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Space ResearchPros:1. The oldest and purest of the arguments for space exploration is the a dvancement of science and technology.2. We will go into space, not to bring back things which make us richer or more comfortable here on Earth. We will go there to live and make it our home.3. The exploration to the universe is a high ideal –space truly is the fina l frontier .4. The instinct to explore is fundamentally human; already some of our most amazing achievements have taken place in space.5. No one can deny the sense of wonder.6. The exploitation of space has directly changed our world. Satellites or biting the Earth allow us to communicate instantaneously with people on different continents, and to broadcast to people all over the world.7. Weather satellites save lives by giving advance warning of adverse co nditions, and together with other scientific instruments in orbit they have helped us understand our own world better.8. Space exploration is an investment in the future. Our world is rapidly running out of resources. Overpopulation could become a serious worldwi de threat.9. Space exploration open us new world and adds to our knowledge, en abling human being to know more about the universe as well as about t he earth.10. Space exploration helps to acquire new resources to mitigate the en ergy crisis (shortage). There may be some new kinds of natural resource in other planets.11. Space exploration may find new living places for human being to sol ve the problem of overpopulation. There is possibility that one day manki nd may emigrate to other planets.12. Space exploration is necessary for future. If we want to progress in the world then we should continue space exploration.Pros and Cons of TourismPros:1. It is regarded as a pillar of key local economic development.2. The booming tourist industry has created more job openings. Many pe ople have said good-bye to poverty through involvement in tourist businesses.3. The tourist industry has played a positive role in meeting the cultural needs of the public, carrying forward national culture and achieving the s ustainable development of resources.4. Tourism helps to better introduce the country to foreigners and showc ase the brilliant history and culture to the outside world.5. Tourism helps to improve the investment environment so as to attract more foreign investors.6. Tourists can take pleasure in the magnificent natural landscape,appre ciate the superior workmanship of ancient artists and enjoy a variety of l ocal delicacies (specialties). Many tourist attractions offer a wealth of hist orical relics, fascinating scenery and interesting local culture.7. Tourism helps to promote the catering trade, transportation service and commerce.8. Tourism is the world’s largest and faster growing industry. Accordi ng t o recent statistics, tourism provides 10 percent of the world’s income and employs almost one-tenth of world’s workforce. By the year 2010, these numbers will double. All considered, tourism’s actual and potential eco nomic impact is astounding.9. Tourism encourages the preservation of identify, pride and value in ou r living conditions and the cultural legacy of generations in danger of exti nction.10. Tourism contributes to the revival of customs and traditions.11. Tourism brings new money into an area and generates jobs, income and tax revenues.Cons:1. Contact with and assimilation of other cultures will reduce the uniquen ess of one’s own culture and make the world less colorful than before.2. Undermine local traditions and ways of life.3. Tourism may cause serious environmental pollution.Museums and GalleriesPurposes:1. Museum and related heritage institutions provide people with an enha nced awareness of our diverse heritage and our place in the world. The y promote understanding and appreciation of our diverse cultures, landsc apes, stories and experiences.2. Museums contribute to the enrichment of the lives of people.3. Guarantee the availability and use of the collections in research and t eaching.4. Collections and exhibitions reflect the cultural and social diversity.5. Museums and galleries make an important contribution to education, s cholarship,citizenship, social inclusion and tourism.6. Generally promote the public’s enjoyment and understanding of painting and other fine art both by means of the collection and by such other means as they consider appropriate.How to Support and Develop the Museum and Gallery:1. The government sets up more state funded museums and art school.2. Increase education personnel and facilities in museums and galleries, as well as support schools with the cost of visits.3. We should actively seek to attract additional sources of funding in ord er to increase the total pool of money available.4. Museums should be taken to raise standards of collection care or ma nagement.5. The government should refund those museum and galleries which offe r free admissions to the public.6. Seek the financial support of corporations, non-profit foundations and individuals who share its goal of preserving the cultural legacy of the m useums.TV and FilmsPositive Side:1. Television is one of the most important forms of entertainment and co mmunication.2. Television has the power to educate and to entertain.3. There is probably no greater influence on society than the television, which has saturated our lives.4. Children watch TV to receive the daily news.5. TV plays a big role in a child’s life. It teaches them new words and shows them things they have never seen before.6. The TV was brought in to our world to give us a new sense of enter tainment, world news and endless amounts of information.7. Television can also promote pro-social behavior.8. Television can exert its strongest pro-social influence in the area of le arning and cognitive development.Negative Side:1. A child who often indulges in TV doesn’t know the difference between reality and fantasy.2. Children have undeveloped minds, which can not conceive the inform ation the same way that adults do.3. Given our national television habit, it is no surprise that we are raising the most sedentary and most overweight generation of youngsters in h istory.4. The health consequences of this overabundance of TV viewing include an increase in obesity among kids due to a sedentary lifestyle, and the flip side, an increase in dieting disorders due to the unrealistic expectati ons set up by thin actors on television shows and commercials.AdvertisingFor:1. Advertising promotes and popularizes new products and give people e verywhere the maximum choice of products and choice.2. Some advertisements are of high artistic value,original and well-desig ned with vivid pictures and witty language, artistic photography and witty slogan; therefore they add to the beauty of our lives. They are a par in dispensable to modern society.3. Advertising brings convenience to people’s lives.4. Advertising plays an important role in our economic life and is indispe nsable to the consumer society.5. It is a kind of visual enjoyment to look at some witty works of adverti sing which add beauty to the cityscape.Against:1. Some leaflets and handouts are scattered here and there, polluting the environment. They are regarded as rubbish and a blemish on the land scape of the city. They disfigure our cities,2. Advertisements are not always truthful, and a product is often misrepr esented, false and deceptive. Many advertisements are fictitious, exag gerating, misleading and flying in the face of truth.3. Advertisements are an insidious form of brainwashing. Some are misle ad and tend to induce people to spend more and create demand for thi ngs we do not need.4. It is very disturbing that TV programs are interrupted by advertisement s, and mailboxes are stuffed with rubbish.Nuisance to TV viewers: const ant interruption spoils the viewing. We can do nothing but accept it pass ively.Will Computers Replace Human Teachers?1. Computers are cold impersonal devices and they relate to children as though they are machines—without love, care, or feeling.2. Children who use computers will learn to communicate with machines instead of people. There is a risk we will create a generation of social illiterates. There is some truth to the stereotypical―computer nerd‖.3. Teacher-directed learning is underpinned by personal awareness anda focus on students. IT-directed focus is impersonal.4. Within a class of 25 children, there may be 25 variables. These varia bles are understood by teachers but not by computer-generated and cont rolled programs.5. Classroom teachers become aware of student learning difficulties and foibles.6. Computers present programs that can not be accommodated. Persona lized shifts do not happen.7. Computer-generated learning places all students in the group onto the same program, at the same point, progressing them as a collective. Ind ividual differences are not recognized.8. Having a teacher in the classroom poses many opportunities for the s tudents to learn life’s basics.9. Having physical teachers in the classrooms is advantageous because they can teach personal interaction, reading, and teamwork. And comput er cannot teach these things.10. There can be confusion between reality and fantasy, between fact and mythProblems Probably Confronting a freshmanPossible Problems:1. Psychological problems such as loneliness, homesickness and inadapt ability.2. Language problems such as inability to understand the local dialect.3. Local foods disagreeable to one’s taste.4. Can not adapt to the climate very well.Suggested Solutions:1. A college orientation session should be held to familiarize the freshme n with the exciting school life.2. Some special advisory and consultative committees should be establis hed to meet the psychological needs of the new students.3. Seniors students should be called on to offer help to their new young er schoolfellows.4. Different kinds of foods and accommodation should be available to st udents from different places and backgrounds.5. Some campus activities involving new and old students’ participation s hould be organized to familiarize the new with the campus life, such asa welcome party to be held by the school authorities.6. Fresh should try to be independent and self-reliant.7. Keep regular emotional contacts with one’s family members and forme r classmates.8. Active participation in the campus life is essential to removing loneline ss and disorientation.Pocket Money1. Help the children understand the value of money and how to use the money responsibly.2. The money parents give help the children learn to manage money, and they can understand how budgeting, saving and interest work. In this way, they can develop wise spending habits.3. It helps raise a money-savvy child.4.Cultivate a spirit of independence and learning to make decision on o ne’s own.5. Such goal-setting helps children learn to become responsible for them selves.6. Children are willing learners, and you will find by giving pocket money, you can get them very interested in whole process of building a healthy saving for the future.7. Young children especially enjoy watching the money build up in their piggy banks, and they love to take it out and count it. This is a great o pportunity to teach your child the different denominations in our currency, and what each coin and bill is worth.8. It is the beast way to introduce your child to the concept of saving.9. Money management is seldom taught in schools; it is up to the parents to educate their children in this very important life skill.10. It is a way to help educate children about personal finance and man aging money.11. Parents don’t have t o worry about being constantly asked to buy thi ngs for the kids.12. Children can learn how and why to save money.To Play, or to Compete?1. Organized sports activities bring damage rather than benefits to childr en both physically and psychologically.2. Physically, as they are still at the stage of developing bodies, hard ex ercises and tough playing will be inappropriate for them.3. Psychologically, winning and losing—the keynote of adult life --- may mean too heavy a burden for children who should have fun and enjoy t he game at that age.4. The primary goal of a professional athlete–winning –is not appropria te for children. Their goal should be having fun, learning, and being with friends.5. Children will benefit more from those programs emphasizing fitness, s elf-esteem, cooperation, sportsmanship, and individual performance.6. Besides physical hazards and anxieties, competitive sports pose psych ological dangers for children.Nature or Nurture1. Learning is very important in determining who we are.2. You can’t change your genes, but you can choose how to live your li fe.3. If we take identical twins, and give one the best environment possible, and put the other one in closet for eighteen years, the differences will be profound, and caused totally by environmental differences between the two children,4. Identical twins living in parallel universes do not necessarily lead ident ical lives.5. Environment is more influential.6. There is also substantial proof that an individual’s environment affects his mental aptitude.7. It is often difficult to separate learning from our biology because we b egin learning at the moment we are born.8. Biology certainly determines part of what we are, but we start learning as soon as we are conceived.9. We hardly separate biologically determined behavior from learned beh avior.10.Socialization is learning. Socialization refers to all learning regardless of setting or age of the individual.11. A person’s entire environment seems to be more effectual in determi ning his mental ability than heredity is.12. Experiments such as these ones prove that a person’s environment can have a crucial effect on him and on his manner of thinking.13. A study done in Great Britain in the late 1980s shows that nutrition plays a very lar ge role in a person’s development.14. Starving people across the globe show why lack of nutrients in hum an bodies can stunt mental evolutions as well as physical growth.15. Unique environmental factors (unique to children reared together) cau se differences in behavior.How to Manage StressThe Present Situation and Its Effects:1. Stress is your reaction to something you consider a challenge or a th reat. Stress is a natural part of life. Modern people are stressed out or under too much stress.2. Stress is a natural part of life.3. Stress is hard to define because it means different things to different people; however, it is clear that most stress is a negative feeling rather than a positive feeling.4. Despite the highly developed material life, modern people are leading an unprecedented stressful life.5. Some stressors are so powerful that they would evoke significant emo tional distress in most mentally healthy people, and trigger mental disord ers.Causes:1. You may feel physical stress which is the result of too much to do, n ot enough sleep, a poor diet or the effects of an illness.2. Nowadays the social competition is becoming fiercer and everyone wa nts to cope with adversity and to flourish in their education, vocation, an d personal relationships.Solutions:1. If your stress is chronic, it may require more attention and lifestyle ch anges.2. Exercise. Regular exercise is a popular way to relieve stress. Twenty to thirty minutes of physical activity benefits both the body and the mind.3. Hobbies. Take a break from your worries by doing something you enj oy. Whether it is gardening or painting, schedule time to indulge your int erest.4. Healthy lifestyle. Good nutrition makes a difference. Limit intake of caf feine and alcohol, get adequate rest, exercise, and balance work and pla y.5. Share your feelings. A conversation with a friend lets you know that y ou are not the only one having a bad day, caring for a sick child or wo rking in a busy office. Stay in touch with friends and family. Let them pr ovide love, support and guidance. Don’t try to cope alone.6. Lower demands you put on yourself. Live for today. Don’t dwell in the past of worry about the future.7. Develop other interests that will help you forget about your problems f or a while. Sports work for some people, reading, exercising or socializin g for others.Carnivorous Diet or Vegetarian DietCarnivorous Diet:1. Human beings are a part of the food chain, and eating meat is natur al. So then, how can eating meat be wrong?2. Humans are type of animal and eating meat is normal and simply a part of life.3. Animals provide essential protein for the human body. Protein is biolo gically essential, for every living creature needs a certain amount to survi ve.4. Vegetarians do not get enough minerals and vitamins as a result of t heir limited diet.5. It is hard enough for vegetarians to stay healthy in our technologically advanced society.6. Eating plats is also causing pain or discomfort to the plants. You only have to check out laboratory experiments that plants feel pain.Should Smoking Be Banned in All Public Places?1. Second-hand tobacco smoke can be deadly as well.2. Cigarette smoke contains about 4000 chemicals, about 50 of which are known cancer-causing agents.3. Only one smoker makes a majority, as the smoker spreads and fills a ll space available.4. Governments should pass law to protect people and place controls on actions that harm others.5. Damaging one’s health is viewed as a personal liberty; damaging some one else’s health may not.6. Smoking in public places constitutes a real hazard to non-smokers.7. Smoking endangers people’s health. Smokers are more likely to suffer from bronchitis and lung cancer and have a higher risk of developing ot her kinds of cancer.8. Smoking may pose a potential fire hazard for smokers are careless a bout the cigarette butts.9. Smoking may cause diseases such as cancers and bronchitis.10. For years cigarettes have been known to cause cancer,emphysema, and other horrible illnesses.11. Smoking not only does harm to the health of smokers but also affec ts the health of non-smokers around them because non-smokers are forc ed to take in some poisonous substances which smokers blow into the a ir.12. Families could save money by not purchasing cigarettes; and accide ntal fires costing millions of dollars caused by cigarettes would cease. 13. With every cigarette you smoke, you are causing damage to your he alth.14. Every cigarette you smoke reduces your lifespan by 11 minutes.Littering/ Rubbish ProblemPresent Situation:1. The roads scattered with all sorts of trash are a disgrace and the rail way line are littered with decaying rubbish.2. One third of all waste produced is made up of packaging materials.3. Litter attracts vermin, causes a fire hazard, pollutes waterways and de tracts from the amenity of public parks and gardens.4. What we are doing now is wasteful of resources and unfriendly to the environment.5. People show an appalling disregard for the environment. They have n o respect for the environment.6. We lack adequate facilities to dispose of rubbish of all kinds. For inst ance, not many dustbins are seen along streets.7. The quickening tempo of modern lifestyle also contributes partly to the increasing rubbish problem, because many people prefer takeaway fast food and the use of disposable items for the convenience’s sake.8. Disposable packaging and items become fashionable these days, from baby nappies to milk cartons to burger wrappers.9. We are now living in a consumer-oriented society.Solutions:1. Public activities should be sponsored by government to promote the p ublic awareness of environmental protection. Make sure that everyone isa conscious preserver.2. Our government should take stronger and harsher measures to comba t the littering behavior.3. Use environmentally-friendly materials.4. Minimally packaged goods should be encouraged.5. The rubbish should be classified scientifically so that the procedure ca n achieve high efficiency.6. People should learn to recycle. For instance, we should set up bins a round town to collect glass, paper, and aluminum that can be converted back into raw materials, then made them into new products.How to Solve the Traffic ProblemPresent Situation and Cause:1. Every day there are many traffic jams everywhere, causing great inco nveniences to people’s daily lives.2. Too many cars running on the streets lead to air pollution and noise pollution.3. There are more vehicles than the streets can accommodate.4. The construction of new roads is very slow.5. Many drivers do not obey regulation. People lack adequate awareness of the seriousness of traffic problem.Solutions:1. More and Wider roads should be laid down to relieve the traffic cong estion.2. Build more underground railway and tunnels and underpass.3. Issue stricter traffic laws and regulations, impose more severe and harsher penalty on the violator.4. Raise the public awareness of the traffic regulations.Popularize the e ducation of traffic regulations; improve the quality of the citizens.5. Build up better public transportation systems, including buses, trains a nd subway, will encourage more people to use them rather than drive th eir own cars.The Pros and Cons of BikesBenefits:1. Fitness: Biking let you incorporate low stress aerobic exercise into you r daily commute.2. Parking: Forget about parking headache. Riding a bicycle lets you par k much closer to your destination than a car.3. The environment benefits include reduced pollution and reduced resou rce consumption (less material, fuel, and infrastructure).4. Bicycles increase mobility for those who don’t have access to motor tr ansport (who don’t qualify to drive a car).5. Reduce energy consumption.6. One of the most positive impacts of bicycling is improved health.7.Moderate exercise such as bicycling can offer major health benefits.8. Beyond physical health, bicycling helps to relieve; to fight off depressi on and anxiety; and to enhance your sense of well-being.9. It is also a lot more economical to ride a bike than to drive a car.The Cloning Technology1. Cloning is unnatural and not ethically correct.2. Cloning creates serious issues of identify and individuality and forces humans to consider the definition of self.3. It leads to the psychological harms on cloned human children. One of those harms is the loss of identify, or sense of uniqueness and individu ality.4. The strongest ethical argument against cloning is that it could lead toa new, unfamiliar type of family relationship.5. Another argument against cloning is that it would be available only to the wealthy and therefore would increase social inequality.1.竞争被认为强化了机会平等的理念。