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科技查新报告项目名称：古代残留物性质特征及其埋藏学研究委托单位：委托日期：年月曰查新机构：科技查新咨询中心完成日期：二O—O年四月二日中华人民共和国科学技术部二O O O年制中国学术期刊网(1994-2010)CNKI中国博士学位论文全文数据库(1999-2010)万方学位论文数据库(1977-2010)万方数据数字化期刊数据库(1998-2010) 万方中国科技成果库(1985-2010) 万方中国学术会议论文库(1997-2010) 万方中国专利文摘数据库(1985-2010) 维普中文科技期刊数据库(1989-2010)中外专利信息服务平台http://162.105.139.89/c nipr Web of Scie nee (1990-2010) Web of Proceed ings (1996-2010)Elsevier(1995-2010)Ei Compe ndex Web (1969-2010)INSPEC( 1969-2010)查新使用的检索工具书：关键词:中文英文古代残留物an cie ntresidue淀粉粒starch grain蛋白质protein脂类lipid埋藏学taph onomy检索式：1. (古代残留物or淀粉粒or蛋白质or脂类)and考古2. (ancient residue or starch grain or protein or lipid) and taphonomy第四纪研究25, 224-2274. 题名：北京平谷上宅遗址磨盘磨棒功能分析：来自植物淀粉粒的证据作者：杨晓燕，郁金城，吕厚远，崔天兴，郭京宁，刁现民，孔昭宸，刘长 江，葛全胜文摘：传统考古学认为，史前考古遗址出土的大量磨盘和磨棒是一种农具 ， 用于加工谷物，是农业出现的象征，近年来虽有异议，但缺乏直接证据•本 文利用淀粉粒分析对北京平谷上宅遗址(7500-7000 cal a BP )出土的一件 磨盘和一件磨棒进行了研究.从石器表面残留物上提取出的淀粉粒，可分为 9类12种.其中,最多的是来自栎属(Quercus)果实(橡子)的淀粉粒；其 次是来自粟(Setaria italica )的淀粉粒.栎属中包括蒙古栎(Q. mongolicus )、麻栎(Q. acuttssima )和槲树(Q. dentata )的淀粉粒，另 有一定数量的黍(P. miliaceum )和小豆属(Vigna)淀粉粒，其余杂草类及 可能为块茎类的淀粉粒无法鉴定归属.磨盘磨棒上植物种类的多样性代表了 磨盘磨棒使用功能的多样性，即这些器物不是只用来加工谷物，更不能作为 农业出现的标志.这些石器被用于加工各种需要碾磨和脱粒的植物果实或者 块茎.同时磨盘磨棒上的植物组合也反映了 7000年前，北京平原上人类社会的经济方式以采集与农业并重，日常饮食包括了粟、黍、橡子以及一些块 茎类和杂草类植物的种子和果实，当时的气候条件较今温暖湿润。

中国科学 地球科学39, 1266-12735. Title : Starch granules, dental calculus and new perspectives on ancient dietAuthor : Hardy, K., Blakeney, T., Copeland, L., Kirkham, J., Wrangham, R., Colli ns, MAbstract ： Recent work in various parts of the world has suggested the possibility of ancient starch granules surviving and adhering to archaeological artefacts. Oftenthis information is used to infer aspects of diet. One additional source for recovery of archaeological starch granules is dental calculus. The presenee of pla nt food debris in den tal calculus is well known but has not bee n not widely inv estigated usingarchaeological material. The extract ion of starch granu les from dental calculusrepresents a direct link to the consumption of starchy food by huma ns or ani mals. Using den tal calculus also sidesteps many other questi ons st in here nt in using starch granu les to recon struct aspects of ancient diet, such as th effects of diage nesis on their morphology; as the starches are trapped in side a con creted matrix they are less likely to alter over time. We used amylase digestio by a starch-specific en zyme to confirm the material as starchJournal of Archaeological Scie nee 36, 248-255.ill ie 6. Title : Starch characterizatio n of is chile nsis Stuntz and P.flexuosa DC, and the an alysis of their archaeological rema ins in An dea n South AmericaAuthor: Giovannetti, MA; Lema, VS; Bartoli, CG , et al.Abstract: The fruit (pods) of Prosopis (Fabaceae) are frequently recovered from pre-Hispa nic Arge nti nian archaeological sites, suggesti ng that this genus was of importance in ancient economies in this region. Yet it is only recently thatarchaeobotanistshave begun to carry out systematic research into this genus.Therefore many questi ons rema in to be addressedc oncerning the food value of Prosopis fruit, and its potential contribution. This paper examines starch from the pods of two species, Prosopis flexuosa and Prosopis chile nsis, for the purposes of describing and classifying their morphological features and biometrical Parameters.Pods of both species were gathered from two extremes (no rther n and southern) of the Hualfin Valley, Catamarca, Argentina. Starch abundance is estimated andcompared with that of Zea mays, an econo mically importa nt pla nt with highconcen trati ons of starch. This paper reveals that Prosopis pods contain very low amounts of starch compared to starch-rich edible species. Despite this, the recovery of Prosopis starch grains can be successfully used to assess archaeological tool uses. Prosopis starch grains were found to be highly variable in shape. Grain size ran ged betwee n 10 and 20 mu m. Granule irregularity and th high birefri ngence un der polarized light are two of the most importa nt diag no stic features. No significant statistical differences were found in the structure (morphology, size and hilum) of the starch of the same species from both localities. Fin ally, the implicati ons for the role of this pla nt in past societies are discussed.JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 2008.35: 2973-29857. Title : Millet noodles in Late Neolithic China - A remarkable find allows the reconstructio n of the earliest recorded preparatio n of no odlesAuthor: Lu HY, Ya ng XY, Ye ML, et alAbstract: Noodles have been a popular staple food in many parts of the world fo, at least 2,000 yearsl, although it is debatable whether the Chin ese, the Italia ns o the Arabs inven ted them first. Here we an alyse a prehistoric sample of no odlescontained in a well preserved, sealed earthenwarebowl discovered in the LateNeolithic2 —archaeological site of Lajia in northwesterin China. We identify millet as the source of the abundant seed-husk phytoliths and starch grains present in the vessel. This shows that the con versi on of ground millet flour into doughthat could be repeatedly stretched into long, th in stra nds for the preparati on of boiled no odles was already established in this regi on 4,000 years agoNATURE ,OCT 13 2005 437 (7061): 967-9688. Title : Starch grain evidence for the preceramic dispersals of maize and root cropsin to tropical dry and humid forests of Pan amaAuthor: Dickau, R; Ranere, AJ; Cooke, RGAbstract: The Central American isthmus was a major dispersal route for plant taxhoriginally brought under cultivation in the domestication centers of southern Mexico and northern South America. Recently developed methodologies in the archaeological and biological scie ncesare provid ing in creas ing amounts of data regarding the timing and nature of these dispersals and the associated transitionto food product ion in various regi ons. One of these methodologies, starch grain analysis, recovers identifiable microfossils of economic plants directly off the stone tools used to process them. We report on new starch grain evidenee from Pan ama dem on strat ing the early spread of three importa nt New World cultige ns: maize (Zea may9, manioc (Manihot esculenta, and arrowroot (Maranta arundinacea). Maize starch recovered from stone tools at a site located in the Pacific lowla nds of cen tral Pan ama con firms previous archaeobota ni cal evide nee for the use of maize there by 78007000 cal BP. Starch evide nee from preceramic sites in the less seas on al, humid prem on ta ne forests of Chiriqupro vin ce, western : Pan ama, shows that maize and root crops were prese nt by 7400 -5600 cal BP, several millennia earlier than previously documented. Several local starchy resources,including Zamia and Dioscorea spp., were also used. The data from both regi ons suggest that crop dispersals took place via diffusi on or excha nge of plant germplasm rather than movement of human populations practicing agriculture.PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA , FEB 27 2007,3651-36569. Title : Starch grains reveal early root crop horticulture in the Panamanian tropicaforestAuthor: Piperno, D.R., Ra nere, A.J., Holst, I., Han sell, PAbstract: Native American populations are known to have cultivated a large nu mber of pla nts and domesticated them for their starch-rich un dergro und orga ns.Suggestions that the likely source of many of these crops, the tropical forest, was an early and in flue ntial centre of pla nt husba ndry have long bee n con troversial because the orga nic rema ins of roots and tubers are poorly preserved in archaeological sedime nts from the humid tropics. Here we report the occurre nee of starch grains identifiable as manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz), yams (Dioscorea sp.) and arrowroot (Mara nta arundin acea L.) on assemblages of pla nt milling stones from preceramic horizons at the Aguadulce Shelter, Panama, dated betwee n 7,000 and 5,000 years before prese nt (BP). The artefacts also contain maize starch (Zea mays L.), indicating that early horticultural systems in this regi on were mixtures of root and seed crops. The data provide the earliest direct evidence for root crop cultivation in the Americas, and support an ancient and in depe ndent emerge nce of pla nt domesticati on in the lowla nd Neotropical forest.Nature 407, 894-89710. Title : Processing of wild cereal grains in the Upper Palaeolithic revealed by starcgrain an alysisAuthor：Piper no, D.R., Weiss, E., Holst, I., Nadel, DAbstract: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum monococcum L. and Triticum turgidum L.) were among the principal 'founder crops' of southwest Asian agriculture. Two issues that were central to the cultural transition from foragi ng to food product ion are poorly un derstood. They are the dates at which huma n groups bega n to rout in ely exploit wild varieties of wheat and barley, and whe n foragers first utilized tech no logies to pound and grind the hard, fibrous seeds of these and other plants to turn them into easily digestible foodstuffs. Here we report the earliest direct evidenee for human processing of grass seeds, including barley and possibly wheat, in the form of starch grains recovered from a ground stone artefact from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Ohalo II in Israel. Associated evidence for an oven-like hearth was also found at this site, suggestir that dough made from grain flour was baked. Our data indicate that routine process ing of a selected group of wild cereals, comb ined with effective methods of cooking ground seeds, were practiced at least 12,000 years before their domesticati on in southwest Asia.Nature 430, 670-67311. Title : Mixed results of seven methods for organic residue analysis applied to onevessel with the residue of a known foodstuffAuthor: H. Barnard , S.H. Ambrose , D.E. Beehr et al.Abstract: Several methods of archaeological organic residue analysis were appliedof to a sin gle un glazed and un seas oned ceramic vessel that had absorbedresidues heated camel milk. Sections of the wall of this vessel were sent to eleven archaeological laboratories. Seve n reported their results before the ide ntity of the residue was revealed, during the 70th Annual Meeting of the Society for America n Archaeology. Methods in cluded stable carb on and n itroge n isotope rati an alysis, protein an alysis and lipid an alysis. These laboratory tech niq ues providebiochemical analysis of the residue in a ceramic matrix, the archaeological interpretati on of which can be rather difficult. The exact source of the residue was not identified by any laboratory, but it is evident that residue analysis can providevaluable in formatio n, especially whe n comb ined with additi onal archaeological and historical data. We therefore support a close cooperati on of those worki ng in this field to develop it to its full pote ntial.Journal of Archaeological Scie nce 34 (2007) 28-3712. Title : The Removal of Protein from Mi neral Surfaces:lmplicati ons for Residue Analysis of Archaeological MaterialsAuthor: Oliver E. Craig , Matthew J. Colli nsAbstract: Although there has been great interest and controversy concerning the detect ion of protei ns in archaeological residues,very few studies have con sidered the effect of different extraction methods. Using well-defined control materials,thisstudy compares the extraction efficiency of a number of different extractionreagents. Immunological and spectrophotometricassaysare used to assess theamount of protein removed by each extraction method and the effectivenessisreported with referenee to previous work. None of the previously reported methods were found to be effective atrem oving the protein from the mi neral surface. We con clude that prote ins are very stro ngly bound to the surfaceprobabl via short-ra nge bon ds. Although this may be en couragi ng for the Ion g-term preservati on of protei ns in thisc on text, extract ion methods will have to be re-evaluated in order toachieve efficie nt recovery.Journal of Archaeological Scie nee 29, 107—1082.13. Title : The use of an improved pRIA technique in the identification of proteinresiduesAuthor: Joshua D. Reuther , Jerold M. Lowenstein , S. Craig Gerlach , DardenHood ,Gary Scheue nstuhl , Douglas H. UbelakerAbstract：Blood and protein residue identification in archaeological research has bee n a con troversial subject for the last 20 years. This paper reports on the use ol an improved protein radioimmunoassay (pRIA) technique in identifying proteinresidues. Results from the bli nd testi ng of the orig in ala nd improved pRIA tech niq ues in ide ntify ing bloodsta ins on experime ntal lithic artifacts are described and compared. We argue that the improved pRIA tech nique is highly sen sitive anaccurate for identifying protein residues to genus, and thus has excellent applicati ons for archaeological research.Journal of Archaeological Scienee 33 531-537.14. Title : Dairying in antiquity. III. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to theBritish NeolithicAuthor: M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, A.J. Mukherjee, S.N. Dudd, V. Straker,S. Payne, R.P. EvershedAbstract: Absorbed lipid residue an alysis has previously dem on strated that dairy ing was a major comp onent of ani mal husba ndry in Brita in duri ng both the Iron Age and Bronze Age. As a continuation of this research into the antiquity of dairy ing, the in cide nce of dairy fats associated with pottery vessels from six Neolithic sites from Southern Britain is presented herein. A total of 438 potsherds from Win dmill Hill, Abingdon Causewayed En closure, Hambled on Hill, Eton Rowing Lake, Runny mede Bridge and Yarnton Floodpla in were submitted for organic residue analysis. To date, this constitutes the largest number of sherds inv estigated from one particular archaeological period. The compo un d-specific stable carb on isotope values of the major fatty acid comp onents in ani mal fats, namely C16:0 and C18:0, enable absorbed lipids in pottery vessels to be classifie to commodity group, i.e.ruminant adipose, dairy and non-ruminant adipose fats can be disti nguished. The lipid extracts were relatively well preserved, and dairy fats were observed inapproximately 25% of all of the sherds, dem on strat ing that milk was a valuedcommodity in the British Neolithic. These results confirm that dairy ing was anestablished comp onent of the agricultural practices that reached Britain in the 5th Millennium BC.Journal Scie nce 32 523-46.15. Title : Dairying in antiquity. II. Evidenee from absorbedlipid residues dating to theBritish Bronze AgeAuthor: M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, V. Straker, S. Payne, R.P. EvershedAbstract: Molecular and isotopic analyses were undertaken of absorbed lipidresidues from 256 pottery vessels obta ined from four souther n British Bronze Age sites (Potterne, Brean Down, Black Patch and Trethellan Farm). The resultsconfirm that not only were ancient Britons utilising dairy products during this period, but also that they were processed in pottery vessels on a large scale. Thk has bee n dem on strated through the determ in ati on of the compo un d-specific stab carb on isotope values of the prin cipal fatty acids found in ani mal fats (C16:0 and C18:0) that allows ruminant dairy and ruminant/non-ruminant adipose fats to be distinguished. The proporti on of sherds yield ing degraded dairy fats at each of th sites is variable, with the highest occurrence being from Potterne, and the lowest occurre nce being from Black Patch. The faunal rema ins, and vessel characteristi( (e.g. rim diameter and vessel type) are compared with the organic residue analyses, and intra-site variability is investigated at Trethellan Farm.Journal of Archaeological Scie nce 32 (2005) 50552116. Title : Dairying in antiquity. I. Evidence from absorbed lipid residues dating to theBritish Iron AgeAuthor: M.S. Copley, R. Berstan, S.N. Dudd, V. Straker, S. Payne, R.P. Evershe Abstract: The evidence for dairying in antiquity has, until recently, primarily been restricted to the reconstruction of herd structuresthrough the analysis of faunal rema ins. Using this method alone cannot provide defi nitive evide nce for the prese nce of dairy herds,due to differe nces in the recovery of ani mal bones at site and the many different farming strategies that can affect herd structures (e.g. dairy ing, meatproducti on, tract ion etc.). Absorbed lipid residues have bee n extracted from 237 pottery vessels from the British Iron Age sites of Maiden Castle, Dan ebury Hillfort, Yarnt on Cresswell Field and Sta nwick. The compo un d-specific stable carb on isotope (d13C values) of the prin cipal fatty acid: found in animal fats (C16:0 and C18:0) have allowed the direct detect ion of dairy fats,thus provid ing evide nce that dairy ing was an importa nt comp onent of farming practices in the British Iron Age.The results are compared to assessments of the faunal remains at each of the sites, and correlations between morphological characteristics of the vessels (e.g. type, form, use wear and rim diameter) and lip residue discussed.Journal of Archaeological Scie nce 32 (2005) 485503.六、查新结论经对检出的相关文献进行阅读、分析、对比，结论如下：文献1和文献11为综述，介绍可用于考古研究领域的不同古代残留物分析方法及可行性讨论；文献2-10为对淀粉粒的研究，其中文献2和文献5为研究综述，文献3和文献6对淀粉粒的形态学展开研究，文献4和文献7-10探讨了古代淀粉粒残留物分析方法在中国及中美洲地区考古遗址研究中的应用；文献12-13探讨了蛋白质残留物残留机制及提取方法；文献14-16介绍了脂类及有机小分子残留物在考古学研究中的应用；本项目主要对与古代残留物研究相关的现代样本中所包含的残留物分子的理化性质进行研究，建立相关数据库，并探讨实验室条件下对古代残留物分子的残留机制及其埋藏学条件，目前所检文献中尚未见有与本项目研究内容一致的文献报道。