独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案
三种独立主格结构精讲与练习..
思茅一中图书馆 思茅一中图书馆
灵 感 勤 奋
杨 志 明 成 功 路
I. 基本知识：独立主格结构是由名词或代词加 非谓语动词、形容词等构成的一种结构，用 于修饰整个句子。其名词或代词与其后的非 谓语动词、形容词等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。 独立主格结构的类型： 1. 非谓语动词独立主格结构 2. 无动词独立主格结构 3. with复合结构 独立主格结构的用法特点：常置于句首或句 末，与句子之间不能使用任何连接词，主要 用作状语；with复合结构也可用作定语。
Ⅱ. 学习体会与归纳
1. 非谓语动词独立主格结构
n. + non-infinitive pron. to do… to be done 一般式 doing… being done 完成式 having done having been done 过去分词 done 主动 被动
主动 His friends to come tonight, he is trying his best to prepare the dinner. 谓语动词之后 We doubled our efforts, each man 主动 working like two. 与谓语动词同时在进行 The last bus having gone, we had to walk 主动 谓语动词之前 home. doing / having done / to do 的异同 逻辑主 与谓语动词动作的 时间关系 谓关系 doing 与谓语同时 主 having done 谓语之前 动 to do 谓语发生时尚未发生
3. with复合结构 前述的“n. / pron. + 非谓语动词”和“n. / pron. + (being) 表语“两种独立主格结构中，大多可 在其前加上介词with，这就形成了with复合结 构。 to do… doing done with + O + OC n. without adj. adv. prep-phrase
高中英语语法 独立主格结构用法全解(含答案)
独立主格结构独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词(代词)+现在分词（过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词(代词)+现在分词Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance．黑夜笼罩大地，谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。
There being no bus, we had to walk home.由于没有公共汽车，我们只好走回家。
2. 名词(代词)+过去分词The workers worked still harder, their living conditions greatly improved.由于工人们的生活条件大大提高，他们工作得更起劲了。
He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
3. 名词(代词)+不定式在“名词/代词+动词不定式”结构中，动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系，动词不定式则用主动的形式；如果是动宾关系，则用被动形式。
The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book.我们四人同意分工干，每人翻译全书的四分之一。
Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.种上许多的树、花和草后，我们新建的学校看上去将更美。
高三同步语法复习---独立主格类型详解练习及答案
独立主格独立主格结构的构成：1，名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词；2，名词（代词）+形容词；3，名词（代词）+副词；4，名词（代词）+不定式；5，名词（代词） +介词短语构成。
独立主格结构的特点：1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2）名词或代词与后面的过去分词，是被动关系。
3）名词或代词与现在分词，形容词，副词，不定式，介词等是主动关系。
4）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开。
例如：1,The test finished, we began our holiday.= When the test was finished, we began our holiday. 考试结束了，我们开始放假。
2,The president assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.= After the president was assassinated, the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被谋杀了，举国上下沉浸在悲哀之中。
3,Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.天气允许，我们明天去看你。
4,This done, we went home. 工作完成后，我们才回家。
5,The meeting gone over, everyone tired to go home earlier.会议结束后，每个人都想早点回家。
6,He came into the room, his ears red with cold. 他回到了房子里，耳朵冻得红通通的。
7,He came out of the library, a large book under his arm.他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆with的复合结构作独立主格表示伴随情况时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构：with +名词（代词）+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。
独立主格结构知识点及例题
独立主格结构的构成独立主格的构成稍显复杂，主要有以下几种:1、名词/代词+现在分词（表示主动或正在进行）e.g. Time permitting(= If time permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.2、名词/代词+过去分词（表示被动和已完成）e.g. The problems solved(= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.3、名词/代词+不定式（表示将要发生的动作）e.g. His friends to come tonight, he is busy preparing the dinner(=His friends are going to come tonight so he is busy preparing the dinner.)4、名词/代词+形容词或副词（常用来说明名词的性质,特征或所处的状态）e.g. So many people absent, the meeting had to be called off.（=Because so many people were absent, the meeting had to be called off.）Nobody in, he left a message on the board.5、名词/代词+介词短语e.g. He went into the classroom,book in hand. （=He went into the classroom and a book is in his hand. )6、with/without+名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/不定时e.g. With his son so disappointing, the old man felt unhappy. He sat at a desk with his attention fixed on a book.I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash.7、It being +名词e.g. It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.8、there +being/having beene.g. There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.“with/without”引导的独立主格结构“介词with/without+宾语+宾语补足语”结构可以构成独立主格结构，在句中常作伴随状语、原因状语，也可作定语。
高中英语语法-独立主格讲解与练习
独立主格结构一、概念“独立主格结构”就是由一个相当于主语的名词或代词加上非谓语动词、形容词（副)词或介词短语构成的一种独立成分。
该结构不是句子，也不是从句,所以它内部的动词不能考虑其时态、人称和数的变化,它与主句之间不能通过并列连词连接，也不能由从句阴道词引导，通常用逗号与主句隔开。
独立主格结构在很多情况下可以转化为相应的状语从句或者其他状语形式,但很多时候不能转化为分词形式,因为它内部动词的逻辑主语与主句主语不一致。
二、独立主格的特点1.当独立主格结构中的beｉng done表示“正在被做时”，being不可以被省略。
2.当独立主格结构的逻辑主语是it，therｅ时，ｂeiｎｇ不可以省略。
三、独立主格结构的用法。
放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
四、非谓语动词独立主格结构。
“名词或代词+非谓语动词”结构构成的独立主格结构称为非谓语动词的独立主格结构。
名词或代词和非谓语动词具有逻辑上的主谓关系。
1.不定式构成的独立主格结构不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的行为或状态，在句中常作原因状语，有时做条件状语。
Lots ｏf hｏmewｏrk ｔo ｄo，I hａve ｔo staｙhｏme all day.由于很多作业要做,我只好待在家里。
Soｍａny chilｄrｅｎtｏlook afteｒ，the moｔher has tｏquｉt herｊob.如此多的孩子要照顾,这个妈妈不得不辞掉她的工作。
2.动词+iｎg形式的独立主格结构动词-ing形式的句中作状语时,其逻辑主语必须是主句的主语,否则就是不正确的。
动词-iｎg形式的逻辑主语与主句的主语不一致时，就应在动词的-iｎg形式前加上逻辑主语,构成动词-ｉng 形式的独立主格结构，逻辑主语与动词间为主谓关系，是分词的动作执行者，分词表示的动作时逻辑主语发出的动作。
ﻫWe rｅdoｕblｅd oｕr efｆorｔｓ,each mａnｗorking liｋｅtwo.ﻫ我们加倍努力，每个人就像在干两个人的活。
独立主格讲解与练习
语法专项：独立主格结构独立主格结构是由名词或代词作为逻辑主语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或介词短语等作为逻辑谓语构成。
这种结构在形式上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。
⚫独立主格结构的逻辑主语独立存在⚫独立主格结构在句子中充当状语，定语和补语⚫独立主格结构可以转换为状语从句，定语从句和并列句。
⚫独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
1.逻辑主语+现在分词Time permitting, we will discuss more questions. 如果时间允许的话，我们将讨论更多的问题。
2.逻辑主语+过去分词The bag lost, he had no money now. 由于书包丢了，他现在没有钱了。
3.逻辑主语+不定式Lots of homework to do, I must do it now. 家庭作业有很多，我现在就得做了。
4.逻辑主语+名词Many children are reading here, most of them Chinese. 许多孩子都在这里读书，他们大多数是中国人。
5.逻辑主语+形容词He reads books here, his hands big and fat. 他在这里读书，他的手又大又胖。
6.逻辑主语+副词He pulled on his coat, wrong side out. 他穿上他的外套，结果穿反了。
7.逻辑主语+介词短语He sat there, his eyes on her back. 他坐在那里，眼睛望着她的背影.8.With, without+复合宾语的结构1)With + 名词或代词+ 现在分词She felt very nervous with so many people looking at her. 这么多人看着她，她感到非常紧张。
2)With + 名词或代词+ 过去分词The boy was sad with the bike broken. 单车坏了，这个男孩很伤心。
独立主格结构剖析整理附练习
C．-ed形式“独立主格结构”
• 与逻辑主语+动词的-ing形式一样，如果 ed形式的 逻辑主语是句子主语，则不需在ed形式之前加上 逻辑主语。如果不一致的话，就需要保留逻辑主 语用-ed形式的独立主格结构。 • Written in simple English, the book is quite easy. • The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it.该书是用简单英语写 的，英语初学者也能看懂。（ = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able它的逻辑主语应该 是句子的主语。但有时非谓语动词带有自 己的主语，从而在结构上与主语不发生关 系，我们称之为独立主格结构（Absolute Construction）。其实，所谓“独立主格结构” 也并非真正独立，它还是一种从属的结构。
独立主格的语法结构分类
• • • 一、 非谓语动词独立主格结构 二、 无动词独立主格结构 三、 with/without 引导的独立主格结构
B．逻辑主语+形容词
• He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪 地转向我。（his eyes和sleepy之间省去了 being） • = He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy. • He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站 在那里，嘴张得大大的。（his mouth和 wide open之间省去了being）= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.
独立主格结构练习题及解析
独立主格结构练习题及解析1.I have a lot of books, half of novels.A. whichB. thatC. whomD. them2.more and more forests destroyed, many animals are facing the danger of dying out.A. becauseB. asC. WithD. Since3.The bus was crowded with passengers going home from market, most ofcarrying heavy bags and baskets full of fruit and vegetables they hadbought there.A. themB. whoC. whomD. which4.The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 200,000 silver pennies, all of over 600 years old.A. whichB. thatC. themD. it5.The cave very dark, he lit some candles light.A. was; givenB. was; to giveC. being; givenD. being; to give6.The soldier rushed into the cave, his right hand a gun and his facewith sweat.A held; covered B. holding; covering C. holding; covered D. held; covering7.The girl in the snapshot was smiling sweetly, her long hair .A. flowed in the breezeB. was flowing in the breezeC. were flowing in the breezeD. flowing in the breeze8.The children went home from the grammar school, their lessonsfor the day.A. finishingB. finishedC. had finishedD. were finished9.On Sundays there were a lot of children playing in the park,parents seated together joking.A. theirB. whoseC. whichD. that10.The Smiths are rich and they have three cars, one a Toyota, Land Rover of the latest.A. anotherB. otherC. the otherD. the others【答案与解析】1.D。
英语语法独立主格结构讲解及习题
D days’ 3._____, I had to ask for two days leave.
A.Mother being ill B.Bother ill C.As mother was ill the night. A.The exam near B.The exam being near C.As the exam is near D. A,B and C D. A,B and C
• •
4） 表示伴随情况 ） Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是 最好的导体。(=Almost all metals are good conductors,and silver is the best of all.) • 5） 表示补充说明 ） • We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。 • *注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相 独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，
独立主格结构 常见类型及其用法
• 独立主格的概念
我们称动作状态实行者为逻辑主语，称该 状态为逻辑谓语，在中文翻译上与状语从句没 什么区别。 • 是由名词或代词 代词作为逻辑主 “独立主格结构”是由名词或代词作为逻辑主 语，加上分词 分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或 语，加上分词、形容词、副词、动词不定式或 介词短语作为逻辑谓语构成。这种结构在形式 上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构” 上与主句没有关系，通常称为“独立主格结构”。 •
3、条件状语 、 独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由if引 独立主格结构作条件状语时可以改为由 引 导的条件状语从句。 导的条件状语从句。如： D 1).________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall. A.Weather permitting B.If weather permits C.If permitting D.A and B 2.)_____, the patient will recover himself soon. D A.If the treatment is in time B.The treatment in time C.The treatment being in time D.A,B and C
高中英语 独立主格结构精讲(配套练习和答案)
独立主格结构“独立主格结构”（absolute construction）又叫“独立结构”。
由于在语法上有自己的逻辑主语，结构上与主句不发生关系，因此传统语法叫做“独立主格结构”。
独立主格结构可放于句首、句尾，用逗号和主句隔开。
（一）独立主格结构形式独立主格结构可以分为两部分，形式为：基本形式是：名词普通格/代词主格+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/名词/形容词/副词/介词短语。
1．名词/代词+ 现在分词现在分词表示前面的名词或代词主动进行的动作或状态等。
例：The man lay there, his hands trembling.So many students being absent, the meeting had to be put off.注：“独立结构”中的being或having been 有时可以省去，形成一种名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、介词短语的结构形式。
2．名词/代词+过去分词过去分词表示前面的名词或代词被动完成的动作或所处的一种状态。
例：The boy lay on his back, his hands crossed under his head.The job not finished, we couldn’t see the film.Her shirt caught on a nail, she could not move.3．名词/代词+不定式不定式表示的是将来的动作。
These are the first two books, the third one to come out next month.We shall get together at 7:30, the procession（游行）to start moving at 8 sharp.4. 名词/代词+名词名词一般做前面名词或代词的同位语。
例：Many people joined in the work, some of them women and children.He fought the tiger，a stick his only weapon.5．名词/代词+形容词短语形容词（短语）说明前面名词或代词的性质，状态，原因等。
独立主格结构(精讲精练 翻译练习)
独立主格结构●独立主格结构是一种特殊的结构，可以理解为一个在句中作状语的短语，用于修饰整个句子。
其位置灵活，可位于句前或句末，常由逗号将其与句子分开。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
●独立主格结构具有两个特点：独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在；独立主格结构一般用逗号与句子分开。
●独立主格结构类型：● 1.名词/代词+非谓语动词（不定式、现在分词、过去分词）● 2.名词/代词+(being)+表语（名词、形容词、副词、介词短语）1.名词/代词+现在分词（doing）Winter coming,it gets colder and colder.=The winter comes,and it gets colder and colder.Time permitting,I will go with you.The girl looking at him,he didn’t know what to say.There being no bus,we had to walk home.2.名词/代词+过去分词He was listening carefully,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.The work done,he went back home.=After the work was done,he went back home.More time given,we can finish the work.=If more time is given to us,we can finish the work.3.名词/代词+动词不定式（由不定式构成的独立主格结构往往表示还未发生的动作或状态）His friends to come tonight,he is busy preparing the dinner.No one to wake me up,I might be late for the first class.Many trees to be planted,our school will look even more beautiful.4.名词/代词+形容词He came into the room,his face red with cold.She went to party,her clothes beautiful.5.名词/代词+副词The meeting over,our headmaster soon left the meeting room.The lights off,we could not go on with the work.6.名词/代词+名词His first shot failure,he fired again.他第一枪没打中，又开了一枪A lot of people all over the world are fans of the smartphone,many of them Chinese.全世界很多人都是这款智能手机的粉丝，其中许多都是中国人。
（完整版）独立主格结构讲解及练习
（完整版）独立主格结构讲解及练习独立主格结构的用法一、独立主格结构的概念独立主格结构（Absolute Structure）是由名词或代词加上分词等构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子。
独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词等构成逻辑上的主谓关系。
这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，它的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。
在句中作状语，相当于一个状语从句。
需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。
二、独立主格结构基本构成形式名词（代词）+现在分词；过去分词；形容词；副词；不定式；名词；介词短语）1. 名词（代词）+现在分词例句：The storm drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a dayThe storm draw ing n ear在句中作：原因状语=Since the storm was drawing nea，the navvy decided to call it a day由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。
（call it a day今天到此为止）例句：Win ter comin g, it gets colder and colder.Win ter comi ng 在句中作：伴随状语=The win ter comes, and it gets colder and colder.冬天来了，天气越来越冷了。
造句：时间允许的话，我就和你一起走。
Time permitt in g, I will go with you. 独立主格作：条件状语=改写：ftime permits, I will go with you.造句：那个姑娘望着他，他不知道说什么好。
The girl stari ng at him, he did n 'k now what to say.独立主格作：时间状语=改写：As the girl stared at him, he did n 'tk now what to say.2. 名词（代词）+过去分词例句：He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard.他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。
独立主格结构及精选习题
独立主格结构（一）定义：不定式或分词短语作状语时，它的逻辑主语一般必须与句子的主语一致。
但有时它也可以有自己的独立的逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构。
（二）构成：1.名词（代词） + 不定式、现在分词或过去分词Weather permitting, we'll go s ightseeing.= If w eather permits, ... 作条件状语天气允许的话，我们要去观光。
Homework finished, the boy went out to play football.=When homework was finished,... 作时间状语作业做完了，男孩出去玩足球。
The exam to be held tomorrow, I can't go to the cinema tonight.明天要考试，我今晚不能去看电影。
2.名词（代词） +（being ）+表语（名词、形容词、副词或介词短语）It (being) Sunday, we went climbing.= As it was Sunday, ... 作原因状语由于是星期天，我们去爬山。
Tod l ooked a t the million-pound n o te,his eyes (being) wide o pen.托德眼睛睁得大大的看着百万钞票。
S u m m e r vacations (being) over, students returned to s chool.暑假结束了，学生们返回学校。
3.with+ 名词（代词）+宾补，宾补可用现在分词、过去分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词或介词短语。
此句型又称with 复合结构。
a.They pretended to be working hard all night with their lights burning .他们点着灯假装整晚都在努力工作。
高中英语语法----独立主格结构专项练习(含答案)
高中英语语法----独立主格结构专项练习（含答案）如何区分独立主格结构和非谓语动词独立主格结构：不是主谓完整的简单句，其形式是：名词/名词短语/代词 +不定式/动词-ing形式/过去分词/形容词/副词/介词短语非谓语动词：指句子中不是谓语动词的动词，主要包括不定式，动名词和分词（现在分词、过去分词）Ps: 非谓语动词做定语，状语与补语；独立主格结构只做状语。
小妙招：判断独立主格结构就看有没有一个逗号连接的两个简单句，每个句子都有两个不同的主语，这时其中一个句子的谓语动词一定要用非谓语形式一、单项选择1．It is said that the project will cost $580 million, half coming from investors, the rest ________.A．to borrowB．to be borrowedC．borrowingD．being borrowed【答案】B【详解】考查独立主格结构。
句意：据说这项工程将耗资5.8亿美元，其中一半来自于投资方，剩下的将要贷款。
分析句子成分可知，此处为独立主格结构，且表示将来的动作，应用“名词+不定式”，the rest与borrow构成被动关系，应用to be done形式。
故选B。
2．________, we'll go to visit the Great Wall.A．Weather permittingB．If permittedC．If permittingD．Weather permits【答案】A【详解】考查独立主格结构。
句意：如果天气允许，我们就去参观长城。
分析句子结构可知，逻辑主语与主句主语不一致，所以用独立主格结构。
weather与permit之间为主动关系，所以用现在分词形式。
故选A。
3．After ______ by the heavy deluge, Henan province suffered from serious damages to its scenic spots, many tourists ______ in the disaster region.A．struck, were trappedB．being struck, trappedC．struck, having been trappedD．having been struck ; were trapped【答案】B【详解】考查非谓语动词。
独立主格结构讲解及练习含答案
语法重点：独立主格结构。
1. 原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2. 独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词) 或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3. 独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B. 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has tostay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
初三英语独立主格结构练习题20题含答案解析
初三英语独立主格结构练习题20题含答案解析1.The teacher walked into the classroom, book in hand.A.book in handB.with a book in handC.having a book in handD.a book in his hand答案解析：A。
“book in hand”是独立主格结构，在句中作伴随状语，表示老师走进教室时的状态。
B 选项“with a book in hand”也是正确的表达，但不是独立主格结构。
C 选项“having a book in hand”是现在分词短语，不是独立主格结构。
D 选项“a book in his hand”是一个完整的句子成分，不是独立主格结构。
2.The boy sat there, eyes closed.A.eyes closedB.with his eyes closedC.having his eyes closedD.his eyes were closed答案解析：A。
“eyes closed”是独立主格结构，作伴随状语。
B 选项“with his eyes closed”正确但不是独立主格结构。
C 选项“having his eyes closed”不是独立主格结构。
D 选项是完整的句子，不符合要求。
3.The meeting over, people went home.A.The meeting overB.The meeting was overC.With the meeting overD.Having the meeting over答案解析：A。
“The meeting over”是独立主格结构。
B 选项是完整的句子，不是独立主格结构。
C 选项正确但不是独立主格结构。
D 选项“Having the meeting over”不是独立主格结构的正确形式。
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语法重点：独立主格结构。
1. 原文再现。
This silence was suddenly broken when a large car, with its headlights on and its horn blaring, roared down the arcade.2. 独立主格结构定义。
独立主格结构（Independent Genitive）由两部分组成，前一部份是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、动名词和分词) 或形容词、副词、或介词短语。
前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
3. 独立主格结构用法。
A．用作时间状语The work done(=After the work had been done), we went home. 工作完成后，我们就回家了。
B. 用作条件状语Weather permitting(=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
C. 用作原因状语An important lecture to be given tomorrow (=As an important lecture will be given tomorrow), the professor has tostay up late into the night.因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
D. 用作伴随状语He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head (=and his hands were crossed under his head).他躺在草地上，将两手交叉枕在脑后。
E. 表示补充说明.We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two..我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
4. 独立主格结构形式。
A. 一般独立主格形式，与主句逻辑关系松散形式为: n. + -ed/-ing形式; n. + 不定式; n. + 介词短语; n. + 形容词; n. + 副词B.名词/主格代词+现在分词，名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
The girl staring at him (= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what to say.姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
C. 名词/主格代词+过去分词，名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
The problems solved (= As the problems were solved), the quality has been improved.随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
D. 名词/主格代词+不定式，名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
He is going to make a model plane, some old parts to help. 借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
．E. 名词/主格代词+形容词An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive. 那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
F.名词/主格代词+副词He put on his sweater ,wrong side out. 他把毛衣穿反了。
G.名词/主格代词+介词短语The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. 那男孩手里拿着书去教室。
H. .with 引导的独立主格:与主句逻辑关系紧密形式为: with + n. + -ed/-ing形式; with + n. +adj.; with +n. + 介词短语I.…each引导的强调型独立主格:强调句尾的复数名词形式为:句子+ 复数名词结尾, each + 介词短语/形容词短语/名词短语/-ing形式/-ed形式Under the restructuring, the huge organization that operates the company's basic businesses will be divided intofive groups, each with its own executive.J．There being +名词（代词）There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
K.. It being +名词（代词）.It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
5. 注意事项。
A. 独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。
After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
B. 不能省略being (having been) 的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。
如：It being Sunday, we went to church.因为是星期天，我们去做了礼拜。
(2)在There being+名词的结构中。
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
C. .在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯小姐走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构。
如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.D.独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，我们开始开会。
( C ) 1. --You shouldn't have helped ________ to Maggie's new electronic dictionary and broke it.--What shall I do now?A. herselfB. myselfC. yourselfD. ourselves( B ) 2. There are many people who _______ the summer _______ the winter.D. like; thanC. prefer; than B. prefer; to A. like; better( A ) 3. His grandfather died ___the wound that the enemy soldier had given him and then hisgrandmother died ___hungry and cold.A. from, ofB. of, fromC. from, fromD. of, of( A ) 4. We are going to have rain during the next month.A. a good deal ofB. a good manyC. a great number ofD. numbers of( A ) 5. I have known your situation, I will send the money to you immediately.A. Now thatB. As far asC. On condition thatD. So long as( A ) 6. Not far from the school there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it playing chess withhis little grandson every afternoon.A. itsB. whoseC. whichD. that( B ) 7. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that( C ) 8. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that( B ) 9. He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.A. itB. themC. whichD. that( B ) 10. There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.A. whichB. themC. whomD. that( B ) 11. There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that( B ) 12. There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners. A. which B. them C. whom D. that( B ) 13. There _________ nothing more to do, Mr. Goodman left for home. A. was B. being C. to be D. had being ( B ) 14. It Christmas, the government offices were closed.A. wasB. beingC. to beD. had being ( C ) 15. ______, the old man had no money to buy even a bus ticket.A. His wallet being stolenB. His wallet stealingC. With his wallet stolenD. As his wallet stolen( C ) 16. Though ( ) money, his parents managed to send him to university.A. lackedB. lacking ofC. lackingD. lacked in( A ) 17. The largest collection ever found in England was one of about 2000000 silver pennies, _____over 600 years old.A all of them B. all of which C all of it D none of which (B ) 18. , we had to put the meeting off.A. Because the manager ill B The manager being illD .Being illC. The manager was ill( A ) 19. __ ___, the English speech contest had been on for half an hour. A. They arriving there B. Arriving thereC. Having arrived thereD. They arrived there( C ) 20. , her proposal is of greater value than yours.A. All things consideringB. All things being consideredC. All things consideredD. All things to be considered。