[外语类试卷]考博英语模拟试卷164.doc

[外语类试卷]考博英语模拟试卷164一、Reading Comprehension0 For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Foods are overwhelmingly the most advertised group of all consumer products in the United States. Food products lead in expenditures for network and spot television advertisements, discount coupons, trading stamps, contests, and other forms of premium advertising. In other media- newspapers, magazines, newspaper supplements, billboards, and radio- food advertising expenditures rank near the top. Food manufacturers spend more on advertising than any other manufacturing group, and the nation's grocery stores rank first among all retailers.Throughout the 1970s, highly processed foods have accounted for the bulk of total advertising. Almost all coupons, electronic advertising, national printed media advertising, consumer premiums ( other than trading stamps) as well as most push promotion come from processed and packaged food products. In 1978, breakfast cereals, soft drinks, candy and other desserts, oils and salad dressings, coffee, and prepared foods accounted for only an estimated 20 percent of the consumer food dollar. Yet these items accounted for about one half of all media advertising.By contrast, highly perishable foods such as unprocessed meats, poultry, fish and eggs, fruits and vegetables, and dairy products accounted for over half of the consumer food-at-home dollar. Yet these products accounted for less than 8 percent of national media advertising in 1.978, and virtually no discount coupons. These products tend to be most heavily advertised by the retail sector in local newspapers, where they account for an estimated 40 percent of retail grocery newspaper ads.When measured against total food-at-home expenditures, total measured food advertising accounts for between 3 and 3.7 cents out of every dollar spent on food in the nation's grocery stores. A little less than one cent of this amount is accounted for by electronic advertising ( mostlytelevision) while incentives account for 0.6 cents. The printed media accounts for 0.5 cents and about one-third of one cent is comprised of discount coupon redemptions. The estimate for the cost of push promotion ranges from 0.7 to 1.4 cents. This range is necessary because of the difficulty in separating non-promotional aspects of direct selling—transportation, technical, and other related services.Against this gross consumer cost must be weighed the joint products or services provided by advertising. In the case of electronic advertising, the consumer who views commercial television receives entertainment, while readers of magazines and newspapers receive reduced prices on these publication. The consumer pays directly for some premiums, but also receives nonfood merchandise as an incentive to purchase theproduct. The "benefits" must, therefore, be subtracted from the gross cost to the consumer to fully assess the net cost of advertising.Also significant are the impacts of advertising on food demand, nutrition, and competition among food manufacturers. The bulk of manufacturers advertising is concentrated on a small portion of consumer food products. Has advertising changed the consumption of these highly processed products relative to more perishable foods such as meats, produce, and dairy products? Has the nutritional content of U. S. food consumption been influenced by food advertising? Has competition among manufacturers and retailers been enhanced or weakened by advertising? These are important questions and warrant continued research.1 The author's attitude towards advertising can be characterized as ______.（A）admiring（B）condemning（C）uncertain（D）inquisitive2 As used in the passage, the term "push promotion" means ______.（A）coupon redemption（B）retail advertising（C）advertising in trade journals（D）direct selling3 The author implies that advertising costs ______.（A）are greater for restaurants than for at-home foods（B）should be discounted by the benefits of advertising to the consumer（C）are much higher in the United States than anywhere else in the world（D）for prepared foods are considerably higher than for natural foods for all media4 The purpose of the passage is to ______.（A）warn about rising food advertising costs（B）let experts see how overextended food advertising has become（C）describe the costs of food advertising and the issues yet to be understood about its effects（D）congratulate the food industry on its effective advertising5 If it were discovered that the nutritional content of the U.S. food supply were degraded by the advertising of highly processed foods and such advertising was totally banned, which of the following possible results of the ban could be inferred from the passage? （A）The subscription costs of publications might rise.（B）The cost of cable television might rise.（C）The cost of free television might rise.（D）Fewer consumers would watch certain television shows.5 However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing, and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The many interviews carried on during the yearas well as new ways of reporting pupils' progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food. Using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip, and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics and at the sams time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers' conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children's misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestions for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional adviser plants ideas in parents' minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest developmefit of youngsters' capacities.6 The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that______.（A）home training is more important than school training because a child spends so many hours with his parents（B）teachers can and should help parents to understand and further the objectives of the school（C）parents unwittingly have hindered and thwarted curricular objectives（D）there are many ways in which the mathematics program can be implemented at home7 The author directly discusses the fact that ______.（A）parents drill their children too much in arithmetic（B）principals have explained the new art programs to parents（C）a father can have his son help him construct articles at home（D）a parent's misguided efforts can be redirected to proper channels8 It can reasonably be inferred that the author ______.（A）is satisfied with present relationships between home and school（B）feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental program（C）believes that schools are lacking in guidance personnel（D）feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at present9 The author implies that______.（A）participation in interesting activities relating to a school subject improves one's achievement in that area（B）too many children are lazy and have poor work habits（C）school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parents（D）only a small part of the school day should be set apart for drilling in arithmetic 10 The author's primary purpose in writing this passage is to ______.（A）tell parents to pay more attention to the guidance of teachers in the matter of educational activities in the home（B）help ensure that every child's capacities are fully developed when he leaves school（C）urge teachers and school administrators to make use of a much underused resource—the parents（D）improve the teaching of mathematics10 The newspaper must provide for the reader the facts, unalloyed, unsalted, objectively selected facts. But in these days of complex news it must provide more; it must supply interpretation, the meaning of the facts. This is the most important assignment confronting American journalism—to make clear to the reader the problems of the day, to make international news as understandable as community news, to recognize that there is no longer any such thing (with the possible exception of such scribbling as society and club news) as "local" news, because any event in the international area has a local reaction in manpower draft, in economic strain, in terms, indeed, of our very way of life.There is in journalism a widespread view that when you embark on interpretation, you are entering choppy and dangerous waters, the swirling tides of opinion. This is nonsense. The opponents of interpretation insist that the writer and the editor shall confine himself to the "facts". This insistence raises two questions: What arc the facts? And: Are the bare facts enough ?As to the first query, consider how a so-called" factual" story comes about. The reporter collects, say, fifty facts; out of these fifty, his space allotment being necessarily restricted, he selects the ten which he considers the most important. This is Judgment Number One. Then he or his editor decides which of these ten facts shall constitute the lead of the piece. ( This is an important decision because many readers do not proceed beyond the first paragraph. ) This is Judgment Number Two. Then the night editor determines whether the article shall be presented on page one, where it has a large impact, or on page twenty-four, where it has little. Judgment Number Three.Thus, in the presentation of a so-called" factual" or" objective" story, at least three judgments are involved. And they are judgments not at all unlike those involved in interpretation, in which reporter and editor, calling upon their research resources, their general background, and their "news neutralism", arrive at a conclusion as to the significance of the news.The two areas of judgment, presentation of the news and its interpretation, are both objective rather than subjective processes—as objective, that is, as any human being can be (Note in passing: even though complete objectivity can never be achieved, nevertheless the ideal must always be the beacon on the murky news channels. ) If an editor is intent on slanting the news, he can do it in other ways and more effectively than by interpretation. He can do it by the selection of those facts that prop up his particular plea. Or he can do it by the play he gives a story -- promoting it to page one or demoting it to page thirty.11 The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is ______.（A）Interpreting the News（B）Everything Counts（C）Function of the Night Editor（D）Subjective versus Objective Processes12 The writer of an article selects ten out of 50 available facts because______. （A）space is limited（B）his editor is prejudiced（C）the subject is not important（D）he is entering choppy and dangerous waters13 The author is implying that ______.（A）in writing a factual story, the writer must use judgment（B）the writer should limit himself to the facts（C）the writer should make the story interesting（D）reporters slant their stories14 The lead sentence should present the most important fact because ______. （A）it will influence the reader to continue（B）it will gratify the editor（C）some readers do not read beyond the first paragraph（D）it is the best way to write, according to the schools of journalism15 Placement of a story on page one or page twenty-four will control its ______.（A）accuracy（B）impartiality（C）impact（D）relative importance15 Both plants and animals of many sorts show remarkable changes in form, structure, growth habits, and even mode of reproduction in becoming adapted to different climatic environment, types of food supply, or mode of living. This divergence in response to evolution is commonly expressed by altering the form and function of some part or parts of the organism, the original identity of which is clearly discernible. For example, the creeping foot of the snail is seen in related marine preemptors to be modified into a flapping organ useful for swimming, and is changed into prehensile arms that bear sartorial disks in the squids and other cephalopods. The limbs of various mammals are modified according to several different modes of life—for swift running (cursorial) as in the horse and antelope, for swinging to several different modes of life—for swinging in trees (arboreal) as in the monkey, for digging ( fossorial ) as in the moles and gophers, for flying (volant) as in the bats, for swimming (aquatic) as in the seals, whales and dolphins, and for other adaptations. The structures or organs that show main change in connection with this adaptive divergence are commonly identified readily as homologous, in spite of great alterations. Thus, the fingers and wrist bones of a bat and whale, for instance, have virtually nothing in common except that they are definitely equivalent elements of the mammalian limb.16 The best title for this passage is ______.（A）Adoptive Divergence（B）Evolution（C）Unusual Structures（D）Changes in Organs17 "Homologous" means______.（A）altered（B）corresponding（C）divergent（D）mammalian18 Plants and animals change in form ______.（A）as they evolve（B）to adjust to environment（C）because of their structure（D）because of their mode of reproduction19 Homes, monkeys, moles, bats, and whales are______. （A）fossorial（B）volant（C）aquatic（D）mammalian20 Cephalopods have（A）suctorial disks（B）flapping organs（C）discernible organs（D）homologous organs二、Structure and Vocabulary21 The technology exists to complement and______ the human mind.（A）amplify（B）enrich（C）stretch（D）enhance22 Research shows that many voters who haven't yet made up their minds are______towards the Democrats.（A）sliding（B）transferring（C）skidding（D）tilting23 The remedies proposed for dealing with the situation ore only ______ promises for action for the future.（A）courageous（B）colossal（C）vague（D）elaborate24 The likely reactions of the market would need to be ______ before we decide to take action.（A）held on to（B）backed up（C）reflected on（D）cleared away25 We had a lot of good applicants for the job, but Thomas Taylor ______ from the rest by having a degree in marketing.（A）singled out（B）checked Out（C）stood aside（D）stood ont26 The table has a plastic coating which prevents liquids from ______ into the wood beneath.（A）permeating（B）circulating（C）scattering（D）spilling27 Some workers find it hard to ______ themselves to the new working conditions. （A）suit（B）accommodate（C）cater（D）furnish28 After they tested the chemical and biological ______ of the samples we had sent them, they wrote up the report.（A）assets（B）characters（C）abnormities（D）properties29 Martin asked his professor for some comments on his report but it was ______.（A）turned down（B）turned off（C）turned up（D）turned on30 The club members voted to ______ the ban on smoking.（A）refrain（B）repeal（C）repel（D）reside31 Since she knew nothing about a foreign language, she was ______ by the menu at the restaurant and did not know how to' order.（A）bewildered（B）shaken（C）annoyed（D）stunned32 The team should play very hard because the championship of the state was______. （A）at cost（B）at fault（C）at stake（D）at large33 Though he was almost ninety years old, he was still alive and ______.（A）alert（B）grave（C）elegant（D）persistent34 Mary didn't ______the new rule that her father made of being home at 5 o'clock. （A）take in（B）take after（C）take on（D）take to35 On______ to power the new President announced a program of social reforms.（A）arriving（B）coming（C）achieving（D）reaching36 No one really knows who composed this piece of music, but it has been ______ to Bach.（A）referred（B）attributed（C）identified（D）associated37 The patient was making good progress but suffered a ______ when he caught a cold.（A）setoff（B）set-in（C）setdown（D）setback38 Reading became difficult for the old man, so the optician ______ glasses.（A）prescribed（B）subscribed（C）inscribed（D）described39 Since she believed him to be both candid and trustworthy, she refused to consider the possibility that his statement had been ______.（A）dissatisfied（B）irrelevant（C）insincere（D）nonsensical40 There are no solitary, free-living creature; every form of life is ______ other form. （A）parallel to（B）dependent on（C）segregated from（D）overlapped with41 Many quarrels have______ through misunderstanding; how to solve them is important.（A）come about（B）come along（C）come around（D）come by42 My friend's parents ______ her to marry the poor young man, but at last she succeeded.（A）banned（B）prohibited（C）prevented（D）forbade43 Your letters ______ those pleasant days when we worked together, I'll remember forever.（A）call out（B）call for（C）call up（D）call on44 The middle-aged woman has been ______ with a serious illness for half a year; she is dying now.（A）laid down（B）laid off（C）laid up（D）laid in45 There is a direct flight at 3: 00 or a flight at 7: 30 in the morning that ______ in Los Angeles.（A）stops by（B）stops in（C）stops over（D）stops up46 They had their electricity ______ because they didn't pay the bill.（A）cut in（B）cut off（C）cut down（D）cut out47 The football match was______ because of the snow.（A）called off（B）put away（C）set aside（D）counted on48 After several ______ attempts to send the missile into space, the spacecraft was finally launched successfully.（A）abortive（B）difficult（C）experimental（D）excellent49 He was not ______ and preferred to be alone most of the time.（A）antisocial（B）gracious（C）sociable（D）cordial50 The Trojan War proved to the Greeks that cunning and ______ were often more effective than military might.（A）artifice（B）strength（C）wisdom（D）beauty三、Cloze50 A【51】of foreign words still look like foreign words; there are often expressions which【52】originally used by people who wanted to sound particularly well-educated. It was the desire to be scholarly that brought【53】a wave of Latin terms which appeared in the 16th century【54】the Humanist movement brought new impetus to learning throughout Europe.【55】such as, e. g. (from the Latin meaning a voluntary example); PS (meaning" added after the latter has been written" ); a.m. and【56】( meaning "before noon" and" after noon" ) came into the language at this time. Nowadays they are【57】common that most people don't even know【58】the letters actually stand for and there's certainly nothing learned about using them today !In addition to the words brought to English【59】foreigners, there are plenty of words which the British have collected from the countries they have settled in all【60】theworld. There are even a few Chinese words, which I’m sure a Chinese speaker wo uld recognize from the way we pronounce them:" typhoon" is a great wind; "to kow-tow" is to bow down low; a "sampan" is a small wooden boat. Over 5,000 of the words in common use in English today are words of foreign【61】. Some of them are clearly recognizable【62】foreign like "au pair" or "rendezvous";【63】now look so English that only a language historian knows【64】they came from.So English is in a state of permanent development. Both in Britain and abroad it is gaining【65】words and expressions, and dropping and changing old【66】. Words changes their meaning, and they go in and out of fashion【67】hairstyles. Nobody knows all the four million words that are said to exist; a well-educated person probably 【68】under 20,000. So don't be surprised if you never encounter some of the expressions that still appear in school textbook; and next time you hear somebody using a strange word you haven't heard【69】, you can comfort yourself that there may well be a native speaker somewhere who doesn't know it【70】.四、English-Chinese Translation70 At the age of twelve years, the human body is at its most vigorous. It has yet to reach its full size and strength, and its owner his or her full intelligence; but at this age the likelihood of death is least. 71.<u> Earlier, we were infants and young children, and consequently more vulnerable; later, we shall undergo a progressive loss of our vigor and resistance which, though imperceptible at first, will finally become so steep that we can live no longer, however well we look after ourselves, and however well society, and our doctors, look after us.</u> This decline in vigor with the passing of time is called aging. It is one the most unpleasant discoveries which we make that we must decline in this way, that if we escape wars, accidents and diseases we shall eventually "die of old age", and that this happens at a rate which differs little from person to person, so that there are heavy odds in favor of our dying between the ages of sixty-five and eighty. Some of us will die sooner, a few will live longer on into a ninth or tenth decade. But the chances are against it, and there is a virtual limit on how long we can hope to remain alive, however lucky and robust we are.Normal people tend to forget this process unless and until they are reminded of it.72.<u> We are so familiar with the fact that man ages, that people have for years assumed that the process of losing vigor with time, of becoming more likely to die the older we get was something self-evident, like the cooling of a kettle of hot water or the wearing-out of a pair of shoes.</u> They are also assumed that all animals, and probably other organisms such as trees, or even the universe itself, must in the nature of things "wear out". Most animals we commonly observe do in fact age as we do if given thechances to live long enough; and mechanical systems like a wound watch, or the sun, do in fact run out of energy in accordance with the second law of thermodynamics. But these are not analogous to what happens when man ages. A run-down watch is still a watch and can be rewound. An old watch, by contrast, becomes so worn and unreliable that it eventually is not worth mending. But a watch could never repair itself—it does not consist of living parts, only of metal, which wears away by friction. 73.<u> We could, at one time, repair ourselves—well enough, at least, to overcome all but the most instantly fatal illnesses and accidents. Between twelve and eighty years we gradually lose the power; an illness which at twelve would knock us over, at eighty years can knock us out, and into our grave. If we could stay as vigorous as we are at twelve, it would take about 700 years for half of us to die, and another 700 for the survivors to be reduced by half again.</u>五、Chinese-English Translation74 20世纪后半叶，以电视为先导的现代传播媒介重组了人类的生活空间。