pty−redir, the utility that makes all of this possible. Jerry, Rod, Glen, Mark V., Mark W., and David, You guys rock! Thanks for all your help. 1.3. Format of this documentThis document is broken down into 5 chapters.Section 1: IntroductionThis sectionSection 2: TheoryBasic VPN theory. What is a VPN, and how does it work. Read this if you are entirely new to VPN. Section 3: ServerThis section describes how a VPN server is set up.Section 4: ClientThis section describes how a VPN client is set up.Section 5: ImplementationA step by step implementation of a sample VPN setup.Section 6: AddendaOther bits and pieces of info that you might find helpful.1.4. Legal Information1.4.1. CopyrightCopyright (c) 2002 Matthew D. Wilson.Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front−Cover Texts, and no Back−Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".1.4.2. DisclaimerThe author assumes no responsibility for anything done with this document, nor does he make any warranty, implied or explicit. If you break it, it's not my fault. Remember, what you do here could make very large holes in the security model of your network. You've been warned.1.4.3. GNU Free Documentation LicenseVersion 1.1, March 2000Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA02111−1307 USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of thislicense document, but changing it is not allowed.1.4.4. PREAMBLEThe purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.1.4.5. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONSThis License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front−matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front−Cover Texts or Back−Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine−readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard−conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine−generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.1.4.6. VERBATIM COPYINGYou may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If youdistribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.1.4.7. COPYING IN QUANTITYIf you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front−Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back−Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages.If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine−readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly−accessible computer−network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network−using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public−standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.1.4.8. MODIFICATIONSYou may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:A.Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of theDocument). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.B.List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of themodifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of theDocument (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).C.State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.D.Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.E.Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.F.Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given inG.the Document's license notice.H.Include an unaltered copy of this License.I.Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of theDocument as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated inthe previous sentence.J.Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and K.preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section L.numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.M.Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the ModifiedVersion.N.Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.If the Modified Version includes new front−matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties−−for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front−Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as aBack−Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage ofFront−Cover Text and one of Back−Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.1.4.9. COMBINING DOCUMENTSYou may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms definedin section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice.The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sectionsmay be replaced with a single copy. 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COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTSYou may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.1.4.11. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKSA compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self−contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document.If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.1.4.12. TRANSLATIONTranslation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail.1.4.13. TERMINATIONYou may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.1.4.14. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSEThe Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See /copyleft/.Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.1.4.15. How to use this License for your documentsTo use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page:Copyright (c) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modifythis document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or anylater version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections beingLIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front−Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back−CoverTexts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU FreeDocumentation License".If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front−Cover Texts, write "no Front−Cover Texts" instead of "Front−Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back−Cover Texts.If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.1.5. Document HistoryThe original "VPN mini−HOWTO" was written by Arpad Magosanyi, <mag@bunuel.tii.matav.hu>, in 1997. He has since allowed me to take up the document and extend it into a full HOWTO. All of thisVPN HOWTOwould not be possible without his original document. Thanks again Arpad. :) Version 1.0 of this HOWTO was completed on December 10, 1999.1.6. Related Documents•Networking Overview HOWTONetworking HOWTO•VPN−Masquerade HOWTO•Chapter 2. Theory2.1. What is a VPN?VPN stands for Virtual Private Network. A VPN uses the Internet as it's transport mechanism, while maintaining the security of the data on the VPN.2.2. But really, what IS a VPN?There are several answers to that question. It really depends on your network layout. The most common configuration is to have a single main internal network with remote nodes using VPN to gain full access to the central net. The remote nodes are commonly remote offices or employees working from home. You can also link two small (or large) networks to form an even larger single network.2.3. So how does it work?Put simply, to make a VPN, you create a secure tunnel between the two networks and route IP through it. If I've lost you already, you should read The Linux Networking Overview HOWTO to learn more about networking with Linux.Here are some diagrams to illustrate this concept:\ \−−−−−−−− / / −−−−−−−−Remote ______| Client |______\ Internet \_____| Server |______ PrivateNetwork | Router | / / | Router | Network−−−−−−−− \ \ −−−−−−−−/ /Client Router−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−| /−> 10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 \ |Remote | |−−> 172.16.0.0/255.240.0.0 |−−> Tunnel >−−−\ |Network >−−−|−−|−−> 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0 / |−−|−−−−> Internet192.168.12.0 | | | || \−−−−−> 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 −−> IP Masquerade >−−/ |−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−Server Router−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−| /−> 10.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 \ || /−−> Tunnel >−−|−−> 172.16.0.0/255.240.0.0 |−−|−−−−> PrivateInternet >−−|−−| \−−> 192.168.0.0/255.255.0.0 / | Network| | | 172.16.0.0/12| \−−−−−> 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0 −−−−−> /dev/null | 192.168.0.0/16−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−−The above diagram shows how the network might be set up. If you don't know what IP Masquerading is, youshould probably read the The Linux Networking Overview HOWTO and come back once you understand how it works.The Client Router is a Linux box acting as the gateway/firewall for the remote network. The remote network uses the local IP address 192.168.12.0. For the sake of a simple diagram, I left out the local routing information on the routers. The basic idea is to route traffic for all of the private networks (10.0.0.0,172.16.0.0, and 192.168.0.0) through the tunnel. The setup shown here is one way. That is, while the remote network can see the private network, the private network cannot necessarily see the remote network. In order for that to happen, you must specify that the routes are bidirectional.From the diagram you should also note that all of the traffic coming out of the client router appears to be from the client router, that is, all from one IP address. You could route real numbers from inside your network but that brings all sorts of security problems with it.2.4. SSH and PPPThe system that I describe to implement VPN uses SSH and PPP. Basically I use ssh to create a tunnel connection, and then use pppd to run TCP/IP traffic though it. That's what makes up the tunnel.The real trick to getting ssh and pppd to play well together is the utility written by Arpad Magosanyi that allows the redirection of standard in and standard out to a pseudo tty. This allows pppd to talk through ssh as if it were a serial line. On the server side, pppd is run as the users shell in the ssh session, completing the link. After that, all you need to do is the routing.2.5. Alternative VPN SystemsThere are of course other ways of setting up a VPN. Here are a couple of other systems:2.5.1. PPTPPPTP is a Microsoft protocol for VPN. It is supported under Linux, but is known to have serious security issues. I do not describe how to use it here since it is covered by the Linux VPN Masquerade HOWTO.2.5.2. IP SecIP Sec is a different set of protocols from SSH. I don't actually know all that much about it, so if someone wants to help me out with a description, I'd be most appreciative. Again, I do not describe how to use it here since it is covered by the Linux VPN Masquerade HOWTO.2.5.3. CIPECIPE is a kernel level network encryption system that may be better suited to enterprise setups. You can find out more about it at the CIPE homepage.。

HK Listing德勤上市讲座

HK Listing德勤上市讲座

香港上市郑百全德勤华永会计师事务所有限公司审计高级经理北京二零零六年八月2香港上市–培训目的l可以帮助CPA与有潜质的客户探讨香港上市的可能性l可以加强CPA的装备与境外CPA的合作l作为CPA面向国际市场的准备3香港上市–内容关于中国企业:l重要的香港及美国上市规定2004 -2005的更新l在香港联交所上市l中国会计准则与境外会计准则的差异l在香港与美国上市的成本效益比较4形式l重点讲解l分组讨论l例子研究l经验分享l问题解答5香港上市规定2004 -2006的重要更新l香港联交所:Ø除盈利测试外,引入了两项新的财务指针测试,加强了弹性Ø提高最低市值要求至2亿港元(之前为1亿港元)Ø增加了备考财务信息及CPA的报告要求Ø加强企业管治的要求6在香港联交所上市l香港证券市场的发展和监管体制l主板与创业板的概况l在联交所上市的方式l联交所的上市要求l香港招股说明书的财务资料披露l公司在上市后的持续义务7香港证券市场的发展:一些主要事件l1866:文献纪录l1891-1972:五间交易所分别成立(两间于1947年合并)l1980:四间交易所统一,成立了香港聯合交易所(“联交所”)l1993:使用计算机辅助系统开始进行交易l1993:第一家H股公司上市l1999:成立创业板l2000:联交所和期交所合并并在香港上市8香港证券市场的发展和监管体制l在三级监管体制下运作Ø政府部门: 財經事務局及庫務局Ø证券及期货事务监察委员会(“证监会”)Ø联交所l联交所Ø上市科:申请上市的主要接触点Ø上市审批和上市后监管的主要负责机关91011619,582H 股市值(亿港元)4486H 股公司的数目20.9213.15平均市盈率(倍)65497,584市值(亿港元)200948上市公司数目创业板主板主板与创业板的概况:(截至2005年6月底)创业板GEMl1999成立l为增长企业(包括高科技行业)提供筹集资金的渠道l提供“高增长,高风险”的投资机会l有助于创业资本投资(venture capital)的发展11在联交所上市的方式l向公众发售股票Ø发售以供认购(offer for subscription)Ø发售现有股票(offer for sale)l配售股票(placing)l介绍上市(introduction)12联交所上市要求l主板–附件1l创业板–附件2l H股–附件31314最近一年收入不少于5亿40亿市值/收入测试:其它(港元)市值不少于(港元) 财务指标最近一年收入不少于5亿;三年营运现金流入合计不少于1亿20亿市值/收入/现金流量测试:最近一年溢利不少于2,000万、之前两年累计溢利不少于3,000万2亿(之前1亿)盈利测试:主板上市基本要求–财务指标(2004+)(H 股还须符合中国证监会的财务指标)主板上市基本要求–其它见附件1,包括:l企业的注册地l营业纪录、管理层及拥有权l股东数目及公众持股比率l业务竞争l管理层及企业管治、审计委员会l包销安排l保荐人15创业板上市基本要求l活跃业务纪录:Ø须要接受大体相同的管理层管理和所有者拥有Ø专注于一项主营业务l纪录在24个月或以上Ø市值基本上要达到4,600万港元;公众股东数目一般应至少有100人。

国际会计准则与中国会计准则差异(德勒)

国际会计准则与中国会计准则差异(德勒)

适用范围 上市公司
所有企业
上市公司 所有企业
上市公司 股份有限公司 (2001 年 1 月 1 日前仅适用于上 市公司) 上市公司 所有企业 (2001 年 1 月 1 日前仅 适用于上市公 司) 所有企业
所有企业 股份有限公司 所有企业 所有企业 上市公司 股份有限公司 股份有限公司
序言
《金融企业会计制度》 与一般企业的会计制度相类 似,但它还包括了适用于金融机构的特殊原则,包括如何 确认利息、回购协议、证券交易、保险准备、信托会计及 投资基金会计等。
下页的图表列出了现行的中国会计准则,并说明了每个准 则所适用的企业类别。
《企业会计制度》 2001 年 1 月财政部实施了详尽的 《企业会计制度》(“《制度》”)。《制度》是财政部 根据以往实施《股份有限公司会计制度》,以及之前所发 布的中国会计准则所累积的经验而制定。
适用于股份有限公司 自 2001 年 1 月 1 日起,除银行业、 保险业和其他金融业股份有限公司外(这些公司执行另一 个会计制度,见下文),所有股份有限公司均应按要求执 行《制度》。
序言
会计准则
生效日期
1 关联方关系及其交易 1997.1.1 的披露
2 现金流量表 (2001 年小幅修订)
2001.1.1
3 资产负债表日后事项 1998.1.1
4 债务重组 (2001 年大幅修订)
2001.1.1
5 收入
1999.1.1
6 投资 (2001 年小幅修订)
2001.1.1
7 建造合同
本手册虽已按小心谨慎的原则来编制,但德勤会计师行或其任何 的办事处均无需为当中可能载有的任何错误、或任何人士因依赖 本手册的内容而招致的任何损失承担任何责任。

商务英语阅读教程——参考译文

商务英语阅读教程——参考译文

参考译文Unit 1 参考译文国际商务的范围国际商务是指任何类型的跨国商务活动。

它可以分为4种类型: 对外贸易、服务贸易、有价证券投资和直接投资。

在对外贸易中,国与国之间从事有形货物或商品的进出口业务。

进出口贸易构成了世界上大多数国家最基本的国际商务活动。

除货物和商品进出口贸易外,国家之间还进行服务贸易,如保险、金融、饭店、咨询、旅游及运输。

跨国公司就因在别国提供服务而得到报酬。

国际有价证券投资指在别国进行的金融投资。

投资者购买企业股票和长期债券,无非是为了谋求投资回报。

有价证券投资者的目标不是控制一个企业,他们随时可按市场行情兑现他们所投的资金。

海外直接投资是指在国外建厂或建立销售网络。

投资者可购买外国公司现有的全部或部分资产,以控制或部分控制该公司的销售、生产、科研和发展。

从历史的角度来看,国际商务并非新鲜事物。

它已有上千年的历史,尽管其形式、方法及重要性在不断演变。

在古代,希腊人就在地中海地区从事贸易活动。

在历史的长河中,随着复杂的商务技巧不断出现,商业持续不断的发展,从而促进了货物、资源、资金在国家间的流动。

工业革命提供了大规模生产方法和大规模市场,从而进一步促进了国际商务的发展。

随着工业化水平的提高,对供给、原料、劳动力和运输的需求也日益增大。

20 世纪以来,事实证明,广泛的商务关系覆盖全球。

由于商务实体越来越认识到它们的市场是全球性的,而不仅仅在国内,所以产品、资本和人员比以往任何时候都更紧密地联系在一起。

随着商务活动的范围跨出国界,银行和金融机构接踵而至,以满足商务活动为世界性的投资和经营所需要的资金。

金融市场之间的联系也变得非常纷繁复杂。

美国股市的走向和变化会直接影响到世界上其他地区的产权投资市场。

如今,只有目光短浅的商人才会相信,一个企业在本国市场范围内完全可以实现发展和繁荣。

国内商界起码必须认识到市场竞争的国际根源,因为竞争的根源一直存在,并且日益成为国内商界的威胁。

在世界市场和经济的动态中,这些变化的根源就是世界范围寻求的国际商务活动。

德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009

德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009

德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009 德勤:国际财务报告准则-财务报表范例2009国际会计控股有限公司截至2009年12月31日止年度财务报表本国际会计控股有限公司财务报表范例旨在说明国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的列报和披露要求,同时包括被视为最佳实务的额外披露,特别是那些作为特定准则的说明性示例的披露。

本财务报表范例假设国际会计控股有限公司在过去都是按照国际财务报告准则编制财务报表。

因此,国际会计控股有限公司并非国际财务报告准则的首次采用者。

企业首次采用国际财务报告准则作为其财务报表编制基础的有关特定要求,读者应参阅《国际财务报告准则第1号—首次采用国际财务报告准则》,并参照德勤编制的《列报和披露核对表》内有关《国际财务报告准则第1号》的部分,以了解适用于首次采用者的特定披露要求(注:本财务报表范例(中文版)并未包括相关列报和披露核对表的中文翻译)。

本财务报表范例并未考虑当地法律或法规的要求。

财务报表编制者需确保在选用国际财务报告准则允许的会计处理方法时,不会与当地法律或法规相抵触(例如:本财务报表是采用《国际财务报告准则第16号——不动产、厂场和设备》中可选用的重估价模式,但某些国家/地区并不允许对资产进行重估)。

同时,当地法律或法规等可能会规定一些国际财务报告准则并没有要求披露的事项(例如:董事酬金的某些内容),因此,财务报表编制者在采用本财务报表范例时,应按当地法律或法规的要求作出适当修改。

财务报表范例并不包括母公司的单独财务报表,但企业可能因为当地法律或法规的要求而编制单独财务报表,又或是企业自行编制单独财务报表。

如果企业按照国际财务报告准则编制单独财务报表,应遵循《国际会计准则第27号——合并财务报表和单独财务报表》的要求。

母公司的单独财务报表包括综合收益表、财务状况表、权益变动表、现金流量表和财务报表附注。

本财务报表范例的建议披露事项与相关准则及解释公告相应段落的要求建立了交叉索引。

IFRS中文翻译版本

IFRS中文翻译版本

第一次徵求意見 翻譯草案 ( 已截止) 翻譯草案 ( 已截止) 翻譯草案 ( 已截止) 翻譯草案 ( 已截止)
第二次徵求意見 正體中文版草案 ( 截止日100/3/20) 正體中文版草案 ( 截止日100/3/20) 正體中文版草案 ( 截止日100/3/30) 正體中文版草案 ( 截止日100/3/30)
國外營運機構淨投資之避險
Distributions of Non-cash Assets to Owners
分配非現金資產予業主
Transfers of Assets from Customers
IFRIC 18
客戶資產之轉入 註:2009年1月發布 2009年7月1日生效
Extinguishing Financial Liabilities with Equity Instruments
所得稅
Property, Plant and Equipment
IAS 16
不動產、廠房及設備
Leases
IAS 17
租賃
Revenue
IAS 18
收入
Employee Benefits
IAS 19
員工福利
Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance
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中国会计标准CAS和国际财务报告准则IFRS的区别

中国会计标准CAS和国际财务报告准则IFRS的区别

中国会计标准(CAS)和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的主要差异上一篇/ 下一篇 2007-04-05 15:03:00查看( 36 ) / 评论( 0 ) / 评分( 0 / 0 )中国会计标准(CAS)和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的时间性差异(作者:佚名来源:不详发布时间:2006-5-31 下午01:01:21 发布人:admin)通过对123家同时适用中国会计标准(CAS)和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的2003年报净利差异作了汇总,发现中国会计准则确认的净利润为525亿,国际财务报告准则为550亿,少了25亿元,平均每家少确认2063万元净利润。

单纯从这个数据来看,我国会计准则更为稳健。

但这是否意味着CAS在资产计价和收益确认上比IFRS更稳健?我国会计标准有很多方面是比IFRS更稳健,在很多情况下,CAS与IFRS相比,有推迟确认收入、提前确认费用现象,但这只是损益确认的“时间性差异”。

1、开发费用:中国直接进入当期损益,IAS可以资本化。

2、公允价值超过账面成本:中国资产不能重估,不能确认交易类投资未实现利得;IAS可以确认重估收益,如“可交易”短期投资升值所得。

3、无形资产支出:中国全部进入当期损益,除了专利注册费和律师费外;IAS研究费用也直接进入当期损益,但开发费有条件资本化。

4、无形资产推销:中国不长于10年,IAS是20年。

5、固定资产修理费用:中国全部收益化,IAS有条件资本化6、无形资产后续支出:中国全部收益化,IAS有条件资本化。

7、建造合同:中国合同成本不包括借款费用,IAS规定,如果公司的会计政策是将借款费用资本化,则包括。

8、政府退还的增值税款,中国收到现金时确认,IAS权责发生制。

9、IAS可以计提重组准备,中国不可以。

此外,还有不少项目是永久性差异,也就是中国永远不能确认收益,而国际是作为当期损益的。

中国会计标准(CAS)和国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的永久性差异主要有:1、非公允关联收益:中国规定进资本公积,IAS直接进入当期损益。

德勤国际财务报告准则聚焦:IFRS13公允价值计量

德勤国际财务报告准则聚焦:IFRS13公允价值计量

德勤国际财务报告准则聚焦:IFRS13公允价值计量Introduction On 12 May 2011, the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued IFRS 13Fair Value Measurement , which establishes a single source of guidance for fair value measurement under IFRSs. IFRS 13 defines fair value, provides guidance on its determination and introduces consistent requirements for disclosures on fair value measurements. The Standard does not include requirements on when fair value measurement is required; it prescribes how fair value is to be measured if another Standard requires it.Some Standards (for example, IAS 40 Investment Property ) require items to be measured at fair value on an ongoing basis (IFRS 13 refers to this as ‘fair value on a recurring basis’), some (for example, IFRS 5 Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations ) require fair value only in certain circumstances (IFRS 13refers to this as ‘fair value on a non-recurring basis) and some (for example, IFRS 3Business Combinations ) require fair value only on initial recognition of an item.Scope IFRS 13 applies to all transactions and balances (whether financial or non-financial) for which IFRSs require or permit fair value measurements, with the exception of share-based payment transactions accounted for under IFRS 2 Share-based Payment and leasing transactions within the scope of IAS 17 Leases .The Standard also makes clear that measurements that have some similarities to fair value but that are not fair value, such as net realisable value under IAS 2 Inventories or value in use under IAS 36 Impairment of Assets , are not within its scope.IFRS 13 gives relief from its disclosure requirements in respect of the following items:?Plan assets measured at fair value in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits .?Retirement benefit plan investments measured at fair value in accordance with IAS 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans .?Assets for which the recoverable amount is fair value less costs of disposal in accordance with IAS 36 Impairment of Assets .IFRS Global officeMay 2011ContentsIntroductionScopeDefinition of ‘fair value’Determination of fair valueValuation techniques DisclosuresEffective date and transitionIFRS in Focus IASB issues new standard on fair value measurement and disclosureFor more information please see the followingwebsites:/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.html/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.htmlDefinition of ‘fair value’The Standard defines fair value as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” This is sometimes referred to as an ‘exit price’. Determination of fair valueIFRS 13 indicates that an entity must determine the following to arrive at an appropriate measure of fair value:The asset or liability being measured (consistent with its unit of account).The principal (or most advantageous) market in which an orderly transaction would take place for the assetor liability.For a non-financial asset, the highest and best use of the asset and whether the asset is used in combination with otherassets or on a stand-alone basis. The appropriate valuation technique(s) for the entity to use when measuring fair value, focusing on inputs a market participant would use when pricing the asset or liability.Those assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability.Principal (or most advantageous) marketFair value is the price that would be achieved if an asset were sold (or liability transferred) to a market participant in the principal market (i.e., the market with the greatest volume and level of activity for that asset or liability). If there is no principal market, the price in the most advantageous market (i.e., the market in which the entity could achieve the most beneficial price) is used.In the absence of evidence to the contrary, the market in which the entity normally transacts would be presumed to be the principal or most advantageous market. If location is a characteristic of an asset, the price should be adjusted for costs that would be incurred to transport the asset to or from the principal (or most advantageous) market. However, transaction costs would not be included in a fair value measurement because such costs are not a characteristic of the asset or liability.Highest and best useThe fair value of a non-financial asset is measured on the basis of the highest and best use of the asset by a market participant. In determining the highest and best use, an entity must contemplate whether the use of the asset is “physically possible, legally permissible, and financially feasible.” Unless market or other factors suggest otherwise, an entity’s current use of a non-financial asset is presumed to be its highest and best use.Some entities may purposefully decide not to employ an asset at its highest and best use (e.g., when an entity holds an asset defensively to prevent others from using it). In such circumstances, IFRS 13 continues to require measurement based on the highest and best use and also requires disclosure of the fact that the asset is not used in that way.In circumstances in which the highest and best use of an asset is in combination with an asset group (e.g., a business) but the unit of account is the individual asset, the fair value of that asset would be measured under the assumption that a market participant has, or can obtain, the complementary assets or liabilities.Liabilities and own equityThe fair value of a liability or equity instrument of the entity is determined under the assumption that the instrument would be transferred on the measurement date, but would remain outstanding (i.e., it is a transfer value, not an extinguishment or settlement cost).The Standard provides a hierarchy of methods for arriving at this value, stating that when a quoted price for the transfer of the liability or equity is not available, the fair value of the liability or equity instrument from the perspective of a market participant holding the item as an asset is used in preference to a value determined using a valuation technique.Regardless of the method used, the fair value of a liability must take account of non-performance risk – including the entity’s own credit risk.Offsetting market risks or counterparty credit riskThe Standard allows a limited exception to the basic fair value measurement principles for a reporting entity that holds a group of financial assets and financial liabilities with offsetting positions in particular market risks as defined in IFRS 7 Financial Instruments: Disclosures or counterparty credit risk (also as defined in IFRS 7) and manages those holdings on the basis of the entity’s net exposure to either risk. This exception allows the reporting entity, if certain criteria are met, to measure the fair value of the net asset or liability position in a manner consistent with how market participants would price the net risk position.ObservationsThe measurement of the fair value of a portfolio of financial assets and financial liabilities on the basis of net exposure does not affect the financial statement presentation of these instruments. The requirements of other IFRSs on offsetting assets and liabilities must still be met in order to present a net position. If those requirements are not met, and hence the assets and liabilities are presented on a gross basis, an entity should allocate any ortfolio-level adjustments to the individual assets and liabilities “on a reasonable and consistent basis using a methodology appropriate in the circumstances.”Note that the IASB issued its exposure draft ED/2011/01 Offsetting Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities on28 January 2011. This ED would provide clarifying guidance in applying the current offsetting principles in IAS32 and proposes additional qualitative and quantitative disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities subject to offsetting. For more information about the ED, see Deloitte’s February 2011 IFRS in Focus.When an entity has elected a policy to apply the exception to a portfolio in which the market risks being offset are substantially the same, the entity should apply the price within the bid-ask spread that is most representative of fair value to the entity’s net exposure to those market risks.The Standard also indicates that when netting credit risk exposures with a particular counterparty in a fair value measurement, the entity should consider whether market participants would take into account any existing arrangements that mitigate risk exposure (e.g., a master netting agreement) in the event of default.Valuation techniquesWhen transactions are directly observable in a market, the determination of fair value can be relatively straightforward, but when they are not, a valuation technique is used. IFRS 13 describes three valuation techniques an entity might use to determine fair value.The market approach– An entity “uses prices and other relevant information generated by market transactions involving identical or comparable (i.e., similar) assets, liabilities or a group of assets and liabilities.”The income approach– An entity converts future amounts (e.g., cash flows or income and expenses) to a single current (i.e., discounted) amount.The cost approach– An entity determines a value which “reflects the amount that would be required currently to replace the service capacity of an asset (often referred to as current replacement cost).”A valuation technique should be selected, and consistently applied, to maximise the use of relevant observable inputs (and minimise unobservable inputs).Premiums and discountsThe Standard permits a premium or a discount to be included in a fair value measurement only when it is consistent with the unit of account for the item. This means that premiums or discounts that reflect size as a characteristic of the entity’s holding (e.g., a blockage factor reducing the price which could be achieved on disposal of an entire large equity holding) rather than as a characteristic of the asset or liability (e.g., a control premium when measuring the fair value of a controlling interest) are not included.ObservationsUnit of account guidance is outside the scope of IFRS 13. Therefore, entities should look to other IFRSs for unitof account guidance.Fair Value at initial recognitionIf the transaction price for an item is determined to be its fair value at that date, then any valuation technique utilising unobservable inputs must be calibrated to show that fair value at initial recognition, thus ensuring that future remeasurements reflect only changes in value subsequent to initial recognition.If, on the other hand, the fair value at initial recognition differs from the transaction price the resulting gain or loss must be recognized in profit or loss unless another IFRS specifies a different treatment. For financial assets or financial liabilities, both IFRS 9 and IAS 39 specify how to account for a difference between the initial fair value and the transaction price.DisclosuresIFRS 13 requires a number of quantitative and qualitative disclosures about fair value measurements. Many of these are related to the following three-level fair value hierarchy on the basis of the inputs to the valuation technique:Level 1inputs are fully observable (e.g., unadjusted quoted prices in an active market for identical assets and liabilities that the entity can access at the measurement date);Level 2 inputs are those other than quoted prices within Level 1 that are directly or indirectly observable; andLevel 3 inputs are unobservable.An asset or liability is included in its entirety in one of the three levels on the basis of the lowest-level input that is significant to its valuation.Disclosures based on this hierarchy are already required for financial instruments under IFRS 7, but IFRS 13 extends them to cover all assets and liabilities within its scope. Required disclosures are highlighted in the table below.Some disclosure requirements differ depending on whether the fair value calculation is performed on a recurring or non-recurring basis. IFRS 13 defines recurring and non-recurring fair value measurements of assets and liabilities as follows:Recurring – those that other IFRSs require or permit in the statement of financial position at the end of each reporting period.Non-recurring –those that other IFRSs require or permit in the statement of financial position in particular circumstances.Effective date and transitionIFRS 13 is effective for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013. Early application is permitted. Therefore, entities are allowed to apply the measurement and disclosure requirements as soon as practicable. Entities that choose to adopt the standard early should disclose that fact.IFRS 13 should be applied prospectively from the beginning of the annual period in which it is adopted.Key contactsAmericas*****************************************LATCO Fermin del Valle iasplus-LATCO@/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.htmlUnited States Robert Uhl iasplusamericas@/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.htmlAsia-PacificAustralia Bruce Porter iasplus@/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.html .auChina Stephen Taylor iasplus@/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.html*******************************************.jpSingaporeShariqBarmakyiasplus-sg@/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.htmlDeloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee, and its network of member firms, each of which is a legally separate and independent entity. Please see/doc/d0d678dbd15abe23482f4d5c.html /about for a detailed description of the legal structure of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited and its member firms.“Deloitte” is the brand under which tens of thousands of dedicated professionals in independent firms throughout the world collaborate to provide audit, consulting, financial advisory, risk management, and tax services to selected clients. These firms are members of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (DTTL), a UK private company limited by guarantee. Each member firm provides services in a particular geographic area and is subject to the laws and professional regulations of the particular country or countries in which it operates. DTTL does not itself provide services to clients. DTTL and each DTTL member firm are separate and distinct legal entities, which cannot obligate each other. DTTL and each DTTL member firm are liable only for their own acts or omissions and not those of each other. Each DTTL member firm is structured differently in accordance with national laws, regulations, customary practice, and other factors, and may secure the provision of professional services in its territory through subsidiaries, affiliates, and/or other entities.This publication contains general information only, and none of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, its member firms, or its and their affiliates are, by means of this publication, rendering accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your finances or your business. Before making any decision ortaking any action that may affect your finances or your business, you should consult a qualified professional adviser.None of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, its member firms, or its and their respective affiliates shall be responsible for any loss whatsoever sustained by any person who relies on this publication.2011 Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu LimitedDesigned and produced by The Creative Studio at Deloitte, London. 11388A。

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IFRS 13 同时明确,类似于公允价值但并非公允价值的计量(如, 《国际会计准则第 2 号——存货》(IAS 2)中的可变现净值或者 《国际会计准则第 36 号——资产减值》(IAS 36)中的使用价 值)不属于 IFRS 13 的范围。
IFRS 13 豁免以下项目遵循其披露要求: • 按照《国际会计准则第 19 号——雇员福利》(IAS 19)以公允价值计量的计
观察 基于净敞口计量金融资产和金融负债组合的公允价值并不影响此类工具在财务报 表中的列报。为列报净头寸,仍然必须满足针对资产和负债抵销的其他国际财务 报告准则的要求。如果不能满足此类要求从而资产和负债是以总额基础列报,主 体应当“采用适合于当前情况的方法按合理和一致的基础”将在组合层次进行的 调整分摊至个别资产和负债。
另一方面,如果初始确认时的公允价值不同于交易价格,除非另一国际财务报告 准则规定了不同的处理方式,否则所产生的利得或损失必须计入损益。对于金融 资产或金融负债,IFRS 9 及 IAS 39 均规定了应如何核算初始公允价值与交易价 格之间的差额。
披露
IFRS 13 规定了有关公允价值计量的若干定量和定性披露。许多此类披露均与以 下基于估值技术变量的三个公允价值层级相关:
在财务报表 脚注中以 公允价值披露
如果非金融资产的最高效和最佳使用不



同于其当前使用方式,应披露该事实以
及该非金融资产的使用方式并未达到其
最高效和最佳使用的原因
足以允许在按照公允价值层级对各类资


产和负债的披露和在财务状况表中列报
的单列项目之间进行调节的信息
如果主体决定采用运用第 46 段所述的
初始确认后在财务状况表中以 公允价值计量的资产和负债
连续基础上 非连续基础上 的公允价值 的公允价值
பைடு நூலகம்










在财务报表 脚注中以 公允价值披露


√ √
IFRS 聚焦 第 4 页
要求提供的披露
初始确认后在财务状况表中以 公允价值计量的资产和负债
连续基础上 非连续基础上 的公允价值 的公允价值


例外情况的会计政策(请参见本简讯有
关抵销的讨论),应披露这一事实
对于以公允价值计量的负债,应披露是


否存在任何信用增级及其是否已在负债
的公允价值计量中反映
下列披露要求适用于使用重大不可观察变量(第 3 层)的公允价值计量
有关公允价值计量中使用的重大不可观
引言
国际会计准则理事会(IASB)于 2011 年 5 月 12 日发布了《国际 财务报告准则第 13 号——公允价值计量》(IFRS 13)。IFRS 13 是按照国际财务报告准则计量公允价值的单一指引。
IFRS 13 定义了公允价值、提供了确定公允价值的指引、并引入了 有关公允价值计量的一致披露要求。IFRS 13 并未包含何时必须以 公允价值计量的要求;只是规定了在其他准则要求以公允价值计量 的情况下,如何计量公允价值。
主要(或最有利)市场 公允价值是在主要市场(即,该资产或负债拥有最大交易量及交易水平的市场) 中向市场参与者出售资产(或转移负债)所使用的价格。如果不存在主要市场, 则应使用在最有利市场(即,主体可获得最有利价格的市场)中的价格。
在不存在相反证据的情况下,假设主体通常进行交易的市场为其主要市场或最有 利市场。如果地点是资产特有的特征,则应针对该资产运进/运出主要(或最有 利)市场所发生的成本对价格进行调整。但是,交易成本不应纳入公允价值计 量,因为此类成本并非资产或负债所特有的。
划资产。 • 按照《国际会计准则第 26 号——退休福利计划的会计和报告》(IAS 26)以
公允价值计量的退休福利计划投资。 • 按照《国际会计准则第 36 号——资产减值》(IAS 36)核算的、其可收回金
额为公允价值减出售费用后的余额的资产。
“公允价值”的定义 IFRS 13 将公允价值定义为“市场参与者之间在计量日进行的有序交易中出售一 项资产所收到的价格或转移一项负债所支付的价格”。这有时被称为“脱手 价”。
某些披露要求根据公允价值是在连续还是非连续基础上进行计算而有所不同。 IFRS 13 中有关资产和负债的连续和非连续公允价值计量的定义如下: • 连续基础上的公允价值——其他国际财务报告准则要求或允许在每一报告期末
的财务状况表中列报的公允价值。
• 非连续基础上的公允价值——其他国际财务报告准则要求或允许在特定情况下 在财务状况表中列报的公允价值。
要求提供的披露
报告日的公允价值
以公允价值计量的原因
属于 3 个公允价值层级中的那一层
第 1 层与第 2 层之间转移的金额,转移 的原因,以及主体确定何时发生各层级 之间的转移的政策
对于第 2 层和第 3 层,所使用的估值技 术和变量的描述
对于估值技术发生变更的第 2 层和第 3 层公允价值计量,披露有关变更及作出 变更的原因
在资产与某一资产组(如,业务)相结合时才能达到最高效和最佳使用、但会计 单位是个别资产的情况下,可以基于市场参与者已经或能够获得互补性资产或负 债的假设计量该资产的公允价值。
负债和主体自身权益 主体的负债或权益工具公允价值的确定应基于该工具将在计量日转让但仍未结算 的假设(即,是转让价值而非消除或结算工具的成本)。
范围
IFRS 13 适用于国际财务报告准则要求或允许以公允价值计量的所 有交易和余额(无论是金融项目还是非金融项目),但按照《国际 财务报告准则第 2 号——以股份为基础的支付》(IFRS 2)核算的 以股份为基础的支付交易和属于《国际会计准则第 17 号——租 赁》(IAS 17)范围的租赁交易除外。
内容概要 • 在其他准则要求以公允价值计量的情况下,IFRS 13 确立了计量
公允价值的单一框架。IFRS 13 适用于以公允价值计量的金融项 目及非金融项目。 • 公允价值的定义为“市场参与者之间在计量日进行的有序交易 中出售一项资产所收到的价格或转移一项负债所支付的价格” (即,脱手价)。 • IFRS 13 对自 2013 年 1 月 1 日或以后日期开始的年度期间生 效,允许提前采用,并且应采用未来适用法自采用 IFRS 13 的 年度期间的期初起应用。
抵销市场风险或交易对方信用风险
在下述情况下,IFRS 13 允许存在基本公允价值计量原则的有限例外情况:报告 主体持有的一组金融资产和金融负债持有如《国际财务报告准则第 7 号——金融 工具:披露》(IFRS 7)所定义的特定市场风险或者(IFRS 7 所定义的)交易对 方信用风险的抵销头寸,并且主体基于对上述风险之一的净敞口来管理所持有的 项目。该例外情况允许报告主体在满足特定标准的情况下,按与市场参与者对净 风险头寸相一致的定价方式计量净资产或负债头寸的公允价值。
IFRS 聚焦 第 3 页
观察
有关会计单位的指引不属于IFRS 13的范围。因此,主体应参阅其他国际财务报告 准则中有关会计单位的指引。
初始确认时的公允价值
如果某一项目的交易价格被确定为在交易日的公允价值,则必须对利用不可观察 变量的任何估值技术进行校准,以反映初始确认时的公允价值,从而确保未来的 重新计量仅反映初始确认后的价值变动。
公允价值的确定 IFRS 13 指出,主体必须确定以下各项以得出公允价值的适当计量: • 所计量的资产或负债(与其会计单位相一致)。 • 资产或负债进行有序交易的主要(或最有利)市场。 • 对于非金融资产,资产的最高效和最佳使用,以及资产是与其他资产相结合使
用还是单独使用。主体计量公允价值时所采用的适当估值技术,着重关注市场 参与者对资产或负债进行定价时所使用的变量。 • 市场参与者对资产或负债进行定价时所使用的假设。
• 第 1 层——完全可观察的变量(如,主体在计量日可获得的相同资产及负债在 活跃市场中未经调整的标价);
• 第 2 层——除第 1 层中的标价以外的直接或间接可观察的变量;以及 • 第 3 层——不可观察的变量。
资产或负债应基于对其估值而言重大的最低层级的变量,整体纳入上述 3 个层级 之一。
IFRS 7 已包含基于上述公允价值层级的针对金融工具的披露,但是,IFRS 13 将 此类披露延伸至属于其范围的所有资产和负债。要求提供的主要披露请参见下 表。
IFRS 聚焦 第 2 页
IFRS 13 提供了得出该价值的分级方法,规定当无法获得负债或权益的市场标价 时,应当首先采用从市场参与者将该项目作为资产持有的角度而言该负债或权益 工具的公允价值,继而才应考虑使用估值技术确定的价值。
无论采用哪一种方法,负债的公允价值均必须考虑不履约风险——包括主体自身 的信用风险。
某些准则(例如,《国际会计准则第 40 号——投资性房地产》 (IAS 40))要求在持续基础上计量特定项目的公允价值(IFRS 13 中称为“连续基础上的公允价值”);某些准则(例如,《国 际财务报告准则第 5 号——持有待售的非流动资产和终止经营》 (IFRS 5))要求仅在特定情况下才以公允价值计量(IFRS 13 中 称为“非连续基础上的公允价值”);而某些准则(例如,《国际 财务报告准则第 3 号——企业合并》(IFRS 3))则要求仅当初始 确认某一项目时才以公允价值计量。
请注意,IASB于2011年1月28日发布了征求意见稿ED/2011/01《金融资产和金融 负债的抵销》。该征求意见稿为现行《国际会计准则第32号》(IAS 32)中抵销 原则的应用提供了更明确的指引,并建议针对进行抵销的金融资产和金融负债提 供额外的定性和定量披露。有关该征求意见稿的更多信息,请参阅德勤于2011年 2月发布的《IFRS聚焦》简讯。
最高效和最佳使用 非金融资产的公允价值计量是以市场参与者对该资产的最高效和最佳使用为基 础。在确定最高效和最佳使用时,主体必须考虑资产的使用是否“实际上可能、 法律上允许、及经济上可行”。除非市场或其他因素表明存在其他情况,否则主 体对非金融资产的当前使用将被假定为该资产的最高效和最佳使用。
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