生物工程专业专业英语复习重点

Chapter One

Fundamentals of Medicine

Passage 1

Anatomy of Mouse and Human Heart

单词：

Anatomy 解剖学

anatomical 解剖的，解剖学的

atria 心房

atria chamber 心房腔

cardiovascular 心血管系统

genetical 遗传的

conception 受孕

diaphragm 横膈，横膈膜

fetus 胎儿，胎

gestational 妊娠的，妊娠期的

morphological 形态学的

murine 鼠类，鼠性的

neonatal 新生的，新生期的，新生儿的，新生婴儿

pericardial cavity 心包腔

prenatal 产前的，出生前的

pulmonary 肺的

septation 分隔，中隔，隔膜

thoracic cavity 胸腔

句子：A fast-increasing number of genetically modified mouse models with structural and functional abnormalities in the cardiovascular system undoubtedly will contribute to an improved understanding of molecular and morphological mechanisms that regulate human heart development in health and disease.（5分）小鼠基因修饰模型是通过改变小鼠基因因而使其心血管系统结构和功能异常得到改变的一种动物模型。这类模型的大量增加，无疑会促进我们理解人的心脏在健康及病理状态下的分子和形态学机制。

Developmentally, it is interesting to note that the gestational window during which the heart develops is quite different in the mouse and human. In the human it takes about 2 mo (from conception) for the heart to complete septation, followed by another 7 mo to further mature until the baby is born and the pulmonary circulation kicks in. In the mouse, however, it takes only 2 wk from the time of conception for cardiac septation to complete. After that, the mouse fetus has less than 1 wk of prenatal life before birth.

Without going into any detail, it suffices to say that some of the developmental events that in the human are more or less completed at birth are still in progress in the neonatal mouse.

人们有趣地发现小鼠与人的心脏在孕育其中的发育有很大不同。人的心脏约在最初2个月的时间（自受孕起）完成中隔生长，并在随后的7个月中进一步成熟，直至胎儿出生和肺循环产生。而小鼠，其心脏自受孕开始只用2周时间来完成中隔的生长。之后不到一周的时间小鼠便出生了。不需要太多细节，我们有充分的理由说，某些在人类婴儿出生时已基本完成的发育过程，在新生小鼠身上还继续进行着。

Passage 2

A Framework for the Study of Human Physiology

单词：

生理学physiology

circulatory system 循环系统

digestive system 消化系统

endocrine glands 内分泌系统

extracellular fluid 细胞外液

gastrointestinal tract 胃肠道

homeostasis 内环境稳定

intermediary metabolism 中间代谢

respiratory system 呼吸系统

virus 病毒

bacteria 细菌

1.Even small viruses weighing one millionth of a single bacterium have the characteristics of life, for they feed on their surroundings, they grow and reproduce and they excrete by-products. These very minute living structures are the subject of the simplest type of physiology, viral physiology. Physiology becomes progressively more complicated and vast as it extends through the study of higher and higher forms of life such as cells, plants, lower animals, and finally human beings. Therefore, the vast field of physiology can be divided into viral physiology, cellular physiology, human physiology, and many more subdivisions.

甚至细小的病毒，哪怕重量只有一个细菌的百分之一，也具有生命的特征，因为它们靠周围环境生活，会生长繁殖，而且会排泄副产品。这些非常微小的生命结构是最简单的生理学、病毒生理学的研究课题。当生理学研究的生命形式愈来愈高级，例如细胞、植物、低等动物以及最后达到人类时，生理学就变得愈来愈复杂而广泛。因此，生理学的广泛领域可分为病毒生理学、细胞生理学、植物生理学、人体生理学等许多分支。

About 60 percent of the adult human body is fluid. Although most of this fluid is inside the cells and is called intracellular fluid, about one third is in the spaces outside the cells and is called extracellular fluid. This extracellular fluid fills the spaces between the cells. This fluid is called the internal environment of the body—it is this environment that the cells live. The extracellular fluid contains the nutrients and other constitutions necessary for maintenance of cellular life. The functions of most of the organs of the body are geared toward maintaining constant physical conditions and concentrations of dissolved substances in this internal environment. This condition of constancy in the internal environment is called homeostasis.

人体大约有60%是液体。虽然这些液体多数存在于细胞内，成为细胞内液，但还有大约1/3存在于细胞外，称为细胞外液。细胞外液充满细胞间的间隙。该液体称为身体的内环境—细胞正是生活在此环境中。细胞外液包含营养物质和维持细胞生存所需要的其他成分。身体大多数器官的功能是适应于维持此内环境中物理条件和溶解物质浓度的恒定。内环境的这种恒定状态称之为稳态。

The digestive system performs a similar function for other nutrients besides oxygen; it processes nutrients that are then absorbed into the blood and are rapidly transported throughout the body fluids, where they can be used by the cells. The liver, the endocrine glands, and some of other organs participate in what is collectively known as intermediary metabolism, which converts many of the nutrients absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into substances that energy has been extracted by the cells, and other organs provide for hearing, feeling, tasting, smelling and seeing, all of which aid the animal or the human being in his search for and selection of food and also help him to protect himself from dangers so that he can perpetuate the almost utopian internal environment in which his cells continue their life processes.

消化系统对除氧以外的其他营养物执行着相似的功能，它加工营养物，使其被吸收进入血液并迅速运