规模牧场标准化生产管理技术手册

规模牧场标准化生产管理技术手册

前言

在国家对奶牛养殖业的政策扶持下，各地规模牧场的建设得到了快速发展，个体养殖户在奶牛养殖业中所占比例逐渐减少，全国奶牛规模化养殖场将成为未来我国奶牛养殖的主要模式。

近年来，伊利集团奶源基地新建和改建的大量规模化牧场陆续投入使用，科

学的标准化饲养管理成为当前规模化牧场经营管理的新趋势。可是，目前规模化牧场的饲养管理还处于粗放型和凭经验管理的状态。牧场的硬件建设虽然取得了长足的发展，如采用散栏饲养模式、使用TMR全混合日粮等新技术，但是，牧场的软件建设，奶牛饲养管理仍然存在很多问题，严重制约着奶牛生产潜力的发挥。因此，科学的标准化饲养管理技术的推广显得非常必要和迫切；同时，牧场的饲养管理人员也急切的盼望得到和掌握这些技术。伊利公司根据奶源基地牧场的现状，组织国内外专家学者和具有丰富实践经验的技术人员，制定出一套完整的标准化饲养管理技术规程《规模牧场标准化生产管理技术手册》，指导牧场的生产实践活动，以便最大程度的提高牧场生产管理水平和经济效益，进一步推动奶业健康发展，提高牛奶的产量和质量。

本手册适用于基地的标准化牧场管理人员和技术人员，技术培训人员和个体养殖户，也可以作为基地奶牛养殖技术培训的教材。

目录

第一章牧场组织机构及岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅5

1、牧场组织机构┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅5

2、主要生产岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅6

2.2饲养主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅6 2.3饲养员岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅6 2.4产房饲养员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅7 2.5犊牛饲养员岗位职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅7 2.6TMR操作员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅7 2.7奶库人员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅8 2.8挤奶人员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅8 2.9饲草料管理人员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅9 2.10设备工程师职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅9 2.11繁殖主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅9 2.12配种员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅9 2.13兽医主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅10 2.14兽医职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅10 2.15综合主管职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅10 2.16化验员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅10 2.17信息统计员职责┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅11 2.18财务主管┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅11 第二章规模化牧场饲养管理标准┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅11 1、奶牛饲料与营养┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅11 1.1饲料的分类┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅11 1.2奶牛饲料的组织原则┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅13 1.3饲料的采购、加工、调制与储存管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅14

1.4奶牛的营养需要┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅15

2、饲养管理与生产工艺┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅22 2.1奶牛分群与阶段划分┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅22 2.2后备奶牛饲养管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅23

2.3成母牛的饲养管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅26

3、奶牛改良┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅28

3.2实施方案┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅28

3.3奶牛群改良方案（DHI）┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅28

4、卫生保健┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅30 4.1疫病分类┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅34 4.2健康牛群标准┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅34 4.3卫生防疫┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅35

4.4几种奶牛常见病的预防┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅35

5、繁殖┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅39 5.1基本概念┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅39 5.2发情鉴定┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅41 5.3配种┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅41 5.4妊娠诊断┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅42 5.5产科管理┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅42 5.6记录┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅43

5.7繁殖障碍┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅43

6、牛奶质量控制┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅46 6.1基本概念┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅46 6.2控制牛奶质量的措施┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅48 6.3挤奶┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅48 第三章规模化牧场生产操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅53

1、饲养工操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅53

2、饲料搅拌工操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅53

3、泌乳牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅54

4、围产期奶牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅54

5、干奶牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅55

6、产房犊牛饲养管理操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅55

7、产房挤奶员操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅56

8、接产人员操作规程┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅┅56