助动词的缩略形式2

肯定缩略形式
• 在刚才提及的二十四个限定动词中只有以 下十个能有肯定缩略形式：
• am(’m) • is(’s) • are(’re)
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu
have(’ve) has(’s) had(’d)
shall(’ll) will(’ll) should(’d) would(’d)
Review Finite Verb(限定动词）
试比较： They have three children.
They’ve got three children.
He has to leave early.
He’s got to leave early.
Conclusion
Main verbs (notional verbs)
Verbs
primary auxiliaries
might，must，ought （to）,need,dare,used （to）
• 我有一种想法，但是我的这种想法不是我曾经想到的那种想法。如果 这种想法是我曾经想到的想法，我就不会想那么多了。
• Tom's got a lot of dots on his pocket. If he wants to wash off the dots, he’ll use a pot of hot water.
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
it’s 和 its在这里的用法比较： e.g. The cat is licking its tail; it’s not licking its paw.
另外，he’s,she’s,it’s=he is/he has,she is/she has,it is/it has; ’d既可表示should,would,也可表示had,具体 如何转换的需从上下文予以判别。 e.g. He’s here. (is)
• Finite Verb,also called Finite Form. 限定动词又称动词的限定形式。
• Its unique character (P116) 限定动词具有“时”（Tense）的标记
Present Tense Past Tense
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与人称代词搭配 e.g. I’m a student. We’re playing bridge this evening. I’ve got a lot of things to tell you. She’s been away for months. They’ll have to come home. He said you’d had a car accident.
Auxiliaries modal auxiliaries be
semi-auxiliaries have 为中心成分
seem
可与it… that句型转换 不可
Contracted Form
am,is,are,was,were,have,has,had,do,does,did,s hall，should，will，would，can，could，may，
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• ’s(=is)与地点副词here/there搭配 Here’s your book. There’s your car. Here’s your bicycle and there’s mine.
• 与疑问词搭配 Who’s there? How’s everything? What’re you doing? What’s happening?/What’s happened? What’ll you have to drink? Who’d like to try?
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与存在句引导词there搭配 There’s a lot to do. There’s been a farm here for centuries. There’ll be a new film next week. She wondered if there’d been a mistake. He thought there’d be an answer by tomorrow.
非缩略形式的使用场合
• 单独使用时
A: You’ve seen her,haven’t you?
B: Yes, I have. • 用语句子结尾时
John’s not such a good student as Bill is. • 用于发问或附加疑问句时
Will he come?
You haven’t seen her,have you?
It’s been snowing since midnight. (has) We’d have come if you’d asked us.
(should/would,had)
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与名词词组搭配 Obama’s coming tomorrow evening. The roads’re good. The camera’d been stolen. The dictionnary’d be useful. The guests’ve all gone.
Contracted Form
—— By Brook
• I thought a thought. But the thought I thought wasn’t the thought I thought I thought. If the thought I thought I thought had been the thought I thought, I wouldn’t have thought so much.
•
表示强调时
A: You’re not coming with me.
B: I am coming whether you like it or not.
非缩略形式的使用场合
• Have/have to 作“有”、“必须”解释时通常也不用缩 略形式。但是若改用have got/have got to 形式表示，则 通常用缩略形式。
肯定缩略形式与其他词语的搭配
• 与指示代词、不定代词、物主代词搭配
That’s fine.
This’ll do.
That’d be much better.
One’s enough.
Something’s got to be done.
Nobody’ll do that for you.
Mine’s blue; yours is white.