环境艺术设计外文翻译—城市景观设计中的生态规划

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城市规划滨水景观设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

城市规划滨水景观设计中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) Riverfront Landscape Design for London 2012 Olympic ParkHow do you plant along a river's edge, knowing that millions of people could be passing through thesite in the near future? How do you design, create and maintain the surrounding wetlands, knowing that man-made wet woodland is very rare and transitionalby nature? How do you ensurethat the habitat being created remains viable and sustainable in the long-term? Atkins’engineers of the wetlands and river edges on the London 2012 Olympic Park were tasked with fi nding answers to all of these questions.Covering more than 246 hectares of formerly derelict industrial land, London’s new Olympic Park for the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games is one ofEurope’s biggest-ever urban greening projects. Rivers and wetlands are at the heart of the vision for the new park, which lies in east London’s Lower Lee Valley. Th e landscape that’s now emerging will provide a backdrop for the main action of theLondon 2012 Games.As river edge and wetland engineers for the project, Atkins has played a critical role in turning the vision into reality. Atkins’remit includes design of the soft river edges and wetlands, including riverbank restoration and bioengineering.The transformation is unprecedented. More than 8km of riverbanks have been restored as part of the project; in tandem with this, 2 hectares of reed beds and ponds have been created, along with 9,000 square meters of rare wet woodland(Fig.01).The challenge was about getting people both visual and physical access down to the river-to actually make the rivers more accessible and more open, and therefore the centerpiece of the Park.Mike Vaughan heads up Atkins' multidisciplinary design team, which includes river engineers, geomorphologists and ecologists. “The idea was to open up the river corridor by making the steep sl opes that line the river fl att er,”explains Mike. “By dropping the slopes, we’ve brought the river into the park and made it much more accessible-people can get close to the river and see what’s going on there.”Gett ing the riverbank geometry just right was a delicate balancing act. Too steep, and the banks would need costly artifi cial reinforcement; too shallow, and they would start to eat into valuable space on the site. An optimum slope of 1 in 2.5-about 22 degrees- was chosen. The space occupied by river bank was restricted by the need to convey fl oodwater and the location of terrestrial landscape and infrastructure. As such, the banks were over-steepened using two approaches. Firstly, where possible, the riverbanks were terraced using coir rolls and timber stakes. In other locations, where only a 70 degree bank was possible, a reinforced detail was used, providing layers of geo-grid and steel mesh cages, faced with a riverside turf.Today, with the new landscape rapidly taking shape, it’s easy to forget how the Lee Valley used to look. Until the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) took possession of the site in 2006, many of the river channels that criss-cross the site were clogged with invasive weeds, along with the predictable detritus of urban decay: abandoned shopping trolleys and car tires.Th e Lee Valley’s neglected river network wasn’t only an eyesore, but also an obstacle-a gulf separating Hackney and Tower Hamlets in the west from Waltham Forest and Newham in the east.Now, the revitalized waterways-and the new crossings spanning them-will be vital not only during the Games, but also aft er 2012. Th ey are an integral part of the legacy solution, stitching the new Park and its waterways into the wider fabric of east London.1 Bringing Habitats back to LifeMaking the most of the site’s rivers and natural features to create sustainable habitats is a key part of the Olympic Delivery Authority’s vision for the Olympic Park. But the process of transforming the park’s rivers from weed and rubbish-infested gulches into pristine watercourses has been long and tough.For Atkins, that process started with developing an intimate understanding of the labyrinth of waterways and channels that wind their way through the site. Flows and velocities were measured at diff erent points over a period of time, with data used to construct a detailed hydraulic model to predict flood risk. That’s of critical importance, because Atkins had responsibility for everything up to a contour of 4 meters above ordnance datum (sea level) on the site.A full flood risk assessment was undertaken at environmental impact assessment stage. Atkins undertook analyses of the risk of fl ooding caused by frequent rainfall, taking into account the automated regulation of water levels in the impounded reaches and the impact of tidal lockout. The modeling exercise was made considerably more complicated by the impoundment of the river system during the course of 2008; in effect, this eliminated thedirect tidal infl uence of the Th ames. But its indirect infl uence is still felt. “When the tide comes in on the Th ames, it stops water fl owing out of the River Lee,”explains Mike Vaughan. “So the river levels fl uctuate by an average of 400mm a day.”Atkins’modeling calculations correctly predicted th is phenomenon, and also the increased risk of flooding. “These discoveries led to some changes in the landscaping profile,”says Mike. “The riverside paths have been raised by up to a meter and the profile of the wetlands was also raised, as maintaining cor rect water levels is critical to their survival.”Sustainable drainage techniques have also been used across the Park. In the landscape areas, porous strips have been used in the concourse, feeding into bioswales which drain down into the riverside ponds. Surface conveyance, underground pipes and storage features have also been utilized(Fig.02).The first step in the river restoration process was to “lay back”the banks, many of which were precipitously steep. This re-profiling was necessary because much of the surrounding land was “made”ground, the result of centuries of tipping that had raised the ground level by as much as 10 meters in places. The cocktail of materials on the banks included rubble, glass, animal bones and, more recently, wartime demolition materials from London’s east end.Another challenge facing the Atkins team was the prevalence of invasive weeds. These included Himalayan balsam, Japanese knotweed and giant hogweed. All are fast-growing non-native plants introduced to Britain in the 19th century as gardencuriosities; all have prospered on the wrong side of the garden wall.Invasive species are bad news for riverbanks. They reproduceand grow with prodigious speed, driving out native plant species. And they’re highly resilient. Knotweed ca n force its way through solid concrete, while giant hogweed contains furocoumarins, sun-activated toxins that can cause skin ulceration. Elimination was a priority –soil was treated throughout the site and the banks stripped of all remaining vegetation.In addition, Atkins was responsible for ensuring the protection of the existing fl ora and fauna on the site. Phase one habitat surveys were undertaken as part of the environmental impact assessment in 2006, including bird and fi sh surveys. A major translocation of species was undertaken to suitable receptor sites including a specially-created 1 hectare site just outside the Park. Atkins translocated 330 commonlizards, 100 toads and 4,000 smooth newts. In order to protect the flora on the site, Atkins maint ained a ‘permit to clear’system for contractors, and specifi ed safeguarded habitat areas that were not to be touched including areas of sycamore trees.2 Choosing Plants to PlantAtkins is responsible for the final look of the riverbanks and wetlands-and deciding what to re- plant presented a challenge. With banks now bare, new planting would have to fulfi ll not only ecological and aesthetic demands-they’d be expected to be in bloom for the Olympic Games-but engineering imperatives too.The Atkins design team chose bioengineering techniques, rather than culverting and hard engineering, for the project. That means protecting and consolidating riverbanks by using vegetation and natural products instead of concrete. Choosing the right species with the right root systems would be critical to protect the banks from erosion.An added challenge was that the river network is semi-tidal. The twice-daily rise and fall of around 400mm had the potential to play havoc with new planting, and the river’s high sediment loads threatened to smother anything planted from seed or plugs. “We don’t actually have a natural river system,”notes Mike. “Plants don’t cop well in those conditions.”To fi nd out which plants would fare best-and to establish the most eff ective planting methods -Atkins conducted a unique riverbank planting trial along a 50-metre stretch of the Lee in the Olympic Park.“We trialled plants of different elevations and different installation techniques. These were monitored over a year,”says Ian Morrissey, senior environmental scientist with Atkins. “That’s really helped to inform exactly what species we should plant and where.”The trial revealed that plug plants would be just too vulnerable. But plants pre-grown in coir -coconut fibre matting-resisted being washed away or swamped. Coir has other benefi ts too-it’s easy and quick to install in rolls and pallets two meters long and a meter wide(Fig.03).“Th e mat itself acts like a mulch, so you prevent any weeds growing up through it that might already be within the bank material. But more importantly, when the banks become inundated, you get fine sediment trapped within the coir. Th at helps to bind the roots and feed the plants,”says Ian.3 Banking on Tomorrow’s SeedlingsCreating a sustainable riverbank ecosystem means using native species. So before the banks were scraped back, seed was collected from suitable native aquatic species-a process managed by Atkins -and stored in a seed bank. Some of this seedwas then used by bioengineering and nursery specialists, Salix, who were appointed by the Olympic Delivery Authority to cultivate plants off site in what’s believed to be one of Britain’s biggest-ever nursery contracts.The offsite growing operation was huge and sowing for the project commenced in June 2009, as plants must be a year old and well established in their coir pallets before encountering the tough riverbank environment.Plants for the wet woodlands, including sedges, were raised in more than 7,000 pots at Salix’s nursery on the Gower peninsula, near Swansea. And in Norfolk, the company created a new 16-acre nursery dedicated to the 2012 project(Fig.04). Here, more than 300,000 plants representing some 28 different species, including sedges, common reed, marsh marigolds and yellow fl ag irises, were grown on more than a thousand coir pallets, ready to be transported to London in the following months.During the summer of 2010, the 18,000 square metres of planting were then pieced together like a giant jigsaw. This was a massive logistical challenge. To make it easier, each of the pallets and rolls was tagged. It was vitally important that each one went in exactly the right space so as to avoid cutting and trimming the roots and rhizomes of the plants. The team laid them out in blocks, to a plan, to make sure this didn’t happen.4 Ponds and Wet Woodlands from ScratchWhile the riverbanks of the “Old River Lee”occupied much of the attention ofthe Atkins team, there were also entirely new bodies of water to consider. A fundamental part of the biodiversity of the river edges in the north of the Park lies in three new triangular ponds, off the east bank. Two of these were designed to dry up in thesummer, forming moist grassy hollows. Th e third pond was created to retain water, enabling species such as water lilies and marsh marigold to thrive(Fig.05).Preventing that third pond from drying out -while also ensuring that it did not fl ood along with the River Lee-was a conundrum. Atkins responded by designing a connection between the pond and the river to act as both overfl ow and feed. Flows could be regulated: when the pond level rose too high, water could be drained back into the river; when it started to dry out, a valve could be opened to release river water back into the pond. It sounds simple, but it is believed to be the fi rst of its kind for a habitat feature of this scale.As well as the improved waterways and riverbanks, new wet woodlands will be a notable feature of the Olympic Park. They’re now a rare habitat in the UK, and the ones in the Park are being created from scratch.“It was quite a novel thing to be asked to do,”recalls Atkins’Ian Morrissey. “The challenge was to make sure we had the right water levels within the wetwoodland areas. Atkins was responsible for working out the topographies and the channels, and how they would interact with the river.”Wetlands have a tendency to become dry land eventually, a process that can be slowed down through selecting the right vegetation, careful water level management and maintenance.“The sedge spec ies we selected were chosen because they are quite vigorous so are able to compete well with terrestrial species,”says Ian.Tree species for the wet woodland include willow, alder, birch and the now rare black poplar, points out Atkins’Mike Vaughan: “It’s fantastic for wildlife. You get a lot of invertebrates in there,as well as nesting birds.”Birds, though, can present a challenge, particularly on the freshly planted riverbanks.“There’s a risk of wildfowl grazing our plants when they get on site,”says M ike. To prevent that happening, hundreds of meters of deterrent fencing were erected around new vegetation. That stayed there until spring 2012(Fig.06).5 Beyond the Finishing LineThe transformation of the lower Lee Valley and the creation of the new park, now nearing completion, is remarkable by any standards. Visitors to the Olympic Park –up to 250,000 every day at the peak of the Games –will encounter one of the greenest and most environmentally friendly parks ever to be created for the Olympics.And th e benefits will be felt long after 2012. “We’re pulling that really difficult trick of putting in infrastructure that’s good for the Games, but will work in legacy,”said the ODA's John Hopkins. “This will be a great place to live and work, with rivers and parklands at the heart. Socially, economically and environmentally, there will be a terrifi c legacy-it’s a new landscape powering a new piece of city.”伦敦2012奥林匹克公园滨水景观设计与营造如果在不久的未来，将有数百万人途经这块滨水区域，沿河该如何种植？如果了解到自然界中人造湿林地已十分罕见，该如何设计、创造并维护周边这种湿地环境？该如何长期保持栖息地的活力和可持续性？在伦敦2012奥林匹克公园项目中，来自阿特金斯的工程师们受托负责湿地和河滨地区设计及建设，将会找到所有这些问题的答案。

生态景观设计相关中英对照

本科毕业论文外文文献翻译Agriculture Ecosystems and EnvironmentThe landscape as an ecosystem作为生态系统的景观H. DoingDepartment of Vegetation Ecology Plant Ecology and Weed Science，AgriculturalUniversity Wageningen The Netherlands植被生态学，植物生态学与杂草科学学院荷兰瓦赫宁根农业大学。

Abstract 摘要Landscape in this paper is defined as quota complex of geographically functionallyand historically interrelated ecosystemsquot also: quotorganised landquot.风景，在本文中，被定义为“历史性与功能性相互关联的生态系统地理的结合”（也定义为：“有组织的土地”）。

For its planning and management mapping of geomorphological hydrological andclimatic conditions is crucial to understand the ecological patterns.规划管理，地貌，水文，气候条件对于了解它的生态格局是非常重要的。

To warrant the landscapes sustainability its ecosystems multiple andinterdependent functions should be carefully identified on macro- meso- andmicro-level.为了保证景观的可持续发展，其生态系统的多元化和相互依存的作用在宏观，中观和微观几个层面应仔细确定。

城市规划原理与设计中的景观生态规划与设计

城市规划原理与设计中的景观生态规划与设计城市规划原理与设计中的景观生态规划与设计是在城市发展过程中日益重要的一个方面。

随着城市化的加速和人们对生态环境的关注，景观生态规划与设计在城市规划中的作用越来越凸显。

本文将从概念、原则和实践三个方面来探讨城市规划原理与设计中的景观生态规划与设计。

一、概念景观生态规划与设计是指在城市规划过程中，充分考虑生态环境的保护和恢复，通过合理规划和设计城市景观，达到人与自然和谐共生的目标。

景观生态规划与设计不仅关注城市的外部环境，也关注城市内部的绿地系统、水体系统、生物多样性等。

二、原则1. 生态优先原则景观生态规划与设计应该以保护和恢复生态环境为出发点，将生态需求和自然过程纳入规划和设计的考虑范围。

通过营造自然景观、保护生物多样性等手段，让城市与自然环境相融合。

2. 可持续发展原则景观生态规划与设计应遵循可持续发展的原则，合理配置资源，实现资源的节约利用。

通过推广低碳、环保的设计理念，建立可持续的城市生态系统。

3. 社区参与原则景观生态规划与设计需要积极引入社区居民的参与，听取他们的意见和需求。

通过与社区居民的合作，使规划和设计更加符合实际情况，更好地满足居民的需求。

三、实践1. 绿地系统规划与设计绿地系统是城市中的重要景观要素，对城市生态环境有着重要的保护和改善作用。

景观生态规划与设计应该合理规划和设计城市的绿地系统，包括公园、广场、街头绿化等，以提供人们休闲娱乐和生态服务功能。

2. 水体系统规划与设计水体是城市生态系统中的重要组成部分，涉及到城市的水资源、水环境等方面。

景观生态规划与设计应考虑城市水体的保护与治理，包括湖泊、河流、河道绿化等，通过湿地恢复、水体净化等手段，改善城市水环境。

3. 生物多样性保护与景观设计生物多样性是生态系统的重要指标，也是保护生态环境的重要目标之一。

景观生态规划与设计应该注重保护和提升城市的生物多样性，通过合理的景观设计，提供适宜的生境条件，吸引和保护各种植物和动物物种。

城市规划设计中的生态城市规划分析

城市规划设计中的生态城市规划分析生态城市规划是城市规划设计的一种新型方法，旨在实现城市与自然环境的协调共生。

生态城市规划的核心理念是保护生态系统，减少环境污染，提高资源利用效率，提供宜居环境。

本文将从城市空间规划、交通规划、绿化规划和资源利用等方面对生态城市规划进行分析。

生态城市规划的空间规划方面，注重减少土地的开发和利用，提倡保留自然景观和优化空间布局。

通过合理编制城市土地利用总体规划，将城市功能分区，合理安排居住区、工业区、商业区和公共服务设施等功能区域的布局，从而减少空间资源的浪费和碎片化。

生态城市规划鼓励加强城市景观保护和恢复，保留和修复自然景观，提高城市生态系统的稳定性和适应力。

生态城市规划倡导合理的城市密度和建筑规模，通过合理规划建筑布局和高密度开发，减少土地占用，提高土地利用效率。

交通规划是生态城市规划的重要组成部分。

生态城市规划强调公共交通系统的建设，减少个人车辆的使用和道路拥堵。

生态城市规划鼓励开展非机动交通，建设自行车道和步行系统，促进居民步行和骑车出行，减少尾气排放和交通事故。

生态城市规划也推崇建设便捷的公共交通系统，如地铁、轻轨和公交车，提供低碳出行选择，减少私人汽车使用。

绿化规划是生态城市规划的关键要素之一。

生态城市规划提倡绿地建设和生物多样性保护。

绿地被视为城市的肺部，能够吸收废气、降低气温、净化环境。

生态城市规划要求合理设置城市绿地系统，提供充足的绿地供市民休闲和娱乐，同时保护和增加城市绿化覆盖率。

生态城市规划强调生物多样性保护，建设公园和自然保护区，保护珍稀和濒危物种的栖息地，提升城市生态环境质量。

资源利用是生态城市规划的核心考虑因素之一。

生态城市规划倡导高效利用水资源、能源和废弃物资源。

生态城市规划鼓励建设水资源循环利用系统，包括收集雨水、净化废水、节约用水等措施，实现水资源的可持续利用。

在能源利用方面，生态城市规划推动清洁能源的使用，如太阳能和风能，减少对化石燃料的依赖，降低能源消耗和碳排放。

城市规划中的生态景观设计

青海省西宁市第一场透雨特征分析余学英;孙正美;赵娟【摘要】本文主要利用常规资料,对2016年3月21—24日西宁地区第一场透雨的环流形势、成因及相关物理量场特征进行分析.结果表明,稳定的\"东高西低\"环流形势为第一场透雨的发生和持续提供了稳定有利的形势场;高空冷槽和地面冷锋为降水发生提供了触发机制;偏南低空急流和地面回流为降水发生和持续提供了充沛的水汽;20—24日,西宁上空整层为负值区,-30×10-5s-1以下的上升运动为产生较大降雨提供了必要的动力抬升条件.【期刊名称】《河南科技》【年(卷),期】2018(000)031【总页数】3页(P156-158)【关键词】第一场透雨;成因;暴雪【作者】余学英;孙正美;赵娟【作者单位】西宁市气象台,青海西宁 810016;西宁市气象台,青海西宁 810016;西宁市气象台,青海西宁 810016【正文语种】中文【中图分类】P458.121青海气象业务规定［1］，春季（3—5月）出现的第一场≥10mm或48h过程降水量≥15mm的降水称为春季第一场透雨。

由于特殊的气候条件，青海春季降水较少，容易形成春旱，而这个时期正是农作物的播种至分蘖期，春旱是影响青海粮食产量丰歉的重要因素之一。

春季降水的多寡、第一场透雨出现的迟早是春季干旱是否发生的关键因子。

1 西宁地区春季第一场透雨时间分布通过统计1961—2015年西宁地区（辖西宁市、大通县、湟源县和湟中县）春季第一场透雨出现的频次（见表1），93%的透雨出现在春季，近一半集中在4月中旬到5月上旬出现，4月前5月后出现第一场透雨的概率各占7%，3月中旬仅出现过一次：2012年3月16日大通降水量为12.5mm，达到第一场透雨标准，是历年最早的一次。

大通、湟中春季降水量偏多，第一场透雨基本都在春季出现，时间也相对偏早，最多频次出现在4月中旬；西宁、湟源最多频次则在5月上旬，西宁春季出现第一场透雨的概率为91%，湟源为85%，西宁2015年第一场≥10mm的降水直到6月19日才出现，仅次于1980年，为第二晚的一年。

城市规划外文翻译英语词汇总结

草图Draft drawing/sketch平面Plan总平面master plan剖面Section立面Elevation正立面Façade透视图Perspective轴测图Axonometric view示意图/分析图Diagram地图分析/制图mapping/ mapping diagram图表chart/table容积率floor area ratio覆盖率Coverage城市设计Urban design; civic design区域规划Regional planning总体规划comprehensive planning/ master planning/ overall planning 分区规划District planning/ zoning act控制性详细规划Regulatory Plan修建性详细规划Site planning (constructive-detailed planning)场地规划Site planning近期建设规划Immediate planning步行轴Walking axis概念设计conceptual design方案设计schematic design扩初设计design development详细设计、细部设计Detail Design城市化Urbanization城市生态Urban ecology城市农业urban farming/ urban agriculture经济能量来源Economy energy sources可持续发展Sustainable development历史性城市的保护规划Preservation Plan of historic cities旧城更新、改造-Urban Regeneration/Urban Revitalization/Retrofitting Plan 城市再开发-Urban Redevelopment开发区Development area城市化水平Urbanization level城市群Urban Agglomeration/ Metropolitan Area/ Metropolitan Coordinating Region/mega region城市系统Urban system卫星城市（城镇）Satellite town/ affiliate township城市基础设施Urban infrastructure市政基础设施Municipal Infrastructure绿色基础设施Green Infrastructure生态基础设施Ecological Infrastructure居民点Settlement城市City市Municipality; city城镇Town城市管理区域Administrative region of a city商业区Commercial district民政区域Civil district居住区规划Residential area planning护林区Ranger district绿地Percentage of greenery coverage绿化覆盖率Ratio of green space绿地率Landscaping within factory工厂绿化Landscaping of square广场绿化Landscaping of residential area居住区绿化Improved vegetation & wildlife谷底植栽场Landscaping around public building公共建筑绿化Indoor garden室外绿化Urban green 城市绿化Urban green space system城市绿化系统Public green space公共绿地Park公园Green belt 绿地Specified green space专用绿地Green buffer防护绿地空间(建筑)Parlor客厅Washroom; toilet卫生间、洗手间Balcony阳台、包厢Bathroom浴室Cabinet橱柜Courtyard building庭院建筑Dining-room ; dining hall餐厅Entrance入口Kitchen厨房Roof屋顶Kid room儿童房Dollhouse儿童游乐室Living room起居室Pavilion亭、阁Private garden私家花园Resident住宅Shared zone共享空间Toilet洗手间Servants hall用人房Scale比例Element要素、自然环境conference center会议中心Retail shop零售商店Theatre剧院园林景观Arbor乔木Shrub灌木Band stone铺石Car park below地下车库Carved paving bands曲线形铺地Cartilage Garth 庭园Courtyard identification sign标志牌Courtyard 庭院Fall瀑布Feature景色Footpath步道Garden bridge园桥Garden and park园林Herbage草本植物Liana藤本植物Natural cut stone砌石Pave铺地Pavilion 亭、阁Pavilion on terrace榭Planting植被Planting beds 花坛Plaza大广场Platform台Deck promenade栈道Pole lights灯柱Pool小水池Sculpture雕塑常用的景观英文参考1.主入口大门/岗亭(车行& 人行)MAIN ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE main entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN ) for vehicle& pedestrian2.次入口/岗亭(车行& 人行)2ND ENTRANCE GATE/GUARD HOUSE 2nd entrance gate/guard house (FOR VEHICLE& PEDESTRIAN )3.商业中心入口ENTRANCE TO SHOPPING CTR. Entrance to shopping ctr.4.水景WATER FEATURE water feature5.小型露天剧场MINI AMPHI-THEATRE mini amphitheatre6.迎宾景观-1WELCOMING FEATURE-1 welcoming feature-17.观景木台TIMBER DECK (VIEWING) timber deck (viewing)8.竹园BAMBOO GARDEN bamboo garden9.漫步广场WALKWAY PLAZA walkway plaza10.露天咖啡廊OUT DOOR CAFE out door cafe11.巨大迎宾水景-2GRAND WELCOMING FEATURE-2 grand welcoming feature-2 12.木桥TIMBER BRIDGE timber bridge13.石景、水瀑、洞穴、观景台ROCK'SCAPE WATERFALL'S rock's cape waterfall's GROTTO/ VIEWING TERRACE grotto/ viewing terrace14.吊桥HANGING BRIDGE hanging bridge15.休憩台地(低处)LOUNGING TERRACE (LOWER ) lounging terrace (lower ) 16.休憩台地(高处)LOUNGING TERRACE (UPPER ) Lounging terrace (upper )17.特色踏步FEATURE STEPPING STONE feature stepping stone18.野趣小溪RIVER WILD river wild19.儿童乐园CHILDREN'S PLAYGROUND children's playground20.旱冰道SLIDE Slide21.羽毛球场BADMINTON COURT badminton court 网球场Tennis court 22.旱景DRY LANDSCAPE dry landscape23.日艺园JAPANESE GARDEN Japanese garden24.旱喷泉DRY FOUNTAIN dry fountain25.观景台VIEWING DECK viewing deck26.游泳池SWIMMING POOL swimming pool27.极可意JACUZZI JacuzziWADING POOL wading pool29.儿童泳池CHILDREN'S POOL children's pool30.蜿蜒水墙WINDING WALL winding wall31.石景雕塑ROCK SCULPTURE rock sculpture32.中心广场CENTRAL PLAZA central plaza33.健身广场EXERCISE PLAZA exercise plaza34.桥BRIDGE bridge35.交流广场MEDITATING PLAZA meditating plaza36.趣味树阵TREE BATTLE FORMATION tree battle formation 37.停车场PARING AREA paring area38.特色花架TRELLIS trellisSCULPTURE TRAIL sculpture trail40.(高尔夫)轻击区PUTTING GREEN putting green41.高尔夫球会所GOLF CLUBHOUSE golf clubhouse42.每栋建筑入口ENTRANCE PAVING TO UNIT entrance paving to unit43.篮球场BASKETBALL COURT basketball court44.网球场TENNIS COURT tennis court45.阶梯坐台/种植槽TERRACING SEATWALL/PLANTER terracing seat wall / planter 46.广场MAIN PLAZA main plaza47.森林、瀑布FOREST GARDEN WATERFALL forest garden waterfall48.石景园ROCKERY GARD。

外文翻译--生态景观设计的原则

生态景观设计的原则Principles of Ecological LandscapeDesign学部（院）：建筑与艺术学院专业：艺术设计（环境艺术设计）学生姓名：学号：指导教师：完成日期：4ComplexCreations:Designing and ManagingEcosystemsA dragonﬂyﬂitsoverthesun-mirroredsurfaceofapond,snappingathatchingmosquitoesbeforecom- ing to rest on an overhanging rush. This is an ecosystem: animals, plants, and theirphysicalenviron- mentlinked together in the exchange of energy and materials. If this were our pond,ourecosystem,wewouldhaveitall:abeautifullandscapefeature,enlivenedbycreaturesweneve rhadto carefor,andhassle-freepestcontrol.Ecosystemslikethisponddoquiet,crucialwork,keepingalivethebiosphereofwhichweareapart.W heresuchanaturalpond,oraforestorﬂoodplain,exists,itbehoovesustoprotectit.Whereonehasbeen degraded,wewouldbewellservedtorestoreit(seechap.10).Butwheresuchecosystemshavebeenplo wedunderorpavedover,wecanendeavortoreplacethembyﬁllingthebuiltenvironmentnot justwithlaw nsandplazasandfountainsbutwithecosystems.Anecosystemconsistsofallofthelivingorganismsinanareaalongwiththeirphysicalenviron-ment,anditspropertiesarisefromtheinteractionsbetweenthesecomponents.Anoceanbayisanecos ystem,asisanalpinemeadoworagreenroof.Perhapsbecauseoftheirclearboundaries,lakes andstreams wereimportantobjectsofstudyinthedevelopmentofecosystemecology.Wherebound- ariesarelessdistinct,thelimitsofanecosystemcanbe deﬁned,evenarbitrarily,basedonthequestionanecol ogistisstudyingortheboundariesofa designer’s site.Designedlandscapesalreadybringtogetheramanipulatedphysicalenvironmentandlivingor-ganisms.Theydonotnecessarilyfunctionasnaturalecosystemsdo,however.Theyaredisconnect-ed,toooftenwastefulanddemanding,orelsetheysimplyfailtothrive.Whenwesucceedincreat-ingintegratedecosystems,theresultscanberemarkable.Lifecanspringforth,almostunbidden.Waste scanbetransformedintoresources.Thevariousmembersofalivingcommunitycanreacha tentativebalance.Thebuiltenvironmentcanpurifywater,protectusfromﬂoods,andstrengthenour sense ofwell-being.T.Beck,PrinciplesofEcologicalLandscapeDesign,DOI10.5822/978-1-61091-199-3_4,©2013TravisBeckComplex Creations: Designing and ManagingTHE ECOSYSTEMCONCEPTTheideathatplantsandanimalsandtheirenvironmentformanintegratedwholeisattherootofthedi sciplineofecology,althoughittookdecadestoarticulateinitsmodernform.In1887,inanaddresstothe Peoria ScientiﬁcAssociation,StephenForbesdescribedthelakeas“amicrocosm.”In orderforascientisttounderstandanyonespecies,heargued,Hemustevidentlystudyalsothespeciesuponwhichitdependsforitsexistence,andthevariouscondi tions upon which these depend. He must likewise study the species with which it comesincompetition,andtheentiresystemofconditionsaffectingtheirprosperity;andbythetimehe has studiedallthese sufﬁciently hewillﬁndthathehasrunthroughthewholecomplicatedmechanismofthe aquaticlifeofthelocality,bothanimalandvegetable,ofwhichhisspeciesformsbutasingleelement. (Forbes 1887:537)Theterm microcosm didnotenterintowiderecologicaluse.However,theideaofmanyorganisms formi ngalargerentitygainedexpressionintheturn-of-the-centuryconceptoftheclimaxcommu-nity(seechap.2).ThisconceptwassingledoutbyBritishecologistArthurTansleyina1935articleprovoca tively titled“TheUseandAbuseof VegetationalConceptsand Terms.”Theabusetowhichhereferredwas theinsistenceofClementsandotherecologistsonapplyingtheterm organism tothe climaxcommunity.“Thereisnoneedtowear ythe reader,”hewrote,“withalistofthepointsinwhichthebiotic communitydoes n ot resemblethesingleanimal orplant”(Tansley1935:290).However,hedidnot holdbackfrommentioningtha ta community’sprocessofdevelopmentisverydifferentfromthelife cycle of animals and plants. At best, Tansley offered, vegetation might resemble a“quasi-organism,”thoughonenotnearlysowellintegratedasahumansocietyorahiveofbees.Thisacceptance ofa quasi-organismalstatusforcommunitiesdifferentiatesTansley’s criticismofClementsianecology fromGleason’s purelyindividualisticfocus.Thereisacertaintruthtotheideaoftheclimaxcommunitybeing wellintegrateda ndself-regulating,Tansleyargued,butitcouldbestatedmoreaccuratelyanotherway.Tansleypreferredtothinkintermsofintegratedsystems.Hisnotionofsystemswasborrowedfrom thephysical sciences.“These ecosystems,aswemaycall them,”hewrote,“areofthemost variouskinds andsizes.Theyformonecategoryofthemultitudinousphysicalsystemsoftheuniverse,whichrange from the universe as a whole down to the atom” (Tansley1935: 299). An essential partof T ansley’sdescriptionoftheecosystemisthatheincludedinitnotonlyalloftheplantsandanimalsandoth erlivingthingsinagiven“weboflife”butalsothe entiretyofthephysicalcomponentsoftheir environmen t,suchassoil,sunlight,andwater.CREATEECOSYSTEMSBuiltlandscapesalsohavephysicalandbiologicalcomponents:crudely,inindustryterms, hardscapeandsoftscape.Toooften,thesecomponentsarefarfromintegrated.Thehardscapeissetin respo nse to programmatic needs, and plants are tucked into the remaining spaces. If thephysicalenvironmentisnotrightforthebiologicalcomponents,thenitisaltered,byprovidingirrigati on,forinstance (seechap.1).Complex Creations: Designing and Managing Consideratypicallandscapepond.Anestateownermightpayacontractortoclearanarea,ex-cavateahole,lineit,ﬁllitfullofwaterfromawell,andtrimthewholesetupneatlywithrocksorlawnandpe rhapsafewaquaticplantsonaplantingshelf.Aswaterevaporatesfromtheunshadedpond,thewellpum pkicksinandtopsoffthepond.Evensuburbanhomeownerswanttheirownpondsandwaterfalls,fullofmunicipalwaterandlinedwithdwarfconifersorJapaneseiris(Irisensata)sittinglike rockyp uzzlepiecesontheirlawns.Thesesystemsare fullyartiﬁcial,rely onsupplementalwater,and often require ﬁltration or even sterilization to remain aesthetically acceptable. Physical andbiological elements are divorced from each other and from theirsurroundings.Bycontrast,apondthatisconceivedofasanecosystemfusesphysicalandbiologicalelements intoawholethatintegrateswith,ratherthansitsapartfrom,ndscapearchitectsAndropogonAssociatescreatedsuchapondonapropertyinGreenwich,Co nnecticut.Naturally,throughout NewEngland’s forests,inthespringsmalldepressionsintheland-scapeﬁllwithwater,which inﬁltrates asgroundwaterlevelsdropinthesummer.Thesevernalpoolsprovid eimportanthabitatforamphibianssuchassalamandersandfrogs.Onthispropertysuchadepressionexi sted,setagainstagraniticoutcrop,onlyithadlongbeenﬁlledwithbranches,leaves,andothergreenwast ebygenerationsofgardeners.WhenColinFranklin,foundingprincipalatAndro-pogon,discoveredtherockydellandthesmallspringatitsbase,hesawanopportunity.AndropogonAssoci ates’design philosophy haslongbeentobuild“d ynamic,holisticsystems,”thatis,ecosystems.Franklin’s approachwastolinethecenterofthedepressioninordertomaintainaminimumwaterlevelbutleavethe edgesunlined.Waterfromthespringiscollectedinasumpbeneaththepondandpumpedviaaslenderw aterfallofftherockoutcropandintothepond.Inspringthepond overﬂows,recharginggroundwaterinthe area(ﬁg.4.1).Themarginsareplantedwithtreesandotherplantsthatareadaptedtothisseasonalﬂooding.Betweentheopenwater,theplantedwetlandatthepond’sedge,a ndtheseasonalwetlandbeyond,thedesignprovidesdiversehabitat(seechap.7).When waterlevelsdroptotheleveloftheliner,thewettedmarginsdry,mimickingthecycleofvernalpools.Ifwa terlevelsdropfurther,thesumppumpandwaterfallcanmakeupthedifferencefromthe rechargedgroundwater.Becausethepondisintheforest,however,evaporationandthe needformakeupwaterareminimal.Thisforestedpondisnowahuboflifeandthecenteroftheentirelandscape.Ratherthancreatea sterilewaterfeatureofdissociatedelements,Andropogoncreatedanecosystem,withnaturalphysicalcycle sandplantsandanimalsadaptedtothem. ECOSYSTEMSARECOMPLEXADAPTIVESYSTEMSEcologists’ understanding of the multitudinous systems of the universe has evolved since Tansleywrote hiscritiqueofClementsin1935.Mostrecently,ecosystemshavebeenregardedascomplex adap-tivesystems.SimonLevin(1998,1999),abiologistatPrinceton,isachiefproponentofthisview.Incompl exadaptivesystems,asexplainedbyLevin,heterogeneousindividualagentsinteractlocallytocreatelar gerpatterns,andtheoutcomeofthoselocalinteractionsaffectsthefurtherdevelopmentofthesystem(ﬁg.4.2).Itiseasytoseehowthisappliestoecosystems.Theplantsandanimals,rocks andwateranddetrit usthatmakeupapondarealldifferent,yettheyinteracttocreatearecognizableComplex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.1SchematicdesignoftheAndropogon-designedpondecosystem.Duringnormaldryweatherconditions(a)alinerandgroundwaterpumpmaintainaper manentwaterlevel.Duringnormalwetseasonconditions (b) overﬂow enters peripheral seasonal wetlands and recharges groundwater. (Drawing byColinFranklin.)systemwithpropertiesofitsown.Ifaplantthatproducesmorebiomasscompetitivelyexcludesothe rs alongthe pond’s margins,thentheaccumulationofdetritusinthepond,thepopulationsof bottomfeeders,andotherecosystempropertieswillallbeaffected.Levinfurtherdescribedfourcharacteristicsofcomplexadaptivesystems.Theyarediverse,ag-gregated,nonlinear,andconnected byﬂows.Ecosystemsincludeindividualorganismswithdiversechar acteristics.Throughtheirinteractions,theindividualagentsinanecosystembecomegrouped intolargerorganizationalentities.Forexample,populationsaregroupsofinteractingindividualsofthe sames pecies(seechap.2).Themostaccuratewaytoviewaggregationisthroughthecompositionofahierarchy (seechap.9).Nonlinearitymeansthatsmallchangesinanecosystemcanleadtooutsizedeffects.Remov alofasinglekeystonespecies,forinstance,canchangethecompositionofanentire community(seechap.7).Nonlinearityalsoreferstothefactthatecosystemsareaffectedbyhistoryas muchasbypresentconditio ns.Finally,asweshallseeinthefollowingsections,ecosystemsclearly exhibitﬂowsofenergyandmaterial sthatconnectalltheirindividualparts.LET CONSTRUCTED ECOSYSTEMSSELF-DESIGNIf ecosystems are complex adaptive systems that develop from the interaction oftheir componentsandtheeventsofhistory,thensuccessfulecosystemsareunlikelytospringforthfromour headsfullyformedbutshouldemergeinsteadthroughaprocesswemightcallself-design.Complex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.2Turingpatterns,likethisone,areanexampleofacomplexsystemformedfromlocalinteractions.Inthisc ase,each pixel’s colorisdeterminedbythecolorofthesurroundingpixelsaccordingtoacomputer algorithm.Startingfromarandomi nitialstate,thepatterncontinuestoevolve.(ImagebyJonathanMcCabe,underCreativeCommons2.0GenericLicense.) BillMitschandhiscolleaguesexploredself-designattheWilmaH.SchiermeierOlentangyRiver WetlandResearchParkinColumbus,Ohio(Mitschetal.1998).Theyintentionallyleftoneoftwobasinsintheir newlycreatedexperimentaloxbowunvegetated.Theyknewthatwind,water,andanimalswould bringinne wplantssoonenough,andtheywantedtoseehowcloselytheunplantedwetlandwouldresembletheon etheyplanted.Within3years,thetwowetlandswereremarkablysimilarintermsofvegetativecover,dive rsityofplants,waterchemistry,andseveralothermeasuresofecologicalfunc-tion(ﬁg.4.3).Thiscongruenceresultsnotsimplyfromtheunplantedwetlandcomingtoresemblethepla ntedonebutfrombothwetlandschangingto reﬂect siteconditionsandmigrations.Ofthethirteenorigin alspeciesintheplantedwetland,fourdiedoff.Thesurvivingspecieswerejoinedbyanaddi-tionalﬁfty-twounplantedspecies.BecausethewetlandswereconnectedhydrologicallytothenearbyOlentangyRi ver,thenatural inﬂow ofspecieshadamuchgreater inﬂuence onthemakeupoftheplant communitiesinthetwowetlandsthandidtheinitialplantingofonebasin.Thesuccessofthetwobasinsasself-designedecosystemsisindicatedbytheOlentangyRiver Wetland’s designation under the RamsarConvention as a Wetland of International Importance.Complex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.3AerialviewofthetwoOlentangyRiverWetlands.(CourtesyofWilliamJ.Mitsch,WilmaH.Schierm eierOlentangy River Wetland ResearchPark.)ECOSYSTEMSAREORGANIZEDINTROPHICLEVELSAs complex adaptive systems, ecosystems are animated by the interactions betweentheirconstituentpartsandtheﬂowsthatconnectthem.Inthe1940sayoungAmericanecologi st,RaymondLindeman, suggestedawayofanalyzingecosystemsintermsofenergyﬂow.AswithForbesbeforehim,Linde-man’s focuswasonlakes.After5yearsofﬁeldworkonthesmallCedarBogLakeneartheUniversityofMin nesota,LindemansignedupforapostdoctoralyearatYaleUniversitywithG.EvelynHutchinson (wholateradvisedRobertMacArthuronhisstudyofresourcepartitioninginwarblers)(seechap.3).Duri ngthatyearheandHutchinsonworkedonthearticlethatwas tobecome“The Trophic–DynamicAspectof Ecology”(Lindeman1942).Tragically,Lindemandiedattheageof27,afewmonthsbe forehisarticle,whichwasinitiallyrejectedasbeingtootheoretical,wasﬁnallypublishedintheﬂagshipj ournaloftheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica.Theideasheputforthhavehadalastingimpactontheﬁeldofecosystemecology.Lindeman’s focus was on the trophic, or “energ y-availing,” relationships within an ecosystem.Bor- rowingfromGermanlimnologistAugustThienemann,heabstractedthefamiliarfoodwebsthatnatural-istsandecologistshadproducedforlakesandothersystemsintotrophiclevels:Producersareorgan-ismssuchasplantsandphytoplanktonthatobtaintheirenergyfromthesun,consumersareorganisms suchaszooplanktonandﬁshthatobtaintheirenergyfromeatingproducers,anddecomposersarethe bacteriaandfungithatobtaintheirenergyfrombreakingdowntheorganicsubstancesinthewastes and remainsofotherorganisms.Byabstractinganecosystemtotrophiclevels,Lindeman sacriﬁced aComplex Creations: Designing and Managingcertainamountofbiologicalreality.Healsocreatedtheproblemofhowtoclassifyorganismsthateat both producers and consumers. There can be several levels of consumers in anecosystem,although earlier ecologists had noted that rarely are there more than ﬁve trophic levels intotal.Lindeman’s analysisexplainedthisphenomenon.Unlikethechemicalelements,whichcan cycleindeﬁnitely inanecosystem(seechap.6),energy ﬂow sthroughanecosysteminonedirectiononly:fromthesuntoproducerstoconsumerstosecond-aryconsumerstodecomposers.Ateachtransferofenergybetweentrophiclevels,Lindemannoted,a certainamountislost (ﬁg.4.4).Primaryconsumerssuchasbrowsingsnailsexpendacertainamountofenergyjustlivingand ﬁndingproducerstoeat.Someofthemdiebeforetheyareeatenbybenthic predat ors.SomeoftheenergycontainedinthebodiesofthosethatareeatenistiedupintissuessuchFigure4.4Lindeman’s diagramofthefoodwebanddifferenttrophiclevelsinageneralizedlake.Energyandnu trientsenterthesystemfromtheoutside.Thesearecapturedandtransformedbybothmicroscopicand macrosco pic producers (phytoplanktersand pondweeds, A 1). Primary consumers (zooplankters and browsers, A 2)eattheproducersandinturnareeatenbysecondaryconsumers(planktonpredatorsandbenthicpre dators,A 3).Tertiaryconsumers(planktonpredatorsandbenthicpredators,A 4)areatthetopofthe foodchain.Alltheorganicmatterinthesystemultimatelycyclesthroughthebacterialdecomposersintheoozeatthebottomofthelake,whichinturnfeedszooplanktersandbrowsers.(FromLindeman,R.L.Copyright©1942,Ecolo gicalSocietyofAmerica.Thetrophic –dynamicaspectofecology.Ecology 23:399–417.WithpermissionfromtheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica.)Complex Creations: Designing and Managingλasshellsthatare difﬁcult todigestandwhoseenergyisnotpassedalong.Theavailableenergyineacht rophiclevel,then,islessthanthatintheprecedinglevel.Lindemanexpressedthisrelationship usingthep roductivitysymbollambda(λ):0 >λ1 >λ2 . . . >λn .Aswemovetohigherandhighertrophiclevels,lessandlessenergyisavailable.Becausehigher-orderconsumersalsoneedever-greaterlevelsofenergytoseekouttheirprey,atsomepointin everyecosystem,thereisnolonger sufﬁcientenergy tosupportanothertrophiclevel.Lindemancalculatedtheproductivityand efﬁciency ofenergytransferbetweentrophiclevelsforse verallakesforwhichhehaddataanddrewsomepreliminaryconclusions.This preﬁgured themore precisemodelingofecosystemsthatwastocomeinthenextphaseofecosystemecology.INTEGRATEPRODUCERS,CONSUMERS,ANDDECOMPOSERSAllecosystemsaregovernedbytherulesofenergy ﬂowthatLindemanoutlined.Aswemanageexisti ngecosystemsandstrivetocreatefunctioningecosystemsofourown,weneedtobesurethedifferenttr ophiclevelsarerepresentedintheirproperratios.Ifalevelismissingortherearetoofeworganismsattha tlevel,energy,intheformoforganicmatter,willaccumulateaswaste,orundesirableorganismsmaytakea dvantageofthebounty.Iftherearetoomanylevelsortoomanyorganisms,theywill need supplemental inputs to survive, or else they will die or move away. Using anecosystemapproach,wecancreateamorebalanceddesignedlandscapeinwhichvariouscomponen tssupport eachotherandproducelittlewaste.AtElMonteSagrado,anecologicallymindedluxuryresortinTaos,NewMexico,alinkedseriesofcaref ullydesignedaquaticecosystemsprovidewastewatertreatmentandanessentialpartofthelandscape.The systems’ability to ﬁlterwaterdependsontheintegrationofdifferenttrophiclevels.Attheheartofth ewastewater ﬁltrationprocessisaLivingMachine.LivingMachineswereoriginallydeveloped by ecological designer John Todd in the 1970s and 1980s (Todd and Todd 1993).Theyhavesincebeen reﬁned andarenowdesignedandsoldbyLivingMachineSystems.Inthewor dsofgeneralmanagerEricLohan,oneofthedesignersofthesystematElMonteSagrado,theyworkby tak ingnaturalecosystemprocessesand “turbo -charging”them.Inthewastewater system,muchoftheinitialenergycomesnotfromsunlightbutfromthewa steproductsthemselves,whichareconsumedby bacterialdecomposers.Thusfartheprocessresembles aconventionalsepticsystem,inwhichexcessbacterialbiomasssettlesoutassludgethateventuallyhast oberemoved.IntheLivingMachine,the bacteriathatperformtheinitialdecompositionarecentraltoanen tireecosystem(justasbacteriaarein Lindeman’s diagramofalakeecosystem),inwhichtheyareconsumed byprotozoans,microcrusta-ceans,andsnails.Plants ﬂoatingabovethewastewaterasitistreatedtakeupaportionofthenewly availa blenutrientsandprovideintheirrootsalivingsubstrateforthisdiversecommunity.Afterdisinfectionand ﬁnalpolishinginanoutdoorwetland,thenowclearwaterentersindoordis-playpondsandanotheraquaticecosystem.Hereproducersincludeavarietyoftropicalplants,phyto-plankton,andalgae,and ﬁshplaytheroleofconsumers.Resortguestsalsoserveasconsumerswhen they enjoystarfruit(Averrhoacarambola )andkumquatfromtheplantsthatareirrigatedbythetreatedwastewa ter.Byincludingallthetrophiclevels,thissystemfullyusestheenergyandnutrientspresentComplex Creations: Designing and Managing inthewastewatergeneratedbyresortguests,resultinginclearwaterandvaluableendproductsrath erthanmurkygraywaterandsewagesludge.Ontopofthis,thankstothe efﬁcient reuseofwater thatthea quaticecosystemsallowandtheircentralitytotheoveralldesignoftheresort,eveninthehigh desertElMont eSagradohasalushambiencethatinvitesgueststorelaxandfeelthemselvesapartof living processes (ﬁg.4.5).Figure4.5TreatedwaterfromtheLivingMachineentersanindoordisplaypondatElMonteSagrado resortinTao s,NewMexico.(PhotocourtesyofWorrellWaterTechnologies.)NEGATIVEFEEDBACKLOOPSHELPECOSYSTEMSMAINTAINSTABILITYOne of the aspects of ecosystems that fascinated the early ecologists who studied themwas that ecosystems can demonstrate, in Arthur Tansley’swords, a “relatively stabledynamic equilibrium.”Fifteenyears afterthepublicationofLindeman’sarticleontrophic dynamics,HowardOdum(1957)am assedlargeamountsofdataintoamuchmoreexactpictureofthesurgingdynamics behind such apparentstability.TheecosystemOdumstudiedwastheheadwatersofSilverSprings,Florida.Sincethenineteenth cen turySilverSpringshasbeenatouristattractiontowhichvisitorsﬂocktoadmirethecrystalclearwa-ter,schoolsofﬁsh,andwavingfreshwatereelgrass(Sagittariasubulata)(ﬁg.4.6).Theglass-bottomed boatwasinventedatSilverSprings,infact,andtothisdayonecantakeaboatridearoundthethr ee quartermilesofwateryattractionswithfolksynamessuchasFishReceptionHall.SilverSpringsmadeComplex Creations: Designing and ManagingFigure4.6ResearchdiversinmainboilofSilverSpringsholdherbivorousturtlesamidalgae-coveredeelgrass.(FromOdum,H.T.Copyright©1957,EcologicalSocietyofAmerica.Trophicstructureandproducti vityofSilver Springs,Florida.EcologicalMonographs27:55–112.WithpermissionfromtheEcologicalSocietyofAmerica.)an excellent natural laboratory for Odum because of the constancy of its ﬂow, temperature,and chemi-calproperties.Odumnotedthatthesprings’“hydrographicclimate”wasata steadystateand thatalong-standingclimaxcommunityhadresulted.Odumandhisteamofresearcherswenttoremarkablelengthstocapturedataoneveryaspectofthe SilverSpringsecosystem.Bendingoverthebowofamotoringboat,theymeasuredthetempera-turechangesinwaterasitﬂowedoutofthemainboilanddownstream.Byharvestingandweighingsampl esofeelgrassandthealgaethatcoveredit,theydeterminedthebiomassoftheseproducers.Theygrews nailsincagesonthebottomofthestreamandmeasuredtheirincreaseinweight.Theysnuckuponquadr atsmarkedintheeelgrassandpartedtheleavestocountatypeof sunﬁshcalled stumpknockers(Lepomisp unctatus)wheretheyhid.Cleverly,Odumandhisteamwereabletomeasuretheoverallmetabolismofthecommunitybycomparingoxygen levels in the water during the day and at night. The regular ﬂow of SilverSprings carried all the “waste products” of the ecosystem past the measuring station three quarters of amiledownstreamfromtheboil.Atnightalltheorganismsinthecommunityrespired,loweringoxygenlevelsto apoint that reﬂected their cumulative metabolism. During the day, respiration continued, butthe photosyntheticproducersalsogaveoffoxygen.Thedifferencebetweendaytimeandnighttimeoxygenlevel s,multipliedbythevolumeofthecurrent,thereforeprovidedameasureofthedifferencebetweenphotosynthesisand respiration, which is the ecosystem’s net primaryproduction.Combiningallthesemeasurements,Odumwasabletocreateadetaileddescriptionoftheﬂowofenergyin the entire ecosystem. This analysis also allowed him to explain how Silver Springs maintained itself inaseeminglyunchangingstate.Basedontheratioofcommunityproductivitytostandingbio-mass,Odum estimatedthattheentirecommunityturnedover(diedandwasreplaced)eighttimesperyear.Clearly,smaller organi smsturnedovermanytimesmorethantheaverageandlargerlonger-livedorganismsless.Becauseofthedifferentamountofsunlightreachingtheprimaryproducersinwinterands ummer,therewasanaturalpulseinproductioninthesystem.Onemightexpectthisburstofproductivitytober eﬂected inaﬂushofnewgrowthintheeelgrassoranincreaseinthepopulationofprimaryconsumers.Infact,sta ndingbiomassandpopulationlevelswerestablethroughouttheyear.Odumevenreportedanoldboatcaptain askinghim whethertheeelgrassevergrew.Seasonalspikesinconsumer reproduction seemedto betimedto matchtheincreasedproductivity,andtheextrayounginonetrophiclevelwerequicklyeatenbytheextrayounginthenext,so thatalthoughmoreenergymayhavebeenﬂowingthrough,standingbiomassintheecosystemremained const ant.Negativefeedbackloopssuchasanincreaseinconsumptionthatabsorbsanincreaseinproduction helpecosystemsre-mainstable.Wherenegativefeedbackloopsmeetaconstantenvironment,asatSilver Springs,overall stabilitycanbemaintainedforanextendedperiod.第4章复杂的作品:生态景观设计的原则Principles of Ecological LandscapeDesign设计和管理生态系统一只蜻蜓掠过波光粼粼的池塘表面,抓住孵化后的蚊子之前在一个悬臂冲旁休息。

城市景观规划设计毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

城市景观规划设计中英文资料外文翻译文献Title:The Poetics of City and Nature: Toward a New Aesthetic for Urban DesignJournal Issue:Places 61Author:Spirn Anne WhistonPublication Date:10-01-1989Publication Info:Places College of Environmental Design UC BerkeleyCitation:Spirn Anne Whiston. 1989. The Poetics of City and Nature: Toward a NewAesthetic for UrbanDesign. Places 61 82.Keywords:places placemaking architecture environment landscape urban designpublic realm planning design aesthetic poetics Anne Whiston SpirnThe city has been compared to a poem a sculpture a machine. But the cityis more than a textand more than an artistic or technological. It is a placewhere natural forces pulse and millions of people live —thinkingfeelingdreamingdoing. An aesthetic of urban design must thereforebe rooted in the normal processes o

城市景观设计-翻译

外文资料翻译Place-based urban ecology: A century of park planning in SeattleIntroductionSeattle is a city of over half a million residents with approximately 9% of its total area designated as park or open space (US Census 2000). There are currently more than 400 city-owned and maintained parks, including forested areas, boulevards, playfields, playgrounds, and golf courses. Guided by a vision and comprehensive plan for parks developed in 1903 by John C. Olmsted, Seattle has woven an extensive system of park spaces into the fabric of the city. This commitment to parks and open space has persisted throughout the development history of the city. Although the contemporary park landscape is a physical legacy of the 1903 Olmsted plan, shifting political processes, fluctuating economic conditions and evolving cultural ideologies have influenced the implementation of the plan over the past 100 years. More than a century after its initial implementation, the plan continues to be interpreted and applied within the context of a densely settled urban system, where the converging interactions between politics, economics, and park planning culture are in some ways similar, yet inherently distinct from the earliest period of park planning in Seattle.Our research explores the development and influence of park planning in Seattle from 1884 to 2004 within an analytic framework of urban ecology (see Alberti et al. 2003). Within natural science research, urban ecology promotes the re-integration of humans into researching the ecology of urban systems (May 2004; Alberti et al. 2003; Pickett et al. 2001; Grimm et al. 2000). Much of the natural science research has defined urban areas as “ecosystems” without explicitly acknowledging the influence of hum ans on the biophysical landscape (McIntyre et al. 2000). However, as the understanding of ecological processes in urban and urbanizing environments expands, natural scientists are becoming more motivated to perceive urban areas as human dominated systems which function in distinct ways from non-human dominated systems. The growing appreciation among natural scientists for the role of urban social systems in driving urban ecological change facilitated the construction of an urban ecological framework that perceives urban systems as co-evolving human and natural systems (Alberti et al. 2003).The application of an urban ecological framework allows for the detailed study of interactions between human (including political, economic, and cultural) and biophysical (including hydrological, climatological, and terrestrial) conditions as well as resulting patterns of environmental and social change. Urban ecology has been positioned between the humanities and science, with some urban ecologists proposing that humanities become the backbone of rigorous urban ecology research (Alberti et al. 2003). Although, most urban scholars acknowledge the importance of history and culture, few recognize the influence of historical contingencies on the social and ecological patterns that emerge in urban systems. May (2004) explicitly incorporates a humanistic approach into an urban ecological framework, and articulates the influence of historical conditions and cultural practices in the development of an urban area. Building upon her work, we expand this urban ecological framework to incorporate methods of historical analysis for exploring how the interactions between politics, economics, and ideologies have influenced park planning and development over time.Our framework embraces a place-based, historically grounded approach focusing on the relationship between patterns of park development, shifting political arrangements, changing cultural conditions, and fluctuating fiscal resources within park planning. We ask three questions:1. What major political, economic, and cultural processes have influenced park planningin Seattle over the past century;2. How have these processes interacted to produce significant and distinct periods ofpark planning (including acquisition and development) activity; and3. How has the 1903 Olmsted plan persisted and adapted to the shifting processes ofpark planning during this same time.We define the politics of park planning as the relationship between the Seattle Parks and Recreation Department (SPRD), Seattle city elite and local community members engaged in the process of park planning. The economics of park planning refers to private, city, regional,and federal fiscal resources used to acquire, develop, and maintain parks. Park planning culture is viewed as the influence of citywide agendas concerning park acquisition, maintenance and development. Primarily driven by local factors, these three components of park planning are further influenced by scalar economic, political, and cultural conditions. We explore each component individually, while also paying attention to their interactions in order to describe and situate the application of the 1903 Olmsted plan. By incorporating a historic analytic method to Alberti et al’s framework of urban ecology, we are able to identify fluctuations in long-term processes and drivers, which lead to a rich understanding of the evolution of urban systems.Our description of the process of urban park planning and development over 100 years motivates an understanding of cities as ecological systems, where the historical interrelationship between social, economic and political processes has influenced park development in Seattle. We are therefore most concerned with examining the ecological relationships, or network of factors, influencing park acquisition and development over time. By focusing on the drivers, processes and patterns of urban change in relation to parks, we utilize three of the four aspects of Alberti et al’s conceptual framework. The fourth dimension, addressing effects—such as the ecological function of parks and park use patterns—is not part of this historical study.地点为基础的城市生态环境：西雅图一个世纪的公园规划导言西雅图是一个居民人数超过50万、总面积约9%指定为公园或开放空间的城市(US Census 2000)。

文献翻译-城市与景观空间环境设计

美术系毕业论文外文文献翻译译文题目：The City And View Space Environment Design学生姓名：专业：指导教师：20 年 5 月 10 日The city and view space environment design[Abstract]:Need not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant formlanguage from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary whocan express current science,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, theart lifts doubtless。

Provide the most directly the most abundant source. [Keywords]:The ecosystem building / the view constructThe view design and artNeed not to doubt, the view design is an art, it has inevitable contact with of other art forms.The modern view designs from the first, absorbing abundant form language from the modern art.For look for the designer of the form glossary who can express currentscience,technique and mankind to realize an activity to say, the art provided the most directly the most abundant source doubtless. From the stereoscopic doctrine,surrealism,the style parties,the composing doctrine of modern art earlier period, to later pole Chien's art,wave art, each kind of art current of thought and the art forms all provide and can draw lessons from for the view designer of the art thought and the form language. Today, the concept of[with] art has already taken place very big variety, "beautiful" no longer is the purpose of[with] art and adjudicate an art of standard.The art form pile up one after another, the pure art is gradually misty with the boundary of of the other art door, the artists absorbed the creations skill ofmovie,television,drama,music,building,view...etc., creating such as the media arts,behaviorart,radiation in response to a series of new art form, such as, art, and the earth art etc., but these turn over and give other art professions of from the operator with inspire very greatly.The painting is because of lines,piece the noodles and color of the oneself seem to be is converted into very easily to design some main factors in the plane chart, as a result has been influence the development of[with] the view design, pursue a creative view the designers already to acquire the inspiration of the sub- everlasting from the modern painting.The twenty At the beginning of century, the the stereoscopic parties painter added (the the Pablo Picasso 1881~1973) fully with cloth to the pull to the appear to the change much the in the the appearance of the the gram(the the Georges Braque l 882-1963 yearses) the of several bodies, the appeared what the several standpoints the in the the space see the to fold the to add, Be expressing in two even the result of the fore basic virtues.Their idea has deep but direct influence to the art field.Ex-The from two wars a the down to date, the stereoscopic send the the work the that sends the with super the reality to the the influence the that the the designer has the to keep the on. The set up in 1998 of the the Holland the Amsterdam card the pulls the the sectionsquare(Carraseoplein, the the Adriaan Geuze design), the with lawn, the the asphalt the road noodles the and the the road noodles the top the the dot array the of the the white was the a chemical element, the designing on the the ground the a two the the surrealism the appearance ofthe the ,the plus the the oddity in the a view the of light, voice and the train of the ambulation, make this space had surrealism of mysterious atmosphere.The design thought of the style parties has ever influenced to numerous design realms, its form language has already arrived an important function to the modern building sport.The building imitates the ancients the gram, Anne(the GaBriel Guevrekan l 900-1970 years) completed in 1927 of locate design in the villa courtyard of the French south Hyeres, break the restriction of the narrow and small base to spread the base of the square piece of a ground of brick and the tulip flower terrace demarcation triangle, absorbed the style parties to receive the spirit of Anne in Delhi's painting especially in the design, is made use of a ground well and enter a 3D composition design.Carve to have a close relation with park on the western history, carve to have been the adornment thing in the park but exist, even arrived a modern a society, this tradition reserves still.But the modern carve the substance influence to the view, is along with its oneself some developments just produce.Because a part carve steadily alignment abstraction, the alignment outdoors, extend dimensions and use various natural material, add to near to with the view work more, these two kinds of fusions of arts also naturally the real estate born.The pole Chien's doctrine(Minimalism) is a kind of art that takes simple and direct and several bodies as basic art language to exercise.Most pole Chien's art works make use of several of or organic form, use new comprehensive material, have a strong industrial color.The thought and work of[with] the pole Chien's doctrine not only promoted the earth art produce, but also influenced the two post-war views design.20Half after century leaf, to the variety and the development influence of the view form the biggest art form BE"the earth art" perhaps.The earth art inheritted the abstract simple shape form of[with] the pole Chien's art, and then blended the thought of[with] process art,the concept art, becoming a bridge that the artist sets foot in the view design.The earth art because of it the natural environment is to create place, as a result become the form language that many view designers draw lessons from, in the meantime, the artist also sets foot in the realm of[with] the view design in succession, many works usually are what the views teacher and artist cooperate complete, this also promoted more view with carve two kinds of fusion and the development of artses. An important influence of the earth art to the view design is the idea that brought an art to turn the geography design. The building critic ZHAN KE4 SI(the Charles Jencks i 939~) whom the year construct locates a Scotch southwest department a Dumfriesshire private garden, being turn with the abstruse and exquisite design thought and the art of the geography processing but call.The thought and manifestation of the modern art have profound influence to the view design, making the view design of the thought and means is more abundant.Different from pure art BE, the view design faces the challenge of[with] more complicated social problem and usage problem, view the designer can't take no cognizance these but sink to immerse in own art world.But since we can comprehend"beautiful" Be not the standard that adjudicates an art any more, we should can also comprehend a view no longer is mean"such as painting", the view can become a certain art to thought of carry a body, it can express a diverse form, so we can also have another a to tolerate for some views works that we don't comprehend very.The view design and ecosystemThe ecosystem of the view isn't a fresh concept.Have no 沦to construct in how of the environment, the views are all and abiogenesis close contact, this relation problem that involves to the view and the mankind and the nature by all means, just the environment problem of today is more outstanding, being subjected to a concern more, so the ecosystem becomes one of the most fashionable topics apparently.The ecosystem doctrine the wave tide that rolls up a world urges the top of the angle of view that people stand on science to re- examine the view profession, view the designers also start getting up own mission and the whole Earth ecosystem system contact.Now, at the view profession a little bit flourishing nations, the design of[with] the ecosystem doctrine already is not stay around the 沦text and the diagram paper up of empty talk also Be not the experiment of a handful of designers any more, the ecosystem doctrine has already become a view a designer internality of with hypostatic consideration.Respect the nature development process, initiate energy and material of circulating make use of and place of the ego maintain, developping the processing technique that can keep on etc. the thought pierce through to design and construct in the view with management of always.In the design pursue ecosystem already with pursue the function and the form the equal importance, after sometimes even surmounting both, occupied initial position.The ecology thought of lead to go into, make the view design of the thought and method took place a graveness a change, also influencing to even change the image of the view consumedly.The view design no longer stays around the narrow and small world of[with] the garden design, it starts get involved the more extensive environment design realm.Maintain by one's own to the respect of the place ecosystem development process,to the circulating exploitation of the material energy and to the place with can keep on a processing to initiate technically, the body is now strong ecosystem principle.Though see from the outside idea, most views or many or littlely body now green, green of not necessarily is an ecosystem of, cost a great deal of manpower material resources and financial power then can become and keep the view of[with] result, isn't a "green" of the ecosystem meaning. Design medium should make use of the plant of the hometown more, the natural rebirth that respects a place plants a quilt.The nature has it to turn into with the more recent regulation, seeing from the angle of the ecosystem, the natural cluster falls to fall to have vitality more healthily and more than the artificials. Some designers know this, they make use of the address a top original nature to plant a quilt well perhaps in the design, or build up a frame, providing a condition for the natural reborn process, this is also a kind of body that the exertive natural system can move sex now.Society,art,ecosystem balanceThe art,function and science are three targets that the modern view design pursue.After pass by the baptism of the modernism, the function doctrine has become the widespread standardof[with] the view design.However lay particular emphasis on function excessively, the feature of the view sinks unavoidably in mild.The view wants to develop continuously, the art and science became the direction of the breakthrough.The thought and skill of the modern art for promotes the art that the modern view design to have very your work to use, also make the view design is more abundant.The ecosystem doctrine thought and principle that represent science seep through the view design medium, and become the instruction thought of[with] design, expressing a view adesigner to have already been aware of an own technique should bring into the whole Earth ecosystem system.The development of the view is and develop of society close contact.The progressthat the society development,social culture of the economy realize, promote the development of the view business and design realm to expand continuously.The view of today involves to people the square aspect noodles of the life, modern view is for the sake of the person's usage.Turn over, the view has already exceeded historical and any period perhaps tothe positive effect of the society.城市与景观空间环境设计勒·可布西埃著摘要毋庸置疑，景观设计是一门艺术，它与其他艺术形式之间有着必然的联系。

城市景观规划中的生态城市设计原则

城市景观规划中的生态城市设计原则随着城市化进程的加速，城市景观规划成为了提升城市品质和可持续发展的重要手段。

而生态城市设计作为一种新兴的设计理念，被越来越多的城市规划者所采纳和应用。

本文将探讨城市景观规划中的生态城市设计原则，并分析其对城市发展的积极影响。

一、生态系统的保护与恢复在城市景观规划中，生态系统的保护与恢复是生态城市设计的首要原则。

城市作为人类活动的集中地，往往对自然环境造成了巨大的破坏。

因此，在规划城市景观时，应该将生态系统的保护放在首位，通过保留和恢复自然景观、湿地、绿地等自然要素，实现生态系统的平衡和可持续发展。

城市景观规划中的生态城市设计原则还包括生态廊道的建设。

生态廊道是指连接城市内外不同生态系统的绿色走廊，通过建设生态廊道，可以实现城市与自然之间的有机联系，促进生物多样性的保护和城市生态系统的健康发展。

二、可持续交通规划城市交通是城市发展的重要组成部分，也是城市景观规划中不可忽视的方面。

在生态城市设计中，可持续交通规划是一个重要的原则。

可持续交通规划旨在减少对环境的污染和资源的浪费，通过提供便捷的公共交通系统、鼓励步行和骑行等低碳出行方式，减少机动车的使用，从而降低碳排放和交通拥堵。

此外，生态城市设计还强调城市交通与景观的有机结合。

通过合理规划道路、绿化带和景观节点的位置，使城市交通系统与自然景观相融合，打造美观、舒适的城市景观。

三、节能与资源循环利用城市景观规划中的生态城市设计原则还包括节能与资源循环利用。

城市作为能源和资源消耗的中心，应该通过设计和规划，减少能源的消耗和资源的浪费，实现可持续发展。

在节能方面，生态城市设计强调建筑的能源效率和可再生能源的利用。

通过采用节能建筑材料、设计合理的建筑朝向和通风系统，最大限度地减少能源的消耗。

同时，生态城市设计还提倡利用太阳能、风能等可再生能源，减少对传统能源的依赖。

资源循环利用是生态城市设计的另一个重要原则。

通过建设垃圾分类和回收系统，将废弃物转化为可再利用的资源，减少对自然资源的开采和消耗。

城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献

城市景观规划设计外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.I. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscapeforms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape . Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscapeand ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, tothousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceActivities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "halfnatural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or not of the city's environmental quality plays a vital role. Perfect green space system, to improve the city microclimate plays an important role, it can rise to improve small regional temperature, air humidity, windbreak and sand-fixation, purify air, provide oxygen and so on a series of ecological change the role of environmental factors. Urban green space system as a city human important activities of the external space, planning and design should not only from the plant itself on system, should the broader perspective, considering a person to nature to be close to, rely on the requirements, on the one hand, satisfying the people's physical needs, such as the righttemperature, humidity, clean air and so on need, on the other hand to meet people of the nature of the attachment psychological need. One the one hand, to meet the city function requirements, on the other hand, will play natural systems potential extremely. At present, the city of plants with existing in the implant the following problems: put too much emphasis on green technology and engineering technology of gardening, loving fast for Jane, formed only simple so-called "Joe, flooding, grass" structure, ecological process is ignored, fierce competition among plants, normal growth form was suppressed, the diversity of the community and stability suffocate suffocate, plant diseases and insect pests rampant, maintenance cost is high, the waste of human, material and financial resources. So in the urban design of plants with plant should achieve what kind of effect? It should be a satisfying the people's psychological and physiological activities, meet the natural plant of the self-improvement circulation system, and meet the microbe, plants, birds, and all kinds of close to human beings, animals of the ecological system, and meet the soil and water protection, air purification, water purification up maximum adjustment function of the system. To provide more of a harmonious and orderly biological and stable habitats and more living space, establishment compound level and beautiful season of color in plant community, city landscape has offered only low-grade manual administration, the landscape resources sustainable maintain and develop, that is the goal of our pursuit. Under the guidance of the principle, city with plant should consider the following plants detailed rules. (1) each city green plants with plant to and urban green space system match, and city and the surrounding landscape plant form the whole dynamic stability of the green ecological system. (2) the zonal simulation of the community structure characteristics, abide by "niche" principle and to establish a suitable after layer community structure, use different species differentiation of niche, the corrosion resistance of individual size, the shadow of leaf type, root depth, nutrient requirement and content of hou aspects of the difference in the plant, avoid the kind of direct competition between, form mutualist to trees skeletons Joe, flooding, grass composite community structure and function of the unification of benign ecological system. (3) the introduction of new varieties in the process, must choose and local climate, soil adaptation of the species, for stability of the system is provided. In plants and localization of reciprocity and raw, under the premise of forming a biological diversity. (4) from plants on the system itself not only should also be considered, the animals can be close to human survival and reproduction, such as birds. (5) with plants in the plant, to meet other elements such as human nature to the needs of the sunshine, the air,etc. 6 plants in meet its "niche" principle, and on the basis of the landscape, the plant should aesthetic feeling, meaning, rhythm, etc to the ecological science, to consider the height of aesthetics, harmonious, and urban landscape and form, combines aesthetics.2.4 to the protection of the natural communities and use principle in the urban landscape design process often encountered in one of the most important question, and that is planning on land have very good natural communities or heaven the tree. These natural communities and heaven the tree, and after a time of baptism and longgrowth process, thus forming the beautiful landscape effect. Landscape design should be in the protection and utilization of the guiding ideology, not to destroy these time to human gift, wasted natural elegance. Therefore, in the urban landscape design, the natural communities to meet or heaven trees, our guiding ideology is: in the protection and utilization of the basis, from a series of function, aesthetic Angle, design can reflect the influence of time, history beautiful landscape. 2.5 effective utilization of water resources and ecological environment protection principle is a big system, including land, air, water and sunlight, plant and the related unintended consequences. Water resources as the important component of the system, as the origin of human beings and the survival of important resources, if not effective utilization and protection will seriously restricted the economic and social development, and endanger the future of the human being. Our country as a large population, a water extremely poor countries, in the effective utilization of water resources is wanton waste, pollution and destructive to development of water resources, increased tension in the water, and cause the ground subsidence, the water flow backward and so on a series of secondary disasters. Our country at present the city landscape of water, the main or traditional artificial ground water. Garden workers, open water car, with fire water cannons, of landscape plants to carry out extremely rough water, and planning and design, to groundwater, surface water storage were not the design of the system and the water surface water quickly from loss, serious waste water to the. In the square of other appreciation water, often in tap water from municipal direct access to, not very good for water level division and use. With the green coverage rate increase in the maintenance of water resources in the process of LiYongLiang is more and more big, with people all over the world to water resources utilization and protection attention, and after a long time study and analysis, generates a lot of effective method. We in the urban design should good to use. At home and abroad and theuse of urban water resources on the main methods and protection for:(1) the use of water. (2) of rain to the planning and design of the collection system. (3) the use of water-saving irrigation system. Basically has the following kinds: a. sprinkler irrigation technology;B. microspray irrigation technology;C. root irrigation technology. (4) the interaction of the surface water and ground water use. Through the above all kinds of water saving method summary, design the system method, believe to be able to play well water-saving effect.epilogueThe urban landscape design and the ecological planning tightly linked is mutual influence, mutual penetration. From a small landmark of the city to the whole city planning and design, the need for the connect the relevant knowledge, and from ecology, humanities, local, psychology, sociology, philosophy, aesthetics, and other disciplines continuously research and exploration. Science, reasonable construction of urban landscape design.Landscape design service object, it is the society. People in the design experience and feeling in the same performance on things, be reasonable planning must be from understanding the person's psychology, respect the person's behavior to, this is thefoundation of landscape design, also be the important details of city planning.The landscape design of another service object is natural, must the climate, water, terrain, plants and animals, and buildings, roads, such factors to consider in man and nature of the interaction of the premise. Symonds says: "the ecological design only is effectively respond to natural process and and the unity of." This is for our landscape design how to treat correctly natural is pointed out.At present about the sustainable development of the city, from resources, environment, economy and social point of view, using the method of system, analysis and research in the development of the urban sustainable development. The urban landscape design to the ecological analysis, is in the general principle of urban development. This article through to in the field of urban landscape analysis and research, make with the principle of sustainable development and people-oriented principle as the basic ecological planning in the urban landscape design in specific, technology, be operable. Only in this way can we truly achieve the sustainable development of urban landscape and people-oriented purpose, to establish ecological city provide the guarantee. reference[1] (English) Robert holden, the environmental space "[M] belden group anhui science and technology press China architecture &building press 1999[2] PengYiGang "Chinese classical garden analysis" [M] China architecture &building press 1986[3] Charles Moore, waiting. Reese translation of the landscape poetry strands of gardening-" [M] guangming daily press 2000[4] Kevin lynch, wait and HuangFu compartments, etc in the translation of "overall didn't plan" [M] China architecture &building press 1999[5] Roger, put the crewe. LiuXianJiao "architectural aesthetics of translation [M] China architecture &building press 1992[6] the time case. RuiJingWei translation of the design with nature[M] China architecture &building press 1992城市与景观摘要:本文从景观、城市、生态三个概念之间的相互联系来论诉城市景观。

环境艺术设计外文翻译—Beshghardash景观生态公园中的设计模式

Beshghardash景观生态公园中的设计模式A Pattern for Eco-park design in Beshghardash landscapeMojgan Ghorbanzadeh1, Seyed Hasan Taghvaei21伊朗博琼德大学建筑系讲师2伊朗德黑兰沙希德·贝赫什提大学景观建筑系副教授摘要如今，受到国家人口增长和发展进程影响，设计师要注意的主要问题之一是在自然环境适宜的条件下，注重环境问题和促进环境质量。

在以此为重点的情况下提出的功能性和生物多样性以及怎么样在国内应用。

生态园的设计目标要追随以下功能：保护环境和提高保护环境技术的进步，游览和观光，公众学习关于自然和人类之间的统一关系的知识以及促进人类与自然之间的相互关系的知识。

本文的作用是关于调查和认知，怎样创造合适的场所改变区域生态公园。

研究的案例是距离博琼德（北呼罗珊省的中心）5公里被命名为“Beshghardash”的景观生态公园。

该地区大约380公顷，气候寒冷干燥，这里是本地区具有吸引力的旅游中心之一。

这项研究是基于四个原则：保护原则，发展原则，目前和未来的原则，适应原则。

最终Beshghardash生态公园体现了可持续发展的设计模式，可以说Beshghardash生态公园是一个自然的环境，实现了环境价值，体现了可持续发展，比如提高人类生活质量。

关键词：生态公园，Beshghardash，可持续性，半干旱的风景线。

1.引言据显示，地球正经历环境危机。

这场危机的三大主题是：·人类人口的迅速增长及其相关的经济活动；·不可再生和可再生资源的枯竭；·对生态系统和生物多样性造成广泛和严重的伤害。

[1][2][3][4]在这种危急的情况下，科学和艺术的学科有责任提新的方法来解决或至少减少这方面的问题。

如今建筑和景观建筑艺术的知识与众多学科跨越连接，虽然景观设计可以是一个焦点，但同样的环境保护学家、生物学家、艺术家和环境设计师的方法往往是同样有效。

环境艺术设计外文翻译--绿色基础设施景观规划：整合人类与自然系统

3700单词，6040汉字绿色基础设施景观规划：整合人类与自然系统Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning: Integrating human and natural systems学部（学院）：建筑与艺术学院专业：环境艺术设计学生姓名：学号：指导教师：完成日期：Chapter TwelveStockholm: green infrastructure case study ContextThe city and county of Stockholm demonstrate the planning and implementation of green infrastructure advocated in this book. The city is located approximately at latitude 59° N in southeast Sweden (Figure 12.1) within an astoundingly complex configuration of islands, coastline, freshwater lakes and saltwater estuaries on the Baltic Sea (Figure 12.2).About half of the County of Stockholm is composed of primarily fertile coniferous forest, but deciduous forests also occur here. Forested land and the amount of protected forest is increasing in the county at the expense of agriculture, but the rate of increase is insufficient to protect biological diversity.1 Within the city there are eight natural areas, including nature and cultural reserves and an urban national park, with a total area of 5,680 acres (2,299 ha). Of this 828 acres (335 ha) is water and 4,855 acres (1,965 ha) is land.332The built environmentLike many European cities, Stockholm was initially located to be geographically defensible. Constrained by the area of a small island in LakeMälaren, the city was compactly developed with multistory buildings, narrow streets and little natural open space. As the city expanded, especially after World War II, growth followed the road alignments.Today, 872,000 people live in the Stockholm city area of 73 square miles (188 km2). Development within the city is compact since nearly 90 percent of residents live in multi-family buildings (Figure 12.3). The resulting population density is 11,944 inhabitants per square mile (4,638 per km2). The region is increasingly polycentric and growing with the addition of 20,000 people per year.2 The population of the metropolitan area is now 2,050,000.3 The sections below consider the municipal and regional scale, before focusing on a recently developed urban infill district near the city center.In a competitive process, Stockholm was designated the first Green Capital of Europe in 2010. The Green Capital competition assesses many factors of sustainability, which is broader than the consideration of green infrastructure, but many factors overlap, of course. Of particular interest here is the regional, municipal and neighborhood green infrastructure that supports multiple uses.333Figure 12.1 Stockholm location map.Figure 12.2 Physiography of the Stockholm region. Photo 59°19'44. 15" N, 18°3'53.68" E,12 September 2007 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth.334Figure 12.3 Stockholm urban core. Photo 59o19'21.92" N 18o04'26.36" E, 12 September2007 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth.335Regional systemGreen wedgesThe concept of a regional green infrastructure was articulated in the 1930s. Alternating fingers of natural landscape and human habitation with transportation infrastructure was adopted as a general planning principle (Figure 12.4). Traditionally, Swedish farmsteads and villages were constructed on high ground or benches above a river or stream. The floodplain and agricultural fields lay between the watercourse and the settlement. It is often this floodplain and old agricultural fields or pastures that form the spines of the green wedges flanked by the settlements and the roads that connect them.4 Voluntary comprehensive planning of green wedges and then legally binding detailed development plans for cities and towns were in place by 1998. Stockholm adopted an urban infill plan in 1999 and in 2001 the County of Stockholm adopted a spatial, green wedge regional development plan, which was updated in 2010.2These decisions resulted in a radial regional plan with wedges of continuous green infrastructure that had significant biodiversity value while being close to residential districts. The plan features ten long corridors of agriculture, forest and habitat at least 1,640 feet (500 m) wide (Figure 12.4). These corridors connect huge natural preserves outside the city and are essential to the high biodiversity near the city center. Ecologists in Stockholm found that habitat areas of 740 acres supported the needs of most native species, particularly when the area was more compact, rather than linear in shape. The widths of ecological corridors are variable according to the target species, but a 0.3 mile(0.5 km) width is defined by the regional development plan as the minimum to accommodate both wildlife and recreation uses. There are many existing areas within the green wedges that are less wide than the recommendation, particularly near the city center. These are identified and labeled as one of three categories of weak points where more careful planning is to take place to avoid further erosion and where mitigation measures are to be undertaken. In fact, a detailed study identified all of the corridor breaks and barriers as a first step toward mitigation. Planning documents also stress the almost insurmountable obstacles to dispersal of some species that busy highways present.5 336Figure 12.4 The green wedges are shown as core habitat (dark green), secondary habitat(light green) and large recreation and natural areas (orange) within the urban (white) andaquatic (blue) matrix.2Human use of the green wedges (Figure 12.5) is as important as the biodiversity benefits. For example, the National Urban Park in Stockholm receives 15 million visitors each year.6 To foster public use of this and other green areas, 43 public transit stations have been designated as green stations. These are transit stops where citizens can walk 984–1640 feet (300–500 m) to reach a green wedge. Major green transit stations feature information about the adjacent natural resource.5337Figure 12.5 Social areas and recreation use are major components of the green infrastructure and this area of the National Urban Park.The green wedges are being increasingly codified. In 2003 the county made the commitment to add 71 new nature reserves and 28 study areas. By 2012 36 of these were realized. This official protection, rather than planning guidelines, assures that urban growth will follow the existing roads and rail lines rather than sprawling into the landscape infrastructure.The National Urban ParkStockholm established the world’s first urban national park in 1995 (Figure 12.6). The park is part of one of the regional green wedges and the largest park within the city limits. It also extends into two other municipalities. In the European tradition, the 6,670-acre park is a mixture of cultural facilities, such as museums, recreation areas and protected wildlife habitat.Initially the Parliament defined the area as one of natural interest. The core of the park was inherited from royal hunting grounds of the previous centuries. The municipalities were given planning authority to foster democratic participation but secret negotiations between private construction companies and municipalities regarding development of public land before the initiation of public processes resulted in the development of hundreds of acres within the national interest area boundary. The controversy generated by this practice led 338to citizen planning efforts and petitions organized by non-governmental organizations and supported by the media. With the prospect of a large road infrastructure project that would have damaged the area, the National Parliament voted unanimously in late 1994 to establish the National Urban Park. The act took effect in 1995 and specified more clear boundaries (Figure 12.6), purposes and protections.7Figure 12.6 Plan view of the Stockholm National Urban Park. Photo59°23'34.56" N,18°01'28.84" E, 3 April 2012 (accessed 15 April 2013) by Google Earth. Development of new buildings and roads was not prohibited by the act, but development is not permitted if it negatively impacts any of the three purposes of the park — cultural, recreational and environmental. Existing buildings can be expanded if they do not impact the park. In contrast, facilitates in support of park purposes were to be developed and protected within the park boundaries. Figure 12.6 shows that the park boundary encloses two core areas and a corridor through the urban development.7Public agencies are focused on strengthening the ecological connections diminished before the park was created8 and on the development plans for the industrial and port area to the east of the park.Ecology and the green wedges339In the initial stages of planning the green wedges, ecologists studied native forest species in need of conservation attention to determine whether the green wedges had the capacity to sustain them. Some species are difficult to sustain in growing urban districts due to large territory requirements, large core area requirements, specialized habitat needs, small or scattered populations or low dispersal rates. Species with one or more of these characteristics are especially vulnerable to the habitat fragmentation and degradation that accompaniesurbanization. Two of the bird species in the study (nutcracker and the honey buzzard) have specialized habitat requirements associated with certain species of shrubs and trees, and both had low and scattered populations. In the study area, forest clearing, removal of mature trees and conversion of deciduous forest to coniferous forest were the most serious threats to the study species.9 The six bird species included in the study were honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), stock dove (Columba oenas), black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), lesser spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos minor) and nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes). The study found that the size of the available habitat, and the type and degree of connectivity, determined the presence of breeding pairs of these birds. The study mapped the green wedges and identified 67 sites within and outside the green wedges. Surveys were conducted in 28 of these sites. These defined a gradient from the city center to the rural landscape. Near the city center habitat patches were smaller and more isolated. The forest coverage for the study area was 39 percent. For the area within 6.2 miles (10 km) of the city center, the forest coverage was 25 percent, while the area within 6.2 miles of the city center but outside the green wedges had only 15 percent forested area.The study discovered a wide range of habitat requirements for the target species. The black woodpecker required territory with mature, mostly coniferous, forest as large as 1,235 acres (500 ha). However, this could be comprised of several habitat patches within an agricultural matrix with only 26 percent forest cover. In contrast, the lesser-spotted woodpecker preferred strips of moist deciduous forest along lake shorelines and required only 49–123 acres (20–50 ha) of good habitat. However, this habitat type is not as extensive as coniferous forest.The goshawk prefers large forest areas but has adapted to breed in fragmented patches within the urbanizing region. The nutcracker and the honey buzzard required the largest territories, but benefited from good connectivity between habitat patches.The study outlined above determined that the needs of the bird species in the 340Stockholm region can be met in the green wedges if large and diverse forest habitats are preserved. It also determined that smaller habitat fragments are valuable if proximity is good.9 Continuous corridors linking habitat fragments will be more important for terrestrial animals than for the bird species in this study.Large habitat areas still exist in Stockholm County, but nearer the city center habitat is fragmented into smaller parcels with a few exceptions. However, in this situation groups of fragments may serve as territory for some native species. For birds and mobile terrestrial species, the fragments can simply be close together, but for many species an ecological corridor must connect the habitat fragments. This was demonstrated in a study of a bird, the coal tit (Parus ater), in the Stockholm region. This bird was known to be a habitat specialist requiring coniferous forest habitat of 25 to 74 acres (10–30 ha). However, the bird was found in habitat fragments within a network. Patch networks with a total area of 12–25 acres (5–10 ha) but where the fragments were separated by no more that 164 feet (50 m) served as breeding territory. The bird was found in habitat fragments greater than 2.5 acres (1 ha).10 This finding is important for physical planning in urban and suburban areas where extensive damage to habitat has occurred. As noted earlier, for terrestrial animals it is more likely that the habitat fragments will need to be connected with ecological corridors for the network to serve as breeding habitat.Figure 12.7 This wetland and forest is in the northern core of the National Urban Park, butadjacent to high-density urban development.Wetlands amount to, at most, 4 percent of Stockholm County. About 1.2 341square miles (3 km2) of wetlands have been lost and 4.6 square miles (12 km2) remain (Figure 12.7). Wetlands have been lost to roads and other development and 90 percent of the remaining wetlands are impacted by human activity. There are 850 lakes in the county and about 100 of these are impacted by acidification (30 are treated with lime regularly to mitigate the acidity). This is primarily the result of air pollution originating on the European continent. The Stockholm archipelago is impacted by excess nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage plant effluent and stormwater runoff and by heavy metals from urban runoff.1 The cityand county have an ambitious, continuous and cooperative environmental monitoring program. It correctly focuses on habitat and species monitoring to assure sustained biodiversity. However, annual tracking of the populations of target species, such as greater cormorants and other species, is undertaken to monitor endangered species or sudden changes in species numbers.1 342Urban parks and open spaceThe green wedges extend from the county into the city. Within the city there are 21,000 acres (8,500 ha) of parkland representing 40 percent of the total land area and resulting in 27 acres (11 ha) of parkland per 1,000 residents.11 This compares to Los Angeles, with 10 percent of its area dedicated to parkland, and Portland with 15.8 percent.11 The parkland in Stockholm includes 12 parks that are over 200 acres (81 ha) in size. The dozen parks contain about one-third of the city land area.The goal of green space near every resident is taken seriously in Stockholm since surveys demonstrate the public demand. Seventy percent of inner-city residents wish to visit green spaces more often and spend more time there. This desire is independent of gender, age and socio-economic status. Distance from a green space and lack of time are the two reasons for less use of green spaces than desired.5 New planning goals established distance and park size standards. Residents are to be no more than 600 feet (200 m) from a pocket or neighborhood park 2.5–12.5 acres (1–5 ha) in size and no more than 1,500 feet (457 m) from a district park of 12.5–125 acres (5–51 ha). In addition, residents are to be no more than 0.6 miles (1 km) from a nature preserve larger than 125 acres (50 ha) in size.11As demonstrated earlier, the parkland amenity is also an economic value as expressed by rent and property values. When comparing condominiums, those near 27 acres (11 ha) of park land commanded $783 more for each 11 ft2 of floor area (600 €/m2) compared to similar units with parks with 17 acres (7 ha) of park environment.4343Ecosystem value of the National Urban ParkDeciduous forests dominated by red oak trees are prized in Stockholm. In the National Urban Park one-quarter of all trees are oaks (see Figure 12.9). Oak trees had royal protection beginning in the 1300s and could not be legally cut by private parties until the late 1800s, due in part to their value in shipbuilding. However, much illegal harvesting took place and other oaks were lost when forest was converted to farmland. In 1809 the royal hunting park in Stockholm was formalized and protected the oak forest.7Figure 12.8 The Eurasian jay is critical for the maintenance of the oak woodland andprovides valuable ecosystem services.Hundreds of species are associated with old-growth stands of oaks. Forexample, the oaks are dependent on the Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandiarius) to spread their seeds (Figure 12.8). Jays bury a store of acorns in the fall and live on them in the winter. The nearly 100 jays living in the National Urban Park hide about half a million acorns per year. About 30 percent of these are not recovered from the soil and can grow into new oaks. An estimated 85 percent of the park’s oaks are the result of the jay’s natural seed dispersal. In order to estimate the economic value of birds’ work, the cost of humans planting oaks can be calculated. Depending on the planting method (seeds or seedlings) each pair of jays does a job that corresponds to $880–3,920 per acre. Jays are limited to oak forests and unwilling to cross open areas. Therefore, it is important that large areas of oak forest or corridors connecting smaller patches are preserved to maintain the population of both birds and oaks.4 344Figure 12.9 The National Urban Park provides heterogeneous ecosystems. In this image awetland and heron rookery are framed by oak and coniferous woodlands.The National Urban Park contains a great diversity of habitats including deciduous and coniferous forests, meadows and pastures, wetlands, lakes and rivers, a long coastline and numerous islands. There are 880 species of flowering plants, 40 fish species, 1,000 species of butterflies and about 100 species of birds that breed in the park. Nine of the 14 species of bats in Sweden are found in the park, including two threatened species (whiskered and Natterer’s bat). Of course, many exotic, invasive species exist here too. One is the American mink.The most important habitat type in the park is the deciduous forest, since most of the country is dominated by coniferous forest. In this forest, the oaks are associated with elm, ash, linden and maple. Man has managed all habitat types in the park, including the deciduous forest, for centuries through mowing, grazing and tree planting. Groves of 200–300-year-old trees create a unique ecological environment, which is increasingly rare in Sweden and Europe. As limbs or entire oak trees die, they remain standing and become a long-lasting resource for hole-nesting birds, mammals and a host of beetles and other insects. There are actually about 1,500 species of insects, wood fungi and lichens linked to oaks, especially the ancient ones. The 1,200 species of beetles, which are involved in the decomposition of the bark and decaying wood, make up the majority of the species linked to the oak trees. Ninety percent of the beetle species prefer standing trunks in sunlight. Many endangered345invertebrates, such as the broad-banded beetle (Plagionotus detritus) are members of the old-growth oak groves. In addition, oak and beech acorns support birds and mammals.12The large size of the park supports core habitat areas, although the species most sensitive to human activity or needing the largest territories may be compromised. Keys to the dispersal of offspring are corridor connections between the north and south core areas of the park and more regionally to the deciduous forest stands south of Stockholm (Figure 12.4). The corridors between the core areas are vulnerable to development and habitat loss. The city is working carefully to develop the royal port, on the eastern edge of the city, to strengthen the corridor within the National Urban Park and reduce the hostility of the matrix. Extending an ecological corridor south of the park will be difficult and require local and regional coordination and public support. Since deciduous forest is not the dominant forest type and because the National Urban Park is more isolated by urban development than in the past, there is a concern that the deciduous woodland in the park is a relic landscape that will slowly decline. Reduction of the original oak ecosystem below 25 percent of its original size is a threshold that threatens the viability of the ecosystem. The long life span of the oaks creates some uncertainty about the long-term prospects of the forest.City centerThe green infrastructure of the city center primarily expresses human values. Vibrant streets, public squares, urban parks, historic districts and sustainable transportation serve the citizens in the cultural, government and financial old town. These spaces are also part of the green infrastructure of the city, even if they don’t focus on the non-human aspects of the environment. They are volumesthat make high-density, mixed-use districts vibrant and desirable places to live, work and shop. Stockholm offers a full range of urban spaces from the largely paved plazas that can host thousands of people for celebrations (Figure 12.10)to green oases that provide a respite from the bustle of the city. There are promenades (Figure 12.11) along the water and through the old town that connect a variety of spaces and use areas, such as transportation centers, government complexes and the urban waterfront.The combination of high population density and high percentage of open space is unusual. In San Francisco, the population density is higher than in Stockholm, but this is at the expense of parkland and especially biodiversity.346Only 14 percent of the land area in San Francisco is park and open space and the park acreage per person is very low (Table 12.1). In contrast, the city of Austin covers more than three times the area of Stockholm but has only onequarterof the density. The percentage of land dedicated to open space is muchlower in Austin than in Stockholm, although acres per 1,000 people are quite high. Austin manages two Texas state parks within the city limits. In summary, Austin is a sprawling low-density city with a great open-space system, while San Francisco is a very urban, high-density environment without the balance of habitat and open space amenities of Stockholm.14Figure 12.10 Outstanding architecture frames a series of urban plazas and parks largeenough to host civic celebrations, fairs and street performers.347Figure 12.11 Pedestrian streets, anchored by transportation hubs and the government center,teem with tourists and locals for shopping and entertainment.New Urbanism proponents in the US worry that green infrastructure is a recipe for the ruralization of American towns and cities. Stockholm demonstrates that cities can have it all — vibrant urban environments and rich biodiversity. Providing 25 percent or less open space in a city stresses the remaining ecosystems and is too low to accommodate both recreation and urban biodiversity without conflict. Population densities need to increase in most American cities in order to preserve land for recreation, scenery, stormwater treatment, habitat and other ecosystem functions and services.The high population density in Stockholm has substantial secondary benefits since it precludes the loss of natural landscape to suburban sprawl. This regional city is clearly the center of civic life and remains the focus of smaller cities connected to it by roads and rail lines.背景斯德哥尔摩市、县展示的策划和实施在这本书中提倡的绿色基础设施。

城市规划设计中的生态城市规划分析

城市规划设计中的生态城市规划分析
生态城市规划是指在城市规划与设计中将生态环境保护与城市发展有效结合起来，以实现可持续发展的目标。

生态城市规划的设计目标是通过合理布局和有效管理城市空间资源，最大程度地减少对自然生态系统的干扰和破坏，提升城市人居环境质量，促进城市的生态建设。

在生态城市规划中，需要进行全面的生态环境评估和调查研究。

通过对城市区域的生态环境进行评估，了解生态系统的现状和潜在问题，可以为后续规划设计提供科学依据。

生态城市规划要注重空间布局和土地利用的合理规划。

要遵循“人与自然和谐共生”的原则，保护和修复自然生态系统，合理利用城市土地资源，增加公共绿地和生物多样性保护区的比例，减少城市面积的人工覆盖，提升生态脆弱区的抵抗力。

生态城市规划需要注重交通运输系统的规划。

要通过合理规划道路网络、公共交通和非机动交通系统，鼓励低碳出行方式，减少机动车污染和交通拥堵。

要推广可再生能源的使用，减少能源消耗和环境污染。

第四，生态城市规划要注重水资源的保护和管理。

要建立完善的水资源管理体系，合理规划水资源的供应与需求，提高供水性能和水务管理效率，加强水资源的保护，减少水污染。

第五，生态城市规划要注重环境容量的控制。

在城市发展过程中，要充分考虑城市的环境容量，合理控制城市人口规模和产业发展规模，以确保城市的环境质量和生态安全。

生态城市规划的设计原则是统筹兼顾，促进城市的可持续发展。

要在规划设计中充分考虑社会、经济与环境的协调关系，通过合理的空间布局和资源利用，实现城市的生态与经济效益最大化。

还要充分发挥市民的主体作用，增加公众参与，提高规划设计的透明度和可接受性。

城市生态修复与景观设计(英文中文双语版优质文档)

城市生态修复与景观设计（英文中文双语版优质文档）I. IntroductionWith the continuous development of urbanization, the urban environment is getting more and more attention. The quality of the urban environment has a significant impact on human health and socio-economic development. Urban ecological restoration and landscape design are one of the effective ways to solve urban environmental problems. This article will discuss the concepts, importance and methods of urban ecological restoration and landscape design.2. Urban Ecological RestorationUrban ecological restoration refers to the process of improving the urban environment, restoring the ecosystem, and enhancing the ecological functions of the city through a series of measures and means. Urban ecological restoration is one of the important ways to solve urban environmental problems.The importance of urban ecological restoration is that it can improve the urban environment, restore natural ecosystems, and enhance urban ecological functions. Urban ecological restoration can promote sustainable urban development, protect natural ecosystems, enhance the stability and resilience of urban ecosystems, reduce the impact of urban environmental pollution and climate change, and enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of cities.Methods of urban ecological restoration include: restoring natural wetlands, planting vegetation, restoring river ecosystems, improving urban water environment quality, reducing land development, and improving air quality, etc. These methods can restore urban natural ecosystems, enhance the stability and resilience of urban ecosystems, reduce urban environmental pollution and the impact of climate change, and improve the livability and attractiveness of cities.3. Landscape DesignLandscape design refers to the process of creating beautiful, practical and reasonable urban landscape space through design means. Landscape design is an important part of urban environment construction, which can improve the ecological quality and living environment of the city.The importance of landscape design is that it can improve the ecological quality and living environment of the city, and at the same time, it can also enhance the cultural and artistic atmosphere of the city, and enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of the city. Landscape design can create a beautiful urban landscape space, so that people can better enjoy the good life in the city.The methods of landscape design include: creating good urban visual effects, creating eco-friendly urban landscape space, improving the cultural atmosphere of the city, improving the quality of public space in the city, etc. These methods can improve the living environment and ecological quality of the city, make people more willing to live and work in the city, and enhance the attractiveness and competitiveness of the city.4. The relationship between urban ecological restoration and landscape designUrban ecological restoration and landscape design are inseparable. Urban ecological restoration can provide an ecosystem basis for landscape design and create a more eco-friendly urban landscape space. Landscape design can provide a beautiful form of expression for urban ecological restoration and make the urban environment more pleasant.The integration of urban ecological restoration and landscape design can make the urban environment more beautiful and pleasant, and at the same time improve the ecological quality and living environment of the city. The integration of urban ecological restoration and landscape design needs to pay attention to various factors such as ecology, culture, and art, and create a more beautiful, ecologically friendly, and culturally diverse urban landscape space.V. ConclusionUrban ecological restoration and landscape design are one of the important ways to solve urban environmental problems. Urban ecological restoration can provide an ecosystem basis for landscape design and create a more eco-friendly urban landscape space. Landscape design can provide a beautiful form of expression for urban ecological restoration and make the urban environment more pleasant. The integration of urban ecological restoration and landscape design needs to pay attention to ecological, cultural, artistic and other factors to create a more beautiful, ecologically friendly and culturally diverse urban landscape space, making positive contributions to urban environmental construction and sustainable development.一、引言随着城市化的不断发展，城市环境也越来越受到关注。

城市设计中的景观生态规划与生态系统服务

城市设计中的景观生态规划与生态系统服务在城市化进程中，城市设计作为一个重要的领域，需要注重景观生态规划与生态系统服务的考虑。

景观生态规划是指在城市设计中，结合自然地理环境与人文环境，通过有机的布局与设计，提供城市功能和景观美观的同时，保护和恢复生态系统的功能与服务。

本文将探讨景观生态规划与生态系统服务在城市设计中的重要性，并提出一些相关措施。

一、景观生态规划的重要性1. 保护生态环境：随着城市化的加速进行，很多地区的生态环境遭受破坏。

景观生态规划通过合理的空间布局和景观设计，保护和修复生态系统，减少对自然资源的消耗，降低环境污染。

2. 提供生态系统服务：城市作为人类活动的中心，需要依赖于生态系统的各种服务，如水源供应、空气净化、土壤保持等。

景观生态规划可以在城市中保留和恢复自然景观，提供各种生态系统服务，提高城市居民的生活质量。

3. 提升城市形象：良好的景观生态规划可以为城市增添独特的韵味和美感，显著提升城市形象。

合理的绿地、湖泊、河流等自然要素与城市建筑和道路融合在一起，形成和谐的城市景观。

二、景观生态规划在城市设计中的措施1. 生态网络规划：通过建立生态网络，将城市中的绿地、水体和其他自然景观相连起来，形成完整的生态系统。

可以通过设置生态走廊、湿地保护区等手段，促进生物多样性的保护和繁衍。

2. 绿色基础设施建设：在城市规划中，将绿地、湖泊、河流等自然要素纳入基础设施规划中，使其成为城市生态系统的一部分。

例如，设置雨水花园、屋顶花园等，可以收集雨水、净化空气，并提供休闲娱乐的功能。

3. 生态修复与保护：在城市设计中，对于已经破坏的生态环境，需要进行生态修复和保护。

可以采取植被恢复、土壤修复等措施，使破坏的生态系统能够逐渐恢复正常功能。

三、生态系统服务在城市设计中的应用1. 水资源管理：合理规划城市水体，建设湖泊、水系等水源，提供城市用水和生态水需求，同时净化水质，保护水资源。

2. 空气污染治理：通过设置绿化带、森林公园等绿地，减少空气污染物的浓度，改善城市空气品质。

环境艺术设计外文翻译—绿色基础设施景观规划

绿色基础设施景观规划Green Infrastructure for Landscape Planning外文原文：Physical infrastructure for promotion of healthParksNaturalistic open space provides the urban dweller with a broad range of services, including scenic, psychological, social, educational and scientific, as well as the opportunity to experience nature. Private development rarely provides public open spaces unless compelled by government. This is because the services listed above are health and quality of life interests that are often beyond the economic calculation of development products and profits. This is to say that developers are not held accountable for the costs of dangerous or unhealthy neighborhoods. Nevertheless, the impacts of these disservices are borne by individuals and the community. Since the free market fails to provide public open space, the public sector acts in the citizens’ interest. When we consider that healthy ecosystems are also in the citizens’ interest, then the preservation of biodiversity, flood protection and other services, such as open space, are justifiable planning and government concerns. Nevertheless, open space generally follows an urban to rural gradient in respect to size and degree of human modification. This reflects land cost and the absence of systematic planning.Although poorly distributed, open space is provided by public agencies including municipalities, counties, park districts and state parks. These agencies maintain over 20 million acres of land in the US. The majority of this is managed as state parks, but over six million acres is provided by municipal agencies. Two million acres of the municipal land is managed as informal open space (51.8 percent), habitat (34.3 percent) or preservation (4.9 percent).It is clear that there is a substantial commitment to both formal recreation space and more naturalistic open space. Of course, the amount of formal parkland should not be reduced, but the acreage and thus the proportion of natural parkland within municipalities will need togrow in the future if urban biodiversity is valued.Although open space is usually unplanned or an opportunistic provision, there are notable examples of deliberate open space systems that contain urban, as well as ecologically valuable, open space. These examples provide us with some of the most important demonstrations of the range and value of ecosystem services provided to urban residents.Open space standardsOften open space in a city accumulates due to unplanned opportunities rather than deliberate physical planning that factors minimum size, location, residential density, connectivity or type of space. More often there is a piecemeal approach with a focus on meeting standards. Although very simple, the disadvantages of this approach are that it doesn’t respond to t he characteristics of the community or the unique qualities of the undeveloped landscape. Standards fail to account for opportunities for place making, multiple use or creating economic and other benefits for citizens. Many of these faults are due to an incremental rather than strategic approach.Open-space standards reflect park acreage compared to city population. This simple formula has evolved to include access or service areas, in addition to acreage. This begins to address the unequal provision of open space by cities. In the UK, the first accessibility standard for open space was introduced in the late 1500s and specified that residents should be within three miles of open space. Several more recent standards have been promoted, including the ANGSt recommendations adopted by English Nature, a UK government agency. English Nature is promoting the adoption of these standards (Table 7.1) by all cities and towns. The standards specify at least five acres (2 ha) of green space within 1,000 feet (300 m) of each residence and a 50-acre (20-ha) space within 1.25 miles.Table 7.1 American and British open space recommendations.National Recreation and Park Association Standards - United StatedPark Type Service Radius(miles) Size(acres)Mini-Park Less than 1/4 0.06-1Neighborhood Park 1/4-1/2 5-10Community Park 1/2-3 30-50Large Urban Park One per city 50 minimum, 75+ acres preferredNature Preserve No recommendation No recommendationSports Complex One per city 25 minimum, 40-80 preferredANGSt Standards- United KingdomPark type Service Radius(miles) Size(acres)Neighborhood 1000 (300 meters) 5(2 ha)Community 5/4miles (2 km) 50 (20 ha)Large Urban Park 3 miles (5 km) 250 (100 ha)Regional 6 miles (10 km) 1236 (500 ha)Nature Preserve 2.5 (1 ha) for each 1000 population increment In the US there are no national government requirements or guidelines for parks, open space, natural areas or trails, but the National Recreation and Park Association published guidelines in the early 1980s that set a standard of 6.25–10.5 acres per 1,000 population for urban areas and 15–20 acres for regional parks. The basis of this recommendation was subjective but widely adopted. These guidelines were revised in 1995 (Table 7.1). They suggest park types, sizes and service radii recommendations that many communities have adopted. The recommendations are clearly urban in orientation and there is no consideration of a networked system of parks. Park trails are classified by the association as single purpose, multipurpose or nature trails, but miles per 1,000 people or network density or other supply recommendations are not provided. Similarly, connector trails that are multipurpose but with a transportation focus are an identified trail type but, again, supply recommendations are not provided. Neither the British nor the American standards recognize the opportunity to structure urban growth or the green infrastructure network potentials.Cities meet the recommended standards to varying degrees. Seattle, for example, provides 4.8 acres per 1,000 population of developed parkland and 5.6 acres of natural parkland per 1,000 residents. Philadelphia provides almost seven acres of parkland per 1,000 people. Often,smaller cities provide more park space per resident than large cities. For example, Boulder, Colorado, with a population of 103,600, provides 19 acres of urban parkland per 1,000 residents and 15 miles of greenway trails. Just beyond the city limit, the city provides 146 miles of trails and owns an additional 45,000 acres of natural open space and habitat.The Trust for Public Lands, a national non-profit organization in the US, developed a method to assess the 40 largest American cities according to the provision of parks. The organization combined several measures, which can serve as a guide for cities and towns that are planning park systems within their jurisdictions. As in the British method, both park acreage and access to it are important considerations. The study measured total acres of parkland within the city, but also determined the acreage as a percentage of the total city area. For the 40 cities, the range was 2.1 percent (Fresno) to 22.8 percent (San Diego) of the city area, with a median of 9.1 percent. The median park size ranged from 0.6 acres to 19.9, with a median size of 4.9 acres. Even the best-performing city achieves less than the 30 percent open-space recommendation of this book for healthy human and ecosystem attainment. None of the largest US cities approach the 40 percent land area dedicated to parks achieved by Stockholm. This data suggest that American cities fail to provide the recommended park acreage and that the percentage of land area dedicated to open space is well below the amount necessary to provide for both recreation and habitat needs.The Trust for Public Land also assessed the subject cities according to the public access to the parklands. They also distributed access according to economic stratification of the population. Access was defined as a ten-minute walk (0.5 miles) from the residence to the park entrance. The route needed to be free of obstacles, such as interstate highways, rivers, etc. The percentage of the urban population with this access ranged from 26 percent (Charlotte) to 98 percent (San Francisco), with a median of 57 percent. This data shows that more that 40 percent of Americans do not have the recommended access to parkland.The last measure considered by the Trust for Public Land is the level of service and investment in parks provided by the cities. The service component used playgrounds as a proxy since they reliably predict the provision of other park facilities. Playgrounds per 10,000residents ranged between 1 and 5, with a median of 1.89. Public investment ranged from $31 (El Paso) to $303 (Washington, DC), with a median of $85 per resident.The cities ranked in the top ten for a combination of acreage, access and service and investment were San Francisco, Sacramento, Boston, New York, Washington, Portland, Virginia Beach, San Diego, Seattle and Philadelphia. Cities with higher population density generally scored better on access but not necessarily on the service and investment issue. Total population was also not a predictor of park score rank. Several cities with low population density provided very l arge total park acreage but didn’t qualify for top ranking due to access, service and investment problems. The top ranked, San Francisco, received an outstanding score for access and scored very high for investment ($291.66 per resident) and well above the median for percentage of land area dedicated to parks (17.9 percent), even though total park acreage isn’t the highest. Unfortunately, the Trust for Public Land doesn’t distinguish undeveloped open space and habitat areas from developed parklands. Therefore, judging biodiversity capacity of the cities isn’t possible. Larger expenditures per resident probably result in parklands that are better maintained and more highly programmed with activities.Programming increases the value of existing park acreage, as demonstrated by the following research results. An analysis of 20 studies investigating the value of open space defined a forested land situation (forest size = 24,500 acres; population density = 87 people per square mile) and found that the open space value was $620 (2003) per acre per year. However, when the forest area increased above 24,500 acres, then the open space value per acre decreased, but total value did not decrease. If recreational opportunities are provided, then the open space value increases by 322 percent. This means that programmed urban parkland has higher open-space value and the municipality is maximizing the benefit of its investment in parkland.Systematic open spaceA reasoned approach to open-space planning balances open-space standards with an assessment of local and regional demand for various outdoor recreation pursuits, the presenceof outstanding visual character and local habitat. Comparison of existing supply with demand and existing service levels in the municipality or county would focus attention on where parks of various types are needed. Park and recreation standards, as suggested in Table 7.1, are a starting point for public participatory planning events to tailor an open-space system to local desires and conditions.Provision of open space at StapletonLarge subdivision projects and planned unit developments in the US are often required to provide a percentage of the site as public open space. The amount is determined through direct negotiation of housing density, commercial space and public amenities. This requirement often arises from a public participatory planning process that is absent from the consideration of small-parcel development. As the result of an extensive public planning process, the developer of Stapleton in Denver was required to dedicate 25 percent of the land area to parks, recreation and habitat restoration.The citizen planning effort at Stapleton established a range of open-space types. The eight types are: (1) formal urban parks (about 175 acres); (2) nature parks (in this case Sandhills Prairie park at about 365 acres and the Sand Bluff Nature Area); (3) community parks (20–40 acres each); (4) neighborhood parks (up to ten acres each); (5) parkways or greenways (planted medians, vegetated street edges or landscape corridors with multiple functions, including stormwater management); (6) sports complexes (107 acres); (7) golf courses; and (8) community vegetable gardens. All of the open space shown in the master plan developed by the citizen planning group comprised about 35 percent (1,680 acres) of the land area, but has been reduced to about 25 percent or 1,200 acres. This reduction had the greatest impact on habitat and biodiversity. However, compared to the 6 percent that is dedicated to parks for Denver as a whole, the case of Stapleton is a great improvement and exceeds the best performance of the 40 largest US cities. Similarly, the provision of a continuous green infrastructure that is multifunctional more efficiently delivers the variety of ecosystem services, including wildlife habitat (Figure 7.9). Residents have great access to spaces ranging from plazas, boulevards, greenways, active recreation and nature areas. Uponcompletion of all development at Stapleton there will be 40 acres of open space for every 1,000 people, exceeding the recommended standards by 400 percent. This also greatly exceeds the acreage provided by Seattle and Philadelphia to their citizens, but is far less than the combined park and habitat area provided by Boulder, Colorado.Density and proximityFigure 7.9 This newly restored stream corridor at Stapleton once flowed through box culverts below airport runways. Today the corridor is valuable habitat connected to a regional preserve and other corridors. Note the new public recreation center building at the upper right. People value public open space more highly as population density increases. When the population density increases by 10 percent, the value of open space increases by 5 percent. Poorly used neighborhood parks (Figure 7.10) are often located in single-family residential areas where ample private open space reduces the demand for public space except for neighborhood celebrations or events. Small urban lots within single family, row house or townhouse neighborhoods are more acceptable to residents if parks are nearby. When planning higher-density neighborhoods where multistory apartment, condominium or mixed-use buildings increase population density to above 20 people per gross acre, adjacent public open space should be prioritized to compensate for the absence of private open space and because these residents are most likely to use the provided amenities.When the open space is close to residences it increases their value. Studies demonstrate that when considering properties an average distance (190 feet) from open space, compared to those 30 feet closer to open space, there is about 0.1 percent increase in price for the closerproperty. The price increase effect grows with each increment closer to the open space.Figure 7.10 This neighborhood park in a single-family residential neighborhood provides lawn, ornamental planting and a shade structure. All of these features are available in most of the private open space, which reduces park use except for neighborhood events. Recreation facilitiesIn the US the National Recreation and Park Association recommends recreation facility standards just as they do for types of park acreage. From the green infrastructure point of view these facilities need to be located where they can be linked to other network resources and the residential and employment centers that might contribute users. Again the proximity of the recreation opportunities will encourage public use.Land-use mix and destinationsGreater use of public open space results when development types are varied. When retail, employment and civic opportunities and residential areas are adjacent to each other and connected by pedestrian-friendly streets, then people are encouraged to walk between use areas (Figure 7.11). Some destinations are anchors within a network of pedestrian and bicycle routes and other uses. Schools, libraries, city administration, shopping districts, civic plazas, waterfronts and many other elements can function as anchors, drawing people along circulation routes. In Figure 7.12 restaurants, shops and offices surround an urban park and plaza. These attract pedestrians from apartments, condominiums, row houses and townhouses,and even regional shopping and auto services that are all visible in this small section of Stapleton. The beautiful promenade shown on the right side of the image and in Figure 7.13 inspire evening strolls and daily commuting on foot. The resulting concentration of people arriving for different purposes encourages other people to come to see the activity (Figure 7.3).Figure 7.11 As residential and employment density increase, so does use of public plazas,promenades and formal parks.Figure 7.12 This image shows the 29th Avenue promenade (right) leading to the Founders Park and urban plaza. The mixed-density neighborhood includes apartments, row houses,townhouses and multistory mixed-use buildings.Figure 7.13 This wide median is a wonderful place to walk and is anchored by a destination –the mixed-use neig hborhood center and plaza on 29th Avenue. It is Stapleton’s version of thepasseggiata.Residential densityLow residential density results in lower pedestrian and bicycle activity and use of public open space. Conversely, as residential density increases, privately owned open space shrinks and the demand for public space and facilities increases. This is also true for the size of the residential living area. In Italy, for example, the evening stroll (passeggiata) is the opportunity to meet with friends, bump into playmates or eat an ice cream or a meal. There is no reason not to window shop, discuss a bit of business or study the latest fashion trends. There is no reason not to relax, get some exercise and enjoy the beauty of the city. This is all possible when the civic realm is nearby and well designed. It is possible even if the home or apartment is too small to accommodate a crowd of friends. Visitors from the US are astounded at the numbers of citizens of all ages who engage in the gregarious passeggiata, even in chilly winter months. It requires more effort, but even in the US we can find inviting urban spaces teeming with our neighbors and visitors (see Figure 7.16). Unfortunately, in the US there arefewer of these settings because the residential density is so low that the walk from the home to the public plaza is too far to become incorporated into our daily lives, unless we drive and park, which are often inconvenient.Neighborhood civility and safetyThere are often neighborhood disincentives for walking, bicycling or making other use of the public landscape. Planning and design can make public places safer, but other efforts must be brought to bear when fear of becoming a victim of crime or prejudice prevents people from using the streets, parks and trails. Tackling the problems of poverty, limited education, racism, gangs or other examples of failing community health is as important as it is difficult. Walkability facilities and street connectivityPeople walk or bicycle when the infrastructure encourages it. There is really a fundamental level of service and a more robust infrastructure that is necessary as the numbers of people walking and bicycling increase. Fundamental planning and design measures include supportive street widths, street patterns and environmental measures to reduce heat, glare and accidents, and to increase access. Streets need to connect to other streets in a legible pattern that allows direct routes to community destinations like civic buildings, open space, employment centers, schools, etc. Dead ends and cul-de-sacs should be limited or have non-vehicular routes through them. The system of roads must incorporate the needs of all users, not only those of vehicle operators. For example, short blocks (200–300 feet) encourage pedestrians, while long ones (600 feet) discourage walking because routes become too indirect. Bicycle paths need a minimum network density to allow reasonable routes through the city. Walking requires smooth surfaces and separation from cars and trucks, as well as ramps for wheelchair users and others.When a fundamental and functional set of routes and surfaces have been provided then planning and design should concentrate on quality improvements, as well as system expansion (Figure 7.14). Walkability is as much about the satisfaction of walking as the engineering aspects of routes and surfaces. What will make walking a satisfying experience? There are facilities and amenities that will better support a journey. Frequent places to stopfor water, shade and seating improve the experience. Separation between motorized vehicles, bicycles and walkers is necessary as the density of each increase. The separation improves the experience and reduces conflicts and accidents. For bicyclists, more frequent facilities to lock and store bicycles, and frequent stations where there is air or supplies for bicycle tire maintenance and repair lead to ever more participation in non-motorized transportation. An expanded range of bicycle rental (Figure 7.15) and bicycle storage options, like covered shelters or lockers, serves an expanded group of users. Public or workplace facilities to shower or change clothes are beneficial.Another group of pedestrian and bicycling amenities are less tangible or functional. Walking and bicycle routes should be choreographed. They are, after all, spatial-temporal environments where the experience can be punctuated, focused and enriched by a variety of design elements. Bringing the concepts of nodes, districts and thresholds to the recreation or transportation experiences of walking and bicycling offer many opportunities for creative design. Changes in color and texture of the paving and the character of the plantings or building types can enliven and structure the experience. Manipulating the character of the enclosing edges and overhead plane also changes the spatial experience and increases the variety and sense of place in sections of the journey.Figure 7.14 Special infrastructure is needed to support high levels of bicycle ridership. Thisapplies to increased pedestrian density as well.Cultural, educational or interpretive signage, sculpture and other site art add meaning and place attachment. These elements distinguish one route, city or region from another and increase the satisfaction of moving through the landscape. Cultural and natural history interpretation can be combined with local building and plant materials to create unique settings.TrafficHigh traffic speed and volume discourage use of urban sidewalks. Reducing these factors within central business districts improves the pedestrian experience and willingness to frequent local businesses. Increasing public transportation ridership and creating disincentives for driving a private vehicle has been successful in many US cities. Portland capped the number of parking lots and spaces within the city center. In fact, since this regulation was enacted the number of parking spaces has steadily declined as parking lots are converted to more profitable commercial or residential uses. This has caused the price of daily parking to increase in private and public lots and structures. Light rail and bus ridership for travel to and from the city has increased steadily. Short-term rental of automobiles within the city is growing rapidly to serve the needs of commuters who have to make short trips within the city during the workday. Rentals of publicly or privately provided bicycles satisfy the same needs.Figure 7.15 As bicycle and pedestrian use increases, cities need to respond with additional support facilities, such as bike storage, signage, rest areas, dedicated routes and bicycle rental programs. Additional facilities foster greater citizen participation.Figure 7.16 An autumn afternoon in Boulder, Colorado. This civic and commercial mall is a closed street refurbished with new paving, seating, play areas, trees and outdoor cafes. Slowing the speed of traffic on streets intended to serve pedestrians can be accomplished by narrowing travel lanes slightly, by providing on-street parallel or angled parking and by including planted medians and parkway tree plantings.Pedestrian and bicycle safety structuresOf course, crosswalks and traffic signals need to be provided wherever pedestrian or bicycle safety is a concern, but as pedestrians and bicyclists become a greater pro portion of the users of urban streets, additional safety measures can be implemented. Mid-block crosswalks are safer crossing locations for pedestrians than busy inter sections, since many accidents involve turning vehicles. When the street is wide, curb extensions and a median reduce the expanse of roadway the pedestrian must cross. The median provides a refuge spot if the pedestrian can’t cross the street in a single traffic cycle.Figure 7.17 Bicycle signaling to reduce conflicts with turning automobiles. Copenhagen and other European cities have implemented traffic signals that allow bicycles to cross intersections before autos begin moving or turning operations (Figure 7.17). This practice and the provision of an extensive network of bicycle lanes and other amenities have dramatically increased commuting by bicycle. In addition to increased safety, bicycle traffic signals increase the speed of travel for cyclists, making them more competitive with private and public transit modes. Incidentally, preferential traffic signals and other rules for public transit also increase ridership by making it more time-competitive with the privateautomobile.Figure 7.18 This comfortable park in Stapleton is the focus of enclosing office and retail buildings. Its appealing vegetation offers many benefits.VegetationVegetation is an open-space element that can have many benefits. Elsewhere street tree amelioration of the urban heat island effect was noted, but street trees, hedges and flowers are part of an enjoyable urban environment that encourages walking and bicycling. The beauty, shade and rain protection all contribute to the pedestrian environment (Figure 7.18), as does the real and suggested protection from nearby motorized vehicles. Capture of particulate air pollution is a more direct health benefit of urban vegetation. The presence of street trees and nearby green spaces has been shown to improve physical activity as discussed in the chapter on human health.译文：绿色基础设施的景观规划基础设施促进身体健康公园自然的开放空间为城市居民提供广泛的服务，包括景区，心理，社会，教育和科学等服务，以及体验大自然的机会。

景观设计外文文献翻译--城市景观设计中的生态规划

城市景观设计中的生态规划Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.key word：Urban landscape、Living environment、HumanizationI. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape is the result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape. Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificiallandscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious living environment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, includinglandscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as some residential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space more activities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceThe Landscape Urbanism exhibition contained an international survey of public urban spaces by designers including Adriaan Geuze/West 8, Michael Van Valkenburgh,Patrick Schumacher, Alex Wall, and several Barcelona landscape architects (such as Enric Batlle and Joan Roig, who completed Trinitat Cloverleaf Park in a highway intersection for the 1992 Olympics). American exhibitors included Corner and Mathur, Waldheim’s teachers from Penn, Mapillero/ Pollack from New York, Conway-Schulte of Atlanta Olympics fame, and Jason Young/Omar Perez/Georgia Daskalakis/Das: 20 from Detroit. Corner’s premiated but sadly unbuilt Greenport Harborfront, Long Island Project (1997), stood out in this show. His office, Field Operations, proposed creating a sense of urban activity around the annual raising and lower-ing of the town’s ancient sailing ship Stella Maris up and down a newly created slip, with a historic, children’s carousel housed in an adjacent band shell. Corner envisioned this staged, biannual event as an attractor for peo-ple, the press, and media, who would flock to the town in its off season, inhabiting the newly created commons on the harbor front to watch the ship’s spectacular movements. In the winter, the ship would become a monumental, sculptural presence lit at night in the center of the small port’s commons; in the summer it would return to its accustomed quayside, where its masts would tower above the rooftops. 21Corner’s project in the Landscape Urbanism exhibition illustrates his concept of a “performative” ur banism based on preparing the setting for programmed and unprogrammed activi-ties on land owned in common. The three projects presented in Stalking Detroit provide further insights into this emerging strategy, and each is paired with a commentary by a landscape architect. 22 The Waldheim and Marli Santos-Munne Studio proposes the most comprehensive of landscape urbanism practices in “Decamping Detroit” (104–122). They advocate a four-stage decommissioning of land from the city’s legal control: “Dislocation” (disconnection of services), then “Erasure” (demolition and jumpstarting the native landscape ecology by dropping appropriate seeds from the air), then “Absorption” (ecological reconstitution of part of the Zone as woods, marshes, and streams), and then “Infiltration” (the recolonization of the landscape with heteropic village-like enclaves). As Corner writes in his commentary, this project “prompts you to reflect on the reversal of the traditional approach to colonization, from building to unbuilding, removal, and erasure” (122). This reversal of normal processes opens the way for a new hybrid urbanism, with dense clusters of activity and the reconstitution of the natural ecology, starting a more ecologically balanced, inner-city urban form in the void.All of Landscape Urbanism’s triumphs so far have been in such marginal and “unbuilt” locations. These range from Victoria Marshall and Steven Tupu’s premiated design for ecological mudflats, dunes, canals, and ramps into the water in the Van Alen East River Competition (1998), which would have simultaneously solved the garbage disposal problem of New York and reconstituted the Brooklyn side of the East River as an ecology to be enjoyed as productive parkland. 23 In the Downside Park, Toronto Competition (2000), Corner, with Stan Allen, competed against Tschumi, Koolhaas (who won), and two other teams, pro-viding a showcase for their “Emerging Ecologies” approach. 24 This was further elaborated in the Field Operations’ design that won first place in the Freshkills Landfill Competition, StatenIsland (2001). Together with Stan Allen (now Dean at Princeton), Corner analyzed the human, natural, and technological systems’ interaction with characteristic aerial precision. Field Operations presented the project as a series of overlaid, CAD-based activity maps and diagrams, that stacked up as in an architect’s layered axonometric section. These layered drawings clearly showed the simultaneous, differentiated activities and support systems planned to occupy the site over time, creating a diagram of the complex settings for activities within the reconstituted ecology of the manmade landfill. 25 In the Freshkills competition, Mathur and da Cunha’s used a similar approach but emphasized the shifting and changing eco-logical systems of the site over time, seeking suitable places for human settlements including residences. In the first conference on Landscape Urban-ism at the University of Pennsylvania in April 2002, Dean Garry Hack (who coauthored Kevin Lynch’s 1984 third edition of Site Planning) questioned the interstitial and small-scale strate-gies of participants (asking, “Hyper-urbanization: Places of Landscape Architecture?”). Mohsen Mostafavi, the Chairman of the AA, delivered the keynote speech, “Landscape as Urban-ism,” showing the Barcelona-style, large-scale, infrastructural work of the first three years of the AA Landscape Urbanism program. 26Dean Hack identified a key problem for landscape urbanists as they face the challenge of adapting to complex urban morphologies beyond that of an Anglo-Saxon village and its commons. Rifle ranges, the spectacle of the “Devil’s Night,” and the “Staging of Vacancy” suggested in Stalking Detroit may prove to be inadequate responses in an age when many Europeans and Americans live in idyllic, landscaped suburbs. Suburbanites are willing to pay a premium to visit staged urban spectacles. These spectacles can take the form of the Palio annual horse race in Siena, a parade on Disneyworld’s Main Street, or a week-end in a city-themed Las Vegas casino like The Venetian, with its simulation of the Grand Canal as a mall on the third floor above the gaming hall. The desire for the city as compressed hustle and bustle in small spaces remains strong. Even in ruined downtown Detroit, small ethnic enclaves like “Greek Town” or “Mexico Town” satisfy this demand, in the midst of the void. Commercial interests like Disney clearly understand how to stage an event and create an urban street spectacle based in a village-like setting. As yet, the dense urban settings of Hong Kong or New York, or even mid-rise urban morphologies like Piano’s eco-logically sensitive Potsdam Platz, Berlin (1994–1998), do not feature as part of this performative urbanism. Stalking Detroit does not begin to deal with the issue of urban morphologies or the emergence of settlement patterns over time. It concentrates on their disappearance and erasure. The problem of this approach is its amnesia and blindness to preexisting structures, urban ecologies, and morphological patterns. A common ground is useless without people to activate it and to surround it, to make it their commons. Housing, however transient or distant, is an essential part of this pattern of relationship, whether connecting to a village green or a suburban mall. With this logic, the International Building Exhibition in Berlin of 1984–1987 sponsored the recolonization of vacant inner-city lots with high-density, low-rise infill blocks in anticipation of the construction of Potsdamer Platz and the demolition of the Berlin Wall. Adaptive reuse, as in the conversion of dockland warehouses ormulti-story factories to lofts and apartments, is another successful strategy that has provided housing and workplaces to activate inner-city areas. These approaches have been slowly applied with some success in other American empowerment zones, such as those in the South Bronx and Harlem. Chicago, also a viciously segregated city, is rising slowly from its ashes; North Michigan Avenue functions as a great urban boulevard, comparable to Fifth Avenue in New York, populated with many strange hybrid skyscraper towers containing malls, department stores, hotels, offices, apartments, and parking lots (a form pioneered there by Skidmore Owings and Merill’s mixed-use Hancock Tower in 1966). Even in Detroit, Henry Ford’s grand-son is rebuilding the Ford River Rouge Plant as a model, hybrid, “green” facility. 27Landscape urbanists are just beginning to battle with the thorny issue of how dense urban forms emerge from landscape and how urban ecologies support performance spaces. The lin-ear organization of the village main street leading to a common space, with its row-house typology and long thin land subdivisions, is one of the oldest global urban patterns, studied by the pioneer urban morphologist Michael R.G. Conzen in the 1930s. 28 Urban morphologists look for the emergence of such characteristic linkages between activity and spatial patterns in human settlements. Such linkages, when repeated over time, form islands of local order structuring the larger pat-terns of global, ecological, and economic flows. 29 The pattern of the town square and approach street is another, more formal example of an urban morphology, focusing on a sin-gle center, setting up the central agora or forum as in a Greek or Roman city grid (and echoed in the courtyard-house typology). The Islamic city, with its irregular cul-de-sac structure, accommodating the topography, emerged as a variation on this classical model, with the mosque, bazaar, school, and baths replacing the forum and temples at the center. 30 Medieval European cities, also with cul-de-sacs, but based on a row-house typology, formed another morphological variation of the classical city, with market halls and cathedrals on the city square. In The Making of the American Landscape (1990), edited by Michael P. Conzen of the University of Chicago, contributors illustrate how the morphology of the city shifted from a dense single center to a “machine city.” This bipolar structure was based on railways creating a regional division between dense center and suburban villa edge (involving the separation of consumption from production, industry from farmland, rich from poor, etc.). In the second phase, the “machine city” of the Modernists (best exemplified by the morphology of Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse (1933) with its slab blocks and towers set in park-land) replaced the old, dense Industrial City. With the advent of the automobile, a third morphology emerged in a multi centered pattern and isolated, pavilion, building typologies, a pattern that was further extended by airports on the regional periphery. Joel Garreau identified this as the postmodern “Edge City” morphology of malls, office parks, industrial parks and residential enclaves in 1991. 31In Europe Cedric Price jokingly described these three city morphologies in terms of breakfast dishes. There was the traditional, dense, “hard-boiled egg” city fixed in concentric rings of development within its shell or walls. Then there was the “fried egg” city, where railways stretched the city’s perimeter in linear, accelerated,space-time corridors out into the landscape, resulting in a star shape. Finally there was the postmodern city, the “scrambled egg city,” where everything is distributed evenly in small granules or pavilions across the landscape in a continuous network. Koolhaas and the younger Dutch groups like MVRDV continue this tra-dition of urban, morphological analysis with a light, analogical touch. The organizing group of the 2001 International Conference of Young Planners meeting in Utrecht, for instance, used Price’s metaphors to study the impact of media and communications on the city.32 Franz Oswald , from the ETH Zurich Urban Design program, also examines the “scrambled egg” network analogy in the Synoikos and NEt city Projects . These projects study the distribution of urban morphologies in central Switzerland as layers in a cultural, commercial, industrial and informational matrix within the extreme Alpine topography and its water-sheds. 33 Schumacher, at the AA’s Design Research Laboratory, has also extended his work from Stalking Detroit into an investigation of the role of personal choice in a dynamic, typo-logical, and morphological matrix forming temporary housing structures in the city. 34 His colleagues in the Landscape Urbanism program have also shifted to a more urban orient-tion, studying Venice and its lagoon.This rationalist, morphological and landscape tradition seems to be centered in Venice. Here Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò continue the typo-logical analysis begun in the 1930s, but now applied to the voids of the post-modern city-region, the “Reverse City.” Viganò’s La Città Elementare (The Elementary City, 1999; it deserves translation into English) is exemplary of this larger European Landscape Urbanism movement. For Viganò, large landscape infrastructures form the basis for later urbanization. Le Corbusier’s work at the Agora in Chandigarh is exemplary in its monumental manipulation of the terrain, orientation to the regional landscape, and attempt to form an urban space. Xaveer de Geyter Architects’ After Sprawl (2002), with its fifty-by-fifty kilometer “Atlases” of European cities made by various university groups, gives an easily accessible cross section of a wider landscape urbanism and morphological network linked to Venice. In America, Carol Willis in Form Follows Finance (1995) and my colleague at Columbia Urban Design, Brian McGrath, have created a portrait of one building ecology, the sky-scraper, and its typological evolution in the flows of New York in Time formations(2000), viewable at the Sky-scraper Museum website.Activities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before morepointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big. In recent years, China's major cities have put forward the "light" project, the public area lighting consumption in the great power. For energy efficiency in the understanding, first from the consideration on the energy saving should be not only, and should stand in the higher of the environmental protection high to know, meaning that more extensive, and more far-reaching. (for more than 70% of generating capacity in China at present still by coal, exist for SO2, CO2 and nitric oxide and other harmful gas emissions and coal dust emissions and a series of environmental problems)2.3 plant with an ecological principle city system, the green space system is perfect or。

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城市景观设计中的生态规划Ecological planning in the urban landscape design城市景观设计中的生态规划Ecological planning in the urban landscape design Abstract: This article discusses the urban landscape from the relation of the following three concepts: the landscape, the city and the ecology. This paper mainly discusses how the landscape influences the city's living environment.The landscape is a stigma in the land, which is of the relationship between human and human, between man and nature. There exists some subtle relationship among landscape, city and humanized design.key word：Urban landscape、Living environment、HumanizationI. City and The Landscape(1) Overview of Landscape DesignLandscape design, first, is a people's thinking activity, performed as an art activity.Diversified thoughts formed complex diverse landscape art style. Contemporary landscape design apparently see is the diversity of the landscape forms,in fact its essence is to keep the closing up to the natural order system, reflected the more respect for human beings, more in-depth perspective of the nature of human's reality and need, not to try to conquer the nature.it is not even imitating natural, but produce a sense of belonging. Landscape is not only a phenomenon but the human visual scene. So the earliest landscape implications is actually city scene. Landscape design and creation is actually to build the city.(2) The Relationship Between Landscape and UrbanCity is a product of human social, economic and cultural development, and the most complex type. It is vulnerable to the artificial and natural environmental conditions of interference. In recent decades, with worldwide the acceleration of urbanization, the urban population intensive, heavy traffic, resource shortage, environment pollution and ecology deterioration has become the focus of attention of the human society. In the current environment condition in our country, the problem is very serious. and in some urban areas, the pollution has quite serious, and greatly influenced and restricts the sustainable development of the city.Landscape is the relationship between man and man, man and nature. This is, in fact, a kind of human living process. Living process is actually with the powers of nature and the interaction process, in order to obtain harmonious process. The landscape isthe result of human life in order to survive and to adapt the natural. At the same time, the living process is also a process of establishning harmonious coexistence. Therefore, as a colony landscape, it is a stigma of the relationship between man and nature.II the city landscape planning and design(1) city landscape elementsThe urban landscape elements include natural landscape and artificial landscape. Among them, the natural landscape is mainly refers to the natural scenery, such as size hills, ancient and famous trees, stone, rivers, lakes, oceans, etc. Artificial landscape are the main cultural relics, cultural site, the botanical garden afforestation, art sketch, trade fairs, build structure, square, etc. These landscape elements must offer a lot of examples for creating high quality of the urban space environment. But for a unique urban landscape, you must put all sorts of landscape elements in the system organization,and create an orderly space form.(2)the urban landscape in the planningThe city is an organic whole, which is composed with material, economy, culture, and society.To improve the urban environment is a common voice.The key of the urban landscape design is to strengthen urban design ideas, strengthen urban design work. and blend urban design thought into the stages of urban planning. The overall urban planning in the city landscape planning is not to abandon the traditional garden, green space planning, but the extension and development of it.Both are no conflict, but also cannot be equal.In landscape planningof city planning, we should first analysis the urban landscape resources structure, fully exploit landscape elements which can reflect the characteristics of urban.Consider carefully for the formation of the system of urban landscape.III ecological planning and urban landscape (1) the relationship of urban landscape and ecological planning Landscape ecology is a newly emerged cross discipline, the main research space pattern and ecological processes of interaction, its theme is the fork the geography and ecology. It's with the whole landscape as the object, through the material flow, energy flow and information flowing the surface of the earth and value in transmission and exchange, through the biological and the biological and the interaction between human and transformation, the ecological system principle and system research methods of landscape structure and function.the dynamic change of landscape has interaction mechanism, the research of the landscape pattern, optimizing the structure, beautify the reasonable use and the protection, have very strong practicability. Urban ecological system is a natural, economic and social composite artificial ecosystem, it including life system, environment system, with a complex multi-level structure, can be in different approaches of human activity and the mutual relationship between the city and influence. Urban environment planning guidance and coordination as a macro department interests, optimizing the allocation of land resources city, reasonable urban space environment organization the important strategic deployment, must have ecological concept. Only to have the ecological view, to guide the construction of the city in the future to ecological city goal, to establish the harmonious livingenvironment. In recent years, landscape planning in urban landscape features protection and urban environment design is wide used.(2) landscape in the living environment of ecological effectLandscape as a unit of land by different inlaid with obvious visual characteristics of the geographic entities, with the economic, ecological and aesthetic value, the multiple value judgment is landscape planning and management foundation. Landscape planning and design always is to create a pleasant landscape as the center. The appropriate human nature can understand the landscape for more suitable for human survival, reflect ecological civilization living environment, including landscape, building economy, prudent sex ecological stability, environmental cleanliness, space crowded index, landscape beautiful degree of content, the current many places for residential area of green, static, beauty, Ann's requirement is the popular expression. Landscape also paid special attention to the spatial relationship landscape elements, such as shape and size,density and capacity, links, and partition, location and of sequence, as their content of material and natural resources as important as quality. As the urban landscape planning should pay attention to arrange the city space pattern, the relative concentration of the open space, the construction space to density alternate with; In artificial environment appeared to nature; Increase the visual landscape diversity; Protect the environment MinGanOu and to promote green space system construction.(3) the urban landscape and ecological planning and design of the fusion of each other.The city landscape and ecological planning design reflects human a new dream, it is accompanied by industrialization and after the arrival of the era of industrial and increasingly clear. Natural and cultural, design of the environment and life environment, beautiful form and ecological functions of real comprehensive fusion, the landscape is no longer a single city of specific land, but let the ablation, to thousands; It will let nature participate in design; Let the natural process with every one according to daily life; Let people to perception, experience and care the natural process and natural design.(4) the city landscape ecological planning the humanized design1. "it is with the person this" design thought Contemporary landscape in meet purpose at the same time, more in-depth perspective on human of the nature of reality and needs. First performance for civilian design direction, application of natural organic materials and elastic curve form rich human life space. Next is the barrier-free design, namely no obstacle, not dangerous thing, no manipulation of the barrier design. Now there have been the elderly, the disabled, from the perspective of the social tendency, barrier-free design ideas began to gain popularity, at the same time for disadvantaged people to carry on the design also is human nature design to overall depth direction development trend. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts still behave in special attention to plant of bright color, smell good plant, pay attention to ZuoJu texture and the intensity of the light. The detail processing of considerate more expression of the concern, such as the only step to shop often caused visual ignored and cause staggered, in order to avoid this kind of circumstance happening, contemporary landscape sites do not be allowed under 3 steps; And as someresidential area and square in the bush set mop pool, convenient the district's hygiene and wastewater recycling water. "It is with the person this" the service thoughts in many ways showed, the measure of the standard is human love.1. 1 human landscape design concept is human landscape design is to point to in landscape design activity, pay attention to human needs, in view of the user to the environment of the landscape of a need to spread design, which satisfied the user "physiological and psychological, physical and mental" multi-level needs, embodies the "people-oriented" design thought. Urban public space human landscape design, from the following four aspects to understand:1. 1.1 physical level of care. Human landscape design with functional and the rationality of design into premise condition, pay attention to the physical space reasonable layout and effective use of the function. Public space design should not only make people's psychology and physiology feel comfortable, still should configuration of facilities to meet people's complex activities demand1. The level of caring heart 1.2 Daniel. In construction material form of the space at the same time, the positive psychology advocate for users with the attention that emotion, and then make the person place to form the security, field feeling and belonging.1. 1.3 club will level of care. Emphasizes the concern of human survival environment, the design in the area under the background of urban ecological overall planning and design, to make the resources, energy rationally and effectively using, to achieve the natural, social and economic benefits of the unity of the three.1. 1.4 to a crowd of segmentation close care. Advocate barrier-free design, and try to meet the needs of different people use, and to ensure that the group of mutual influence between activities, let children, old people, disabled people can enjoy outdoor public the fun of life.1. 2 and human landscape design related environmental behavior knowledge the environment behavior is human landscape design, the main research field, pay attention to the environment and people's explicit behavior and the relationship between the interaction, tried to use the psychology of the some basic theory, methods researchers in the city and architecture in activities and to the environment of the response, and the feedback the information can be used to guide the environment construction and renovation. Western psychologist dirk DE Joan to put forward the boundary effect theory. He points out that the edge of space is people like to stay area, also is the space of the growth of the activity area [3]. Like the urban space, the margin of the wood, down the street, and the rain at the awning, awnings, corridor construction sunken place, is people like the place to stay. At the edge of space, and other people or organizations to distance themselves are is better able to observe the space of the eyes and not to be disturbed. "Man seeth" is the person's nature. A large public space are existing "the man seeth" phenomenon: the viewer consciously or unconsciously observation, in the space in front of the all activities. At the same time, some of the people with strong performance desire, in public space in various activities to attract the attention of others, so as to achieve self-fulfillment cheerful. The seemingly simple "man seeth" phenomenon, but can promote space moreactivities production. For example, for a walk of pedestrians may be busy street performance and to join the ranks of the show attracts, with the strange because the audience is the sight of the activities of the wonderful and short conversation, art lovers of the infection by environmental atmosphere began to sketch activities. Environmental design, according to environmental behavior related knowledge, actively create boundary space provide people stay, rest, the place of talking to facilitate more spaceThe Landscape Urbanism exhibition contained an international survey of public urban spaces by designers including Adriaan Geuze/West 8, Michael Van Valkenburgh, Patrick Schumacher, Alex Wall, and several Barcelona landscape architects (such as Enric Batlle and Joan Roig, who completed Trinitat Cloverleaf Park in a highway intersection for the 1992 Olympics). American exhibitors included Corner and Mathur, Waldheim’s teachers from Penn, Mapillero/ Pollack from New York, Conway-Schulte of Atlanta Olympics fame, and Jason Young/Omar Perez/Georgia Daskalakis/Das: 20 from Detroit. Corner’s premiated but sadly unbuilt Greenport Harborfront, Long Island Project (1997), stood out in this show. His office, Field Operations, proposed creating a sense of urban activity around the annual raising and lower-ing of the town’s ancient sailing ship Stella Maris up and down a newly created slip, with a historic, children’s carousel housed in an adjacent band shell. Corner envisioned this staged, biannual event as an attractor for peo-ple, the press, and media, who would flock to the town in its off season, inhabiting the newly created commons on the harbor front to watch the ship’s spectacular movements. In the winter, the ship would become a monumental, sculptural presence lit at night in the center of the small port’s commons; in the summer it would return to its accustomed quayside, where its masts would tower above the rooftops. 21Corner’s project in the Landscape Urbanism exhibition illustrates his concept of a “performative” urbanism based on preparing the setting for programmed and unprogrammed activi-ties on land owned in common. The three projects presented in Stalking Detroit provide further insights into this emerging strategy, and each is paired with a commentary by a landscape architect. 22 The Waldheim and Marli Santos-Munne Studio proposes the most comprehensive of landscape urbanism practices in “Decamping Detroit” (104–122). They advocate a four-stage decommissioning of land from the city’s legal control: “Dislocation” (disconnection of services), then “Erasure” (demolition and jumpstarting the native landscape ecology by dropping appropriate seeds from the air), then “Absorption” (ecological reconstitution of part of the Zone as woods, marshes, and streams), and then “Infiltration” (the recolonization of the landscape with heteropic village-like enclaves). As Corner writes in his commentary, this project “prompts you to reflect on the reversal of the traditional approach to colonization, from building to unbuilding, removal, and erasure” (122). This reversal of normal processes opens the way for a new hybrid urbanism, with dense clusters of activity and the reconstitution of the natural ecology, starting a more ecologically balanced, inner-city urban form in the void.All of Landscape Urbanism’s triumphs so far have been in such marginal and“unbuilt” locations. These range from Victoria Marshall and Steven Tupu’s premiated design for ecological mudflats, dunes, canals, and ramps into the water in the Van Alen East River Competition (1998), which would have simultaneously solved the garbage disposal problem of New York and reconstituted the Brooklyn side of the East River as an ecology to be enjoyed as productive parkland. 23 In the Downside Park, Toronto Competition (2000), Corner, with Stan Allen, competed against Tschumi, Koolhaas (who won), and two other teams, pro-viding a showcase for their “Emerging Ecologies” approach. 24 This was further elaborated in the Field Operations’ design that won first place in the Freshkills Landfill Competition, Staten Island (2001). Together with Stan Allen (now Dean at Princeton), Corner analyzed the human, natural, and technological systems’ interaction with characteristic aerial precision. Field Operations presented the project as a series of overlaid, CAD-based activity maps and diagrams, that stacked up as in an architect’s layered axonometric section. These layered drawings clearly showed the simultaneous, differentiated activities and support systems planned to occupy the site over time, creating a diagram of the complex settings for activities within the reconstituted ecology of the manmade landfill. 25 In the Freshkills competition, Mathur and da Cunha’s used a similar approach but emphasized the shifting and changing eco-logical systems of the site over time, seeking suitable places for human settlements including residences. In the first conference on Landscape Urban-ism at the University of Pennsylvania in April 2002, Dean Garry Hack (who coauthored Kevin Lynch’s 1984 third edition of Site Planning) questioned the interstitial and small-scale strate-gies of participants (asking, “Hyper-urbanization: Places of Landscape Architecture?”). Mohsen Mostafavi, the Chairman of the AA, delivered the keynote speech, “Landscape as Urban-ism,” showing the Barcelona-style, large-scale, infrastructural work of the first three years of the AA Landscape Urbanism program. 26Dean Hack identified a key problem for landscape urbanists as they face the challenge of adapting to complex urban morphologies beyond that of an Anglo-Saxon village and its commons. Rifle ranges, the spectacle of the “Devil’s Night,” and the “Staging of Vacancy” suggested in Stalking Detroit may prove to be inadequate responses in an age when many Europeans and Americans live in idyllic, landscaped suburbs. Suburbanites are willing to pay a premium to visit staged urban spectacles. These spectacles can take the form of the Palio annual horse race in Siena, a parade on Disneyworld’s Main Street, or a week-end in a city-themed Las Vegas casino like The Venetian, with its simulation of the Grand Canal as a mall on the third floor above the gaming hall. The desire for the city as compressed hustle and bustle in small spaces remains strong. Even in ruined downtown Detroit, small ethnic enclaves like “Greek Town” or “Mexico Town” satisfy this demand, in the midst of the void. Commercial interests like Disney clearly understand how to stage an event and create an urban street spectacle based in a village-like setting. As yet, the dense urban settings of Hong Kong or New York, or even mid-rise urban morphologies like Piano’s eco-logically sensitive Potsdam Platz, Berlin (1994–1998), do not feature as part of this performative urbanism. Stalking Detroit does not begin to deal with the issue of urban morphologies or the emergence of settlement patterns over time. Itconcentrates on their disappearance and erasure. The problem of this approach is its amnesia and blindness to preexisting structures, urban ecologies, and morphological patterns. A common ground is useless without people to activate it and to surround it, to make it their commons. Housing, however transient or distant, is an essential part of this pattern of relationship, whether connecting to a village green or a suburban mall. With this logic, the International Building Exhibition in Berlin of 1984–1987 sponsored the recolonization of vacant inner-city lots with high-density, low-rise infill blocks in anticipation of the construction of Potsdamer Platz and the demolition of the Berlin Wall. Adaptive reuse, as in the conversion of dockland warehouses or multi-story factories to lofts and apartments, is another successful strategy that has provided housing and workplaces to activate inner-city areas. These approaches have been slowly applied with some success in other American empowerment zones, such as those in the South Bronx and Harlem. Chicago, also a viciously segregated city, is rising slowly from its ashes; North Michigan Avenue functions as a great urban boulevard, comparable to Fifth Avenue in New York, populated with many strange hybrid skyscraper towers containing malls, department stores, hotels, offices, apartments, and parking lots (a form pioneered there by Skidmore Owings and Merill’s mixed-use Hancock Tower in 1966). Even in Detroit, Henry Ford’s grand-son is rebuilding the Ford River Rouge Plant as a model, hybrid, “green” facility. 27Landscape urbanists are just beginning to battle with the thorny issue of how dense urban forms emerge from landscape and how urban ecologies support performance spaces. The lin-ear organization of the village main street leading to a common space, with its row-house typology and long thin land subdivisions, is one of the oldest global urban patterns, studied by the pioneer urban morphologist Michael R.G. Conzen in the 1930s. 28 Urban morphologists look for the emergence of such characteristic linkages between activity and spatial patterns in human settlements. Such linkages, when repeated over time, form islands of local order structuring the larger pat-terns of global, ecological, and economic flows. 29 The pattern of the town square and approach street is another, more formal example of an urban morphology, focusing on a sin-gle center, setting up the central agora or forum as in a Greek or Roman city grid (and echoed in the courtyard-house typology). The Islamic city, with its irregular cul-de-sac structure, accommodating the topography, emerged as a variation on this classical model, with the mosque, bazaar, school, and baths replacing the forum and temples at the center. 30 Medieval European cities, also with cul-de-sacs, but based on a row-house typology, formed another morphological variation of the classical city, with market halls and cathedrals on the city square. In The Making of the American Landscape (1990), edited by Michael P. Conzen of the University of Chicago, contributors illustrate how the morphology of the city shifted from a dense single center to a “machine city.” This bipolar structure was based on railways creating a regional division between dense center and suburban villa edge (involving the separation of consumption from production, industry from farmland, rich from poor, etc.). In the second phase, the “machine city” of the Modernists (best exemplified by the morphology of Le Corbusier’s Ville Radieuse (1933) with its slab blocks and towers set in park-land) replaced the old, denseIndustrial City. With the advent of the automobile, a third morphology emerged in a multi centered pattern and isolated, pavilion, building typologies, a pattern that was further extended by airports on the regional periphery. Joel Garreau identified this as the postmodern “Edge City” morphology of malls, office parks, industrial parks and residential enclaves in 1991. 31In Europe Cedric Price jokingly described these three city morphologies in terms of breakfast dishes. There was the traditional, dense, “hard-boi led egg” city fixed in concentric rings of development within its shell or walls. Then there was the “fried egg” city, where railways stretched the city’s perimeter in linear, accelerated, space-time corridors out into the landscape, resulting in a star shape. Finally there was the postmodern city, the “scrambled egg city,” where everything is distributed evenly in small granules or pavilions across the landscape in a continuous network. Koolhaas and the younger Dutch groups like MVRDV continue this tra-dition of urban, morphological analysis with a light, analogical touch. The organizing group of the 2001 International Conference of Young Planners meeting in Utrecht, for instance, used Price’s metaphors to study the impact of media and communications on the city.32 Franz Oswald , from the ETH Zurich Urban Design program, also examines the “scrambled egg” network analogy in the Synoikos and NEt city Projects . These projects study the distribution of urban morphologies in central Switzerland as layers in a cultural, commercial, industrial and informational matrix within the extreme Alpine topography and its water-sheds. 33 Schumacher, at the AA’s Design Research Laboratory, has also extended his work from Stalking Detroit into an investigation of the role of personal choice in a dynamic, typo-logical, and morphological matrix forming temporary housing structures in the city. 34 His colleagues in the Landscape Urbanism program have also shifted to a more urban orient-tion, studying Venice and its lagoon.This rationalist, morphological and landscape tradition seems to be centered in Venice. Here Bernardo Secchi and Paola Viganò continue the typo-logical analysis begun in the 1930s, but now applied to the voids of the post-modern city-region, the “Reverse City.” Viganò’s La Città Elementare (The Elementary City, 1999; it deserves translation into English) is exemplary of this larger European Landscape Urbanism movement. For Viganò, large landscape infrastructures form the basis for later urbanization. Le Corbusier’s work at the Agora in Chandigarh is exemplary in its monumental manipulation of the terrain, orientation to the regional landscape, and attempt to form an urban space. Xaveer de Geyter Architects’ A fter Sprawl (2002), with its fifty-by-fifty kilometer “Atlases” of European cities made by various university groups, gives an easily accessible cross section of a wider landscape urbanism and morphological network linked to Venice. In America, Carol Willis in Form Follows Finance (1995) and my colleague at Columbia Urban Design, Brian McGrath, have created a portrait of one building ecology, the sky-scraper, and its typological evolution in the flows of New York in Time formations(2000), viewable at the Sky-scraper Museum website.Activities of generation, the rich visitors sensory experiences2. The design of the sustainable developmentSustainable development principle, it is the ecology point of view, to the city system analysis, and with the minimum the minimal resource consumption to satisfy the requirements of the human, and maintain the harmony of human and the natural environment, guarantee the city several composition system-to protect natural evolution process of open space system and the urban development system balance. People are to landscape 'understanding of the contemporary landscape design and the function to reflect, have been completely out of the traditional gardening activities, the concept of landscape art value unconsciously and ecological value, the function value, cultural value happened relationship, landscape art category than before more pointed to the human is closely linked with the various aspects, become more profound and science. Contemporary landscape also actively use new technology to improve the ecological value. Such as the use of solar energy for square garden, lighting and sound box equipment supply electricity; The surface water "cycle" design concept, collecting rainwater for irrigation and waterscape provides the main resources; Using the principle of the construction of the footway, buoys that environmental protection level a kiss and interesting. And by using water scene drought, landscape water do ecology (ecological wetland), ecological XiGou "half natural change" landscape humanized waterscape design, avoid the manual water scene is the difficulty of the later-period management, but in the water since the net, purifying environment and promote biodiversity play a huge role. Therefore, to experience the landscape will surely is contained to nature and the tradition, to human compatibility.The urban landscape the principles of sustainable development and implementation details:2.1 the efficiency of land use principle for land to the survival of humans is one of the most effective resources, especially in China's large population, land resources are extremely deficient, urbanization rapidly increase background, the reasonable efficient use of land, is that we should consider an important issue. For the city landscape is concerned, how to productive use of the land? Three-dimensional is efficient land use is the most effective means. The urban landscape "three-dimensional to take" ideas contains the following six aspects of meaning. (1) in the limited on land, as much as possible to provide activity places, form the three-dimensional multi-layer activities platform landscape environment. (2) improve afforestation land use efficiency, in the same land, adopt appropriate to niche by, shrubs and trees of co-existence and co-prosperity between three-dimensional planting layout. (3) to solve the good man, for the contradiction in green, the green space and human activity space layout of the interchanges. (4) the up and down or so, all sides three-dimensional view observation, increased the landscape environment the visual image of the visual rate. (5) from the static landscape to dynamic landscape. 6 not only from the traditional technology of modern technology to introduce more (such as crossing bridge, light rail, electric rail, etc), show a colorful three-dimensional space.2.2 energy efficiency principle along with the rapid development of urbanization, China's energy demand is more and more big, the energy gap also more and more big.。

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