句子及句子成分

句子及句子成分

一、句子的定义

句子是包含主语和谓语部分的一组词。它有一定的语法结构和语调，用来表达一

个比较完整的独立的概念。句子开头第一个字母要大写，句子末尾要有句号、问

号或叹号。

二、句子的种类和类型

1.句子按其用途可分为四类

1）陈述句，用以陈述事实。

e.g. I don’t care what she thinks.

2)疑问句，用以提出问题。

e.g. Your friend is a doctor, isn’t he ?

When do we meet again?

3)祈使句，用以表示命令，请求等。

e.g. Have a good sleep and think it over.

4）感叹句，用以表示各种强烈的感情。

e.g. What a coincidence to meet in San Francisco!

2.句子按其结构分为四种形式

1）简单句，由一个主语部分和一个谓语部分组成。

e.g. The cause of the fire was a cigarette-end.

2)并列句，由两个或两个以上的分句组成。

结构：⑴分句+并列连词+分句

⑵分句；分句（此结构中，分号相当于并列连词，且第二个分句的第一个字母不大写。）

e.g. Cotton is falling in prices, and buyers hold of

f.

Henry prefers strawberry pie, but his wife always bakes apple pies.

3)复合句，由主句和其他从句组成。

结构：主句+从属连词-从句

从属连词-从句+主句

注：分析主从句时，应先找出主句，再判断从句类型。

e.g. He was an old man who wore thick glasses.

4）并列复合句，即含有复合句的并列句。

结构：主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+主句+从属连词+从句.

主句+从属连词-从句+并列连词+分句.

注：此句型中，并列连词起连接作用，连接前后复句或分句，因此应分别分析前后复句。

翻译：

1) The ad. said the coat was on sale for $20, but it was actually $22.

2) I ask a man who has a wife and 3 children who did the cooking in his house and he replied that whoever came home from work first did it.

三、句子成分

（一）五种基本句型：

1）主语+谓语

2）主语+谓语+宾语

3）主语+系动词+表语

4）主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

5）主语+谓语+宾语+宾补

（二）句子成分：

1.主语：是一个句子所叙说的主体。主语的位置一般在句首，一般不省略。

注：祈使句无主语，但隐含一个主语you,常表两人面对面说话，已知说话对象，所以无需加主语。

找出下面句子的主语：

1) Children grow very fast.

2) Nobody knows who took the key.

3) Three plus five equals eight.

4) My brother gave me two books. The first was a novel.

5) To see is to believe.

6) Looking up all the words in the dictionary took him a lot of time.

7) The blind are well cared for in our country.

8) How to do it well is an important question.

9) What he said is quite true.

10) That the sun rises in the east is common knowledge.

注：一般情况下，主语在谓语前面，即自然语序（陈述句语序），还有一种倒装语序，即谓语在前，主语在其后。

翻译：

Hardly had they reached home when it began to snow.

2.谓语：谓语或谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。谓语由简单动词或动词短语（助动词/情态动词/be+主要动词）构成。

找出下面句子的谓语：

1) What happened?

2) The plane took off at 10 o’clock.

3) We were beaten by their team.

4) You can do it if you try hard.

3.表语：说明或表述主语的身份、特征和状态的，位置在连系动词之后。

找出下列句子的表语：

1) Africa is a big continent.

2) My father became an army officer during the Anti-Japanese War.

3) Oh, it’s you.

4) Our teacher was satisfied with my work.

5) Three times five is fifteen.

6) She was the third to arrive.

7) Our chief method is to learn English through practice.

8) Their job is teaching English.

9) The patient is out of danger.

10) I must be off now.

11) What surprised us most was that he spoke Chinese so well.

4.宾语：表示动作的对象，是动作的承受着。宾语一般放在vt.或prep.之后。

找出下列句子的宾语：

1) He takes a cold bath every morning.