3选题、摘要、引言与文献回顾(Literature Review)
literature review(如何写文献综述)
methodological assumptions, datacollection techniques, key concepts
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Review focuses
1. The prevailing and current theories underlying the research problems;
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Frequently-occurring problems
1. No direct relevance
Relevancy is the first and parae quality of a review.
“How is it relevant to my study?”
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3. Major elements in LR
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4. Writing principles
Major principles to follow: 1. Review the sources that are most
relevant to your thesis. 2. Describe or write your review as clear
Use of L1 in L2 reading? Speaking?
1. Examine from a wider perspective and search for the most pertinent studies to evaluate.
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Difficulties in organizing
杭州英国留学 论文Literature Review写作指导
杭州英国留学论文Literature Review写作指导
Literature Review也就是是论文的文献综述或文献回顾部分。
文献综述是论文写作中重要的一个部分，因此，金矢留学小编为大家整理了以下关于文献综述的写作指导。
首先，在写作前我们指导Literature Review的写作有哪些作用和意义。
只有对论文综述有着深入的了解才能写作文献综述的内容。
第二，要明确主题的重要性.即让导师理解课题，以提供必须的背景信息和那些有意义的或者最近的研究是相似的。
但不同的是需要通过这一系列的调查研究进而形成自己的结论。
第三，要理解回顾参考文献的意义。
回顾通常情况下都是对原有的理论的一种概述，文献回顾（Literature Review)是为了突出论文的主题，且它也能为论文的主题和论据提供支持通过引用一些官方或者专家的观点。
文献回顾（Literature Review))是独立的、也可以穿插论述在里面、也可以据不同的论题分成不同的章节。
文献回顾（Literature Review)应该是为你的研究提供一个理论框架，让你的读者看到你、清楚的理解与主题相关的关键概念，研究的模型等等。
第四，明确以上3点后，再可以了解文献的来源。
最后，在开始设计和开始你的文献回顾（Literature Review)之前一定要问自己几个问题，从而达到文章的论据的可行性。
综上所述是英国留学生论文文献综述的写作指导，希望能够对广大留学生提供帮助。
英语论文写作要求
g) A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Idioms and Their Translation
b) The Role of the Classroom Activities in Oral English Teaching in Junior School
c) A Study of Improving Junior Students’ Oral English through Interactive Teaching Approach (利用互 动式教学提高初中生口语能力)
c) The Language Characteristics and Translation Skills of Business Contract
d) Puns and Their Translation in English Advertisement
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整理课件
e) The Use and Translation of Words in Business Correspondence
e) The Symbolic Meaning of Color Terms in Chinese and Western Cultures
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整理课件
f) A Study of Gender Difference in English Language
g) The Influence of Body Language on the Effect of Speech身势语对演讲效果的影响
introduction和literature review
introduction和literature review在学术论文中，Introduction（引言）和Literature Review（文献综述）是两个重要的部分，它们有不同的功能和组织结构。
Introduction（引言）：功能：引言的主要目的是引导读者，提出研究问题，并介绍研究的背景、目的和重要性。
引言应该吸引读者的兴趣，让他们理解为什么这个研究是有必要的。
组织结构：引言通常包括以下几个方面：1.背景介绍：提供研究领域的背景信息，解释为什么这个主题重要。
2.问题陈述：明确指出研究的问题或目标。
这是引言的关键部分，它概括了你的研究将要解决的核心问题。
3.目的和意义：说明研究的目的和重要性，为读者提供为什么应该关心这个研究的理由。
4.研究范围：界定研究的范围，明确你将关注的特定方面。
Literature Review（文献综述）：功能：文献综述的目的是回顾和总结先前研究领域中的相关研究，以便为当前研究提供背景和理论基础。
它展示了你对该领域的了解，并识别出以前研究中的研究空白，从而为你的研究提供了理论基础。
组织结构：文献综述包括以下几个关键方面：1.文献分类：将文献按主题或主要概念分类，使读者能够清晰地了解各个方面的研究。
2.文献总结：对每一类文献进行总结，指出各自的主要发现和结论。
3.研究缺口：引入文献中的研究缺口，即以前的研究中未解决的问题或未覆盖的领域。
4.理论框架：提供支撑研究的理论基础，将你的研究与以前的研究联系起来。
总体而言，Introduction 引导读者进入研究主题，提出研究问题和目的；Literature Review 则通过回顾相关文献为研究提供理论和背景支持。
这两部分协同工作，确保读者理解你的研究背景、问题和理论基础。
文献检索与回顾
第六讲文献检索与回顾一、文献回顾的重要性文献回顾( literature review)是指系统寻找、识别、分析相关研究性文献的工作。
对于科学研究而言,文献回顾是不可或缺的环节,有着不可替代的重要作用。
1．有助于避免重复研究通过对某一问题既有文献的系统回顾,研究人员能够了解相关问题领域的研究进展,明确哪些问题已经有了较为成熟的研究成果。
如果研究人员还没有充分的证据否定已有的答案,就不要选择这些问题作为研究目标,否则,将冒重复研究的危险。
例如,在国际制度研究中,新自由主义学派借鉴制度经济学的基本原理,已经比较清晰地说明了国际制度是如何促进国家间合作的,尤其是国际经济领域的合作。
这派理论认为,国际制度通过提供服务降低合作成本、惩罚故意的违规行为,并逐步使国家在制度框架下定义或重新定义本国的国家利益,更加重视长期利益,进而促进国际合作的实现。
[3] 当我们通过文献回顾了解到上述研究成果,而又不能提出否定这些原理的证据时,就不宜选择国际制度与国际合作的关系为研究问题,以避免重复研究。
2．有助于防止选择无法回答的问题文献回顾能够帮助研究人员了解在现有研究知识基础上,哪些问题暂时还不具备研究的条件,或者是本人或研究团队暂时无力回答。
否则,一旦选择这样的问题,很可能使巨大的时间和经费投入无果而终,不但浪费人力物力,而且可能严重挫伤研究人员的士气。
对于要在一定时间内完成学位论文的博士生而言,更要避免类似情况的发生。
例如,建构主义理论强调,国家之间的共有文化塑造了国家身份和利益,进而决定国家的行为,同时国家的实践建构了国家之间的共有文化。
也就是说,共有文化与国家行为之间相互作用,互相建构。
但是,这种相互建构的理论难以进行实证检验,因此,坚持科学方法的建构主义者一般强调单向建构作用,即体系文化对国家身份和利益的建构作用。
在此基础上才能进行实证研究。
如果一位力图检验建构主义理论的研究人员通过文献回顾了解到上述研究进展,他就不会选择检验文化与行为相互建构的研究问题。
literaturereview结构
literaturereview结构
一篇文献综述的典型结构包括以下几个部分：
1.引言
-简要介绍研究领域的背景和意义，为读者提供背景信息。
-指出该文献综述的目的和研究问题。
2.文献筛选和选择标准
-描述文献筛选过程，包括文献的方法和使用的关键词。
-说明选择文献的标准，例如时间范围、研究方法等。
3.文献综述
-根据研究问题，将文献分成几个主题，每个主题可以是一个段落或一个部分。
-对每个主题进行概述，包括主要研究结果和方法。
-对文献之间的相互关系进行分析和讨论，指出各个研究之间的异同点。
4.结果和发现的总结
-总结每个主题的关键发现和结论，指出每个主题的重要性。
-突出各个研究之间的模式和趋势，从而为研究问题提供更全面的理解。
5.研究局限和未来研究方向
-指出文献综述中可能存在的局限性，例如样本数不足、研究方法的
局限等。
-提出未来研究的方向和问题，为进一步研究提供建议。
6.结论
-总结整个文献综述的主要发现和结论。
-指出该文献综述的意义和对研究领域的贡献。
以上是一篇文献综述的典型结构，可以根据实际需要进行调整和修改。
此外，需要注意的是，文献综述需要保持逻辑连贯和清晰，每个部分的内
容都要有充分的论据和证据支持。
同时，在写作过程中要注意文献的引用
和注释，确保准确而恰当地引用已有研究的成果。
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构
学术英语写作的结构通常遵循一定的模式，以下是一种常见的结构：1.引言（Introduction）：在引言部分，作者简要介绍论文的主题、
研究背景、研究目的和研究问题。
此外，还可以提供一些相关的文献综述，以帮助读者更好地理解论文的背景和重要性。
2.文献综述（Literature Review）：文献综述部分对已有的相关研究
进行总结和分析，为论文的研究问题提供理论支持和背景信息。
这一部分应该包括对相关研究的批判性评价，以及当前研究的空白和需要进一步探讨的问题。
3.研究方法（Research Methodology）：在研究方法部分，作者详细
介绍研究设计、数据采集和分析方法、样本和抽样方法等。
这一部分应该清楚地说明研究是如何实施的，以及如何收集和分析数据的。
4.结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）：结果与讨论部分呈现研究
结果，并对结果进行解释和讨论。
这一部分应该包括对数据的描述性分析、推断性分析和解释性分析，以及对结果的讨论和意义。
5.结论（Conclusion）：结论部分总结论文的主要发现和贡献，并对
未来研究提出建议。
这一部分应该强调研究的局限性、对理论和实践的贡献，以及对未来研究的启示。
6.参考文献（References）：参考文献部分列出文中引用的各篇文献，
按照规定的格式编排，如APA、MLA等。
这一部分应该包括所有引用的文献，以便读者查阅和核实。
以上是一种常见的学术英语写作结构，但具体的结构安排可能因学科领域、论文类型和个人偏好而有所不同。
在写作时，作者应该根据论文的具体要求和规范进行适当的调整。
学术写作中的常用词汇与学科术语解释
学术写作中的常用词汇与学科术语解释学术写作是一种特殊的写作形式，它要求准确、严谨、清晰地传达学术观点和研究成果。
在学术写作中，我们经常会遇到一些特定的词汇和术语，这些词汇和术语对于理解和撰写学术论文非常重要。
本文将为你解释一些学术写作中常用的词汇和学科术语。
一、引言部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.研究目的 (Research objective): 指研究的目的或目标，即研究要解决的问题或取得的成果。
2.研究背景 (Research background): 介绍研究课题的相关背景和相关研究已有的研究结果。
3.文献综述 (Literature review): 对已有文献进行综合评述和分析，以阐述当前研究的基础和研究的重要性。
4.问题陈述 (Problem statement): 阐述研究中要解决的问题或假设，明确研究的重点和目标。
二、方法部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.研究设计 (Research design): 指研究所采用的方法和步骤，以达到研究目的。
2.样本 (Sample): 指研究中被调查或观察的对象，具有代表性的一部分。
3.数据收集 (Data collection): 指获取研究所需的数据，可以通过问卷调查、实验观察等方式进行。
4.数据分析 (Data analysis): 对收集到的数据进行整理、统计和分析的过程，以获得研究结果。
三、结果部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.实验结果 (Experimental results): 指通过实验方法获得的数据和观察到的现象。
2.统计分析 (Statistical analysis): 对实验数据进行统计处理和分析，以求得结论的科学性和可靠性。
3.图表 (Figures and Tables): 以可视化的方式呈现实验结果或数据分析结果，便于读者理解和比较。
四、讨论部分常用词汇与学科术语解释1.解释和分析 (Interpretation and analysis): 对实验结果或数据进行解释、分析和讨论，以理解现象和发现规律。
英文文献综述的范文
英文文献综述的范文下面是店铺为大家整理的一些关于“英文文献综述的范文”的资料，供大家参阅。
英文文献综述范文How to Write a Literature Review ?I. The definition of Literature Review文献综述(Literautre Review)是科研论文中重要的文体之一。
它以作者对各种文献资料的整理、归纳、分析和比较为基础，就某个专题的历史背景、前人的工作、研究现状、争论的焦点及发展前景等方面进行综合、总结和评论。
通过阅读文献综述，科研工作者可花费较少的时间获得较多的关于某一专题系统而具体的信息，了解其研究现状、存在的问题和未来的发展方向。
II. The purposes of literature review And Its ComponentsA. The PurposesOn the one hand, it helps you broaden the view and perspective of the topic for your graduation thesis.On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and arrive at a focusedresearch question.B. Its ComponentsThere are six parts in a complete Literature Review.标题与作者(title and author)摘要与关键词(abstract and key words)引言(introduction)述评(review)结论(conclusion)参考文献(references)III. Classification of Source MaterialsHow can we locate the materials relevant to our topics betterand faster? Basically, all these source materials may be classified into four majors of sources.A: Background sources:Basic information which can usually be found in dictionaries andencyclopedia complied by major scholars or founders of the field. Three very good and commonly recommenced encyclopedias are encyclopedias ABC, namely, Encyclopedia Americana, Encyclopedia Britannica, and Collier’s Encyclopedia. There are also reference works more specialized, such as The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics for linguistics and TEFL studies. Moreover, you may also find Encyclopedia on the web.B: Primary sourcesThose providing direct evidence, such as works of scholars of the field,biographies or autobiographies, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, collection of letters, interviews, case studies, approaches, etc. Primary sources come in various shapes and sizes, and often you have to do a little bit of research about the source to make sure you have correctly identified it. When a first search yields too few results, try searching by broader topic; when a search yields toomany results, refine your search by narrowing down your search.C: Secondary sourcesThose providing indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, bookreviews, assays, journal articles by experts in a given field, studies on authors orwriters and their works, etc. Secondary sources will informmost of your writingin college. You will often be asked to research your topic using primary sources,but secondary sources will tell you which primary sources you should use andwill help you interpret those primary sources. T o use theme well, however, youneed to think critically them. There are two parts of a source that you need toanalyze: the text itself and the argument within the text.D: Web sourcesThe sources or information from websites. Web serves as an excellentresource for your materials. However, you need to select and evaluate Websources with special care for very often Web sources lack quality control. Youmay start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excit e, etc. It’s agood idea to try more than one search engine, since each locates sources in itsown way. When using websites for information, be sure to take care for theauthorship and sponsorship. If they are both unclear, be critical when you useinformation. The currency of website information should also be taken intoaccount. Don’t use too out information dated for your purpose.IV. Major strategies of Selecting Materials for literaturereviewA. Choosing primary sources rather than secondary sourcesIf you have two sources, one of them summarizing or explaining a work andthe other the work itself, choose the work itself. Never attempt to write a paperon a topic without reading the original source.B. Choosing sources that give a variety of viewpoints on your thesisRemember that good argument essays take into account counter arguments.Do not reject a source because it makes an argument against you thesis.C. Choosing sources that cover the topic in depthProbably most books on Communicative Language Teaching mention WilliamLittlewood, but if this your topic, you will find that few sources cover the topicin depth. Choose those.D. Choosing sources written by acknowledged expertsIf you have a choice between an article written by a freelance journalist onTask-based Teaching and one written by a recognized expert like David Nunan,Choose the article by the expert.E. Choosing the most current sourcesIf your topic involves a current issue or social problem or development in ascientific field, it is essential to find the latest possible information. If all thebooks on these topics are rather old, you probably need to look for information inperiodicals.V. Writing a literature ReviewA. When you review related literature, the major review focuses should be:1. The prevailing and current theories which underlie the research problem.2. The main controversies about the issue, and about the problem.3. The major findings in the area, by whom and when.4. The studies which can be considered the better ones, and why.5. Description of the types of research studies which can provide the basis for the current theories and controversies.6. Criticism of the work in the area.B. When you write literature review, the two principles to follow are:1. Review the sources that are most relevant to your to your thesis.2. Describe or write your review as clear and objective as you can.C. Some tips for writing the review:1. Define key terms or concepts clearly and relevant to your topic.2. Discuss the least-related references to your question first and the mostrelated references last.3. Conclude your review with a brief summary.4. Start writing your review early.VI. 文献综述主要部分的细节性提示和注意事项英文文献主要部分细节提示：引言(Introduction)引言是文献综述正文的开始部分，主要包括两个内容：一是提出问题;二是介绍综述的范围和内容。
文献综述（LiteratureReview）的四种主要结构解析
文献综述（LiteratureReview）的四种主要结构解析在你开始写的文献综述(Literature Review)之前，你一定要先对整体有个大致的概念(rough idea)。
有些人会问，我的文献综述是只能用一种结构吗?答案是：当然不是。
你可以在文献综述使用不一样的结构，比如你的整体结构可能是按照主题(thematical),但是你的每个部分是按照时间顺序讨论的(chronological)。
1.按时间顺序排列(Chronological)按照主题的时间发展去写文献综述应该是最简单的一种方法。
但是，使用这个方法需要注意一个问题，就是要简单地按顺序列(simply listing)出和汇总文献(summarising)。
所以要试着去分析影响整个领域的模式(patterns)，转折点(turning points)和关键的争论(key debates)。
然后去解释(interpretation)这些点如何和为什么会发生(occurred)。
2.按照主题(Thematic)如果你在整理文献的时候发现一个反复出现的中心主题(central themes),那你就可以选择根据主题去组织你的文献综述了。
你可以综述这个主题的各个部分(different aspects)，举个例子，比如你的论文是关于移民的问题，可能你会关移民政策，语言障碍和文化冲突等。
3.按照方法论(Methodological)如果你的研究是想比较不一样的研究方法可能会造成结果(results)和结论(conclusions)的异同。
那你可以选择按照方法论(methodological)的方法去做文献综述。
比如，关于同一个问题，采用定性研究(qualitative research)和定量研究(quantitative research)的结果有何异同。
还有，对于一个问题，实证研究(empirical study)和理论研究(theoretical study)是分别是如何探索的?4.按照理论(Theoretical)文献综述通常是一个研究的理论框架的基础(the foundation for a theoretical framework)。
研究综述的种类
研究综述的种类研究综述（literature review）是对已有研究文献进行系统回顾、归纳、总结和评价的一种学术论文形式。
它通过对已有研究的概括和分析，为读者呈现某个领域内的知识基础和前沿，并为后续研究提供理论支持和问题定位。
研究综述作为科学研究的重要组成部分，具有不同的种类和形式。
本文将介绍研究综述的几种常见种类，并对其特点和适用场景进行探讨。
1. 传统综述型（Traditional Review）传统综述型研究综述主要针对某一领域内关键问题的现状与发展进行概述。
通过对大量文献的检索和筛选，作者对已有研究的主要成果和观点进行整理、综合和评价。
传统综述型研究综述通常包括引言、方法、结果和讨论等部分。
其中，方法部分描述了搜索文献的策略，结果部分概述了已有研究的主要发现，讨论部分对发现进行总结和评价。
2. 系统综述型（Systematic Review）系统综述型研究综述是一种通过明确的方法和标准对已有研究进行系统性回顾和分析的形式。
它相对于传统综述型研究综述更加严格和规范。
系统综述型研究综述通常包括问题的明确、研究策略的设计、文献的搜索和筛选、数据提取和分析、结果展示以及结果的解释和评价等环节。
通过系统综述可以更加客观地总结和评价已有研究的质量和可信度。
3. 整合综述型（Integrative Review）整合综述型研究综述旨在将不同经验或研究范式的研究成果整合在一起，形成完整的理论结构，并对已有研究进行评估和概括。
整合综述型研究综述常常涉及到不同学科或研究方法的交叉，并通过对已有研究的比较和对比，发现并解释其中的异同和规律。
整合综述型研究综述通常以问题提出、搜索和筛选文献、综合研究结果以及对已有研究进行评价等环节展开。
4. 概念综述型（Conceptual Review）概念综述型研究综述侧重于对某一特定概念或理论的梳理和解读。
通过对已有研究的分析和总结，概念综述型研究综述试图对特定概念的内涵、发展轨迹和影响因素进行理论阐释。
review文章的格式
review文章的格式
Review文章通常包括以下几个部分：
引言（Introduction）：在引言部分，简要介绍主题或领域的背景信息，明确阐述本文的写作目的，概括文章的主要内容，提出论点或问题。
1.文献综述（Literature Review）：文献综述是Review文章的核心部分，主要对与主题相关
的研究进行全面的概述和评价。
该部分需要总结前人的研究成果，阐述不同观点和方法的优缺点，并指出研究的空白和不足之处。
同时，要注意文献综述要有条理，分类合理，不要过于冗长或泛泛而谈。
2.研究方法（Methodology）：在某些类型的Review文章中，如Meta-analysis或Systematic
Review，需要介绍研究方法。
这部分主要说明研究设计、数据采集和分析方法，以及如何综合和评价文献数据。
3.结果与讨论（Results and Discussion）：结果与讨论部分主要是对前人研究结果的总结和
评价，以及对结果的深入分析和讨论。
该部分应包括对结果的描述、比较和解释，以及对研究结果的意义和影响的探讨。
4.结论（Conclusion）：结论部分应对全文进行总结，概括主要观点和结论，指出研究的贡
献和价值，同时提出对未来研究的建议和展望。
5.总体来说，撰写Review文章需要具备扎实的专业基础和广泛的阅读视野，同时要注意
逻辑性和条理性，能够客观地评价前人研究成果，并提出有见地的观点和建议。
总体来说，撰写Review文章需要具备扎实的专业基础和广泛的阅读视野，同时要注意逻辑性和条理性，能够客观地评价前人研究成果，并提出有见地的观点和建议。
什么是LiteratureReview（文献综述）？快到ddl你还懵？
什么是LiteratureReview（文献综述）？快到ddl你还懵？不知不觉，八月已经过了快一半了，还有不到一个月就要交dissertation，也就是毕业论文了。
在阅读了大量文献和确定研究方法主题后，作为dissertation的第一个大模块，很多小伙伴都在开始撰写Literature Review了。
最近，君君收到很多来自毕业生的消息，咨询如何写Literature Review，并觉得特别头疼这一部分。
今天，让我们一步一步剖析什么是LR怎么写好LR吧！首先，我们要明确什么是LR。
什么是LR01毕业论文作为学术性作文，LR部分需要向读者提供有关你主题的重要文献的分析性概述。
如果你的受众比你对该主题的了解少，那么你的目的就是教学。
当然啦，绝大多数同学做的研究项目属于这一种：如果受众（导师）比你更了解这个话题，那么你的目的是展示对该主题的熟悉程度，专业知识的贮备和智能。
# 将一个人的原创作品放在现有文献的背景下。
# 解释与您的主题相关的主要问题。
# 描述每项工作与正在考虑的其他工作的关系。
# 找出解释的新方法，并阐明以往研究中的任何差距。
# 解决之前看似矛盾的研究中的冲突。
# 确定哪些文献对理解您的主题做出了重要贡献。
# 指出进一步研究你的主题的方法。
LR要写什么？02简单来说，我们要牢牢记住一个词“结构合理well structured”你的想法必须在逻辑上从一个点流向另一个点，或是从一个点拓展散射开到几个相对于的研究问题上。
内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。
归类：将你收集到的这些文献划分类别和概念，也就是按照Research Question归类关联：将前人的工作与你的工作，你想法之前的作品和你的研究点联系起来。
评估：对那些对理解和发展主题做出最大贡献的作品提供结论。
在写这四大部分的过程中，每当你计划将文献纳入你LR的过程中，先思考这几个问题：资格:这篇文章作者有什么资格来做出判断?中立:作者的观点是公正的还是有偏见的?可信度:作者的哪篇论文哪个观点令人信服，为什么?价值:作者的结论是否增加了你研究的问题的价值?看到这里，已经成功了一半啦！加油继续哦！内容上我们主要有四大项必须满足概念：利用文献概述你正在考虑的主题，问题或理论。
literature review
文献综述
文献综述的基本概念
文献综合评述简称为文献综述。文献综述是指
在全面搜索和深人阅读相关文献的基础上,经过 归纳整理和分析综合,对所研究的问题(学科、 专题)在某时期内采用的研究方法、已取得的研 究成果、需进一步解决的问题与新的发展趋势 进行全面系统的叙述和评论。
文献综述在科研中有着十分重要的作用。在科研开始
的阶段,通过撰写文献综述或阅读已正式发表的高水平 的文献综述可以使科研人员对某专题的研究现状和发 展趋势等全面情况有比较完整、系统、明确的认识,从 而根据有关研究的进展和困境选定有意义、有价值的 研究课题。
研究论文的文献回顾
文献回顾是研究论文导论部分的第二个 Nhomakorabea骤。文献综述的形式：
1、独立的文献综述文章； 2、博士学位论文或硕士学位论文的引言部分
（也可以是独立的一章）； 3、研究论文引言部分的第二个步骤
文献综述的目的与作用
文献综述的目的是通过深人了解、分析对某专题前人
已公开发表的研究成果,指出该专题研究的现状与特点、 应该进一步解决的问题和未来的研究趋势与方向,并提 出自己的观点和建议。
若直接引述了所引文献中的短语、词组、整个句子或
一段行文,则还需在括号中加人引文的页数。 According to Hawlader, the model based on Dreyer and Erens‟ s correlation can be used for „„the modeling of water droplets motion in cooling towers”(2000, p.451)。
在文献回顾中,论文作者会进一步说明自己研究 工作的背景及动机。作者既要表示自己对同一 研究领域里其他学者曾发表的相关研究十分熟 悉,也要反映自己的研究工作和这些其他学者过 去的研究工作之间的关系。
第6章 学位论文的核心：正文部分
第6章学位论文的核心：正文部分学位论文的目录、摘要、参考文献和附录，都是论文的附属部分。
学位论文的核心是其正文（Main body）部分。
正文包括绪论、本论和结论三个部分，其中绪论包括引言和文献综述，本论一般包括研究方法及设计、研究结果及讨论等几个部分，学士学位论文的结论部分一般不再分述。
一篇完整的学位论文，其本体的内在逻辑，指的就是由导论、本论、结论三部分内容形成的先后之间的内在联系。
因此，要求这一部分主题明确、内容充实、论据充分可靠、论证合乎逻辑。
6.1引言引言（Introduction）又称前言，属于整篇论文的绪论部分。
引言的作用是点题，要清楚阐明所要研究的问题，以及为什么要进行此项研究；阐述问题的背景、工作意义、研究范围。
作为论文的起始段落，引言必须阐述问题的由来，回答“为什么做该项研究”这个问题。
这里包括两个方面的内容，一是问题从何说起，即问题的出处；二是问题为何提出，即提出的必要性。
6.1.1引言的框架结构引言通常由三个部分组成：i）研究的总体描述（General Description of the Research）这一部分解决“从何说起”的问题。
说明激发你从事该项研究的原因，概括地写出研究意图、简要介绍论文研究的大背景，找到目前存在的问题，给出本次研究的起点、追求的目标，以此来表明本篇论文的创新性，体现文章的价值。
由于是总体描述，只需列出一些大的方面。
研究问题中的具体细节，可在绪论的第二部分“文献综述”中逐个提出。
ii）研究目的和意义（Research Motivations and Objectives）研究目的和意义就是要论证研究的必要性。
研究目的是研究要解决什么问题。
读者中希望在引言部分了解到论文的研究假设（待回答的问题）是什么。
可以简单介绍研究的范围、关键概念的定义，有时还需要交待研究的性质、以及研究的预期成果等，但都不必展开讨论。
研究意义就是研究的功用和价值，包括理论和实践两个方面的价值。
综述标准格式
综述的标准格式一般包括以下几个部分：
1.引言（Introduction）：简要介绍综述的主题和背景，阐述综述的目的和意义。
2.文献回顾（Literature Review）：对相关文献进行系统回顾和分析，总结前人的研
究成果和不足之处。
3.研究方法（Research Methods）：说明综述所采用的研究方法，包括文献检索、筛
选、整理和分析等过程。
4.综述主体（Main Body）：根据研究主题和目的，对相关文献进行分类和归纳，从
不同的角度和层面进行深入分析和阐述。
5.结论（Conclusion）：总结综述的主要观点和结论，指出研究的贡献和不足之处，
并提出未来研究的方向和建议。
在撰写综述时，需要注意以下几点：
1.保持客观公正的态度，对前人的研究成果进行全面、客观、准确地评价。
2.注重文献的全面性和权威性，尽可能涵盖相关领域的代表性文献。
3.对文献进行分析和归纳，提炼出主要观点和规律性认识。
4.遵循学术规范，引用文献要注明出处，避免抄袭和剽窃。
5.语言简练、清晰，逻辑严谨，结构紧凑。
Literature Review (Sample 1)文献综述
Literature ReviewC12 英语〔1〕 X X XTess of the D’Urbervilles is generally regarded as Tomas Hardy’s finest novel. Since its publication in 1891, it has encountered considerable concern in literary criticism. Among these numerous essays dwelling on Tess, most criticisms and interpretations focus on probing into the root of Tess’s tragedy. These scholars ponder Tess’s tr agedy from various perspectives and give a multitude of interpretations on this topic. But no one can exhaust such a great work，there is still much room for further consideration about Tess’s tragedy. Through several months’ efforts in searching, collectin g and reading an abundance of scholars and professors’ literature concerning causes of tragedy of Tess, I have learned much and gained a lot of data and create the following essay which summons up the essence of the literature.1．Analyses of Objective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.The Age Characteristic and the Rebel in Tess of the D’U rbervilles – A Feminine Decoding on Tess of the D’U rbervilles by Jiang Lu introduces the economic background of the story. Jiang states that the story of Tess happened during the late half of 19th century, which witnessed the decline and destruction of the English peasantry. It was an age of transition and great social upheavals. With the development of capitalism, England was slowly developing from its former state of a mainly agricultural country to its new condition of a primarily industrial society, because of which the traditional self-sufficient society order in the country was broken. Helplessly confronted with the change, the country villagers were deprived of their lands, houses and other possessions. Then, in possession of few things they were forced to immigrate away from their accustomed land and to be employed as farm workers. Therefore, country peasants were inflicted tragically by the industrial development. This part clearly demonstrates the economic situation of the farmer at Victorian age which is quite beneficial to my paper.An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by YuKun discusses the tragedy of Tess from the perspective of Ecofeminism, this paper practically explores the close relationship between women and nature and women’s tragic fate as the result of industrialization and patriarchal society, which helps me understand Tess’s tragedy from a new angle. It points out that at the late Victorian Age when industrialization began to encroach upon the countryside rapidly and capitalism developed further, the peasants lost their land and many of them were impoverished. Tess’s family,without exception, was poverty-stricken, which turned out to be the very root of her tragedy. Tess, impelled by the economic pressure from her family, had to go to claim kindred with prosperous D’Urbervilles family where she met evil Alec who deprived of her virginity; and it was her poor family that made Tess return to Alec. Besides, the society in the Victorian period was a man-dominated society, woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality. Angel who set a double moral standard for man and woman certainly couldn’t conceive of a relationship of equality with Tess. He couldn’t forgive Tess for her lost of virginity although he himself had dissipated past. Thus he finally abandoned Tess because of her “impurity〞, which gave Tess a fatal blow.The Connotation and Characteristic of “Angels in House〞in Victorian Period of England by Zeng Yayin demonstrates perfect women’s image in people’s mind in Victorian period. It says that a traditional Victorian woman is supposed to be a perfect woman. First, they should be gentle, graceful and charming, that is to keep an attractive appearance. Second, they should be submissive. They were taught to be sympathetic, gentle and considerable to other people. And the most important thing was to be submissive to their father or brothers, and after being married, their submission turned to their husbands. Third, they should have pure bodies. Traditionally, virginity was worshipped as a symbol of honor for an unmarried woman. It was very important for a younger woman to be a virgin before marriage and be loyal to her husband after she married him, and virginity was a girl’s virtue and value as well. Fourth, home was her whole world. She should sacrifice herself for her husband and the family. Taking care of the family and making the home healthy andcomfortable was undoubtedly all her duty. Besides, they were economically dependent, what they should do was to stay at home which was the shelter for them, and to seek for support and protection from them, so marriage was pretty much their best choice. All in all, the idle Victorian woman should be devoted, pure both mentally and physically and submissive. This paper gives me a general idea of the image of women in Victorian period, which will help me a lot in my paper.Analysis of Tragedy of Tess by Tang Xuan points out that Tess is a typical female tragedy, considering the convention and the bourgeois morality of her time. The last years of the nineteenth century were the Victorian period. Victorian morality imposed rigid norm on women, which demanded women to be pure. The loss of virginity was a fatal blow to Tess as she was turned against and crushed by the social convention. It was a man-dominated society, in which woman had to suffer the injustices of man-made law, the law by which man and woman were not equally treated in terms of morality and the use of double standard in sexual matters was the essential feature of the Victorian society. This was why Tess, being violated by Alec, unfairly suffered from being morally and socially spurned and punished while Alec remained free from any social reprimands. What is more, according to the Victorian customs, a man could live a dissipating life as he had once done while a woman could not. This double standard for man and woman made it impossible for Angel who was dominated by the conventional social custom and the bourgeois view of morality to forgive Tess. This part helps get a better idea of the impact of social convention and morality on Tess’s tragedy.The Ruin of a Pure Woman — Analyses of the Tragedy of Tess by Zhou Hong says that Tess is the victim of capitalist law and hypocritical religion. It states that Alec dared to do evil at his pleasure not only because he was a man of money and power, but also because he was under the protection of bourgeois law which was employed as a tool to rule ordinary people and was always at bourgeois’ interest. According to the law, it was ironic that the man who seduced Tess was justified while Tess who suffered damage was sinful. Oppressed by so strong social prejudice, Tess was deprived of the right to protect herself and forced to accept the unfair treatmentimposed on her. Thus, she was doomed to be a victim of power and violence. Besides, hypocritical religion was also closely related to Tess’s tragedy. In capitalis t society, religion was just used as a tool to lull and enslave people. When Tess met Alec again, to Tess’s as tonishment , Alec, the man who seduced her and ruthlessly pushed her into the abyss of tragedy, could resort to Christianity and became a priest who asked people to do good deeds. From this part I can see that both bourgeois law and religion are hypocritical.2. Reflection on Subjective F actors in Tess’s Tragedy.Analysis of Tess’s Character by Xu Haibo focuses on Tess’s character to explain the cause of Tess’s tragedy. It points out that the character of Tess is closely related to her fate, it is the tension in her character that leads her to the tragedy. The most obvious ones are those between humility and pride, and between innocence and sensuality. Ultimately it can be said that the tension is the one between obedience and rebellion within her character. It presents that both historical conditions and living environment contribute to the formation of Tess’s character. Tess has the qualities of kindness, honesty, diligence and loyalty which are shared by the label people, besides, she also inherits the pride traditionally associated with noble families, but her pride is conflicted with her social and economic position. In this paper, the author gives a detailed explanation with examples about the tension in Tess’s character which helps me better understand his idea. Besides it points out that there is also conflict between acquired conventional belief and instinctive independence of mind, and between ignorance and education in Tess’s character, which can also be seen from many cases. From this article, I get a good knowledge of Tess’s character as well as its relationship with her fate.Study on the Tragic Fate of Tess by Zhou Zhongxin and Wang Yanwen points out that Tess is a pure woman, but, ironically, her purity becomes the decisive factor of her tragedy. It states that Tess’s pure nature is fully embodied by her strong sense of responsibility and self -sacrifice to her family. When their horse is killed in an unexpected accident, nobody blames Tess as she blames herself, therefore, she doesn’trefuse once more her parent’s suggestion to claim kin with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family although she is not willing to do so. This is the very action that ruins all her life, she is seduced by Alec and later gives birth to an illegitimate baby. Moreover, her sense of responsibility is also clearly revealed when she becomes a mistress of Alec because of the desperate situation of her family. Tess’s purity is also displayed in her honesty and loyalty to love. When she is seduced by Alec, she bravely chooses to leave him at once irrespective of the pressure of her family and the society, because she realizes that she has never loved Alec.As to Angle, she falls in love with him deeply, but she continuously refuses Angle’s wooing because she thinks her being his wife is a shame for him. In order to protect Angle, she is willing to sacrifice her own feeling and happiness. Although she accepts Angle at last, she decides to disclose her past to him because of her honesty and true love for Angle. But her confession only results in an end of their marriage, she is deserted by her heartless husband, which leads to her miserable life soon afterwards. This paper offers me a good idea of the relationship be tween Tess’s purity and her tragedy.A Multi Perspective of the Tragedy of Tess of the D’Urbervil les by PengYan mentions the persecution of religion on Tess. Brought up in a heavily religious environment, Tess is deeply poisoned by religious thought, which forces Tess to bear enormous psychological pressure and induces her to sink into tragical abyss. Tess is a victim of religious doctrine. When her baby is dying, she suddenly realizes that she hasn’t been baptized and therefore will die without salvation a nd go to hell, but no parson is willing to do it for her baby, so she decides to baptize her baby by herself. Obviously, all her terrors about the hell are coming from the religious doctrine taught to her. Besides, although she used to doubt the existence of God when she feels desperate toward life, she can’t free herself from the shadow of religion. She always uses religious thought to imagine, explain and symbolize her miserable life. When she meets a man writing biblical texts on walls, she consciously feels ashamed and guilty for her loss of virginity, although it is not her fault. She is always self-contempt and keeps torturing herself by hypocritical religion thought. From this part I get to know religion’s impact on Tess.My Opinion about Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Li Honglan points out her family’s role in causing her tragedy. It says that Tess’s parents are ignoran t and vain，which leads directly to Tess’s tragedy. Tess’s father, Jack is lazy, selfish and foolish. When he hears of the news about his noble ancestry, he thinks his family will surely become rich if only Tess go to claim kinship with the wealthy family. When Tess is seduced by Alec, he doesn’t care about his daughter’s feelings and lock the door to prevent Tess from going out, the only thing that worries him is what others will think of this collapse of his family pride.Besides, Tess’s mother Joan is no better than Jack. The news of ancestry also affects her, she wants her daughter to rise in the world by making a successful marriage and thus bring fortunes to the whole family. When Tess chooses to leave Alec, she blames Tess for not marrying him and when Tess is deserted by Angle, she thinks it is all Tess’s fault. At the same time, her father doesn’t show sympathy for Tess either, he even doubts about her marriage, which makes Tess unable to live at home any more. Since her parents cannot be relied on, Tess takes on her younger shoulder the family burdens. She has a strong sense of responsibility towards her family and at almost every stage of her life it is her concern for family that influences her actions-from her agreement to claim kinship to family D’Urberville right to her final decision to return to Alec is totally due to her responsibility to support her family. From this analysis, I get a comprehensive knowledge about the influence of Tess’s family on her tragedy.Tess一A Pure but Tragic Woman by Zhang Qun discusses the influence of two men —Alec and Angle on Tess’s tragedy. It explains that Alec, typical of a bourgeois villain, m etamorphoses himself into the more dignified style of Alec D’Urberville and decorates himself as a man of nice heart. He takes advantage of Tess’s poverty and innocence, and seduces her on purpose. Thus , Tess intends to look for a way out but is driven by him to a way with a dead end. On the other hand, Angle is a representative of bourgeois intellectuals. He regards himself as a man full of new thoughts who isn’t bound by social customs. However, as a matter of fact, he couldn’t free himself from it. He idealizes Tess as symbol of purity and pursues her enthusiasticaly, but desert her as soon as Tess’s confession. Given up by her husband,Tess can’t support her family on her own and she is foeced by the death of her father and consequent loss of their cottage to succumbe to Alec to be his mistress. But out of her expection, Angle comes back, she is so shocked and regretfull that she kills Alec, because she thinks it is the only way out. From this analysis, I get a sense of these two men’s impact on Tess and I will use some of his idea in my paper.3. Introduction to the A uthor’s Outlook Reflected in the Novel.On Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Hu Ye says that Tess’s t raged y is related to Thomas Hardy’s fatalisti c outlook on life. Tess’s life can be divided into several stages and every stage is sprinkled a series of coincidences that push Tess to the doomed abyss. In this paper, it gives details about these coincides. At the outset, Tess’s father John Durbeyfield is so excited at the news of her ancestor that he drink himself drunk, so Tess has to replace her father to send the beehives to the market. Then the accidental death of the horse Prince destroys the family’s livelihood, so Tess is forced to go to claim k in with the wealthy D’Urbervilles family, where she is seduced by Alec.After this great frustration, she happens to meets Angle and falls in love with him. When she is about to marry him, Tess decides to write her past in a letter and thrusts it from unde r the door into Angel’s bedroom. But the paper gets mislaid under the carpet and Angel does not see it, which directly leads to the break of their marriage. When Tess eventually decides to visit Angel’s parents and asks them for help, she unfortunately ove rhears the conversation of Angel’s brothers, then she give up asking help from them. There is also the coincidence that she reencounters with Alec at exactly the moment when she is most vulnerable, then she becomes her mistress. Considering these coincides, I think that there is close relationship between Tess’s tragedy and these coincidences, although they all happen by chance.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragical ness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure by Zuo Yanru says that Thomas Hardy is an inheritor of classical tragedy, so he naturally transplanting the ideas of fatalism into his tragedy novels, and Tess of the D’Urbervilles is a typicalone. It tells that Hardy’s perspective of fatalism ha s two distinctive features. First, his fatalism often arises from the external environment, both social and physical, and the internal character of the protagonists. This realistic concern is a new aspect of fatalism. Second, in order to achieve the desire d tragic effect, Hardy’s destructive forces are reflected as the combination of accidents and inevitabilities, which aims to produce a strong sense of fate. The two features makes Hardy’s novels produce a strong sense of fatalism. This introduction lets me know the character of Hardy’s fatalism and its influence on the novel.Having read the above literature concerning the analyses of Tess’s tragedy, we have no difficulty to find that more and more scholars and professors both at home and abroad begin to p ay attention to the field of the cause of Tess’s tragedy. Most of them probe into this field from the perspective of social background, the heroine’s inner factors or the heroes destructive impact, there are not many other interpretations, however, all of them give me good guide to this topic and help me gain a better understanding of various elements relating to Tess’ tragedy, it also evokes my interest towards this topic and stimulates me to study this topic from a new perspective. In my paper, I tend to analyze the tragedy of Tess from individual choices with the help of the achievements of the critical study done by the former Hardy scholars, and I hope that I can make some contribution to this field by reading extensively and analyzing the literature.ReferencesXu Haibo. Analysis of Tess’s Character [J]. ?语文学刊(高教·外文版)?2007(06) Zhang Qun. Tess—A Pure but Tragic Woman [J]. Journal of Donghua University (Eng.Ed.) 2003(20).胡艳.论哈代?德伯家的苔丝?中的宿命论和悲观主义色彩[J].?太原科技大学报?2021(02).蒋橹.?苔丝?中的时代特征与叛逆形象—苔丝的女性主义视觉解析[J].?电影评介?2006(14).[J].?青海师专学报(教育科学)?2005(05).彭焱. “苔丝〞悲剧的多层次透视[J].?内江师范学院学报?2005(20).唐璇.?苔丝?悲剧根源剖析[J].?南华大学学报(社会科学版)?2006(01).于坤. An Ecofeminist Reading of Thomas Hardy’s Tess of the D’Urbervilles[J]. ?高等教育与学术研究?2007(01).—?苔丝?悲剧分析[J].?电影评介?2007(11).左燕茹.Tragic Consciousness Inherited and Future Developed in Hardy’s Novels On The Tragicalness in Tess of D’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure [D].济南：山东师范大学. 2004.“家庭天使〞的内涵和特点[J].?达县师范高等专科学校学报(社会科学版)?2005(04).[J].? 电影评介?2021(11).。
文献综述与论文摘要的写法（Literaturereviewandpapersummary）
文献综述与论文摘要的写法（Literature review and papersummary）All aboveI. overview1. What is the review: review, also known as review. It is a paper that USES published literature as the source material.The review includes two aspects: "heddle" and "statement". In summary, the author must summarize and analyze the large amount of material in possession, and make the material more refined, clearer, more hierarchical and more logical. The so-called statement is a review, which is a comprehensive, deep and systematic discussion on the topic. Therefore, this paper is on a particular project, a certain historical background, the previous work, the focus of debate in the field of, research status and development prospects, etc., in the opinion of the author himself of rigorous and systematic reiew, informative scientific papers.The review reflects the progress of research in a particular topic, in a certain area. Can put the project, the recent progress in the field and its branch, new discoveries, new trends, new levels, new theory and new technology is comprehensively introduced to the reader, make readers especially readers engaged in the work of the project, the research in this field have benefited. Therefore, the review is an important reference material for teaching, research and production.2. Review of the type: according to the collection of the original document number, the degree of refining processing, and academic level of organization forms of writing, this paper can be divided into the inductive, ordinary and critical three categories.(1) inductive review: inductive review is the author will collect all the documents, and according to certain order to classify arrangement, make them mutual association, coherent, and write academic papers with organized, systematic and logical. It can reflect the current research progress in a particular topic and field to a certain extent, but few authors have their own opinions or opinions.(2) the normal sexual review: regular review system has a certain academic level of the author, on the basis of collecting more data written due to the systematic and logic of the academic papers, this paper expresses the author's point of view or bias. Therefore, the paper has some guiding significance and reference value for readers who work in this topic and in this field.(3) critical review: the critical review system has a higher academic level and the author of higher attainments in the field. On the basis of collecting a lot of data, the author summarized the original material, analyzed and wrote the critical academic papers that reflected the current research progress and development prospect in this field. Due to the strong logic of the thesis, there are more authors' opinions and comments. Therefore, it has universal guiding significance to readers andhas guiding significance to the research work of readers.Second, the writing format of the reviewThe summary is different from the general scientific paper. The scientific paper focuses on the scientific nature of the method and the credibility of the results, especially the positive results. And review to write themes (a) in the project, a field of detailed information, not only to point out that the development background and the meaning of work, but also should have the authors' critiques, points out that the study of the causes of success or failure; Not only to point out that the current research hot spot and the focal point of controversy, but also should be pointed out that needs to be further exploration and the research field of virgin: not only to introduce the dynamic and the latest progress of the subject, but also should be on the basis of the review,Forecast development trend and application prospect. Review writing format is diversified, therefore, in addition to the title, name, abstract, key words (the four parts is the same as general scientific papers), generally includes preface, main body, conclusion and references four parts, the former three parts in the body of the system after the part is the basis of summarizing the writing.1. Preface: with general scientific papers, preface, also known as the introduction, is to guide readers are part of the thesis, the main purpose and the role of narrative review, an overview of the theme of the related concepts and definitions, briefly describes the history of the selected topic background,development process, present situation, the focus of debate, the application value and practical significance, and can also define the scope of review. Make the reader to review the theme of a first impression. This part is about 200 ~ 300 words.2. The main body part: main body length range is big, short of about 5000 words, the elderly can reach tens of thousands of words, the narration way agile diversity, not must follow the same pattern, used by the author according to the review, the content of the design and creation. Generally, the content of the main part can be divided into a few large parts, each part of a brief and eye-catching subtitle. Some of the criteria are varied, some are chronologically, some are subject to problems, others are based on different points of view, some are in stages of development. However, any approach should include historical development, current review and development prospects.(1) historical development: in chronological order, the context and development of the theme and the level of research in each stage are outlined.(2) status review: the focus is on the current research situation at home and abroad, focusing on which problems have been solved and which problems have not been solved, and the possible solutions are proposed. The current debate focuses on the similarities and differences of various points of view and makes theoretical explanations, and the author's opinion is bright. The theory and hypothesis of creative and developmental future are introduced in detail, and the arguments are presented to indicate possible trends.(3) prediction of development prospects: by comparing and contrasting, affirming the research level of the subject, pointing out existing problems, suggesting possible development trends, indicating the research direction, and indicating the shortcut of research.3. Summary: the summary is also called conclusion, summary or conclusion. When writing summaries, it is possible to put forward a few concise and precise opinions and Suggestions on the basis of the discourse of the subject. The main content of the main body can also be summarized briefly, and the author's own opinions are put forward to show the author's approval and opposition. For a small summary, it is possible to make a summary of the summary, but only after the contents of the main parts are discussed.4. Reference: references are the raw materials of the review. It is also the basis of the review. Therefore, it is of great importance to have sufficient references. In addition to showing respect for the work of the cited author and the information that indicates that the reference has its scientific basis, it is more important for the reader to explore the subject in depth and provide clues to the relevant literature.3. The writing steps and precautions of the reviewA review of the writing steps.(1) topic: the following principles should be followed:The topics or areas of choice: the topics that have been accumulating in recent years, which have been rapid, novel, and not yet widely available; Or research conclusions inconsistent with controversial themes or new discoveries and new technologies in our country with applied value themes.The relationship between the topic and the author: the subject should be closely related to the author. Or the subject of an interdisciplinary subject with the author; Or the subject of the author's forthcoming exploration and research; Or a subject that is not relevant to the author, but is willing to explore; Or scientific intelligence as the subject of research.The subject should be specific, specific, and the scope should not be too large.The selection must be innovative and practical.(2) collecting literature: after the topic is determined, relevant literature materials should be consulted and accumulated. This is the basis of the review. Thus, the more literature that is required, the better. The commonly used method is to consult the literature through the retrieval of reference books such as abstracts and index periodicals. We can also use microcomputer networking to search for advanced literature review methods.(3) reading and organizing literature: reading literature is an important step in writing a summary. In reading literature, therefore, must grasp the main points of the literature andargument, do a good job in "reading notes", and making literature excerpts CARDS, write in their own words when reading the resulting Revelations, experience and thoughts, from literature essence, the best raw material for review. The process of reading literature and making CARDS is actually the process of digesting and absorbing the essence of the literature. The CARDS and notes made are easy to process. They can be sorted and arranged according to the theme of the review, which can be serialized and organized. Finally, scientific analysis of the classified information, combined with the author's practical experience, wrote the experience and put forward his own viewpoint.(4) write an article: before writing a review, you should write an outline of your writing, then write the first draft and modify it after the "creative heat" is cooled.2. Write notes for review.(1) the content of the review should not be written before. If someone has published a similar review, it is generally inappropriate to repeat it, and it is not possible to use the content of other people's review as the material for the review.(2) for certain new knowledge areas and new technologies, the development of the subject can be traced back to the writing, and some basic knowledge should be added to the readers' understanding. Topics that are well known or well known should only be written about their new progress, new developments, new developments, and no repetition of previous studies that have been reviewed.(3) the material of the review comes from previous research reports, which must be faithful to the original text, not to be taken out of context, to castrate or distort the views of previous generations.(4) review of the authors must have the basic knowledge of writing subject, the history and development process, a comprehensive understanding of the latest progress, or the author itself also engaged in the research of this topic, is the theme of "experts", otherwise easy to mistake, comedy tends.(5) review, the collection of documents and materials as complete as possible, don't you just begin to write, collect some literature more taboo to read a few Chinese language materials, then made a so-called were reviewed.(6) the raw material of the review should reflect a new word.。
Literature+Review（精选五篇）
Literature+Review（精选五篇）第一篇：Literature+Review什么是Literature Review？Literature Review 就是回顾总结过去所发生的事，回顾总结前人所写的文献。
Literature Review通常出现在毕业论文里面的第一部分。
为什么写Literature Review？写Literature Review的目的，就是为了通过回顾前人所做的研究和文献，来确定自己毕业论文的研究方向（确保自己的论文是研究出新的成果，做出新的贡献，而不是重复前人研究出来的东西，比如说，1+1=2，这个就没必要研究了，之前已经有无数人反复研究过，并验证过了）。
而且在论文里面写Literature Review，是为了让阅读的人对这篇毕业论文有一个大体的了解。
怎么写Literature Review？在Literature Review里面，主要是总结前人的文献，和过去发生的事。
这就需要阅读很多之前的资料。
一定是要写总结，很多学生只是把以前的资料在Literature Review里复述一遍，是不行的。
而且，Literature Review千万不能得出结论，比如说，你的毕业论文是调查有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，还是穷人家庭的学生成绩好，Literature Review就是要写总结之前各个学者做的研究，新闻的报道，为什么有些学者觉得有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，或有些学者觉得穷人家庭的学生成绩好，两面性都要总结出来，之后你下一部分的分析（Findings Analysis），也就是你这篇毕业论文的成果，才是你要得出的结论：有钱人家庭的学生成绩好，或是穷人家庭的学生成绩好。
所以说，选研究题目也是很重要，要找一些两面性的，还没能得出结论的，少人研究的研究题目。
没什么好研究的题材，做出来的也不是什么好毕业论文，比如说，宇宙有没有太阳。
今天就说这么多，下次继续说其他的吧。
literature review 五个部分 -回复
literature review 五个部分-回复以下是关于五个部分的文献综述：第一部分：引言引言部分对研究领域进行简要介绍，并提出研究的问题或研究目的。
这一部分还包括背景信息，目的是为读者提供对该领域的基本了解，并明确研究的意义和重要性。
在引言中，还应提及前人研究中已有的主要发现，以及存在的知识空白或矛盾之处。
第二部分：文献综述方法文献综述方法部分解释了收集文献的方法和来源。
这可能包括文献数据库的使用（如PubMed、Google Scholar等），选择关键词进行搜索，并对选定的文献进行筛选和评估的过程。
在这一部分中，还应该解释选择文献的标准，例如研究的时间范围、语言限制、研究设计等。
第三部分：已有研究的综述已有研究的综述部分是对先前研究工作的总结和评估。
这一部分可以按研究主题或研究问题划分成几个子部分。
对于每个子主题，应对相关的文献进行分析，提取关键信息并总结研究中的主要发现。
可以使用图表或表格来可视化这些发现，以帮助读者更好地理解。
第四部分：文献综述的结果在文献综述结果部分，对研究领域的主要趋势和模式进行合成，并探讨已有研究的局限性。
这一部分应提供对已有研究的综合反思，并指出未来研究的方向和可能的改进。
在这一部分中，还可以讨论可能存在的理论争议或相互矛盾的研究结果。
第五部分：结论结论部分是对整个文献综述的总结，并回答研究问题或目的。
在结论中，应强调已有研究工作的贡献，并提出未来研究的建议。
此外，还可以讨论文献综述对实际应用或政策制定的重要性，并概括对该领域的贡献。
文献综述在研究过程中起着重要的作用，可以为研究者提供一个全面的背景和理论基础。
通过对已有研究的归纳和总结，文献综述可以识别出已有研究的局限性，并为未来研究的方向提供指导。
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避免出现：
用自己感兴趣地研究领域作为自己的选题 没有理论价值的选题，不能为实证而实证
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二、摘要
简介、清晰、全面 介绍以下关键内容：
研究问题 研究方法 研究发现 研究意义
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三、引言
研究意义(Why，为什么值得研究)
准确(accurate) 简约(si 研究领域考虑因素
前沿与热点 经典重要问题
研究问题的来源
文献研读：一定要做笔记
他怎么说的他的意义，他为什么研究这个问题 他的研究内容是什么 研究方法是什么 他最后得出来的结论是什么
实践意义
对不同利益相关者的意义和影响
理论意义意义（缺口或矛盾）
实践中无法解释的现象，可能的误区 现有理论的不足 突出或“制造矛盾”
要点
条理化：1.;2.;3. 适当引用少量重要文献支撑研究的意义
研究现状（简要） 明确提出研究问题(What)
最好使用问句的格式提出问题
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参考文献
ANALYZING THE PAST TO PREPARE FOR THE FUTURE WRITING A LITERATURE REVIEW.pdf
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分组任务要求
精选论文
1篇英文 MIS Quarterly，Journal of marketing等 3篇中文 1级以上杂志或国家自然科学基金委管理科学部认定期刊或 《信息系统学报》 实证研究论文，严格遵循假设——检验的研究范式
3人一组 撰写笔记，说明这些论文的研究问题、有趣的故事、理论 意义与实践意义，并在此基础上说明如何选题
提交论文原文和笔记 阅读技巧：洋八股
Presentation
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研究内容必须是文献综述的自然延伸
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文献回顾部分的常见问题
缺乏针对性(普适性是大敌!) 与研究问题、研究模型、研究方法脱节 简单罗列（缺乏逻辑关系和组织框架） 以作者/文章为线索（而不是以内容为组织 框架） 只述不评
应该发现关键的研究空间
东北财经大学管理科学与工程学院
选题、摘要、引言与文献回顾
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一、确立选题：就一个具体的实证分析而言 什么是好的选题
要有理论贡献：新理论的构建+现有理论的检 验
新建一个理论是比较困难的，比较现实的是理论的 修正、扩展以及中国化
要有实践意义
热点的问题，或者是说是未来的趋势，如果是过去 的一个事，就不要去研究它 中国特色
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什么是理论？（2）
结构变量及其定义
结构变量之间关系的假设命题
直接影响 中介效应 调节效应
对命题的论证
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TAM
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两种基本形式的理论
命题理论(Propositional theories)
新且有趣的问题 可操作性
数据的可得性
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参考文献
What Theory is Not.pdf
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什么是理论？（毛基业，2011）
“理论是一组文字或符号表示的断言（assertions)， 说明什么变量重要，为什么重要，它们之间如何 相互作用及其原因， 以及它们相关与否的条件” (Campbell,1990) “理论是一组相关构念（概念）、定义、和命题， 它通过变量之间的特定关系表达了对 现象的系统 性理解，目的是解释和预测现象” (Kerlinger, 1986) 关于构念（变量）之间关系的陈述，目的是回答 如何、何时、和为什么(how, when, and why)的 问题，是解释而不是描述；后者的目的是回答 “是什么”(what) (Bacharach, 1989)
解释特定变量之间的关系，X Y
范式理论(Paradigmatic theories)
某研究领域内普遍接受的解释形式，它甚至可 以定义一个学派 例如，自我效用理论、交易成本理论、和制度 理论
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好理论的判别标准（Weick，1979）
普适(general)
简要说明本研究的研究内容和贡献 介绍论文的结构安排
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四、文献综述
对已有文献的梳理
回答什么已知，什么未知 需要有总结、和评估 对前人工作的不足客观公正评价 覆盖最新和最重要的文献
明确现有研究的空白点和本研究的贡献
引入新变量+提出新关系+转换研究背景（Whetten，1989）
指出前人研究中的问题，但又不去解决 二手、三手引用
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文献综述(A)-较差的形式
作者A认为 作者B认为 作者C认为 作者D认为 作者E认为 作者F认为
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文献综述(B) )-较好的形式
研究发现一(作者A,作者C,作者E) 研究发现二(作者A,作者C,作者E),但作者B 认为 研究发现三(作者A,作者C,作者E) 研究发现四(作者A,作者C,作者E) 总结, 已有研究发现（已知）:一、。。。 二、。。。三、。。。四、。。。但是 （未 知,研究缺口-本研究拟填补）。。。
实践观察：
找出相反的例子，做一些理论的扩充。
二者的结合
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简化操作
问题具体，可用
变量（可测量）和 变量之间的关系（模型）来表示
理论基础的选择
一定不能太经典，如果有太多人研究的理论，就别研 究了，比如说技术接受模型。 理论贡献这一块你一定要找到理论的缺陷，可以扩展 的地方。