英美文化知识点整理
大一英美历史文化知识点
大一英美历史文化知识点英美历史文化是世界上最重要、最有影响力的文化之一。
它不仅承载着英美国家的历史记忆,更对全球的政治、经济、艺术等方面产生了巨大的影响。
从学习英美历史文化中,我们可以了解到许多重要的知识点。
本文将为你介绍一些大一学生应了解的英美历史文化知识点。
1. 英美历史的起源英美历史的起源可以追溯到古代, 这些地区的历史发展有着悠久的历史根基。
英国历史起始于罗马时代,经过盎格鲁-撒克逊人的入侵和诺曼征服,形成了现代英格兰的基础。
美国历史起源于欧洲殖民ist的17世纪,最早是荷兰和英格兰人的殖民企业,随后逐渐发展成为英属殖民地。
2. 英美革命英美历史上两次重要的革命是美国独立战争和英国内战。
美国独立战争于1775年爆发,结束于1783年。
这场战争导致了美国摆脱了英国的统治,成为独立国家。
英国内战则发生在1642年至1651年,以议会派和国王派之间的斗争为主。
这场内战最终导致了国王查理一世被处决,英国成为共和国。
3. 美国宪法美国宪法是美国的法律基础和政治体制的核心文件。
它于1787年制定,成为了美国独立后的国家基石。
美国宪法确立了三权分立的原则,规定了公民的权利和义务,同时也为后来的修正案提供了修改的机制。
它被视为现代宪政民主的典范。
4. 英国工业革命英国工业革命发生在18世纪末至19世纪初,是英国由农业社会向工业社会转变的过程。
这场革命带来了机械化生产的大规模应用,推动了科技和工业的迅猛发展,也催生了现代资本主义经济体系的形成。
英国工业革命对世界产生了深远的影响,极大地改变了人们的生活方式和社会结构。
5. 美国南北战争美国南北战争发生于1861年至1865年,是美国历史上一场重要的战争。
南北战争主要是因为南方各州反对废除奴隶制度,且担心北方的政府干涉奴隶制度的土地扩张政策。
最终,北方胜利,废除奴隶制度,巩固了联邦政府的权威。
6. 英美文学英美文学是世界文学的重要组成部分。
从莎士比亚到狄更斯,从哈姆雷特到杰出的鲍尔斯小说,英美文学作品流传广泛,产生了深远的影响。
英美文化小常识
英美文化小常识01、英美姓名常识姓名是社会成员的符号或标记。
英美人的姓名是名在前,姓在后,过去人们在翻译外国人姓名时,为了迁就中国人的习惯,有时候把英美人的姓名也写成姓在前,名在后。
如,Bernard Shaw,译成“肖·伯纳”实则是没有必要,现在多译成“伯纳·肖”,这就比较符合英美人的表达习惯。
02、英美礼仪美国人请客:美国人喜欢在家里款待客人(guest)而不是在餐馆(restaurant)里。
美国人想请客吃饭,一般要事先与客人协商好,安排好时间(when)和地点(where)。
美国人在家里请客多半不拘礼节,一般采用家庭式,即一盘盘的食品一个人一个人地递过来,或者由坐在餐桌两端的主人(host)或女主人(hostess)给客人端上饭菜,全家大小和客人一起吃,一般是妻子(wife)做菜(dish),丈夫调鸡尾酒(cocktail)。
如果因宗教或其他原因,有些饭菜不能吃,客人可将其留在盘子里,或事先对主人说明哪些东西不能吃。
03、英美人“手势语”种种在人类的语言交流中,手语是必不可少的手段之一,作为“无声语言”的手语,其表意比重约为百分之21,因此,请正确运用手语。
(1)在美国,如你站在公路边跷起大拇指,则表示要求搭车。
(2)如在交谈中两手摊开,一耸肩,伴有一声“嗯呵”,则表示无可奈何的意思。
(3)中国人在对外交往中,最容易让人反感的动作之一就是说话不经意地用食指指着对方,其实,这个动作一来不雅观,二来对欧美国家的人来说相当不礼貌。
原来这是一种非礼貌的责骂,数落别人的动作。
(4)用大拇指和食指围成一个圆圈,这个手势早已家喻户晓,它的意思是OK好的,而竖起食指和中指形成个“V”字形,意思则是“胜利”(victory)。
(5) 用手伸向被唤者,手心向上,握拳并伸出食指前后摇动,表示叫对方过来。
(6)把左掌心放在胸前,身体略前倾,表示真诚。
04、西方人交往“七不问”(1)年龄:西方人大都把希望自己在对方眼中显得年轻,对自己的实际年龄讳莫如深,妇女更是如此,她们过了24后就再也不会告诉他人自己的年龄了。
英美文化知识小点
9。The Rio Grande River forms a natural boundary between Mexico and the United States.
格兰德河是美国和墨西哥之间的开然界河(本细节考选择和简答可能性大)
10。the most important lakes in the United States are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior,which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan ,the only entirely in the U.S.,Lake Huron,Lake Eire and Lake Ontario.They are located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.
3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smallest.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country.
所有州中,阿拉斯加是面积最大的州,罗得岛最小,在美国大陆,最大的州是得克萨斯州。
影响美国气候的最主要的因素为:太平洋,和大西泮,墨西哥湾,五大湖。
13。Traditionally from the east to the west the United States can be divided into seven geographical regions.美国从东到西可分为七个地理区。
百科知识英美文化
百科知识英美文化
英美文化是指包括英国和美国在内的、英语为母语的文化。
由于
历史、文化、社会等因素的差异,英美文化存在一定的差异。
这种文
化深深地影响着全世界,尤其是经济、教育、科技、艺术等领域。
在英美文化中,英语是最重要的通用语言。
英国和美国的英语发音、语法和词汇都有所不同,但是两种英语都影响了全球的英语使用。
英美文化中也有很多共同的传统和价值观念,例如纪念日、宗教信仰、家庭价值观等等。
在娱乐方面,英美文化对音乐、电影、电视、文学等领域都有很
大的贡献。
英国的音乐界有许多知名人士,包括披头士乐队、皇后乐队、滚石乐队等等。
美国的电影行业也是全球最为发达的,许多好莱
坞电影都曾获得奥斯卡金像奖。
英美文学也享誉全球,莎士比亚、狄
更斯、乔治·奥威尔、海明威等都是伟大的作家。
英美文化有着悠久的历史和独特的传统,例如英国的下午茶、美
国的硬汉精神等等。
虽然两个国家的历史和文化不同,但是它们对世
界产生了很大的影响。
对于了解英美文化,更好地了解这两个国家以
及全球文化交流,都有着积极的意义。
英美文化复习重点
英美文化复习重点第一章古代西方哲学的发展一、Greek RationalismThe word “philosophy” is Greek for “love of wisdom” and has come to mean a systematic search for answers to life’s great questions.P11 Socrates (470—399 B.C.)名言⑴“One thing only I know, and that is that I know nothing”P3⑵“he who know what good is, will do good.”P42 Plato (428—347 B.C.)名言⑴ The earlier natural philosophers asked “what allows our changing world to be based on something that is unchanging?”(不是Plato说的)Plato now asked, “what is eternally true”, “eternally beautiful”and “eternally good”? 真善美 P4⑵ If Plato’s motto was “mind over matter”then Aristotle’s motto was “matter over mind.”如果柏拉图的座右铭是“精神高于物质”,那么亚里士多德的格言是“财富高于物质” P53 Aristotle (385—323 B.C.)二、The Middle Ages(ca 476 A.D.—ca 1400A.D.)三、The Renaissance(ca 1400--1700)1 Rene Descartes (1596--1650) 笛卡尔 P8⑴He did not believe that man knew nothing. This belief led him to ask another important question, “what is the relatio nship between the body (matter) and the mind (spirit)?” according to Descartes, the human body is a perfect machine, followingnatural laws. But man also has a mind which interacts or operates independently from the body. 人体是一个完美的机器,遵循自然规律。
英美文学重点知识归纳
英美文学重点知识归纳1. 英美文学的定义英美文学是指英国和美国的文学作品,包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
英美文学具有悠久的历史,涵盖了从古代文学到现代文学的各个时期和流派。
2. 英美文学的时期和流派2.1 古代英美文学古代英美文学包括早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学、中世纪文学和文艺复兴时期文学。
其中,早期安格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗《贝奥武夫》为代表,中世纪文学以《坎特伯雷故事集》为代表,文艺复兴时期文学以莎士比亚的戏剧作品为代表。
2.2 浪漫主义文学浪漫主义是英美文学的一个重要流派,包括诗人拜伦、雪莱和济慈等人的作品。
浪漫主义文学强调个体的感情和想象力,关注自然、爱情、自由等主题。
2.3 现实主义文学现实主义是英美文学的另一个重要流派,出现于19世纪后期。
代表作家包括狄更斯、托尔斯泰和马克·吐温等人。
现实主义文学揭示社会问题,关注人性的复杂性和社会的不公平。
2.4 现代主义文学现代主义是20世纪英美文学的主要流派,代表作家有弗吉尼亚·伍尔夫、塞缪尔·贝克特和詹姆斯·乔伊斯。
现代主义文学对传统的文学形式进行了颠覆和重塑,追求形式上的创新和思想上的深度。
3. 英美文学的重要作家和作品3.1 威廉·莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)威廉·莎士比亚是英国文学史上最伟大的戏剧家和诗人之一。
他的代表作品包括《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
3.2 简·奥斯汀(Jane Austen)简·奥斯汀是19世纪英国小说家,被誉为英国小说的经典作家。
她的代表作包括《傲慢与偏见》、《理智与情感》和《艾玛》等。
3.3 弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德(F. Scott Fitzgerald)弗朗西斯·斯科特·菲茨杰拉德是20世纪美国作家,代表作品有《了不起的盖茨比》。
他被认为是美国“爵士时代”的象征之一。
英美文化教程
英美文化教程复习资料一、知识点:英国部分1、英国组成,国旗,国歌:The United Kingdom of Great Britian and Northern Ireland is a union made up of four constituent countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.The Union Jack is the national flag and God Save the King/Queen is used as the national anthem.2、英国语言经历点阶段:he history of the English language has generally been divided into Old English, spoken by theancient Germans lasting from 450 to 1150; Middle English from 1151 to 1500; and Modern English beginning from 1501.3、抵抗丹麦的皇帝:Alfred the Great, King of Wessex大宪章:The Great CharterThe Great Charter is a most important document in England history. It has been called “the corner stone” of English history. The Great Charter provides that the king should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns, which were growing in number and size.4、宪章运动In 1837 the London Workingman’s Association worked out the famous document, The People’s CharterThe People’s Charter constituted six points:(人民宪章)(1)Votes for all males.(2)Annual election of Parliament (instead of general election every seven years).(3)Payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could afford to take part in political activities).(4)Secret voting (so that to avoid bribery and intimidation).(5)Abolition of property qualifications for Parliament Members (so that workers could seek to be elected).(6)Equal electoral districts (so that the large population of the workers could enjoy a corresponding share of thevotes).The People’s Charter was formally adopted at a meeting of workers held on August 8, 1838, on Newhall Hill.In 1840, the Chartist Movement witnessed the second upsruge.In 1848, the Chartist Movement expericenced the third and last upsruge.5、英国两院制上议院、下议院(议会)The parliament(议会) is bicameral (两院制), with an upper house, the non-elected House of Lords, and a lower house, the elected House of Commons.The House of Lords includes two different types of members: the Lords Spiritual and the Lords Temproal.The House of Lords today is more a place of discussion and debate than one of substantial power. It main functions include debating the issues of the day and improving certain non-tax bills inadequately considered by the Commons before they are passed into low. In some rare cases, it may delay the passage of bills approved by the Commons, but only for up to a year.The House of Commons is a democratically elected chamber with elections to it, held at least every 5 years. The two Houses meet in separate chambers in the Palace of Westminster, in the City of Westminster in London. House of Commons is the lower house of the Parliament of the UK. The Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 646 members. The leader of the party with the majority of seats becomes the Prime Minister, head of the government. He or she then chooses an inner cabinet of key ministers and appoints junior ministers in various ministers.Power:1.Legislative(立法权):The House of Commons has the supreme authority of the legislation, their motion can directly get Royal Assent.2.finace power(财政权):only the house of commons has the right to propose the motion on tax or supply(只有下议院才有权力提出税收及供应的权力)3.Suprvise the government (监督政府):as the head of the government, if the prime minister wants to continue in office, he/she must be admitted by the House of Commons. It has the right to impeach(弹劾) the prime minister or the government. Functions: Members of Parliament are involved in considering can drafting new laws.MPs can use their position to ask government ministers questions about current issues.To supervise, or oversee finance.6、两大政党The Conservative Party: 1 relatively rich and privileged;2 maintenance of the existing institutions as itspolicy;3last word in deciding policy by its leader;4 conference for the leader’guidance but a device for making the party’s policyThe Labor Party: 1 relatively poor and underprivileged; 2 strong in the heavily-populated industrial areas and particularly associated with the working class; 3 nationwide organization, few resources and heavily depends on the trade unions; 4 conference for making the party policy(1)The Conservative Party supports free enterprise and privatization of state-owned enterprises. It is against too muchgovernment intervention, especially nationalization, which not only takes control away from the owners and builders of industry, but also leads to inefficiency. The Conservative Party favors reducing the influence of trade unions and minimizing expenditures on social welfare. It policies are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individualism. (2)The Labor Party believes in an egalitarian(平等主义的) economy, transferring wealth from the rich to the poor by meansof taxing the most affluent members of society and providing support for the poor in society. They deem the government responsible for the provision of range of public services, such as social welfare, education and public transport. The Labor government that came to power in 1945 had a major effect on British society. It set up the National Health Service to provide high quality, free health care for all, “from cradle to grave”, providing a range of welfare payments, and most controversially, it “nationalized”a wide range of industries, making a mixed economy of both private-and state-owned enterprises. The Labor Party became known as a party of high taxation.7.The Open University (开放大学)a degree-granting institution that provides courses of study for adults of all ages through television, radio, produced books, audio/video cassettes, correspondence courses and local study programmes.8. 19世纪末英国经济绝对—相对衰退Absolute Decline and Relative Decline9英国教育:四大私立中学,大学四大私立中学:Eton Harrow Rugby Winchester大学:Ancient Universities founded before the 19th centuryLondon Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesRed Brick Universities founded in the 19th and early 20th centuriesPlate Glass Universities founded in the 1960sThe Open Universities founded in 1968 (重点)P137New Universities created in or after 1992古老的大学:The university of Oxford(历史更久);The university of Cambridge10 “British history has been a history of invasions”.British history has been a history of invasions. Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of tribal kingdoms of Celtic people. They brought the central European culture to Britain. Then in 43AD, Roman Empire invaded Britain and controlled it f or slave society but also disseminated their Catholicism.However, in the 5th century, the Roman Empire rapidly waned in power and Britain was conquered by the Angles and the Saxons. In order to defend the Saxons, a great leader—King Arthur appeared. He created the "round table" to satisfy all the kni ghts' requirement of having equal precedence. Thus it gradually formed the monarchy in Britain as a more democratic system. Whether Arthur's a real person in the history or not, Anglo-Saxons did succeed in invading Britain and they were the forefathers of the English.In the 8th century, the Vikings from Denmark controlled the northern and eastern England. An Anglo-Saxon hero, king Alf red the Great fought against the Vikings with the truly English. And that's why there's a certain cultural difference between nort herners and southerners in England. Later, the Normans from northern France, under the leading of William of Normandy, kille d the king and William became the First of England. They imported a ruling class that French-speaking Norman aristocracy rule d Saxon and English-speaking population. In this condition, there weren't a lot of rebellions among the English people. That dir ectly formed an English unique character: a richly unconventional interior life hidden by an external conformity. Even today, w e can still find this personality from the British people through their lifestyles.In fact, such invasion is a peaceful history of joining together the various parts of the British Isles and the power graduall y transferred from the monarch to the parliament. So the constitutional monarchy has been established in Britain.11.English Language (s三个阶段):old English period—middle English period---modern English period二、英国选择、填空、简答题1、The British Isles are situated in the northwest of the Europe.2、The highland zone is an area of high hills and mountains in the north and east of Britain.3、The Pennine Chain is sometimes called the backbone of England.4、The Severn River is the longest river in Britain.5、Lough Neagh in Northern Ireland is the largest lake in the UK.6、The British Isles are cut off from the continent by the English Channel.7、On the north and the east, the Isles face the North Sea and on the west they face the Atlantic Ocean.8、The highland zone is cooler than the lowland zone, and receives more rainfall and less sunlight.9、The Highlands act as a divide and determine whether rivers flow west to the Irish Sea or east to the North Sea.10、The seven Conurbations in Britain contain one third of the population of the country.11、The English people are descendants of Anglo-Saxons.12、Middle English took shape about a century after the Norman Conquest.13、London dialect was once disseminated throughout the country NOT because London was a D center.A. commercialB. politicalC. printingD. linguistic14、Scotland has had a separate legal system.15、The English people are the descendants of Anglo-Saxons , while the Scots, Welsh and Irish are the descendants of the Celts.16、Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a two-party system.17、In Britain, the parliament general election is held every five years.18、The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism and a belief in individual.19、The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it set up the National Health Service.20、Other countries have “citizens”. But in Britain people are legally described as subject.21、Elizabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952.22、Which of the followings in not RIGHT to describe the Prime Minister? DA The head of CabinetB The head of civil serviceC The leader of the Party in powerD The head of the country23、The third largest political party in Britain is the Liberal Party.24、The British economy achieved global dominance by 1880s.25、Which of the following statements is NOT true about the UK economy? CA. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven largest industrial economies.B. Britain has experienced a relative economic decline in 1945.C. There has been a period of steady decreasing of living standards.D. Some smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per capital.26、Which of the following livestock has the biggest number in the UK? DA. Beef cattleB. Dairy cattleC. ChichenD. Sheep27、Which of the following used to be the last independent car company in the UK? CA. FordB. PeugeotC. RoverD.BMW28、In the aerospace industry, which two countries are ahead of Britain? The US and Russia29、Which of the following is NOT a company in the energy sector? BA. ShellB. ICIC. PTZD. British Gas30、”The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire India, which provided raw material and a big market for British goods, gained independence in 1947.31、Since 1945, the UK economy has experienced relative decline rather than absolute decline.32、In recent years, Britain is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment.33、The UK economy can be divided into three main sectors: primary industries, secondary industries and tertiary industries.34、Englishman Frank Whittle developed the world’s first jet engine in 1937.35、What kind of secondary schools now receives the largest number of students? Comprehensive schools36、Which is incorrect to describe the independent schools? CA. They are public schools. C. They are fee-free schools.B. They emphasize the importance of character training. D. Many of them are boarding schools.37、Open University communicates with its students mainly by radio, television programs, local study programmes.38、The University of Buckingham is a privately funded university in Britain.39、If a student wants to go to university in Britain, he will take the exam called General Certificate of Education-Advanced.40、Easter commemorates the Crucifixion and Resurrection of Jesus Christ41、On which day is Halloween celebrated? October 3142、Where are the international tennis championships held? Wimbledon43、Which one in the following is famous for its literary and dramatic criticism? DA. The EconomistB. The SpectatorC.TribuneD. Punch44、Which one of the following is NOT particularly British Christmas tradition? CA.Enjoying the Pantomime C.Eating chocolate eggs.B.The Queen broadcasting her Christmas message D.Shopping on the Boxing Day.45、Margaret Thatcher was the United Kingdom’s first woman Prime Minister.46、Margaret Thatcher’s nickname is the Iron Lady三、知识点:美国部分1、美国简介The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico and a water border with Russia.It national day is on 4th of July (Independence Day).Washington, D.C. is the capital of the United States of America.George Washington is the first president.Flag: Stars and Stripes, Old Glory, and the Star-Spangled Banner.The bald eagle was chosen on June 20, 1782 as the emblem.National anthem is the Star - Spangled Banner.The Great Lakes: Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario.2、二战与美国America in WWII: 1 From Isolation to Intervention(隔离-干预)2 Battle Against Germany (Normandy Landing诺曼底登陆1944)3 Battle Against Japan(The Pearl Harbor incident 珍珠港事件导火线---- T he Battle of Midway 中途岛战役1942<the turning point of the war>)America After WWII:1Truman and Cold War(The Truman Doctrine 杜鲁门主义)2The Eisenhower Doctrine (艾森豪威尔主义)3The Bay of Pigs Invasion and the Cuban Missile Crisis(猪湾事件和古巴导弹危机)3、美国政治:Three Branches of the American Government(三权分立)The federal government has three branches: the legislative, executive, and judicial. Through a system of separation of powers and the system of "checks and balances," each of these branches has some authority to act on its own, some authority to regulate the other two branches, and has some of its own authority, in turn, regulated by the other branches. The policies of the federal government have a broad impact on both the domestic and foreign affairs of the United States. In addition, the powers of the federal government as a whole are limited by the Constitution.The legislative branch consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives, collectively known as the Congress. There are 100 senators; each state has two. Each state has a different number of representatives, with the number determined by the state's population. At present, there are 435 members of the House. The legislative branch, as a whole, is charged with passing the nation's laws and allocating funds for the running of the federal government and providing assistance to the 50 U.S. states.The executive branch The chief executive of the United States is the President, who, together with the vice president, is elected to a four-year term. A crucial function of the executive branch is to ensure that laws are carried out and enforced to facilitate such day-to-day responsibilities of the federal government as collecting taxes, safeguarding the homeland and representing the United States' political and economic interests around the world.The judicial branch is headed by the Supreme Court, which is the only court specifically created by the Constitution. Thejudicial branch consists of the United States Supreme Court and lower federal courts. Its primary function is to hear cases that challenge legislation or require interpretation of that legislation. The U.S. Supreme Court has nine Justices, who are chosen by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and have a lifetime appointment.4、美国宗教特征: Distinctive Characteristics1.freedom and toleration2.pluralism and diversity3.prospects5、美国教育:The Ivy League(常春藤联):Harvard UniversityYale University University of Pennsylvania Princeton University Columbia University Brown University Cornell University Dartmouth College四.美国题目1.The United States has altogether fifty states.2.Alaska is the largest state in land area and Rhode Island the smallest.3.Before their conversion to farmland, the Great Plains were noted for their extensive grasslands.4.The longest river in America is Missouri River.ke Superior has the largest surface area of any freshwater lake in the world.6.The climate of the United States, as a whole, can be classified as temperate.7.The Great Plains and Midwest, due to the contrasting air masses, sees frequent severe thunderstorms andtornado outbreaks during spring and summer.8.One natural disaster that frequents the country are hurricanes, which can hit anywhere along the Gulf Coastor the Atlantic Coast as well as Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.9.The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, inWashington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains.10.America has plenty of fertile soil. Farmlands in the United States make up about 12% of the arable lands inthe world, and they are among the richest and most productive ones.11.The United States shares land borders with Canada and Mexico, and a water border with Russia.12.The United States secured its independence from Great Britain in 1783.13.The United States ranks as the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada, and China.14.The five Great Lakes are located in the north-central portion of the country, four of them forming part ofthe border with Canada.15.Of the 13 British colonies only Connecticut and Rlode Island.16.The First Continental Congress was attended by the representatives from all the colonies EXCEPT DA. DelawareB.PennsylvaniaC.MassachusettsD.Georgia17.The victory of Saratoga was the turning point of the War of Inpendence.18.When the Second War of Inpendence broke out in 1812, the US President was James Madison.19.The Mexican territories annexed by US and as a result of the Mexican War include the following statesEXCEPT AA.OregonB.TexasC. CaliforniaD.Arizona20.Which of the following is NOT the measure taken by Lincoln’s Administration in 1862 to change the situationand win the Civil War? DA.The passage of the Homestead Act.B.The issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation.C.The allowance of Negroes to join the Union Army.D.The ordering of the Union Army to take over Richmond.21.The US imperialism was marked by all the following EXCEPT CA.highly developed industryB.high concentration of capitalC.free business competitionD.overseas territorial expansion22.When the First World War began, President Wilson immediately called upon the American people to observestrict neutrality.23.The Post-WWII program of economic assistance to Western Europe was known as Marshall Plan.24.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. advocated the philosophy of nonviolence.。
英美文化总结
英美文化总结概述英美文化是指英国和美国的文化遗产和特点,是两个国家长期发展和交流的结果。
英美文化的影响已经深入到世界各地,不仅在语言、艺术、文学等方面有着重要地位,同时也对全球的商业、科技和娱乐产业产生了巨大的影响。
语言和礼仪1.英语是英美文化的核心,是英国和美国的官方语言。
英语的发音和用法在两个国家之间存在一些差异。
英语的标准发音在英国是以“BBC English”为准,而在美国则有许多不同的口音和方言。
2.礼仪方面,英美文化都强调独立、自由和平等的价值观。
两国人民注重个人隐私,对待陌生人通常保持一定的距离。
在商务场合,英美人喜欢直接交流,并注重准时和守约。
饮食文化1.英美文化的饮食以肉类和烤肉为主,同时还注重蔬菜和谷物的搭配。
英式早餐以煎蛋、培根、烤豆和香肠为主要食物,而美国的早餐则更多样化,包括煎饼、炒蛋、香肠和烤土豆。
2.英国人喜欢品茶,下午茶也是英国文化中的一个重要组成部分。
而美国人则更喜欢咖啡,咖啡文化在美国非常流行,咖啡店也遍布大街小巷。
衣着和风格1.英美文化在时尚领域有着重要的影响力。
英国的时尚与传统和高雅结合,以品牌和设计师服装为主。
英国人注重身体轮廓和永恒的款式。
2.美国的时尚则更注重自由、个性和舒适。
美国的衣着风格多元化,有各种流行的潮流和派系。
美国人喜欢穿着休闲和运动风格的服装。
艺术和文学1.英美文化在艺术和文学方面都有着重要的地位。
英国文学以莎士比亚、狄更斯等伟大作家为代表,世界上许多经典文学作品都出自英国的作家之手。
2.美国文学则以马克·吐温、海明威等作家为代表,美国文学在20世纪产生了广泛的影响。
美国的电影工业也非常发达,好莱坞成为世界电影的中心。
节日和庆祝活动1.英美文化中有许多重要的节日和庆祝活动。
例如,英国的圣诞节、复活节和万圣节都是重要的传统节日,人们会在这些节日中聚会、交换礼物和享受美食。
2.美国的独立日、感恩节和圣诞节也是重要的庆祝活动。
美国人喜欢举办盛大的游行和烟火表演,与家人和朋友共度时光。
英美文化差异知识点总结
英美文化差异知识点总结1. 语言差异英国和美国的英语有一些差异,主要表现在发音、拼写和词汇上。
比如,美国人通常会用“center”来表示“中心”,而英国人则会用“centre”。
此外,美国人口音通常更加平原,而英国人的口音则带有更多的浓郁地方特色。
2. 民俗活动差异英国和美国的民俗活动也有很大的差异。
比如,英国人喜欢举行独立日游行、庆祝美国独立日等活动,而美国人则更倾向于参加热气球节、感恩节、万圣节等传统庆典。
3. 政治体制差异英国的政治体制是君主立宪制,美国的政治体制是总统制。
这两种不同的政治体制在治理方式上有一些明显的差异。
例如,英国的首相由议会选举产生,而总统则是由普选产生。
4. 饮食习惯差异英美两国的饮食习惯也有所不同。
英国人普遍喜欢喝茶,而美国人则更喜欢喝咖啡。
此外,在食物口味上也有很大的差异,比如,英国人喜欢吃薯条和炸鱼,而美国人则更喜欢吃汉堡和炸鸡。
5. 社交礼仪差异英美两国的社交礼仪也有一些差异。
比如,在用餐时,英国人通常会使用刀和叉来进食,而美国人则更喜欢使用刀叉和勺子来进食。
此外,英国人比较保守,对于性话题的谈论比较忌讳,而美国人则比较开放,性话题在社交中更容易被提及。
6. 宗教信仰差异英国和美国的宗教信仰也有很大的差异。
英国是一个多元宗教的国家,虽然基督教是主流信仰,但也有穆斯林、犹太教徒、印度教徒等。
相比之下,美国则更多是基督教徒,而且宗教在美国社会中的地位也更为重要。
7. 教育制度差异英美两国的教育制度也有很大的差异。
在英国,学生上学的年龄比美国有些早,通常从4岁就开始上学了,而在美国,则是6岁。
此外,在大学教育方面,美国的大学一般在校园内提供宿舍,而英国的大学生通常需要自己租房居住。
8. 体育文化差异英国和美国的体育文化也有很大的差异。
在英国,足球是最受欢迎的运动之一,而在美国,橄榄球、篮球、棒球等运动更受欢迎。
9. 性别平等观念差异英美两国的性别平等观念也有不同。
英国的性别平等观念相对较早形成,女性在政治、经济等方面的地位相对较高。
英美文化背景知识
英美文化背景知识英语国家中传统的文娱和体育活动;棒球、橄榄球等;英国;4月23日/7月---戏剧节--为纪念莎士比亚而举行的盛大文娱活动英语国家中重要的节假日及主要庆祝方式圣诞节---12月25日,情人节----2月14日;感恩节—11月的第四个星期四开始,持续四天感恩节每年11月的最后一个星期四是感恩节 (Thanksgiving Day) 。
感恩节是美国人民独创的一个古老节日,也是美国人合家欢聚的节日,因此美国人提起感恩节总是倍感亲切。
感恩节的由来要一直追溯到美国历史的发端。
1620年,著名的“五月花”号船满载不堪忍受英国国内宗教迫害的清教徒102人到达美洲。
1620年和1621年之交的冬天,他们遇到了难以想象的困难,处在饥寒交迫之中,冬天过去时,活下来的移民只有50来人。
这时,心地善良的印第安人给移民送来了生活必需品,还特地派人教他们怎样狩猎、捕鱼和种植玉米、南瓜。
在印第安人的帮助下,移民们终于获得了丰收,在欢庆丰收的日子,按照宗教传统习俗,移民规定了感谢上帝的日子,并决定为感谢印第安人的真诚帮助,邀请他们一同庆祝节日。
在第一个感恩节的这一天,印第安人和移民欢聚一堂,他们在黎明时鸣放礼炮,列队走进一间用作教堂的屋子,虔诚地向上帝表达谢意,然后点起篝火举行盛大宴会。
第二天和第三天又举行了摔跤、赛跑、唱歌、跳舞等活动。
第一个感恩节非常成功。
其中许多庆祝方式流传了300多年,一直保留到今天。
初时感恩节没有固定日期,由各州临时决定。
直到美国独立后的1863年,林肯总统宣布感恩节为全国性节日。
习俗每逢感恩节这一天,美国举国上下热闹非常,人们按照习俗前往教堂做感恩祈祷,城乡市镇到处举行化装游行、戏剧表演和体育比赛等,学校和商店也都按规定放假体息。
孩子们还模仿当年印第安人的模样穿上离奇古怪的服装,画上脸谱或戴上面具到街上唱歌、吹喇叭。
散居在他乡外地的家人也会回家过节,一家人团团围坐在一起,大嚼美味火鸡。
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化知识点总结初中
英美文化是指英国和美国的文化,这两个国家有着悠久的历史和丰富的文化传统。
初中阶段是学生接触英美文化的重要时期,下面将从英美文化的饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面进行总结。
一、饮食文化 1. 英式早餐:英国人的早餐通常包括煎蛋、培根、烤面包和烤番茄等食物。
这种丰盛的早餐给人们提供了充足的能量。
2. 快餐文化:美国是快餐
的发源地,汉堡包、炸鸡、薯条等快餐食品在美国非常流行。
3. 下午茶:英国人
喜欢在下午享用茶和点心,这是英国人独特的传统习惯。
二、节日文化 1. 圣诞节:在英美文化中,圣诞节是最重要的节日之一。
人们会互相赠送礼物,家庭成员会聚在一起享用丰盛的晚餐。
2. 感恩节:感恩节是美国
人的传统节日,人们会感谢收获和亲友的关爱,并举行盛大的家庭聚会。
三、体育文化 1. 足球:英国人对足球情有独钟,足球比赛是英国人生活中的重要组成部分。
2. 棒球:棒球是美国最受欢迎的运动之一,每年的世界棒球经典赛
吸引了全球的关注。
四、艺术文化 1. 莎士比亚:莎士比亚是英国最伟大的剧作家之一,他的作品对世界文学产生了深远的影响。
2. 奥斯卡奖:奥斯卡奖是美国电影界最重要的奖项,每年颁发给优秀的电影和电影人。
总结起来,英美文化在饮食、节日、体育和艺术等方面有着丰富多样的内容。
初中阶段的学生可以通过学习英美文化,了解不同国家的传统和习俗,拓宽自己的视野,丰富自己的知识。
百科知识英美文化
英美文化指的是英国和美国的文化,是西方文化中最具代表性和影响力的两个文化体系。
以下是一些百科知识关于英美文化的介绍:
语言:英语是英美文化最重要的标志之一,也是世界上使用最广泛的语言之一。
英国和美国的英语存在一些差异,比如发音、用词和拼写等方面,但两国之间的英语交流非常广泛。
文学:英美文化是全球文学的重要组成部分,代表作品包括莎士比亚的戏剧、狄更斯的小说、哈姆雷特、傲慢与偏见、老人与海等。
此外,英美文化也涌现了许多重要的诗人、散文家和剧作家,对世界文学的发展产生了巨大的影响。
音乐:英美文化中的音乐非常丰富多样,包括摇滚、流行、爵士、蓝调等多种类型。
代表性音乐人包括披头士、滚石乐队、麦当娜、迈克尔·杰克逊等。
电影:英美文化对电影的发展和影响也非常深远。
好莱坞是全球最著名的电影产业中心之一,出品的电影涵盖了各种类型和风格,例如《泰坦尼克号》、《阿凡达》、《星球大战》等。
饮食:英美文化的饮食也具有独特的特点。
英国著名的传统饮食包括鱼和薯条、炸鱼、牛肉派等;美国则以汉堡包、热狗、牛排、炸鸡等为代表的快餐食品闻名。
此外,英美文化中也存在着丰富多样的甜点和饮品,例如英国的下午茶和美国的星巴克咖啡等。
以上是一些百科知识关于英美文化的介绍,展现了英美文化的丰富多彩和深厚历史,也揭示了英美文化对于全球文化、艺术和娱乐的重要影响和贡献。
英美文化知识
5 the New Deal(罗斯福新政)
It was put forward by American President Roosevelt who wanted to do something to deal with the Great Depression at that time. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up some efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped “save American democracy” and overcome the most serious economic crisis of the capitalist system at that time.
Halloween(万圣节前夕),原为欧洲凯尔特人于凯尔特年最后一天10月31日庆祝新年,欢迎死者幽灵归来的节日,后逐渐与基督教的万圣节前夕(ALL HALLOWS'EVE)一起庆祝。苏格兰和爱尔兰移民将此庆祝习惯带给美国。
感恩节(Thanksgiving Day),美国和加拿大节日,由美国首创的,原意是为了感谢印第安人,后来人们常在这一天感谢他人。感恩节是在每年11月的第四个星期四,在这一天起将休假两天,都要和自己的家人团聚,不管多忙(有些特殊岗位除外)都是如此。感恩节在每年11月22-28日之间,感恩节是美国国定假日中最地道、最美国式的节日,加拿大的感恩节则起始于1879年,是在每年10月第二个星期一,与美国的哥伦布日相同。
英美文化讲义
英美文化讲义文化是一个民族精神的集合体,是一种生活方式和文明积淀的体现。
英美文化作为世界上最有影响力的文化之一,一直受到世界范围内的关注和推崇。
本文从不同角度对英美文化的方方面面进行介绍。
一、历史文化英美文化源远流长,有着悠久的历史和文化积淀。
从英国的莎士比亚、狄更斯到美国的爱迪生、林肯,英美文化的历史人物和文学艺术家层出不穷,他们的作品在世界文化史上占据了重要地位。
英美文化还有其它独具特色的文化遗产,如英国的乡间庄园文化、美国的“牛仔文化”等,这些文化不仅是英美文化独有的,也是世界文化宝库的重要组成部分。
二、价值观念英美文化的价值观念深刻影响了现代世界。
其中最重要的是民主、自由和平等。
英国和美国都是历史悠久的民主国家,这种价值观贯穿于每个人的心中,民主体制为政治、经济和社会发展提供了良好的制度保障。
自由是英美文化的核心,自由思想体现了人类自我意识和自我解放的过程,这种解放为人类社会的文明进步奠定了基础。
平等是英美法治文化的体现,它是一个人能够自由发挥才华和创造的基础,一直为人类的发展提供了有力支持。
三、礼仪文化英美文化的礼仪文化和人文气息也一直吸引世界的目光。
英国和美国虽然分别位于亚欧大陆和美洲大陆,但是文化上的交流和互动一直非常广泛和深入,成为有着相同礼仪文化的代表国家之一。
“英吉利”国家是非常重视礼仪和规矩的国家,他们有着传统的礼节,包括“下午茶”、“手指放平”等,有时候做事情也比较繁琐和讲究。
美国则是以开放、自由和活泼为主流文化,他们重视个性,喜欢追求新鲜和独立自主的生活方式。
不论哪种文化,他们的礼仪文化都是值得学习和借鉴的,让我们对人文文化的魅力和历久不衰的吸引都有所了解。
四、人际交往英美文化的人际交往方式更是令人叹服。
他们重视与人沟通和交流,注重人们之间的互动和情感沟通。
英美人容易接纳外来文化,热爱旅游和习惯在交流中分享他们的成功和困境。
他们的社交活动丰富多彩,各有特色,包括庆祝和聚会等多种方式,通过这些社交活动,彼此之间建立了紧密的联系,也展现了英美文化的独特特点和魅力。
英美文化知识点整理
Chapter 11.the geographical composition of the U.K.: two/four parts2.the population: the majority / the earliest inhabitants3.the English language: the Germanic group of the Indo-European family / threeperiodsChapter 24.Westminster Abbey5.1066, Norman Conquest, feudalism6.Henry II—jury system7.Magna Carta8.the Hundred Years’ War9.House of Tudor: medieval to modern10.Religious Reformation: the Roman Catholic Church VS. Henry VIII11.two camps of the Civil War12.the Glorious Revolution, the Bill of Rights, constitutional monarchy13.the Industrial Revolution: reasons / effects14.the British Empire —colonization15.Three Majestic CirclesChapter 316.the British Constitution: three parts17.a division of powers among three branches18.Parliament —the law-making body; two housesThe House of Commons —center of parliamentary power19.the role of the Prime Minister20.The House of Lords —Supreme Court21.Scotland —a distinct legal system22.right/left wing party23.a general election —every 5 years24.The Commonwealth —decolonization; an unpolitical union of sovereign statesChapter 425.Margaret Thatcher and her controversial policies26.three sectors of economy —primary, secondary and tertiary27.the major trends in the British economy28.two pillar industries of the current British economyChapter 529.British compulsory education —5 to 1630.four stagessecondary education —comprehensive schoolfurther education —sixth form31.two systemsindependent system —public schools32.GCSE, A-levels33.Oxford University —oldestCambridge University —more Nobel Prize winners34.“Big Three” of the quality press35.Boxing Day / Easter / Trooping the Color / Bonfire NightChapter 636.the Renaissance —sonnet / dramaWilliam Shakespeare, Hamlet37.the Neo-Classical Period:Jonathan Swift —satire, Gulliver’s TravelsDaniel Defoe —progenitor of the novel in English, Robinson Crusoe38.the Romantic Periodthe Lake Poets / second generation39.the Victoria Period —novelRealism: Charles Dickens / Thomas HardyNew literary trends —Neo-Romanticism / Aestheticism40.the Modern Period:stream of consciousnessChapter 841.Stars and Stripes42.50 states (48+2) and Washington D.C.the smallest and the largest43.the Appalachian Range / Rocky mountains44.Great Lakes / Niagara Falls45.the Mississippi River46.New England47.New York (the largest city), Los Angeles (second largest), San Francisco (largestChinatown)48.population —while /blacks / asians / natives / mixed race49.a “melting pot” and a “salad bowl”50.dominant American culture / cultural diversityChapter 951.1607, James Town52.American War of Independencefirst shots / turning point / a decisive victory53.1755, Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress54.July 4th, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of IndependenceIndependence Day (the national day)55.American Civil WarAbraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation—abolishing slavery56.America’s policy at the first stage of WWI —neutralityAmerica’s policy at the first stage of WWII —“sit on the fence”The direct cause for America’s entrance into WWII —Pearl Harbor Attack57.Franklin D. Roosevelt —“New Deal” aimed at Great Depression58.“Truman Doctrine”—the Cold War (containment and intervention)59.the Vietnam War —Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson60.Richard M. Nixontwo diplomatic breakthroughs; the Watergate ScandalChapter 1061.the Constitution of the U. S.1787; checks and balances; the first ten amendments—Bill of Rights; 27 amendments62.federalism / the separation of powers63.Congress —the legislative branch —to pass lawsthe Senate amd the House of Representatives64.to introduce a bill —to hold hearings —to report to the Congress —to go tothe President for approval65.the President’s powers —limited66.the qualification of a candicate for President67.the Supreme Court —one Chief Justice+ eight Associate Justices68.a two-party system —a donkey and an elephant69.a general election, not a direct election / every 4 years538 electors (270 needed to win) / Electoral College System / “winner-take-all”(two exceptions)Chapter 1170.progress of the modern American economy: colonial—farming—industrial71.Wall Street —financial services industryDetroit —automobile industrySilicon Valley —high-tech industryChapter 1272.ideals of American Education73.three stages of American educational system12-year compulsory education —elementary and secondary74.Ivy League —8 top private universities with long historyHarvard University —the oldest75.The New York Times(the most influential); The Washington Post(the secondlargest & the first to expose the Watergate scandal)76.Thanksgiving ( the origin; celebration: significance)Chapter1377.the Romantic PeriodJames Fennimore Cooper —the author of the “Leather Stocking Tales”Ralph Waldo Emerson —the chief spokesman of TranscendentalismNathaniel Hawthorne —The Scarlet LetterEdgar Allan Poe —detective story / science fiction / horror fictionHerman Melville —Moby Dick/The Whaletwo founts of American poetry —Walt whitman (free verse) & Emily Dickinson 78.the Realistic PeriodMark Twain —colloquialism; the true father of American modern literature 79.the Naturalistic PeriodTheodore Dreiser —describing the sordid side of the everyday life of the lower societySister Carrie; An American Tragedy80.the Modern Periodthe Lost Generation & the Beat MovementTory Morrison —the first African-American Nobel Prize Winner。
百科知识英美文化
百科知识英美文化英美文化是指英国和美国这两个英语为母语的国家所拥有的独特文化特点和价值观念。
这两个国家的文化是由历史、地理、政治、宗教、经济等多种因素所塑造的,具有丰富多样性和深厚底蕴。
本文将从几个方面介绍英美文化的百科知识,并探讨其在世界范围内的影响力。
第一部分:历史文化英美文化的形成有着悠久的历史背景。
英国是西方现代文明的摇篮,具有众多的文化遗产和历史传统。
文艺复兴时期的英国文化产生了众多杰出的文学作品,如莎士比亚的戏剧和弥尔顿的史诗。
随后,英国的工业革命为现代化的发展奠定了基础,也为英美文化的传播提供了外在条件。
美国作为一个移民国家,融合了来自世界各地的文化,形成了自己独特的文化特点。
独立战争后,美国迅速崛起为世界强国,其宪法和独立宣言为后来的民主国家树立了榜样。
美国的文化产业在世界范围内具有强大的影响力,好莱坞电影、流行音乐、时尚等都成为许多人向往的梦想。
第二部分:宗教和价值观宗教在英美文化中扮演着重要角色。
英国是基督教的发源地,天主教和新教在这里有着广泛的传承。
英国君主制度的建立与英国国教的关系密切,而美国则以宗教自由为基石,成为了宗教多元化的典范。
宗教信仰对于英美人民的价值观念、道德观念和社会伦理有着深远的影响。
价值观方面,英美文化强调个人自由、民主理念和人权意识。
言论自由、宪法权利以及平等机会等是英美文化中重要的组成部分。
敬重与关心他人、尊重异议、鼓励创新等也是英美文化的核心价值观。
这些价值观通过影视作品、文学作品等形式传播,受到全球范围内的认同和追捧。
第三部分:文化产业英美文化产业以其优秀的内容和先进的生产技术而闻名于世。
英国的BBC、英国博物馆以及众多的文学作品是英国文化的重要代表,而美国的好莱坞电影工业、音乐产业和科技创新更是世界范围内的引领者。
英美文化产业的成功得益于其对创意和艺术的重视,也受益于英语的全球传播。
第四部分:英美文化的全球影响由于英美文化在全球范围内的传播与影响,英语成为了全球最重要的通用语言之一。
英美文学 知识点总结
英美文学知识点总结英美文学是指在英国和美国国家领土内产生的文学作品,包括英国文学与美国文学。
英美文学史是人类文明史的一个重要组成部分,包括从古典到现代的文学作品,涵盖了从莎士比亚到奥斯卡·王尔德等众多作家的作品。
英美文学的知识点众多,具有深刻的历史、文化和社会背景,下面将总结英美文学知识点,帮助读者更好地了解和学习英美文学。
1. 英国文学的起源和发展英国文学的起源可追溯至中世纪,早期的英国文学作品包括《贝奥歌》、《坎特伯雷故事集》等。
而随着文艺复兴的到来,英国文学迎来了新的发展时期,莎士比亚、斯宾塞等众多作家的作品为英国文学的繁荣与发展奠定了基础。
18世纪的启蒙运动影响了英国文学的发展方向,霍华德、斯威夫特等作家的作品在英国文学史上留下了重要的痕迹。
2. 美国文学的诞生与发展美国文学的起源较晚,17世纪移民新英格兰书信文学是美国文学的开端。
18世纪,美国文学开始迈入现代化阶段,风格多样的文学作品层出不穷。
19世纪的浪漫主义运动、现实主义运动以及自然主义运动,都为美国文学的繁荣与发展贡献了力量。
3. 英美文学的经典作品在英美文学史上,有许多经典作品,这些作品对后世文学产生了深远的影响。
如莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》、奥斯卡·王尔德的《风华绝代》、简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》、查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》等。
4. 英美文学的主题和风格英美文学作品的主题和风格多种多样,既有对家国情怀的歌颂,也有对人性命运的探索。
从文艺复兴时期的骑士文学到现代主义文学,英美文学作品的风格也是千姿百态。
5. 英美文学的流派英美文学的作品涉及的流派众多,包括戏剧、小说、诗歌、散文等。
在戏剧方面,莎士比亚的作品是最具代表性的;在小说方面,狄更斯的作品是最为典型的;在诗歌方面,弗罗斯特的作品是最为著名的。
6. 英美文学的影响英美文学对全球文学产生了深远影响,从语言、风格、主题等方面都对其他国家的文学产生了影响。
英美文化重点
Chapter one1.Anglo-saxon peotry 的特点1)Story is based on partly historical and partly legendary materials.2)It contains paganism and Christian elements,3)There is special technical structure. They are three alteration per line, twoin the first half line and one on.4)They are seafaring people and brave in their action. The old Saxon word “angul”means a hook, from which we can surmise that they lived by the sea and their lives were related to fishing. The name Saxon is from “seax”, that is, a short sword, and from that name we can judge that they were hardy fighters.2.BeowulfLike Homer’s poetry, Beowulf sings of the exciting adventure of a great legendary hero whose physical strength demonstrates his high spiritual qualities, his resolution to serve his country and kinsfolk, his time courage, excretes cireluet and his love of honor.Chapter two3. Middle English3 centuries after Norman conquest. Two languages were used side by side in England, Latin and French were the languages of the upper classes, spoken at courts and used in churches and schools, official edicts and documents and literary works were written in Latin. Old English was weakened and a huge number of French and Latin words absorbed. What’s more, inflectional forms of the words were dropped and formal grammar simplified.4.religious literature 定义教堂文学The church had a virtual monopoly of literature during much of the Middle Ages. The church nor only had this direct claim upon the majority of literate men but also was itself a larger producer of books in the physical sense as well as a maintainer of libraries.Chapter three5.Geoffrey chaucer 其伟大在何处1)Chaucer’s work gives a comprehensive picture of Chaucer’s time. The pilgrimscover a wide range of characters in the England of the time, from noblemen to peasants2)As a commoner he had a sympathy with and an understanding of the lower classesas is shown in his attitude towards the ploughman and the poor person.3)Chaucer wrote in the London dialect of his day, which he handled dexterously.He was at one moment serious and another light-hearted and full of fun and sometimes he could be very poetical. He proved that English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. In so doing Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of the English language.4)Created a tradition of realism in English literature5)His work made great impact on many later writers, like Shakespeare and DickensChapter four6.15世纪重大历史事迹(时间地点原因人物)1)The hundred years’ warThe war continued and in 1415 at the Battle of Agincourt King Henry V defeated the French army and claimed himself the heir to French throne. In 1453 all English territory in France and the English king had only a small port, Calais, left to him.2)The war of the roses/ the thirty years’ warIn EnglandA series of civil wars fight between two great families, both of which claimed the right to the English throne. It last 30 years until King Henry Ⅶ defeated Richard Ⅲ. Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of the House of York, brought compromise between the two families, and established a highly consolidated rule.The House of Lancaster ----Red Rose as its emblem ; the House of York –White Rose Reason:Henry Ⅵ belonged to the House of Lancaster but members of the House of York believed that they were more entitled to the crown than Henry Ⅵ. Civil war broke out between the two families and almost all noble families were involved in it.3)The discovery of America and new sea routes1492, Christopher Columbus landed in America with the support of the Spanish sovereigns Ferdinand and Isabella.Reason: He believed he could reach India by sailing west,4)Reformation of the churchPerson: Henry Ⅷ Time:1534During his reign, Henry Ⅷ took decisive measures to break away from the Church of Rome. He passed through Parliament the Act of Supremacy which regarded him as the supreme head on earth, thus negating the claim of the Pope in Rome who regarded himself as the supreme power on earth. The church Henry Ⅷ founded is the Anglican Church.7.early english playsDrama was one of the most popular forms of entertainment. It was not until 9th and 10th centuries that the Catholic Church allowed some of dramatic performances to be used as part of religious services.By 14th century the liturgy had developed into mystery plays and miracle plays, there are no sharp distinctions between these two kind of plays, though the former are chiefly based on stories from the Bible, while the latter on the lives of Christian saints.The play was staged on a two decked cart, or pageant. The pageant consisted of anenclosed room which served both Hell and as retiring room, and a second storey open to the sky on which the action was performed. In the 14th and the 15th centuries mystery or miracle plays were performed in about 40 different places in England. Chapter five8.1,2,3, 考小题,概念,年代作品贡献9.Edmund Spenser 作品1)The Shephearde’s Calender _______his first important workA pastoral poem in 12 parts, one for each month of the year. The poet’s intention is to give different descriptions of the English countryside The Shephearde’s Calender at each particular time of the year. The main themes embodied in the poem are love, poetry, and religion.2)The Faerie Queene 《仙后》______his major achievementIt is an unfinished allegorical romance, Spencer’s original plan---there should be 12 books, each telling the adventures of one of the 12 knights dispatched by the Faerie Queene, Gloria, who represents Glory and Queen Elizabeth in particular,10.the flourishing of drama 其主要原因The flourishing of drama was explained by the follow reasons:1)cities and towns grew rapidly in the 16th century and since there was no othermeans of entertainment than watching bear-baiting, visiting lunatics imprisoned in Bedlam, and watching executions and hangings at Newgate, drama naturally became the only form of amusement to city dwellers and noblemen.2)The only means of entertainment was theatre.3)It was only place where people could socialize and know what was going on, itis a place where both the rich and the poor went.11.Christopher MarloweThe most prominent of the University Wits was no doubt Christopher Marlowe. All his plays were written in the five years from 1587 to 1592 and they are all tragedies.His first play Tamburlaine the Great (1587) is about the story of Timur the Tartar. The central figure Tamburlaine represents the Renaissance desire for infinite power and authority.The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus (1592), adapted from a popular old German legend, is a sort of companion to Tamburlaine in reflecting the Renaissance desire for infinite knowledge, though the tragic ending suggests that the writer conforms with the orthodox teachings of the church, the towering figure of Faustus is eloquent evidence that the author has a will power as fierce as Faustus’, a will to search the infinite knowledge of life and to express his atheism and patriotism.As a dramatist Marlowe has limitations. His plot construction is loose and his characters are merely embodiments of ideas. But Marlowe is the only dramatist ofthe time who is ever compared with Shakespeare. His works are remarkable for their imagination, burning passion, sensuous richness, variety of pace, and response to varying emotions. His verse is known for its stateliness and its poetic beauty.Thomas Malory____the death of king ArthurThe death of king Arthur tells the whole life of king Arthur, but the finest part in the book is about the death of king Arthur. It happens that one of the knights, Sir Launcelot, has an illicit love affair with Queen Guinevere. At the insistence of his nephew, Arthur goes to punish Launcelot. He besieges the castle in which Sir Launcelot stays. But king Arthur does only for the sake of Sir Gawain, and his attempt to capture Sir Launcelot fails. Word comes to ht king that his bastard son Mordred has seized the kingdom during his absence, and king Arthur leads his forces back to England. More=dred attacks them upon their landing, and both Mordred and Arthur die at the battle.12.William shakespearewas an English poet and playwright, widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language and the world's pre-eminent dramatist. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon". His surviving works, including some collaborations, consist of about 38 plays, 154sonnets, two long narrative poems, and several other poems. His plays have been translated into every major living language and are performed more often than those of any other playwright.莎翁的伟大之处?P93-91)Shakespeare represented the trend of history in giving voice to the desires andaspirations of the people.2)Shakespeare’s humanism: more important than his historical sense of his time,Shakespeare in his plays reflects the spirit of his age.3)Shakespeare’s characterization: Shakespeare was most successful in hischaracterization. In his plays he described a great number of characters. 4)Shakespeare’s originality: Shakespeare drew most of his materials from sourcesthat were known to his audience; some from Roman dramas, some from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and some from other writer’s play.5)Shakespeare as a great poet: Shakespeare was not only a great dramatist, butalso a great poet. Apart from his sonnets and long poems, his dramas are poetry.6)Shakespeare as master of the English language: Shakespeare was the master ofthe English language. It is estimated that he had a command of about 15,000 words.Many of his quotations and phrases have been absorbed into English language.其创作时期分为几个阶段?每个时期2-3个作品?1)From 1592 to 1593, during this period, he wrote his early history plays orhistories and a group of comedies. King Henry Ⅵ in three parts, Richard Ⅲ, Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love’s Labour Lost.2)The second period is a period of rapid growth and development, dating from 1595to 1600. Midsummer Nighr’s Dream, Romeo and Juliet, The Merchant of Venice, the two parts of Henry Ⅳ, As You Like It, Julius Caesar.3)The third period is a period of gloom and depression, dating from 1602 to 1608.It is a period of tragedies, such as Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, Macbeth.4)The fourth period is a period of restored serenity, from 1608 to 1612. It isa period of calm after storm, with such plays as The Winter’s Tale, and TheTempest.对于悲剧哈姆雷特的理解P149, p152-p153 注解1和20Hamlet is a representative of humanist thinker with disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived. What troubles him most is the injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society. He is a man with a sense of justice, pessimistic and gloomy view about life, cynical attitude towards society. Wide range of knowledge, belief in the Christian doctrine about heaven and hell.Hamlet’s revenge is not only a personal matter. What troubles him most is the injustice, conspiracy, and betrayal in the society. His father is murdered by his uncle and his mother is married to his uncle right after his father’s death. The marriage of his mother is the first blow to him as he had regarded her as a virtuous woman. Then his former friends Rosencrantz and Guilderstern are dispatched by the king to spy on him. This is a second blow, for as a humanist he sets great store by friendship. Then his girl friend Ophelia is sent as a tool to find out whether or not he is really mad. This is something he can no longer endure. One incident after another seems to reveal to him that the time is “out of joint” and man is not so good as he had imagined. Hamlet would have been a tragedy of “blood and thunder” if Shakespeare had not imbued the play with this sort of philosophical thinking, this humanistic search for the value of man and the disappointment of such ideas.The greatest of the play lies in the fact that in it Shakespeare expressed his praise of the noble quality of Prince Hamlet as a representative of humanist thinkers and disillusionment with the corrupt and degenerated society in which he lived.13.What’s sonnet? P98Shakespeare, besides his two long poems and plays, also wrote sonnets, 154 all together in number.A sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. It was first written by the Italian poet Petrarch who wrote sonnets to a lady named Laura. Shakespeare wrote his sonnets in about 1589 and they were published in 1609. The writing of sonnets, either to one’s love, or to one’s patron, or to one’s friend, was a fashion in his time.Beginning with sonnet 18, Shakespeare is concerned about the effect of passing time on the young man. He says that though his friend may grow old and lose his beauty, he will be immortalized in the sonnets that Shakespeare wrote for him. In the thirdpart of the group, Shakespeare no longer treats his friend’s beauty as subject of decay, but as perfect model of beauty, and many other beauties on earth are its expressions.The metrical form of Shakespeare’s sonnets is different from that of Petrarach’s. Shakespeare’s sonnet consists of three quatrains with a rhyming scheme “abab caca efef” and ends with a couplet rhyming “gg”. In the three quatrains the theme is put forward and developed, and in the couplet the sonnet ends with a surprise conclusion or a shift of ideas.The speaker opens the poem with a question addressed to the beloved: "ShallI compare thee to a summer's day?" The next eleven lines are devoted to sucha comparison. In line 2, the speaker stipulates what mainly differentiates the young man from the summer's day: he is "more lovely and more temperate." Summer's days tend toward extremes: they are shaken by "rough winds"; in them, the sun ("the eye of heaven") often shines "too hot," or too dim. And summer is fleeting: its date is too short, and it leads to the withering of autumn, as "every fair from fair sometime declines." The final quatrain of the sonnet tells how the beloved differs from the summer in that respect: his beauty will last forever ("Thy eternal summer shall not fade...") and never die. In the couplet, the speaker explains how the beloved's beauty will accomplish this feat, and not perish because it is preserved in the poem, which will last forever; it will live "as long as men can breathe or eyes can see."Shall I compare thee to a summer`s day?(this is a rhetorical question that does not expect an answer)Thou art more lovely and more temperate.(art: are, temperate: moderate)Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May.And summer`s lease that hath all too short a date.(summer’s leaser: a lease is a written agreement, made according to law, by which the use of a building or piece of land is given by its owner to somebody for a certain time in the return for rent. Here summer is personified as a tenant holding a “lease ”for short term and time is holding that “lease”like some kind eternal landlord.)(hath all too short a date: has too brief a duration. Notice the second effect of the clipped syllables)Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines.(Sometime: sometimes the eye of heaven: the sun)And often is his gold complexion dimmed.(his: its)And every fair from fair sometime declines.(And every fair from fair sometime declines.: and the beauty of every beautiful thing will fade at some future time)But chance or nature’s changing course untrimmed.(untrimmed: stripped of beauty)But thy eternal summer shall not fade.Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st.(ow’st: own)Nor shall death brag thou wander`st in his shade.(Nor shall death brag thou wander`st in his shade: and the beauty of every beautiful thing will fade at some future time.)When in enternal lines to time thou grow’st(When in enternal lines to time thou grow’st: when you and the eternal time are one and the same.)So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this give life to thee.Shall I│compare│ thee to │a sum│mer’s day? ( a)Thou art │more love│ly and │more tem│perate -: ( b)Rough winds │do shake │the dar│ling buds │of May, (a)And sum│mer’s lease│ hath all │too short│ a date: (b)Sometimes │too hot│ the eye │of hea│ven shines, (c)And of│ten is │his gold │comple│xion dimmed; (d)And eve│ry fair │from fair │sometimes │declines, (c)By chance, │or na│ture’s chan│ging course, │ untrimm’d; (d)But thy │eter│nal sum│mer shall │not fade, (e)Nor lose│ posses│sion of │that fair│ thou ow’st; (f)Nor shall│ Death brag │thou wan│der’st in│ his shade, (e)When in │eter│nal lines │to time│ thou grow’st. (f)So long│ as men │can breathe │or eyes │can see, (g)So long │lives this, │ and this │gives life│ to thee. (g)。
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Chapter 11.the geographical composition of the U.K.: two/four parts2.the population: the majority / the earliest inhabitants3.the English language: the Germanic group of the Indo-European family / threeperiodsChapter 24.Westminster Abbey5.1066, Norman Conquest, feudalism6.Henry II—jury system7.Magna Carta8.the Hundred Years’ War9.House of Tudor: medieval to modern10.Religious Reformation: the Roman Catholic Church VS. Henry VIII11.two camps of the Civil War12.the Glorious Revolution, the Bill of Rights, constitutional monarchy13.the Industrial Revolution: reasons / effects14.the British Empire —colonization15.Three Majestic CirclesChapter 316.the British Constitution: three parts17.a division of powers among three branches18.Parliament —the law-making body; two housesThe House of Commons —center of parliamentary power19.the role of the Prime Minister20.The House of Lords —Supreme Court21.Scotland —a distinct legal system22.right/left wing party23.a general election —every 5 years24.The Commonwealth —decolonization; an unpolitical union of sovereign statesChapter 425.Margaret Thatcher and her controversial policies26.three sectors of economy —primary, secondary and tertiary27.the major trends in the British economy28.two pillar industries of the current British economyChapter 529.British compulsory education —5 to 1630.four stagessecondary education —comprehensive schoolfurther education —sixth form31.two systemsindependent system —public schools32.GCSE, A-levels33.Oxford University —oldestCambridge University —more Nobel Prize winners34.“Big Three” of the quality press35.Boxing Day / Easter / Trooping the Color / Bonfire NightChapter 636.the Renaissance —sonnet / dramaWilliam Shakespeare, Hamlet37.the Neo-Classical Period:Jonathan Swift —satire, Gulliver’s TravelsDaniel Defoe —progenitor of the novel in English, Robinson Crusoe38.the Romantic Periodthe Lake Poets / second generation39.the Victoria Period —novelRealism: Charles Dickens / Thomas HardyNew literary trends —Neo-Romanticism / Aestheticism40.the Modern Period:stream of consciousnessChapter 841.Stars and Stripes42.50 states (48+2) and Washington D.C.the smallest and the largest43.the Appalachian Range / Rocky mountains44.Great Lakes / Niagara Falls45.the Mississippi River46.New England47.New York (the largest city), Los Angeles (second largest), San Francisco (largestChinatown)48.population —while /blacks / asians / natives / mixed race49.a “melting pot” and a “salad bowl”50.dominant American culture / cultural diversityChapter 951.1607, James Town52.American War of Independencefirst shots / turning point / a decisive victory53.1755, Philadelphia, the Second Continental Congress54.July 4th, 1776, Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration of IndependenceIndependence Day (the national day)55.American Civil WarAbraham Lincoln, Emancipation Proclamation—abolishing slavery56.America’s policy at the first stage of WWI —neutralityAmerica’s policy at the first stage of WWII —“sit on the fence”The direct cause for America’s entrance into WWII —Pearl Harbor Attack57.Franklin D. Roosevelt —“New Deal” aimed at Great Depression58.“Truman Doctrine”—the Cold War (containment and intervention)59.the Vietnam War —Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson60.Richard M. Nixontwo diplomatic breakthroughs; the Watergate ScandalChapter 1061.the Constitution of the U. S.1787; checks and balances; the first ten amendments—Bill of Rights; 27 amendments62.federalism / the separation of powers63.Congress —the legislative branch —to pass lawsthe Senate amd the House of Representatives64.to introduce a bill —to hold hearings —to report to the Congress —to go tothe President for approval65.the President’s powers —limited66.the qualification of a candicate for President67.the Supreme Court —one Chief Justice+ eight Associate Justices68.a two-party system —a donkey and an elephant69.a general election, not a direct election / every 4 years538 electors (270 needed to win) / Electoral College System / “winner-take-all”(two exceptions)Chapter 1170.progress of the modern American economy: colonial—farming—industrial71.Wall Street —financial services industryDetroit —automobile industrySilicon Valley —high-tech industryChapter 1272.ideals of American Education73.three stages of American educational system12-year compulsory education —elementary and secondary74.Ivy League —8 top private universities with long historyHarvard University —the oldest75.The New York Times(the most influential); The Washington Post(the secondlargest & the first to expose the Watergate scandal)76.Thanksgiving ( the origin; celebration: significance)Chapter1377.the Romantic PeriodJames Fennimore Cooper —the author of the “Leather Stocking Tales”Ralph Waldo Emerson —the chief spokesman of TranscendentalismNathaniel Hawthorne —The Scarlet LetterEdgar Allan Poe —detective story / science fiction / horror fictionHerman Melville —Moby Dick/The Whaletwo founts of American poetry —Walt whitman (free verse) & Emily Dickinson 78.the Realistic PeriodMark Twain —colloquialism; the true father of American modern literature 79.the Naturalistic PeriodTheodore Dreiser —describing the sordid side of the everyday life of the lower societySister Carrie; An American Tragedy80.the Modern Periodthe Lost Generation & the Beat MovementTory Morrison —the first African-American Nobel Prize Winner。