专业英语chapter three

a) The Primacy Effect suggests that the first items learned in a series will be remembered better than others
b) The Recency Effect suggests that the last items learned in a series will be remembered better than others
Divided attention Focused attention
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Focused auditory attention
Broadbent's filter theory Treisman’s attenuation theory Kahneman’s limited central capacity theory
E.g.: visual perception auditive perception space perception
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Basic features of perception:
Perceptual constancy
Perceptual organization
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1\Perceptual Constancies
Perceptual constancy refers to the tendency to see the world as invariant, constant, and stable, despite changes in the stimulation of sensory receptors.
b) Procedural memory involves the recollection of how to do things
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Duration types of memory
Sensory memory Short-term memory Long-term memory
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Bottom-up theory
Bottom-up processing is taking sensory data into the system and sending it upward for extraction and analysis of relevant information. It is anchored in empirical reality and deals with bits of information and the transformation of concrete, physical features of stimuli into abstract representations. Also called data-driven processing.
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Memory
Memory, a type of information processing, is the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information
a) Declarative memory involves the recollection of facts and events
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Figure-ground: Ambiguity
Ambiguity means that a single image at the sensory level can result in multiple interpretations at the perceptual and identification levels.
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Top-Down theory
Top-down processing is when past experiences, knowledge, motivations, cultural background, and expectations affect perception, as higher mental functioning influences how objects and events are understood. Also called hypothesis-driven processing.
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Proves of top-down theories
Illusion ➢ When your perceptual systems deceive you
into experiencing a stimulus pattern in a manner that is demonstrably incorrect, you are experiencing an illusion
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c) Lightness constancy is your tendency to perceive the whiteness, grayness, or blackness of objects as constant across changing levels of illumination.
Chapter3 Cognitive Psychology
Shirley xie
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Contents:
Perception Attention Memory
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Perception
The process of interpreting and organizing the environmental information received by the senses.
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The Serial Position Effect suggests that the first and last items in a series will be remembered better than items in the middle and is comprised of two separate effects:
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Perceptual organization
Gestalt theory of perceptual organization
The law of Pragnanz
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Principles of Perceptual Grouping
1. The Law of Proximity 2. The Law of Similarity 3. The Law of Common Fate 4. The Law of Continuity 5. The Law of Closure 6. The Law of Figure-Ground
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a) Size constancy refers to the ability to perceive the true size of an object despite variations in the size of its retinal image.
b) Shape constancy refers to the ability to perceive correctly an object’s actual shape, even when the object is slanted away from the viewer, making the shape of the retinal image substantially different from that of the object itself.
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Attention
The focusing and concentration of mental effort that usually results in conscious awareness of certain aspects of external sensory stimuli or mental experiences.