电子商务英语考试范围

一：单词：[固态solid state] [集成电路IC Integrated Circuit] [超大规模集成VLSI Very Large—Scale Integration]

[德州仪器公司Texas Instruments] [触发器flip flop] [地址指针address pointer]

[互补金属氧化物半导体CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor]

[射极耦合逻辑ECL Emitter Coupled Logic] [传输函数Transfer function] [数据手册Data sheet] [三态缓冲器tri-state buffer] [操作码opcode operating code] [MIPS Million Instructions Per Second] [BOIS Basic Input Output System 基本输入输出系统]

[信号调节器Signal conditioner] [电流源Current source ] [电压源V oltage source ]

[增益带宽积GBW Gain×Bandwidth ] [负频率变量Complex-frequency variable ]

[暂态响应Transient response ] [阶跃函数Step function ] [品质因子Quality factor ]

[参考电压Reference voltage] [逐次逼近法Successive approximation ]

[全球你数字移动电话系统GSM Global system for Mobile communication ]

[电源Power supply] [线性稳压器Linear regulator] [负载电流Load current]

[可控硅整流器SCR silicon controlled rectifier ] [传播延迟Propagation delay ] [时钟抖动Clock jitter ]

[压控振荡器VCO voltage controlled Oscillator ] [锁相环PLL Phase Locked Loop] [功率损耗Power loss ]

[接触电阻Contact resistance ] [电压驻波比VSWR voltage standing wave ratio ]

二：英译汉1） A special material is used to make these integrated circuits. While most materials either insulate from electrical flow(air, glass, wood)or conduct electricity readily (metals, water), there are some that only conduct electricity a small amount, or only under certain conditions. These are called semiconductors. The most commonly used semiconductor is of course silicon.

汉：制造集成电路需要使用一类特殊材料。多数材料要么对电流绝缘（如空气、玻璃、木头），要么很容易传导电流(如金属、水溶液)，但也有一些材料只能传导少量电流、或只在特定条件下传导电流——这种材料被称作“半导体”。硅是最常用的半导体材料。

2)ROMs are also called mask —ROMs or mask programmed ROMs. This is because a ROM needs to be programmed by setting its cells to either to either 0 or 1 at the time of line. This aluminium pattern is defined by a lithographic mask used in one of the last steps of manufacture. Therefore these devices are often called mask-ROMs.

ROM也叫“掩模ROM”或“掩模编程ROM”。这是因为在制造ROM时，就需要通过存储单元置“0”或置“1”来进行编程。通常，“0”或“1”就是铝线的“有”和“无”。在制造芯片的最后一道工序中，铝层图案是由一块掩模平板决定的。所以，该类期间常被称作掩模ROM。

3) More transistors also allow for a technology called pipelining. In a pipelining. Architecture, instruction execution overlaps. So even though it might make take five clock cycles to execute each instruction, there can be five instructions in various stages of execution simultaneously That way it looks like one instruction completes every clock cycle.

有了更多的晶体管，就可以使用流水线技术。在流水线结构中，指令的执行是重叠的。尽管执行每条指令可能需要5个周期，却可以在不同阶段同时执行5条指令。这样看上去好像每个周期都能完成一条指令。

4）Many attempts had made to make a stable amplifier, but temperature changes and power supply voltage extremes experienced on phone lines caused uncontrollable gain drift. Passive components had much better drift characteristics than active components had, thus if an amplifier's gain could be made dependent on passive components, the problem would be solved. During one of his ferry trips, Harry's fertile brain conceived a novel solution for the amplifier problem and he documented the solution while riding on the ferry.

为了制造出稳定的放大器，哈利已经进行了多次尝试；但是，温度变化和电话线上出现的供电电压极限使得增益漂移无法控制。无源器件的漂移特性比有源器件好得多；加入能使得放大器增益仅由无源器件决定的话，那么这个问题就会解决。在乘渡船上下班的途中，哈利构思除了一个新颖的、解决放大器问题的办法，并在途中将它记录下来。

5）So far, we have related the mathematical transfer functions of some simple circuits to their associated poles and zeroes in the complex-frequency plane. From these functions, we have derived the circuit's frequency response(and hence its Bode plot)and also its transient response. Because both the integrator and the RC filter have only one s in the denominator of their transfer functions, they each have only one pole. That is, they are first-order filters.

到目前为止，我们已经阐述了几个简单的电路的数学传递函数与其福频率平面上的极、零点之间的关系。从这些函数中，我们可以推导出电路的频率响应（继而可以得到伯德图）及其瞬态响应。在积分器和RC滤波器个子的传递函数中，分母中都只有一个s，所以它们只有一个极点。也就是说，它们都属于一阶滤波器。

6) In fact, there are many tens of ADC methods in use, Successive Approximation, Multipass Interpolating, Subranging, Bit-Per-Stage, to name but a few of the flavors, each potentially having some benefit in performance over its rivals. Luckily, it is not usually necessary to understand how the ADC works in order to make the correct choice of converter for the application. Instead, careful study of the performance speciflications on the data sheet will determine the best choice for your application;

目前，在实际中使用的模数转换方法有几十种之多。常见的方法有逐次逼近法、多通道法、插值法、子区法和逐位处理法。每种方法都具备一些其他方法不具备的潜在优势。幸运的是，在选在ADC器件时，用户一般不需要理解其工作原理。只要用心研究一下数据手册上提供的性能指标，就可以做出最佳选择。

7）The switching regulator operates the power devices in the full-on and cutoff states. This then results in either large currents being passed through the power devices with a low “on” voltage or no current flowing with high voltage across the device. This results in a much lower power being dissipated within the supply. The average switching power supply exhibits efficiencies of between 70 to 90 percent, regardless of the input voltage.

开关电源中的功率器件工作在“全开”和“截断”状态。这样，要么在大电流流经功率器件时，导通电压很低；要么在大电压时，没有电流经过器件。因此，电源内部消耗的功率就很少。开关电源的平均功率为%70~%90，而且和输入电压无关。

8） A Clock Buffer is a device in which the output waveform directly follows the input waveform. The input waveform propagates through the device and is redriven by the output buffers. Hence, such devices have a propagation delay associated with them. In addition, due to the differences between the propagation delay through the device on each input-output path, skew will exist the outputs. 时钟缓冲器是一种输出波形直接跟随输入波形的器件。输入波形通过该器件并被输出缓冲器重新驱动。因此，该类器件存在传输延迟。此外，由于在每个输入、输出通道间存在传输延迟的差别，输出端将出现“相位抖动”。

9）An interconnect that must pass the short rise time of a high-speed signal pulse can be detrimental to maintaining signal integrity due to an unwanted reflection. The shorter the rise time,the greater the risk of degradation of the signal. The ideal situation is that the connector will have the appropriate termination characteristics to create no degradation of the signal.

因为出现了反射，所以在通过互连路径传送告诉信号脉冲时，短促的上升时间就会破坏信号的完整性。上升时间越短，信号质量下降的风险越大。理想的情况是：连接器拥有合适的端接特性，没有造成信号质量下降。

三：汉译英0. 微处理器就是一片包含了CPU的硅片。用来区分微处理器的基本特征有三个：指令集、带宽和时钟速度。

A microprocessor is a silicon chip that contains a CPU. There are three basic characteristics differentiate microprocessors: instruction set, bandwidth and clock speed.