从恭维语看中西(美)文化差异_Comparision_between_Chinese_and

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浅谈中西方文化中“恭维语”的差异

浅谈中西方文化中“恭维语”的差异

浅谈中西方文化中“恭维语”的差异
恭维语言一种比较特殊的社交技巧,它在文化之间的差异是意想不到的大。

西
方文化强调自信,更倾向于说谎话或者尽可能把自己优点点出来,说恭维话则很少。

而中西方之间,恭维语方式各略有不同。

中国文化大抵继承传统仁慈待人态度,习惯于把人家长处放在眼里,这要求恭维一桩又一桩,加之一些程式化、废话式的言辞,弥漫在口气里。

西方文化里,恭维语言通常介乎语调和修辞,而非直接的赞扬。

说话者多能抓
住对方的实际发表的话,围绕礼节性的表达,不显露其赞赏的真实想法与意思,甚至可以通过礼节性话语表达负面态度与观点,持有西方说话风格的人能较好地发掘出这样的戏剧性细节。

而中国文化里,一语双关类的恭维语句十分流行,而夸赞则容易穿插进每一桩对话中,说话者的真实想法也更容易深入对方的话语意图中。

比较中西方文化间恭维语言差异,其实只要搞清楚语言所在的文化中其所蕴含
的礼仪常识,以及两种文化所赋予的意义,就能较好理解其文化差异。

西方文化想要让自己更自信,于是语气更肯定、更自信,不再用恭维话语,而中国文化则是让对方感到礼貌待人,于是口气更加客气,浓浓的礼节性话语就在口气里。

这也是中西方文化间不同的一种体现。

从侧面反映出,中西方文化的差异是以不可容许的方式表达的,所以,两种文
化交流的时,也请保持彼此尊重,并考虑到全球文化交流形式日趋多样,彼此敬重才能维护双方关系和互相接纳。

相信在未来,只要注重文化交流差异,总能达成一致,增强彼此之间的认知,拉近文化差异两者之间的距离。

关于中西方称赞语差异的对比分析-中西方赞扬的差异

关于中西方称赞语差异的对比分析-中西方赞扬的差异

关于中西方称赞语差异的对比分析王焱 MF1020030摘要:我们学习任何一种语言,其根本目的就是用来交际,而在我们的日常交际中,有一种现象就是称赞语的广泛使用。

不管我们有没有注意到它,称赞语事实上都无时不在,无处不在。

称赞语是交际的“润滑剂”,它使交际得以在和谐融洽的气氛中向前推进。

作为一种社会语言,它不仅可以缩短交际者之间的社会距离,而且可以联络感情,维系社会正常的人际关系。

随着我国国力的日益增强,跨文化交际随之升温。

在跨文化交际中,称赞语同样存在。

但中西方各自不同的文化却蕴育出了不同的称赞语。

了解中西方各自的称赞语及其差异,有助于我们更好地和外国人交流,减少交际中不必要的误会和尴尬,推进交流的顺利进行。

这篇论文首先介绍了称赞语的定义,特征、以及功能等内容,随后探讨了中西方各自的称赞语,接下来着重对比分析中西方称赞语的差异。

关键词:中西方称赞语;差异;对比分析一、什么是称赞语称赞语,又称恭维话,我们先来看牛津大词典对它的解释:“Compliments, as a kind of speech act, is considered to be closely related to politeness. It is the expression of praise, admiration, approval,etc”(Oxford Dictionary,1997:283)。

牛津词典对它的解释用汉语来说就是:称赞语作为一种言语行为,被认为和礼貌紧密相连,它是一种对别人赞扬,敬仰和支持的表达。

下面再看现代汉语词典第五版对称赞和恭维的解释:“称赞---动词,用言语表达对人或事物的优点的喜爱”(现代汉语词典第五版,2010:171)“恭维---动词,为讨好而赞扬”(现代汉语词典第五版,2010:477)。

关于称赞语的定义,可以说两个字典的解释还是有一定的相似之处。

简而言之,称赞语是在一定的交际场合所使用的用来夸奖,赞许,支持和表扬别人的话语。

从文化角度看中英恭维语的异同

从文化角度看中英恭维语的异同

从文化角度看中英恭维语的异同来源:英语毕业论文.benkelunwen./恭维是说话人对他人尤指听话人所具有的某种优势而明确地或隐含地进行积极评价的言语行为。

恭维的信息功能在于它的评价意义, 而其情感功能表现在表达欣赏、羡慕、敬仰或鼓励的同时, 能创造出一种融洽、和谐的交际气氛, 因此又被称为社会润滑剂。

( Manes and Wolfson Holmes Her bert ) 由于文化背景的不同, 英汉语言中恭维语的内容、使用场合、形式和应答等方面存在较大差异。

20 世纪80 年代以来, 国内外的语言学界对恭维语进展了大量研究(Pomerantz Valdes&PinoM anesW olfson Ho lmes H er bert, Zuo H uanqi Zou WeichengZhao Y ingling L in Feng 。

他们所采用的研究方法, 大多是随机抽取日常生活中的恭维语素材和其应答局部。

M anes和Wolfson把恭维语的收集对象主要放在美国的中产阶级上, 他们发现恭维语的句法和语义构成有一定的规律性。

继他们之后, Holmes和Herbert对恭维语展开进一步的研究, 其研究涉及到恭维语的应答局部,在研究中他们还发现性别差异对恭维语有一定影响。

在国内, 贾玉新对80名不同层次的中国人使用恭维语的情况做了详细的调查。

结果显示, 无论是在句法构造上还是在语义组成上, 汉语恭维语都是高度格式化, 其句法构造与英语恭维语句法相比, 有的大相径庭, 有的极为相似。

以上研究, 都是针对口头恭维语进展的, 对书面恭维语所作的研究相比照拟少, 这必须引起我们的充分重视。

一、关于恭维内容的比照因为社会价值观不同, 引起社会评价的注意焦点不同,也就决定了中西方语言中作为恭维话题的内容存在着差异。

例如有关外表和能力的恭维语出现频率都很高, 但所侧重的内容却有所不同。

在英语国家特别是在美国, 占据最主要地位的就是关于个人外貌仪表的积极评论, 而个人的服饰与发型更是恭维的重心所在。

浅析中西方恭维语的差异

浅析中西方恭维语的差异

浅析中西方恭维语的差异作者:肖书杰来源:《考试与评价》2016年第11期【摘要】恭维语是人们的日常生活中一种非常普遍的语言现象以及最常见的言语行为,它在某种程度上是属于礼貌用语。

本文中所研究的恭维语是一种对任何事物的积极评价,而不是为了取悦别人。

它明确或含蓄地表明了说话人对听话人的某些“好的”事物,包括所有物、品质、才智或能力的称赞,是在人与人在交际过程中建立和谐人际关系的一种很好的交流手段。

本论文在现有研究基础上从中西恭维语的恭维对象、话题、人称、语言形式、应答模式及性别上分析总结存在着的异同。

同时还将对引起这些差异的社会文化因素作简单剖析,这对从事外语教学的工作者和西方文化的学习者都具有一定的指导意义。

【关键词】恭维语对比研究汉语英语一、引言在中国文化中,对其传统的尊老爱幼、忠孝两全思想十分恭维,西方人对此则感到十分困惑。

在西方文化中,男性称赞女性的容貌、身段、穿着、打扮等是很平常的,而中国人比较含蓄。

西方人擅谈自己的丈夫、妻子、子女工作如何努力,如何出色,而在中国人则会感到太俗气。

中国男人忌讳在别人面前夸妻子漂亮,而西方人则会感到十分自然,颇为欣赏,中国人称赞的对象往往不是这家的女主人,而是主人的孩子。

由于中西方在观察世界、看待事物的思维模式及相应的行为模式等方面有着很大差别,西方人面对回答对方的恭维,总是欣然接受,说一声谢谢以表谦虚。

既表达了自己的真实态度,又维护了自己的自尊,同时也给对方一个较为明确的答复。

二、中西恭维语差异分析1.恭维的对象在西方文化中,女性总是称赞他们的外表。

一个男人可以赞美他朋友的妻子在穿着上很性感。

但相比之下,在中国文化中,人们称赞别人的妻子被认为是“色狼”,因为在中国有句俗语,“朋友妻不可欺”。

在中国文化中,尊老爱幼思想非常重要,所以经常表扬的主题是老人或小孩,如,“您身体真棒”,“你儿子的书法真是太好了,”等等。

一是中国的传统教育的影响,深受儒家思想的深刻影响。

从问候语看中西方文化差异

从问候语看中西方文化差异

From English-Chinese Greetings See the Differences between Chinese and WesternCultureClass:two Number:200814025226 Name:Zhong XinghuaAs a conventional greeting terms, it is widely used in the human daily language communication. In Chinese and western cross-cultural communication, the started contact between people is greeted each other. Some with profound "China brand" greeting in western eye is puzzled; Some with a "western characteristic" greeting for Chinese people also don't understand. This mutual view about "don't understand" serious impact on the smooth communication, even caused serious cultural conflict, so I think it is necessary to find out the deep reason, and take some measures to avoid the cultural conflict.1. the conflict on languageThe greeting is the most common people's life of oral communication, it is the beginning to cut the topic, so the usage of greeting is directly related to communicatesmoothly. Erving Goffman thought the greeting is communicative signal of the beginning to recognize. China and the western countries have different cultural background, different historical origin.In greeting, the language of them also have a big difference. For example, the Chinese meeting and greeting people often used to say "you eat?" (Have you had the meal?) , "where to go?" (Where are you going?) and so on, as people life changes in the concept of, new greetings appears, such as "a raise?" (Have you got your salary raised?) , "You went out to play in holidays?" (Have you been traveling during the holidays?)and so on.As for the Chinese speaking, these are very common greeting and it's literally words, they care to each other, and the fine words about their asking can reflect the concern to others, but westerners may anger, they thought it was inquiring about other people's privacy, not polite behavior, is not appropriate topic, was disgusted. Westerners meet an acquaintance in the most commonly say “hello” that is "Good morning" ,"Good afternoon"or "Good night" (Good evening), and so on. Western greetings content is simple, is not mixed withspecific information, just on the meaning of expressing politeness. But ,for Chinese people, this is not enough enthusiasm greeting. The language content to difference of the Chinese and western is not successful communication, which is the language of the conflict. Greeting from language style aspect, there are also differences between Chinese and western. In China, for example, people mention their partners are more implicative tactful, some women to greet him when says "you damn fool", this make westerners puzzled, don't understand what's so called their husband. In the west, between a husband and wife say "hello" common "dear", this kind of word call our lover to show the feeling of happiness, but this style of greetings in China does not exist more.We all know, the language is the tool to exchange of information.As one of the language, it will lead to different language of the conflict, the language differences in essence reflect the cultural conflict. The language is a part of the culture, at the same time, it is the carrier of culture. Words can't exist separating from culture, because language can see a variety of ethnicculture. E. t. Hall said: "culture is humanized life environment. Every aspect of human life is from the influence of culture and with the cultural changes ,or rather, the existence of cultural decided, including self expression way and swept away way." Knowing the culture to the research of the language is very important. So, through the surface analysis greetings, the conflict on language is actually different from analyzing of the cultures of the conflict.2. cultural conflictAlong with the development of economic globalization, the diverse culture exist the phenomenon of popularization.we are bringing in different cultures of western society people more and more opportunities. In this case, in order to achieve successful cross-cultural communication, in order to achieve "universal harmony", the author thinks that we need to understand the differences between the Chinese and western culture and the differences of cultural conflict brought, from which we can avoid further this conflict happened, so as to promote between Chinese and western greetings and conversation better.(1) greetings clubby code viewGreetings communication standard is a man in the communication what to do and not to do what is basic principle and attitude. In Chinese and western different cultural background, people often say "hello" communication in their own place or social standards of behavior to determine each other behavior of rationality. The standards of behavior is different, it often can cause unhappy, even the conflict on communication. For example, when the Chinese say "hello" child, like on the other side, head gently patting or clench ears to show friendly. The greeting in western eye is highly respect the practice of children, parents will be very angry and resentful. Say so, in cross-cultural communication, people to identify and correct usage of behavioral standards to ensure that communication is smooth. (2) "benevolence" conceptIn Chinese traditional culture, "benevolence" the idea to communication language influence, especially in the choice of greeting. "Just the lover" require people to live together in harmony, helping others, caring and loving for others to sympathy. In this principle, peopleare actively building harmonious relations between people, trying to establish mutual affection. This kind of care about each other in human relations is based on greeting the selection of language effect. It makes people communicate with care, as far as possible to remind the greeting and greet each other, such as "the day was cold and wearing more" (It 's so cold that you need wear more clothes.), "Don't tired" (Don' t be tired.), and so on. This kind of greeting to be gradually expandto greet the aspects of the basic necessities, involving the other party of the health, life, family and various aspects of personal situation. In the Chinese view, this is a decent greeting type, it will closes the distance, build a kind of sweet atmosphere, but this kind of greeting can cause westerners antipathy, resulting in the communication misunderstandings and cut off.3. Cross cultural conflict strategic countermeasures (1) respecting personality and characteristicsIn order to avoid the conflict on language, incross-cultural communication, we need to learn from each other's cultures and pragmatic habit and thedifferences between Chinese and western culture objectively. In order to strengthen the understanding of these differences, we should read western culture background and related books through watching the film and TV programs. Westerners in exchange greetings had better convert western daily to greet, also want to spread the national culture essence, make the other side can also understand the differences. we mustrespect ,understand and compare, eventually to exchange and communicate.(2) joining the foreign languageOur aim is eliminating communicating conflicts, learning to this group communication culture, to foster intercultural communication competence. The final purpose of foreign language learning is to improve intercultural communication competence. The classroom is the main place of foreign language learning. So as a foreign language teacher, in the teaching of foreign language at the same time should use class to communicate culture content, it should include cultural phenomenon , descripte deep cultural explored. Only in this way, students can understand the western cultureand cultivate their different cultural tolerance ability. (3) in-depth study Chinese and western daily languageIn order to conform to the global integration, in order to strengthen the different language and cultureof the people mutual understanding and communication, some daily language, such as the greeting, farewell language and thank words need to study so as to promote the daily cross-cultural communication, achieve a global integral harmony.In short, the greeting is an important form of speech communication. Understanding the differences between Chinese and western greeting and leading to the differences of cultural conflict need time, people have responsibility to analyze these conflicts and find good countermeasures to resolve these conflicts, so do the real intercultural communication.。

中西方恭维语及其应答语差异doc资料

中西方恭维语及其应答语差异doc资料

中西方恭维语及其应答语差异中西方恭维语及其应答语差异摘要:称赞作为一种语言交际行为,是公开地对某个人或某件事做出积极地评论。

无论在何种文化中,称赞都能起到联络感情,巩固人际关系的作用。

称赞语是建立与维护人际关系的一种社交用语。

但在不同的语言和文化中,称赞语的使用形式却不尽相同。

本文讨论了东西方恭维语与应答语差异及其成因,从而使人们正确的理解并加以运用,避免跨文化交际中的语用失误,提高交际能力。

关键词:称赞语;应答语;跨文化交际称赞语是是交际的“润滑剂”,它使交际得以在和谐融洽的气氛中向前推进,是人们用以维系和促进各种人际关系的重要手段,它不仅可以缩短交际者之间的社会距离,还可以联络感情。

但是由于由于东西方文化根源的差异,中西方在使用称赞语方面有典型的差异性。

其会话模式的差异性在很大程度上反映了中西方人受到不同文化因素的影响,也体现出了中国人和西方人具有不同的心态和价值观念。

一、东西方恭维语差异(一)侧重的内容不同一般说来,汉语称赞语中能力、外貌和个性是主要话题。

而在英美国家中,能力和外貌是主要话题,对个性方面的称赞不多见。

而无论是在汉语称赞语还是英语称赞语中,外貌方面的恭维大多是给女性的,例如,“The new nurse is pretty.”而对于男性则集中在能力或者成就方面,例如,Our boss works really hard.在称赞外貌时,英语侧重修饰性方面,例如“Your new hair-style looks nice.”而汉语则倾向自然的外表,例如“你的发质不错!”对于能力的称赞,英语偏向赞扬对方经过努力后所取得的成就,如“You did a good job.”而汉语除了赞扬对方的成就之外,还会提及对方为此所做的努力,如“你这个学期的成绩不错,看来是下苦功了!”(二)运用的场合不同研究表明,英语称赞语倾向于表达平等、一致的关系,而汉语则侧重于表示尊敬和关心对方。

例如别人请客吃饭,英语文化背景下的客人除了表达感谢多数会表示自己很享受这样的待遇,例如“I really enjoyed tonight.”而汉语文化背景下,称赞的话更多以道歉的方式来传达,如“点了那么多菜,真是让你破费了”。

恭维语在中西方文化交际中的差异

恭维语在中西方文化交际中的差异

From Compliments to Discuss Cultural Distinction in Daily Communication Between the East and the West摘要恭维语是一种普遍的社会现象, 恰到好处的使用它能拉近交际双方的距离,避免语用失误。

在跨文化交际中 ,它们起着问候、鼓励、致谢、开启话题及缓解矛盾等作用,同时由于中西方在社会结构,以及文化背景方面的不同,导致了恭维语在实施过程中的文化差异,了解其中的文化差异不仅有助于人们在跨文化交际中恰当的使用恭维语,而且还可以避免文化冲突,同时比较中西方恭维语在语言形式、应答、恭维目标几个方面的差异,指出跨文化交流中恭维和接受恭维造成误解的原因,对于跨文化交际具有重要意义。

在跨文化交流中,中国人一向内敛,奉行“慎言”“寡言”原则,在言语上自制而谨慎,对他人的语言又有高度的敏感性,相形之下,美国人则比较外向,惯于表达自己,也愿用语言表达内心世界。

他们更相信语言的创造力,强调个人的外向延伸,要解决恭维语交流中出现误解这一问题,只有相互了解彼此之间的文化和文化背景。

语言与文化是不可分的,只有努掌握彼此之间的语言以及文化背景才能使我们在跨文化交流中尽量少出错误,这不仅对恭维语,对其它言语行为也是同样重要的。

关键词: 恭维语;差异;应答;误解;跨文化交际。

AbstractCompliments are a universal social phenomenon. If we use it exactly, we can shorten the distance of our communicator and avoid pragmatic failure. In the process of cross-cultural communication, they play a role of greeting, expressing one's thanks congratulating and encouraging others, opening a conversation and loosing conflicts etc. At the same time, owing to the different social systems and cultural backgrounds between the east and the west, such complications result in a cultural difference in the course of using compliments .To understand the difference can not only help one use compliments correctly ,but also can avoid cultural conflicts in the intercultural communication. Probing the differences between Chinese and Western compliments in a cross-cultural perspective and analyzing the course of misunderstanding are the key to a successful cross- cultural communication. In cross-cultural communication, the Chinese have always been reserved, sticking to the principle of prudence and reticence, obeying the principle of self-control and carefulness when communicating, having a high degree of sensitivity toward other’s languages. By contrast, the Americans are outgoing. They are prone to express themselves and willing to use language to express their inner world. They also believe the creativity of language, emphasizing the outward extension of the individual. So only if we understand each nation’s cultural backgrounds can we have a good cross-cultural communication. Language and culture are inseparable, only do we strive to master the language as well as their cultural backgrounds can minimize the cross-cultural communication errors. This does not only aim at the compliment language, but also is equally important to speech act.Key words: compliment; difference; response; misunderstanding; cross- cultural communication.Contents1.Introduction (1)2.The Main Existing Reasons for Cultural Differences in Chinese and Western Compliments (2)3.Difference in Using Language (3)4.Difference in Response Formulas .................................................................. .. (4)5.Difference in Target of Compliment (6)5.1 Appearance (6)5.2 The Difference of Complimenting Other's Ability and Achievement (7)6.Dispel Misunderstanding in Cross-cultural Communication. (8)7.Conclusion (11)Works Cited (12)1. IntroductionLanguage is the carrier of social culture, it recording and transferring the culture. With no exception, compliment as a language phenomenon and the most common speech are very common in daily life. When people use the language of compliment, there would be under certain social environment, they should pay attention to those differences, such as different nationalities, cultures, historical periods, economic base, people’s values, living habits and different aesthetic manners. In the process of implementation, compliments can reflect each other’s social status. Generally speaking, such differences are a reflection of cultural diversities. In the process of cross-cultural communication between eastern and western countries, compliment is one of the most common used languages. It often plays a role of greeting, gratitude, opening the topic, as well as the role of loosing the contradictions. But each nation has its own language and culture which are different from the other nations. These languages and cultures have their own unique form and content which have a distinctive national characteristic. As different nations, there are huge differences in the use of compliment and response, for example: When one was invited to dinner at a friend’s house, the Americans always boast, “your wife is very beautif ul”, while in China people always said, “Your child is clever”. With regard to compliment and its response, the Chinese and westerners are different. Westerners tend to bravely say “Thank you”, whereas the Chinese are not as straightforward as they are, th ey often say “不行, 不行” , “哪里,哪里” or “差远了” and so on to express his humble attitude .Therefore, in the process of verbal communication, the Chinese and westerners often make some jokes when they use the language of compliment, which sometimes even cause unpleasant results. The paper aims at pointing out that it is not enough to only master the language itself. The key in cross-cultural communication is to study the culture which hides behind language such as values, customs and taboos by making use of the differences among the form of language, response and compliment.2. The Main Existing Reasons for Cultural Differences in Chinese and Western ComplimentsChinese and Western cultures are totally two different types of culture. Because of different social structures and cultural backgrounds, each nation formed its own values, ways of thinking and cultural statute. As we know, China is a country with five-thousand-year’s history and culture. Meanwhile China is also a traditional agricultural country, whose culture is based on morals of farming civilization. The Chinese often regard the nature as a whole harmony and claim the integration between human beings and the whole universe, which forms the ideology of “Nature and Humanity" and the values based on groups. While due to the impact of traditional education of ancient China, China is a hierarchy society and attach great importance to the doctrine of “noble if the upper, humble if the down” and “lower oneself to show respect to others”. O n the other hand western countries didn’t have such a long history, especially the United States which is relatively a short history country with multi-ethnic and multi-cultural capitalist rule. The early immigrants came to the North American continent to find a new life in order to keep away from the shackles of feudal tradition and their oppression. Therefore, such sentences “that all men are equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” were written in Declaration of Independence. The principle that “All men are born to equal” has become every American’s pursuit, and they are deeply rooted in their hearts. So from this point of view, this principle is based on objects and extravagant local business as well as is one typical western culture. The western culture emphasizes on the universe philosophy called “Separation of the Universe from Man” and their value is mainly based on the individual. So the westerners take little about the concept of hierarchy and the thought of respecting the noble. When communicating with people, they often adopt the “strategy of seeking the same” in order to maintain equality with each other.3. Difference in Using LanguageOne evidential feature for our Chinese using the compliment is to express respect to the people who is worthy. When asked about the names of others, the Chinese always say, “你贵姓?” or “ 你尊姓大名?”. When someone built a new house, people always say, “恭喜你大厦落成”. When a family had a baby, people always say, “恭喜你喜得贵子”. The above utterances can be heard at any time in our daily life. While the westerners have a different state. They think that such language is entirely superfluous. When asked about one’s name, they simply use this question, “Can I have your name?” or “What’s your name?” After the other side giving a short answer, the questioners always reply “You have a lovely name” and they seldom use respect language at the beginning. In many occasions the Chinese always use compliment to heighten the opposite people and detract himself, however westerners use compliment to advocate equality. They think that it is inappropriate to use immoderate courtesy and compliment, thus they often adopt a rather simple adjectives to praise people, such as “good, great, nice”. In order to achieve the effect of humor and exaggeration, sometimes they even add an adjective before derogatory term, such as “terrific, awfully”, “You are awfully nice.” When using compliment, a significant difference here is the different position of personal pronouns. The Chinese people always like to put the second person “you” on the first place of the sentence when they compliment on somebody, such as “Your dress is so saucy”, “Your design is so fashionable”. While the westerners use the first person, putting “I” on the first place of sentence. Please look at the following examples:⑴. I think your coat suits you.你的外套蛮合身。

关于中西方称赞语差异的对比分析报告

关于中西方称赞语差异的对比分析报告

中西恭维差异的比较分析概括:学习任何一种语言的根本目的都是为了交流,而在我们的日常交流中,普遍存在着恭维被广泛使用的现象。

无论我们是否注意到,赞美无处不在。

赞美是沟通的“润滑剂”,使沟通在和谐融洽的氛围中向前发展。

作为一种社交语言,它不仅可以缩短交际者之间的社交距离,还可以连接感情,维持正常的社会人际关系。

随着我国国力的不断增强,跨文化交流日益升温。

在跨文化交际中,赞美也是存在的。

然而,中西不同的文化孕育了不同的赞美。

了解中西恭维及其差异,有助于我们更好地与外国人沟通,减少沟通中不必要的误会和尴尬,促进沟通顺畅。

本文首先介绍了恭维的定义、特点和作用,然后讨论了中西恭维,然后着重比较分析了中西恭维的差异。

关键词:中西恭维;区别;对比分析1.什么是赞美恭维,又称恭维,我们先来看看牛津词典对它的解释:“恭维,作为一种言语行为,被认为与礼貌密切相关。

它是赞美的表达,录取,批准等”(牛津词典,1997:283)。

《牛津词典》对它的中文解释是:恭维,作为一种言语行为,被认为与礼貌密切相关。

它是一种赞美、钦佩和支持的表达。

我们来看看《现代汉语词典》第五版对赞美和恭维的解释:“赞美——动词,用文字表达对人或事的优点的爱”(现代汉语词典第五版,2010:171)“赞美---动词,赞美取悦”(现代汉语词典第五版,2010:477)。

关于恭维的定义,可以说两部词典还是有一定相似之处的。

简而言之,赞美是在某些交流场合中用来表扬、鼓掌、支持和赞美他人的词语。

赞美的基本特征赞美由两部分组成:说话者的赞美和接受者的回应。

赞美的一个显着特点是使用积极的评价性语言。

赞美语言与其他言语行为的不同之处在于没有负面评价词,几乎所有正面评价语言都出现在赞美语言中。

赞美的使用与社会和文化密切相关。

不同的文化群体对赞美的对象、内容、场合和反应都有不同的反应。

在不同的文化背景下,赞美的使用场合也有所不同。

例如,虽然中西恭维的主要功能是维持和谐的关系,但西方的恭维倾向于表达平等一致的关系,而中国的恭维则倾向于表达平等一致的关系。

恭维语的运用在中西文化中的差异

恭维语的运用在中西文化中的差异

375文|徐 静恭维语的运用在中西文化中的差异摘要:恭维语是我们日常生活中常用的语言之一,正确使用恭维语能够缩短交际双方的距离。

构等方面的不同,从而恭维语的运用也不相同,正确理解中西方的文化差异有助于恭维语在文化交际中的正确使用,同时可以减少文化交际时的矛盾。

研究恭维语在中西文化中的差异的印象是内敛,谨慎,谦虚。

相对比较之下,西方人给人的印象是开朗,善于表达自己的想法和自己的内心世界。

想要促进中西文化交际,研究语言的使用差异是非常重要的,所以研究中西方的恭维语的使用差异是非常必要的。

关键词:恭维语;应答语;差异;跨文化交际一、中西恭维语的总体差异中西恭维语在侧重的内容上有所不同,在中国的恭维语中,恭维的主要话题是能力,外貌和能力等方面。

然而,在西方国家中,关于恭维的主要话题是能力和外貌,很少关于个性方面的恭维。

在中西方关于外貌的恭维大都是给女性的,对于男性的恭维大部分集中在能力或者成就。

在西方国家中,对于外貌的恭维主要是恭维精心打扮过的装扮,在中国,对于外貌的恭维主要是恭维自然美。

中国人善于赞美别人的气质和韵味,尤其是对于女性的赞美,他们认为好的东西是经过时间的沉淀而散发出来的美,所以中国人喜欢赞美自然的美。

当然,这只是总体差的一部分,还有很多差异需要我们去探索。

中西恭维语在运用的场合存在差异,通过一些研究表明西方恭维语倾向于表达平等一致的关系,然而,汉语的恭维语倾向于表达对对方的关心和尊重,比如你被邀请去到别人家做客,西方文化背景的人除了表达感谢还会说非常享受这样的待遇,他们会说这样的话:“我非常享受这样的晚餐”,然而中国文化背景下的人通常都会说这样的话:“点了那么多菜,真是让你破费了”,这在中国文化背景中是一种礼貌的表达。

应为西方文化背景下的称赞语强调双方平等一致,所以恭维语在西方国家当中几乎成为了一种日常用语,用于日常的打招呼,比如,朋友之间会说:“hey!You look good today!”西方文化背景中的称赞语的频率很高,然而,汉语文化背景下的人会觉得那些称赞有点多余或者言不由衷。

中西方恭维语差异

中西方恭维语差异
1) appreciated;
2) is due to people's social status and role relationship is not fixed, especially women, use compliments to coordinate the relationship between the two sides of communication of "consistency", which put it as a compliment a harmonious social relations, promote feelings or friendship each other means.
So compliments are shared by English and Chinese culture formulaic speech act, known as the "verbal gift", "social lubricant"
However, influenced by their social psychology, cultural orientation, values and other factors, the topic, compliment structure model, response strategy aspects of a national culture deeply, to reflect the cultural characteristics of different nations.
In addition, there are a lot of invisห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ble

中美恭维语的对比研究

中美恭维语的对比研究

中美恭维语的对比研究恭维语是人际交往中的一种社交策略,也是一种文化现象。

中美两国的文化背景和社交习惯各不相同,因此在恭维语的使用上也存在着一定的差异。

本文将对中美恭维语进行对比研究。

一、恭维方式的差异中美两国在恭维方式上存在着一定的差异。

中方较为直接,常常用“你真棒”、“你很厉害”等直接表达自己的赞赏之情。

而美方则更喜欢使用间接的方式,如“你的想法很有创意”、“你的表现很出色”等。

这种方式更为委婉,同时也更为礼貌。

二、恭维对象的不同中美两国在恭维对象上也存在着一定的差异。

中国人较为注重对长辈和上级的恭维,如“您辛苦了”、“您真是太厉害了”等。

而美国人则更注重对同龄人或者下属的恭维,如“你真是个天才”、“你的工作做得很好”。

三、恭维内容的区别中美两国在恭维内容上也存在着一定的区别。

中方较为注重外在的表现和成就,如“你的衣服很漂亮”、“你的成绩很好”。

而美方则更注重内在的品质和特点,如“你很聪明”、“你很有创意”。

四、恭维的策略中美两国在恭维的策略上也存在着一定的差异。

中方较为喜欢直接表达自己的赞赏之情,而美方则更喜欢使用间接的方式。

此外,在特定场合下,中方还会使用反讽的方式进行恭维,如“你这个小家伙真是个大智慧”。

五、恭维的效果中美两国在恭维的效果上也存在着一定的差异。

中方的恭维往往可以直接获得对方的认同和赞同,但也容易引起对方的骄傲和自满。

而美方的恭维则更能够引起对方的兴趣和好奇,同时也更容易得到对方的信任和尊重。

总之,中美两国在恭维语的使用上存在着一定的差异。

了解这些差异,可以更好地进行跨文化交流,避免因为文化差异而产生的误解和冲突。

中西方恭维语及其应答语差异

中西方恭维语及其应答语差异

中西方恭维语及其应答语差异摘要:称赞作为一种语言交际行为,是公开地对某个人或某件事做岀积极地评论。

无论在何种文化中,称赞都能起到联络感情,巩固人际关系的作用。

称赞语是建立与维护人际关系的一种社交用语。

但在不同的语言和文化中,称赞语的使用形式却不尽相同。

本文讨论了东西方恭维i号与应答语差异及其成因,从而使人们正确的理解并加以运用,避免跨文化交际中的语用失误,提髙交际能力。

关键词:称赞语;应答语;跨文化交际称赞语是是交际的"润滑剂”,它使交际得以在和谐融洽的气氛中向前推进,是人们用以维系和促进各种人际关系的重要手段,它不仅可以缩短交际者之间的社会距离,还可以联络感情。

但是由于由于东西方文化根源的差异,中西方在使用称赞语方而有典型的差异性。

其会话模式的差异性在很大程度上反映了中西方人受到不同文化因素的影响,也体现出了中国人和西方人具有不同的心态和价值观念。

一、东西方恭维语差异(-)侧重的内容不同一般说来,汉语称赞语中能力、外貌和个性是主要话题。

而在英美国家中,能力和外貌是主要话题,对个性方而的称赞不多见。

而无论是在汉语称赞语还是英语称赞语中,外貌方面的恭维大多是给女性的,例如,“The new nurse is pretty."而对于男性则集中在能力或者成就方面,例如,Our boss works really hard.在称赞外貌时,英语侧重修饰性方面,例如"Your new hair-style looks nice.而汉语则倾向自然的外表,例如"你的发质不错!”对于能力的称赞,英语偏向赞扬对方经过努力后所取得的成就,如“You did a good job. ” 而汉语除了赞扬对方的成就之外,还会提及对方为此所做的努力,如“你这个学期的成绩不错,看来是下苦功了!”(二)运用的场合不同研究表明,英语称赞语倾向于表达平等、一致的关系,而汉语则侧重于表示尊敬和关心对方。

浅析中西方恭维语的差异

浅析中西方恭维语的差异

恭维语是口语交际的重要部分。

然而在中西方的文化当中,它们的使用方式和范围则有很多差异。

1恭维语的定义以及社会功能恭维语是一种积极的言语行为,它明确或含蓄地表明了说话人对听话人的某些“好”事物,包括所有物、品质、才智或能力的称赞。

通过运用恭维语,说话人可以问候和鼓励对方,缓解双方之间的矛盾,增进彼此的关系,使人愉悦或者化解尴尬等等。

2中西方恭维语使用差异2.1语境不同中国是高语境国家,语言承载的信息往往与表达本意有差异。

而西方多为低语境国家。

语言承载的信息就是表达的本意。

由于语境差异,表达习惯和方式不同,体现在恭维语当中也有很大差异。

例如:一位年轻的中国女士来到美国,一位美国女士夸她的连衣裙漂亮,说:“你的裙子好精致,颜色非常漂亮”。

这位中国女士心里即高兴,又有些不好意思。

于是用地道的中国方式回复说:“哪里哪里,就是一条普通的裙子,我在中国买的…….”这位西方女士顿时觉得有些尴尬,难道我的品味有问题?不知道什么是漂亮裙子…….?西方认为,这样的回答“fishing for compliments”,意思是“等着别人夸奖”之嫌。

这样的差异表明,中国的表达主要受文化、习俗、情感等语境影响,而西方是以具体事实为主,受语境影响不大。

2.2对向不同在西方,男性一般喜欢主动赞美女性的衣着、外貌、妆容等。

女性则不会主动赞美男士。

例如一个西方男士会主动赞美朋友的妻子穿着性感,不会引发误会。

相比之下,在中国文化,男性主动赞美女性,则隐含调情之意,如果赞美朋友之妻性感,会被当成“色狼”。

有个笑话体现了中西方对称赞语的使用差异。

在国外,有一对中国夫妻,一个外国朋友当面赞美他的妻子漂亮。

他谦虚的回答说:“哪里哪里,很一般。

”外国朋友一愣,马上回答说:“鼻子漂亮、眼睛漂亮…….”。

在中国文化里,尊老爱幼的思浅析中西方恭维语的差异曾玲玲(贵州财经大学国际学院550025)【摘要】恭维语是日常普遍的语言现象以及最常见的言语行为。

中西恭维差异英语作文

中西恭维差异英语作文

中西恭维差异英语作文Title: Cultural Differences in Compliments betweenChina and the West。

In cross-cultural communication, understanding the nuances of compliments is essential for effective interaction. Compliments serve as social lubricants, establishing rapport and conveying positive regard. However, the way compliments are given and received varies significantly between China and Western cultures. Let's delve into the differences in complimenting etiquette between these two cultural spheres.Firstly, in Chinese culture, compliments are often more indirect and modest compared to Western cultures. It's common for individuals to downplay their accomplishments or attributes when receiving compliments. For instance, if someone praises a Chinese person's appearance, they might respond with a modest "It's nothing special" or "You're too kind." This modesty stems from Confucian values emphasizinghumility and avoiding arrogance.Conversely, in Western cultures, directness andsincerity are valued in compliments. When someone receivesa compliment, they are more likely to accept it graciously without downplaying their achievements or attributes. For example, if praised for their outfit, a Westerner might respond with a simple "Thank you, I'm glad you like it," without diminishing the compliment.Moreover, the topics of compliments differ betweenChina and the West. In China, compliments often focus on qualities related to hard work, diligence, and perseverance. Academic or professional achievements are highly regarded, and compliments may center around someone's dedication or improvement in these areas. For instance, praising someone for their persistence in overcoming challenges or for their continuous efforts to excel in their studies or career is common.In contrast, in Western cultures, compliments extend beyond just achievements and often encompass individualismand personal expression. Compliments may revolve around creativity, uniqueness, or charisma. For example, someone might compliment another person's sense of humor,creativity in problem-solving, or their ability to think outside the box.Furthermore, the frequency of giving compliments varies between the two cultures. In China, compliments are often sparingly given, especially in formal or professional settings. Excessive praise may be perceived as insincere or even as an attempt to curry favor. Instead, compliments are usually reserved for genuinely remarkable accomplishments or behaviors.On the other hand, in Western cultures, compliments are more freely given as a way to express appreciation andbuild rapport. It's common to offer compliments in both personal and professional settings, whether it's admiring someone's work performance, acknowledging their contributions in a meeting, or simply appreciating their kindness.Additionally, cultural norms dictate the manner in which compliments are expressed. In China, compliments may be conveyed indirectly through gestures, such as offering gifts or gestures of respect. Non-verbal cues, such as a smile or nod of approval, can also serve as subtle compliments.In Western cultures, verbal communication plays a more prominent role in complimenting. Compliments are often articulated explicitly, with individuals expressing admiration or praise through words. Whether it's a simple "You did a great job" or a more elaborate acknowledgment of someone's talents, verbal compliments are valued for their clarity and sincerity.In conclusion, while compliments serve similar social functions across cultures, the manner in which they are given and received can vary significantly between China and the West. Understanding these cultural differences is crucial for effective cross-cultural communication and building meaningful relationships. By respecting eachother's complimenting etiquette, individuals can navigate cultural differences with grace and appreciation.。

从恭维语看中西(美)文化差异_Comparision_between_Chinese_and

从恭维语看中西(美)文化差异_Comparision_between_Chinese_and

In Chinese
• Exactly the different • It is rare for Chinese to praise other’s work ability and achievements of the same level, but it’s common to flatter their superiors on the ability and achievements to get a favorable impression.
3.1.3 More differences about the compliments in social occasions
• In the English and American culture • They often praise their own families, including their spouses, parents and children. • In the Chinese culture • The compliments receivers are usually others’ family members instead of their own.
• 3.1.1 To praise a woman
• A male will say: You are the most beautiful woman I have seen! • A female will say: You certainly look elegant today!
The difference...
1.Definition of compliment
• Compliment is one of the most frequently used language phenomena in both Chinese and American societies. The differences of social systems and cultural backgrounds between china and America lead to the dissimilarities of compliment performance and response. • This paper discusses the similarities and differences between Chinese and American cultures from the implementation of and response to compliments.

中美恭维语对比研究_张鸾

中美恭维语对比研究_张鸾

收稿日期:2008-10-23作者简介:张 鸾,女,现在呼伦贝尔学院外国语学院任教。

中美恭维语对比研究张 鸾(呼伦贝尔学院 外国语学院,内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 021000)摘 要:恭维语的使用是建立和谐人际关系的一个重要手段。

中美两国由于社会结构及文化背景的不同,在恭维语的使用和应答等方面存在巨大的差异。

了解这一文化差异不仅有助于人们在跨文化交际中正确恰当地运用恭维语,而且可以避免文化冲突。

关键词:中美文化;恭维语;差异;对比研究The Contrastive Study of Chinese and American ComplimentsAbstract:Compliments serve as aIl im portant means to build up harmonious intcrpexsonalrelationship.Due to the differences in social institutions and the cultural backg rounds.Americans and Chinese behave quite differently in the use and response of compliments.Taking the cultural differences into account can help one use compliments appropriately and avoid cultural collision.Key words:Chinese and American culture:compliments:differences;the contrastive study 中图分类号:G112 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1008-0155(2009)01-0087-03恭维语的使用是建立和谐人际关系的一个重要手段。

本文所说的恭维是指在社会交往中对人或物的一种积极评价。

从恭维或赞美语论日常交际中中美文化的差异

从恭维或赞美语论日常交际中中美文化的差异

从恭维或赞美语论日常交际中中美文化的差异
石秀珍
【期刊名称】《安康学院学报》
【年(卷),期】2004(016)005
【摘要】在中美跨文化交际中,恭维语是使用最为普遍的语言行为之一,但是这些恭维或赞美用语却具有语用上的差异.从差异中可以看出,中国人的恭维体现在"卑己尊人"上,而美国人则"尊人"不"卑己".语言是文化的载体,我们的外语教学要使学生获得一种跨文化意识进行跨文化交际.
【总页数】3页(P57-59)
【作者】石秀珍
【作者单位】天水师范学院,外国语学院,甘肃,天水,741001
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】G04
【相关文献】
1.论中美恭维语在日常交际中的差异 [J], 卜时红
2.中美文化中不同社会地位对恭维语应答策略的对比研究 [J], 王利君;邹白茹
3.从中美语言策略看中美文化差异 [J], 刘林林
4.中西日常交际中的恭维语语用对比分析 [J], 席于霞
5.中美文化中恭维语语用差异与语用失误 [J], 王君兰
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• A: You are funny. • B: No, you are a good listener.
4.2 Chinese’s responses
4.2.1 Obscure and inexplicit reply. • Most Chinese are introverted and veiled, they usually choose not to unveil their inner heart, and sometimes it is difficult for us to judge the truth from a Chinese’s words or facial expression. So, some people think Chinese culture is a kind of “Block Culture”(墙文化).
3.2.2 Compliment purpose…
In the US • The compliments often come from the superior to the subordinates to maintain good relation between them. Notes: • In the US, compliment on ability and achievements is a very serious thing, only one who is qualified enough can pay compliment to others.
In Chinese
• Exactly the different • It is rare for Chinese to praise other’s work ability and achievements of the same level, but it’s common to flatter their superiors on the ability and achievements to get a favorable impression.
• What complimentors say are affected greatly by their values,social regulations,cultural backgrounds,etc. • Both differences and similarities exist.
3.1 On the appearance
4. The different attitudes and responses towards the compliments
• Generally speaking, people’s attitudes and responses are limited by the rule of “agree” and “modest”, still, under the different cultural background, their responses are different.
• To a close female friend: “Sexy skirt ” • To a common female friend: “nice sweater ”
Notes: But to male friends, no compliments will be used. Similarly, in Chinese culture, most men think “Appearance is to women what ability is to men.”
• A: I like your shoes. They are lovely. • B: I got them three years ago, but I still love them very much.
• 4.1.2 Compliment back • In this way, the compliment will come back to the giver. Eg:
Men • Focus on the knowledge of outer world, their thinking is creative and outgoing, the character is straight, independent and competitive. Women • Focus on the knowledge of inner world, they use the instinct, imagination and inspiration to see the world in a whole, they are veiled, mild and harmonious.
Below is a typical example to show this… • A: 祝贺你荣获大赛第一名! • B: 惭愧惭愧!我真不配得这个奖,我的 作品其实比别人的差多了…
1.Definition of compliment
• Compliment is one of the most frequently used language phenomena in both Chinese and American societies. The differences of social systems and cultural backgrounds between china and America lead to the dissimilarities of compliment performance and response. • This paper discusses the similarities and differences between Chinese and American cultures from the implementation of and response to compliments.
4.2.2 negative reply. • In this kind of reply,speaker think the person or something is not worth the praise, the reply sounds that the compliment doesn’t tell the truth. • Chinese often focus on the veiled meaning, and they will never praise themselves in public. So, when they hear the compliment, they are likely to negate or low themselves to show modest.
• 3.1.1 To praise a woman
• A male will say: You are the most beautiful woman I have seen! • A female will say: You certainly look elegant today!
The difference...
3.1.3 More differences about the compliments in social occasions
• In the English and American culture • They often praise their own families, including their spouses, parents and children. • In the Chinese culture • The compliments receivers are usually others’ family members instead ofision between Chinese and American cultures
—From the Perspective of Compliments
Outline
1. 2. 3. Definition of compliment Aim of the study The topics concerned about the compliments 3.1 On the appearance 3.2 On the achievement or ability 4. The different attitudes and responses towards the compliments 5. The different cultures between China and America ---- [notes] 6. What makes the differences? 7. Conclusion
Some pundits reckon…
• Chinese traditional thinking modes • Womanish • Western (American) thinking modes • Close to man
Examples...
3.1.2 In the US,when a man meets a woman wearing beautiful clothes:
2. Aim of the study
• Avoid misunderstanding, trouble, and help us • Help to deal with the problems coming from cultural diversity
3. The topics concerned about the compliments
Eg…
Chinese • A: 你的毛衣真漂亮! • B: 还凑合吧,昨天买的。 American • A: That’s a nice sweater,I like it. • B: Thanks,I’m glad you like it. Notes: • According to the conversations above, we can see, American reply is straight, frank and makes compliment giver comfortable. While Chinese choose to say something else, it sounds rather wasting other’s good intention.
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