2011四级复习资料

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2011年6月四级考试真题词汇汇总

2011年6月四级考试真题词汇汇总2011年6月四级考试真题1 encouraging [in'kʌridʒiŋ, in'kə:idʒiŋ] adj. 令人鼓舞的His encouraging words revived my drooping spirits.他令人鼓舞的话使我颓丧的精神振作起来。

2. restaurant ['restərɔnt, 'restərənt] n. 餐馆, 饭店This restaurant gets three stars in the guidebook.这家餐馆在旅游指南中标有三颗星。

3．Noticeable ['nəutisəbl, 'nəutisəbəl] adj. 显而易见的, 显著的, 值得注意的The scar on her forehead is hardly noticeable. 她额头上的伤疤不太明显。

4. improvement [im'pru:vmənt] n. 改进, 改善I see little prospect of an improvement in his condition.我看他的情况没有什么改进的希望。

5. chef [ʃef] n. 厨师, 主厨The chef is not interested in Greek food. 厨师对希腊饭不感兴趣6. cite [sait] vt. 引用, 传讯, 表扬, 举(例)The lawyer cited a previous case to support his argument.律师引用了以前的案例来支持他的论点。

7. trend [trend] n. 趋势, 倾向, 方位The trend of prices is still upwards. 物价仍有上涨趋势。

8. cuisine [kwi'zi:n] n. 烹饪, 佳肴Chinese cuisine is very different from European.中国烹饪与欧洲烹饪有很大区别。

四六级-[四级词汇]2011英语四级考试必备：核心词汇（2）

四六级-[四级词汇]2011英语四级考试必备：核⼼词汇（2）四六级- [四级词汇] 2011英语四级考试必备：核⼼词汇（2）[四级词汇] 2011英语四级考试必备：核⼼词汇（2）deputy n. 副职，代表derive vt. 取得，得到；(from)起源于descend v. 下来，下降discount n. (价格)折扣display n. vt. 陈列，展览device n. 装置，设备devise vt. 发明，策划，想出dive vi. 跳⽔，潜⽔dispose vi. 除掉；处置；解决；处理(of)diverse a. 不同的，多种多样的decline v. 拒绝，谢绝；下降drift vi. 漂，漂流durable a. 耐⽤的，持久的duration n. 持续，持续期间dusk n. 黄昏，薄暮deliberately adv. 故意的destructive adj. 破坏性的consume v. 消耗，耗尽clue n. 线索，提⽰collision n. 碰撞，冲突consistent a. 坚固定；⼀致的，始终如⼀的continual a. 不断地，频繁的explode v. 爆炸；爆发；激增exploit v. 剥削；利⽤，开采explosion n. 爆炸；爆发；激增explosive a. 爆炸的；极易引起争论的extent n. 程度，范围，⼤⼩，限度exterior n. 外部，外表a. 外部的，外表的external a.外部的，外表的，外⾯的exaggerate v. 夸⼤，夸张evil a. 邪恶的，坏的extraordinary a. 不平常的，特别的，⾮凡的entitle vt. 给...权利，给...资格emphasize vt. 强调，着重emotion n. 情感，感情emotional a. 感情的，情绪(上)的excess n. 过分，过量，过剩expel v. 驱逐，开除，赶出expend v. 消费expenditure n. ⽀出，消费；经费expense n. 开销，费⽤expand v. 扩⼤，扩张；展开，膨胀expansion n. 扩⼤，扩充；发展，膨胀exhaustion n. 竭⼒，疲惫[四级语法] 春假特辑：四级语法专项练习题-名词226. Hainan is a tourist resort, for it has_____ .A) too many summers B)too much summer C)long summer D)much summer27. She wants to serve some coffee to her guests; however , _____.A)she hadn’t many sugar B)there was not a great amount of the sugarC)she did not have much sugar D)she was lacking in amount of the sugar28 . Mr. Lee has recently made_____ from shares.A)some huge fortunes B)huge fortune C)huge fortunes D)a huge fortune29. Why do you have to carry that_____ ?A)piece of luggage B)luggage C) luggages D)of luggages30. This is an old photograph of me when I _____.A)have short hairs B)had short hairs C)have short hair D)had short hair31. Its grain output was_____ higher than in 1980.A)10 percentages B)10 percentage C)10 percents D)10 percent32. It will take_____ to finish this course.A)one and a half year’s time B)a year and a half’s timeC)a year and a half of time D)a year and a half time33. She’d like to drive _____.A)Car Twenty-First B)Car Twenty-OneB)Car the Twenty-One D)Twenty-One Car34. I’d like _____ paper.A)a few B)several C)a bit of D)these35. Most of the chore was done by two members of the family, my brother and _____.A)I B)mine C)me D)my36. High in the sky a _____ of birds were flying southward.A)pack B)swam C)flock D)herd37. He is very tired .He needs _____ .A)a night rest B)a rest night C)a night’s rest D)a rest of night38. They arrived in_____ .A)two and three B)two to three C)two and threes D)twos and threes39. Within minutes, _____ jubilant Chinese poured into the streets.A)ten thousands B)tens of thousands of C) ten thousands of D)tens of thousand of40. I went into Woolworth’s and bought_____ coffee.A)a quarter of a pound B)one quarter pound ofC)one quarter of a pound of D)a quarter pound of41. He met the old man _____ times on the way back.A)dozen of B)dozen C)dozens D)dozens of42. When did he finally get to the theatre? Just before the end of _________.A)the act second B)act second C)Act two D)the act two43. The shop assistant made out_____ for the customer who bought a camera.A)receipt B)a receipt C)receiving D)reception44. We will send _____car over to fetch you this afternoon.A)Mary’s and Bob’s B)Mary’s and Bob C)Mary and Bob’s D)Mary and Bob45. There are many_____.A)oxe B)oxes C)oxen D)of oxe46. She told me that she was living in a _____.A) two stories wooden house B) wooden two-story houseC) two-story wooden house D) wooden house two storied47. Mathematics _____ important to the development of high-speed electronic computers.A)is B)are C)have been D)had been48. He invited all of his _____ to join his wedding party.A)comrade-in-arms B)comrades-in-arms C)comrades-in-armD)comrade-in-arms49. I had my hair cut at the _____ around the corner.A)barber B)barbers C)barber’s D)barbers’答案26 d 27 c 28 d 29 a 30 d 31 d 32 b 33 b 34 c 35 c 36 c 37 c 38 d 39 b 40 d 41d 42 c 43 b 44 c 45 c 46 c 47 a 48 b 49 c[四级听⼒] 2011春假特辑：四级听⼒常考习语（2）6、awfully⾮常地，相当地。

2011年12月英语四级真题及答案解析完整版

2011年12月英语四级真题及答案解析完整版Part I Writing【标准版】Nothing Succeeds Without a Strong WillNothing runs smoothly in our life. To achieve things successfully, a strong will is essential. Life is like a Marathon. Many people can’t get to the terminal. This is not because they are lack of vitality but because their will of success is not strong enough.To take quitting smoking as an example, some regard it as a piece of cake. They make up their minds to quit it in the morning, but in the evening they feel that the smell of cigarettes is tempting. Their throats are sore, their mouths are thirsty, and their hands are shaking. After the painful mental struggle, they tell themselves that “One cigarette is en ough. Just take one, and the next day I will quit it.” By doing this, they surrender to their weak will. In the end, they have quitted smoking “a hundred times”, but in no time they succeed.Just like quitting smoking, nothing succeeds without a strong wil l. To be successful in one’s life, a strong will means that you know where you go and you will persist on the road you choose. Undoubtedly success belongs to those who overcome their weak will and who hang in there until the last minute.【文章点评】本文属于话题类作文，只看题目“Nothing Succeeds without a strong will”考生会觉得比较抽象，难以下手。

2011年大学英语四级考试辅导资料参考答案(精简版)

2011年大学英语四级考试辅导资料参考答案听力理解TEST 1Section A 11-18 DDCACCAA 19-25 CBCA DBASection BPassage one 26-28 BCD Passage two 29-31 CAA Passage three 32-35 BDAC Section C36. reflected 37. perfume 38. disagreeable39. elbows40. bargain 41. display 42. assured 43. reluctantly44. She found some good quality pipes on sale and the prices were very reasonable45. Although her father only smoked a pipe occasionally, she knew that this was apresent which was bound to please him.46. With her small well-chosen present concealed in her handbag, her parents werealready at the supper tableTEST 2Section A 11-18 DCBCDCDA 19-25 BACB CDASection BPassage one 26-28 DAD Passage two 29-31 BDC Passage three 32-35 CADC Section C36. budget. 37. charged 38. diversity 39. sponsors40. financial 41. scholarship 42. application 43. academic44. Last year, more than six hundred twenty thousand, or three and a half percent, wereinternational students45. But even as more and more students come to the United states, more and more arealso going to other countries46. The nearest competitor is Britain, with thirteen percent at last reportTEST 3Section A 11-18 BABBD DDB 19-22 BCDB 23-25 CBDSection BPassage one 26-28 ADC Passage two 29-31 BBA Passage three 32-35 CCDA36. plate 37. diamond 38. score 39. fails40.counted 41. campaign 42. issues 43. negotiation44. This means they explored all issues involved in the situation45. they did this after expressing hope that they could play ball with each other, meaningthat they could learn to cooperate46. Their duty is to give the reader a complete picture of the event in as few words aspossibleTEST 4Section A 11-18 CBBCDDAB 19-25 CDCC ADBSection BPassage One 26-28 DCA Passage Two 29-32 BDAC Passage Three 33-35 BCD Section C36. chronic 37. linked 38. supervisor 39. completing40. satisfactory 41. eased 42. laboratory 43. proteins44. The findings made it possible to better study pain drugs and learn how they affect thebody45. One method is a pump that lets patients give themselves pain medications as needed46. It is the continual monitoring, or observation, o f patients’ conditions, so a continuallymonitored person is not left alone to sufferTEST 5Section A 11-18 BACAAADA 19-25 ACBACADSection BPassage one 26-28 CDA Passage two29-31 CDB Passage three 32-35 DBCD Section C36. programs 37. enrolments 38. offering 39. demand 40. professions 41. household 42. increased 42. avoided43. Advanced technology is the most important reason for the rise in adult education.44. Various courses are offered, among which foreign languages , computers andcommunication courses are popular.45. Others take courses for the knowledge and skills they can receiveSection A 11-18 BDDDBBBC 19-25 CBAC BACSection BPassage one 26-28 ACA Passage two 29-31 CBC Passage three 32-35 BDCA Section C36. passports 37. guarantee 38. specifies 39. introduced 40. background 41. access 42. confirming 43. register44. The government has said that the cost of a combined 10-year passport will be 93pounds45. scanners and readers needed for the national identity cards scheme would have to beintroduced anyway46. The use of more secure identity confirmation systems would mean cuts in socialsecurity, housing benefits and council tax deceptionTEST 7Section A 11-18 ABBBDBDB 19-25 DCBA DBASection BPassage one 26-28 CDC Passage two 29-31 DAD Passage three 32-35 ABCD Section C36. channels 37. criticizing 38. critics 39. entertain40. lack 41. commercial. 42. own 43. advertise44. The programs which attracts advertisers are , of course, these programs which havelarge audience.45. And the programs which attract audiences are usually programs with lots ofentertainment and action.46. The commercial system, therefore, has a great influence on the kind of programs thattelevision stations decide to show.TEST 8Section A 11-18 DDAC BCCD 19-22 BCDB 23-25 CBDSection BPassage one 26-28 DBA Passage two 29-31 CDC Passage three 32-35 ABDD Section C36. tragic 37. result 38. pursuit39. confirms40. popular 41. surgery 42. definitely 43. reveals44. younger Internet users flock to sites that dwell on personal appearance45. one factor appears to be key in keeping teens away from altering their bodies46. there has been a sharp decline in all plastic surgery topics over the last yearTEST 9Section A 11-18 DCBB CBBD 19-22 DDAA 23-25 CCDSection BPassage one 26-28 DBC Passage two 29-31 DBC Passage three 32-35 DCCB Section C36. accurate 37. achieve 38. predict 39. identifying 40. significant 41. greater 42. attitude 43. tend44. contact with native speakers of the language has strong positive effects onpronunciation45. Two other factors were tested but found to be of little overall importance46. we have considerable influence over our own progress with pronunciationTEST 10Section A 11-18 BDCC ACDA 19-22 ACDA 23-25 BCDSection BPassage one 26-28 CBC Passage two 29-31 CBC Passage three 32-35 CBAA Section C36. future 37. essential 38. magical 39. enables40. preserves 41. pursuits 42. apologize 43. excuse44. All the rest of us must accept the responsibility to make an effort to remember things45. a good education involves an emphasis on understanding rather than sheermemorization46. If you want to retain what you learn, you must spread out the learning processTEST 11Section A 1-10 DDCDB CCCBA 19-25 CBA ACDBSection B 26-35 CBADB CCBBASection C36. profession 37. conditioned 38. Faith 39. Identity40. benefits 41. laundry 42. durable 43. experienced 44. when people look alike，they tend to think，speak，and act similarly ，on the job atleast.45. Tough they are long-lasting，often their initial expense is greater than the cost ofcivilian clothes46. requiring profession dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many typesof civilian clothesTEST 12Section A 1-10 BCBCD ABADC 19-25 DCA CDDBSection B 26-35 DCB DCB DBDASection C36. ambition 37. earning 38. creative 39. rough40. staff 41. quit 42. launched 43. applied44.and most of them had seen a lot more of life than Zaslow, who was 28 and notmarried45. His years in the advice business left him with a deep appreciation for people and theirproblems46. I have much more faith in my fellow men than I had before and I’ve read more lettersto back that upTEST 13Section A 1-10 CCBDB DACDD 19-25 DCA BDADSection B 26-28 DAB 29-35 CABCDCCSection C36. misunderstood 37. formal38. weakness 39. Space40. directly 41. interested 42. polite 43. opposite44. To show you want the check, make a movement with your hands as you are signing apiece of paper45. Americans shake their index fingers at children when they scold them and pat themon the head when they admire them46.If you don’t know what to do, the safest thing to do is to smileTEST 14Section A 11-18 ABBC CBAD 19-22 DDAA 23-25 CCDSection BPassage One 26-29 BDCA Passage Two 30-32 DBC Passage Three 33-35 DBC Section C36. change 37. effort 38. officials 39. negotiate40. balanced 41. barriers 42. exchange 43. environmental44. These greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere and are blamed for changing theworld’s climate45. The agreement takes effect when it has been approved by nations that produce at least55 percent of the world’s greenho use gases46. To join the WTO, a country must reach trade agreements with major trading WTOmembersTEST 15Section A 1-10 DCCAB BDACA 19-25 CBD CBDASection B 26-35 CBDCD ABBDASection C36. solutions 37. schooled 38. latest 39. found40. advanced 41. concerned 42. religious 43. instruction44. It is recently reported that there is an increase in the number of black Americanshome-school their children45. some families were concerned that local schools were not teaching aboutAfrican-American history and culture46. all fifty states and the District of Columbia permit home-schooling, but some requiremore parent preparation or student testing than other states doTEST 16Section A 1-10 BDACB ACDAD 19-25 CDB ABACSection B 26-35 CBDCA BDABDSection C36. coverage 37. tune 38. annual 39. stretching40. doubt 41. nationwide 42. launched 43. including44. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC’s royal charter runs out and it must decidewhether to keep the organization as it is, or to make changes45. Yet the BBC will have to change sooner or later, because the broadcasting worldaround it is changing46. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels which will bring about the biggestchanges in the longTEST 17Section A 1-10 ABCDB CABBD 19-25 BAD DAAASection B 11-20 DCAAB CCBBDSection C36. approaching 37. general 38. approximately 39. available40. budget 41. illegal 42. alternatives43. admitted44. Students should also be advised that commuting to campus from a distance is usuallyvery difficult45. On arrival in the United States, students can usually obtain further information onlocal housing options from the foreign students adviser46. A local international hospitality organization may also be a source of assistance infinding a suitable place to liveTEST 18Section A 1-10 CBADB DACDC 19-25 CAB CDCBSection B 11-20 AABDC DCBABSection C36. undergone 37. increased 38. estimated 39. married40. unacceptable 41. Divorce 42. couples 43. eventually44. around a quarter of unmarried people between the ages of 16 and 59 were livingtogether in Great Britain45. They prefer to concentrate on their jobs and put off having babies until their latethirties46. but some women are also choosing to have children as a single parent without beingmarriedTEST 19Section A 11-15 ACBBB 16-18 BDD 19-25 DAB DBCCSection B 11-20 DDABC DBCABSection C36. breathtaking 37. reveals 38. communities 39. estimated40. Heavier 41. invisible 42. claiming 43. disasters44. Researchers called in after the 1986 tragedy discovered that the lake contained recordlevels of carbon dioxide45. A slight shake then released the dissolved gas as a dangerous bubble46. The science team suggests the urgent installation of a further four pipes in each lakeat a rate of one a yearTEST 20Section A 11-15 DADCC 16-18 ADB 19-25 CDC DCABSection B 11-20 BDCBC ADACASection C36. succeeding 37. financially 38. unjust 39.distinct40. traditions 41.established 42. experienced 43. majority44. In the 1950s and 1960s, blacks fought to gain fair treatment, and they now have legalprotection in housing, education and employment45. Busing children from one neighborhood to another is one solution to inequality ineducation.46. the solution of blacks is better today than it was in the 1950s, but racial tensionpersists.快速阅读Fast readingKeys for Model 11-7 CDBBCAD8. health, attractiveness, and fun 9. harmless skin marks of irritations 10. prevention Keys for Model 2:1-7 CBDADBC 8. calcium and iron 9. calcium and vitamin D 10. complex issue Keys for Model 31-7 DBADCAC8. feeling the vibrations of a struggling prey 9. collagen fibers10. some fantastic involuntary changesKeys for Model 41-7 CCDABAD 8. fuel 9. geothermally-generated electricity 10. deep hot rock Keys for Model 51-7CDCBBDA 8. A wind turbine 9. mechanical energy 10. tides Keys for Model 61-7 DACDDCC8. Richard I, Henry VIII and Queen Victoria9. there are few renowned British composers10. from a weekend to three or four weeksKeys for Model 71-7 DCACC CD8. mechanical engineering 9. most-visited website 10. to spend time with her family Keys for Model 81-7 CBACA DB 8. be identified 9. ignoring 10. hold you backKeys for Model 91-7 CDCCC CD 8. liberal arts or humanities degrees 9. physics10. liberal-arts and humanities degrees are really importantKeys for Model 101-7 BCACDCD8. make less and less difference (in happiness). 9. set point 10. Social relationships选词填空Keys to Passages One to TenPassage One1. E2. I3. F4. D5. J6. B 7 L 8. H 9.C 10.G Passage Two1.C2. L3.O4. F5. B6. I7. M8. A9. H 10. J Passage Three1. D2. M3. A4. I5. F6.B7. L8. K9. J 10. C Passage Four1.B2.F3.K4.I5.A6.N7.L8.H9. D 10.E Passage Five1. O2. J3. D4. L5. B6. N7. C8. G9. H 10. E Passage Six1. J2. C3. G4. K5. I6. M7. O8. N9. A 10. F Passage Seven1. L2. G3. I4. D5.O6. F7. B8. M9. J 10. C Passage Eight1.B2. M3. E 4 J 5.H 6.A 7. L 8. F. 9.k 10.O Passage Nine1. F2. B3. E4. L5. K6. J7. N8. A9. O 10. I Passage Ten1.H2.J3.A4.G5. B 6 . D 7.N 8.I 9.M 10.K篇章阅读理解Reading Comprehensionpassage 1: 1—5 ABDCD passage 2: 6—10 CDBABpassage 3: 11—15 CBDBA passage 4: 16—20 ADADC passage 5: 21—25 DBDCA passage 6: 26—30 BDDBCpassage 7: 31—35 ACCDA passage 8: 36—40 BBDDApassage 9: 41—45 BDDCA passage 10: 46—50 CDABBpassage 11: 51—55 ACADC passage 12: 56—60 BACDA passage 13: 61—65 DCCBA passage 14: 66—70 DCBCD passage 15: 71—85 CCBDD passage 16: 79—80 BCADD passage 17: 81—85 CCBCB passage 18: 86—90 DCABD passage 19: 91—95 DBACA passage 20: 96—100 DCABBpassage 21: 101—105 CADBB完型填空ClozeCloze test 11. C2. B3. A4. C5. D6. A7. B8. C9. D 10. B11. C 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. A 16. C 17. A 18. D 19. B 20. D Cloze test 21. A2. B3. C4. A5. A6. B7. D8. C9. B10. A 11. B12. C13. B14. C15. D16. C17. A18. B19. C20. A Cloze test 31. B2. C3. A4. A5. D6. B7. A8. D9. B 10. A11. A 12. C 13. D 14. B 15. C 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. C 20. BCloze test 41. B2. C3. B4. A5. A6. D7. B8. D9. C 10. C 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. A 15. C 16. A 17. C 18. C 19. B 20. C Cloze test 51. B2. A3. D4. A5. B6. B7. D8. A9. B 10. A 11. D 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. C 17. A 18. C 19. C 20. ACloze test 61. B2. D3. A4. B5. D6. A7. C8. B9. D 10. B11. C 12. A 13. C 14. D 15. B 16. D 17. A 18. D 19. D 20. C Cloze test 71. C2. A3. B4. B5. A6. C7. D8. C9. D 10. C11. D 12. D 13. B 14. B 15. A 16. D 17. C 18. B 19. A 20. C Cloze test 81. B2. C3. A4. C5. B6. D7. D8. C9. A 10. D11. A 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. B 16. B 17. D 18. D 19. B 20. CCloze test 91. B2. D 3 .B 4. C 5. D 6. D 7. B 8. A 9. B 10. D11.A 12.A 13.B 14.A 15.D 16.C 17.B 18.A 19. C 20. CCloze test 101. C2. A3. B4. B5. A6. C7. D8. C9. D10. C11. D12. D13. B14. B15. A16. D17. C18. B19. A20. C Cloze test 111. B2. D3. C4. A5. C6. B7. D8. C9. C 10. B11. A 12. D 13. B 14. C 15. D 16. B 17.C 18. B 19.D 20. BCloze test 121. D2. A3. B4. D5. A6. C7. C8. C9. A10. B 11. A12. D13. C14. D15. A16. A17. A18. B19. C20. D Cloze test 131. D2. A3. C4. B5. A6. C7. D8. B9. A10. C 11. B12. A13. D14. C15. B16. A17. C18. B19. D20. D Cloze test 141. B2. D3.C4.C5. D6. C7. A8. B9. D10.C 11.C12. A13. B14.C15. D 16. D17. A18. B19. A20.B Cloze test 151. A2. A3. A4. D5. C6. B7. A8. D9. C10. D 11. C12. B13. B14. C15. A16. D17. C18. C19. B20. D翻译Translation1. Part VI Translation87. much/far worse than previously thought88. can a billionaire carry on like plain folks89. He found himself lying in a hospital ward90. the findings rather than the process leading to these findings91. that more effective measures should be taken to deal with environmental problems 2. Part VI Translation87. Supposing/Assuming the contrast I have developed is valid88. while/though I admit the seriousness of the problem89. So accustomed are we to the idea that money means success90. if I had been on the spot then91. that confidence and hard work can greatly contribute to his success3. Part VI Translation87. Although not all the people share the same interest88. which is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life89. Many people take it for granted that/It is taken for granted by many people that90. no matter when/whenever I wanted to comment on something91. could I have finished my study4. Part ⅥTranslation87. cut down more than one third.88. if he hadn’t discovered the big fire timely/but for his timely discovery of the big fire89. The saying has been proven again and again90. The past three decades (has) witnessed91. Internet is no longer an unusual word (as it used to be)5. Part ⅥTranslation87. that impresses people most88. the more ignorant you will feel89. What he wants to put across is90. he must have passed his computer exam91. So twisted are his fingers on his left hand/ his fingers on his left hand are so twisted6. Part ⅥTranslation82. only to see her boyfriend disappearing in the distance.83. to her great grief84. he found himself lying on the ground.85. will become the priority discussed in the conference.86. would he break the promise to accomplish the task on time.7. Part ⅥTranslation82. As long as you have drunk that brand of wine83. Without your help / But for your help / If it had not been for your help84. is said to have been translated into more than twenty foreign languages85. that their principal had come to see them / about their principal’s h aving coming to see them86. As everyone knows8. PartⅣ82. accompanied by her mother83. what you have just bought84. 80 percent of whom come from the poor areas85. The student had published two novels86. she felt more overjoyed than surprised9. PartⅣ82. Thanks to a series of new inventions83. I’m more liable to get tired than before84.whatever sacrifice I will make85. it is more convenient and time-saving86. is measured by how much they can borrow10. PartⅣ82. take people’s sleep qualit y into consideration/account83. decided to quit the match84. if it is convenient for you/at your convenience85. would have telephoned86. nothing is more attractive to me than reading82. is to attend the conference83. may feel lonely when they are away from home84. at a speed/rate of 12 million per year85. in order to make/earn money for my education86. we hand in our research report12. PartⅣ82. the more confused I am/get/become83. he was dismissed/sacked/fired by his company84. delaying making85. must have studied very hard86. to hearing your story again13. PartⅣ82. did he arrive at83. escape being fined84. lose contact with85. such fine weather86. have never resorted to14. PartⅣ82. not to speak of /not to mention/let alone going abroad83. didn’t do anything84. play indispensable roles85. were the one being corrected86. neither will they15. PartⅣ82. meeting you for the first time83. still less of84. needn’t have done85. can’t have been cleaned86. was wrongly accused/charged82. for fear that he should be recognized83. broke down halfway84. but to call in the police85. has a strong influence on86. would not have finished so early 17. PartⅣ82. wondering about his real purpose83. may we use the telephone in the office84. had interrupted me85. make any sense86. was absorbed18. PartⅣ82. was critical of83. not be started84. did he charge me too much85. half as much money86. at his disposal。

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论坛里的资料下载方式主要分为两种。

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2011年大学英语四级复习资料参考答案及听力原文

2011年大学英语四级复习资料参考答案及听力原文听力原文及参考答案（1-10）1Section A11. D 12. C 13. B 14. B 15. D 16. B 17. C 18. C19. A 20. D 21. B 22. A 23. A 24. D 25. C11. W: I‘d really like to learn how to play chess, but it looks so complicated.M: Well, nothing is easy at the beginning. What about going over the basics this afternoon?Q: What does the man imply?12. W: Oh, Professor Smith, I was wondering. Well, if you had a chance to uh...look at my thesisproposal?M: Well, I know you gave it to me over a week ago, but I have been too heavily occupied to afford time to read it.Q: What does the professor imply?13. W: What‘s the problem, Peter? You look really pale.M: I feel like throwing up. I‘m afraid you have to drive the kids to school this morning.Q: What is the probable relationship between the two speakers?14. W: Well, I am never doing this again! Nine courses in one semester is too much.M: Well, I told you so if you remember.Q: What does the man mean?15. W: If I had known better than to ask Mike to lend me the notes .before the exam!M: So, he turned you down again!Q: What are the two speakers talking about?16. W: I‘m thinking of getting a new evening dress to wear to Mr. Black‘s party.M: I just hope that my old suit still fits. You know how I feel about shopping.Q: What does the man imply?17. M: Excuse me, Miss, how many books can I check out?W: Well, that depends on what you are, a student or a teacher?Q: Where does the conversation take place?18. W: Do you rent rooms by the week?M: Well, it‘s 20 dollars a week, plus 5 dollars for electricity, but only 90 dollars a month inclusive.Q: How much will the room cost for one month including electricity?Conversation OneW: Good morning, Dr. Wilson.M: Good morning, Prof. Wang. Nice to see you again.W: Nice to see you too.M: How long are you going to stay as a visiting scholar this time?W: Well, about a year.M: Hope you make full use of your time here. What exactly do you want to accomplish in the next12 months?W: I‘m interested in computer language translation, I mean, from English to Chinese and Chineseto English. I‘ll try, if possible, to produce software or a device which can serve as an interpreter.M: Fascinating... and how big will the device itself be, do you think?W: The size of a cigarette pack, I think. So people can put it in their pocket.M: Really. Well, that could be a Ph. D project, but are you sure you can finish your project in 12 months?W: I don‘t know, but I can work 12 hours a day and 7 days a week.M: Well, if you mean it, I‘d suggest you spend some time in our library, trying to find out what others have done before and perhaps re-consider your own project, to some extent. Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. How long is Prof. Wang going to stay?20. What is Prof. Wang going to accomplish during her stay?21. What is Dr. Wilson‘s attitude towards Prof. Wang‘s plan?Conversation TwoW: Hi, Mike. Your roommate told me that I could find you here. What are you doing?M: What does it look like I am doing?W: Well, it looks like you are watching television. But we have a mathematics mid-term tomorrow, so I thought you‘d be studying for it and maybe I can study with you.M: Oh, well, I was just taking a break. This stuff gives me a headache if I work on it too long. W: I know what you mean. I‘ve been working on it for three hours already, had been working at the sample problems, just don‘t get some of them.M: But I can‘t believe you are coming to me. I mean you do know what I got on the last test, don‘t you?W: Yeah, I know. You told me. I just thought two heads might be better than one.M: Yeah, that‘s a nice idea. But—you know, I wish I knew that person in our class who got a hundred on the last test. She di dn‘t miss any questions. Umm ... was it Caren?W: Oh yeah, Caren! She is a friend of mine. She‘d be a big help right now. Why don‘t I give her a call?M: What ! At this hour? It‘s already ten thirty. I don‘t want to impose on her.W: Yeah, I guess you are right. But you know what, she owes me a big favor. Let‘s at least give her a call and see what she says. Maybe going over some of the problems with us would help her review the material too.M: It‘s worth a try.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. What are the speakers mainly discussing?23. Why is the man watching television?24. Why is the man surprised that the woman wants to study with him?25. Why doesn‘t the man want to ca ll Caren?Section B26. C 27. B 28. B 29. D 30. C 31. D 32. B 33. C 34. A 35. D Passage OneWith the Switzerland-based World Wildlife Fund (WWF), China is making a united and devoted effort to save the endangered pandas (熊猫) The results, officials here in Chengdu pointout, are mixed but encouraging.A clearly disappointing thing is the failure to let pandas produce young while confined, which is necessary if their decreasing numbers are to be replaced. Another thing has been the failure to find a natural, readily available food to replace the bamboo (竹子).Despite these failures, success has come in two ways. One achievement has been the physical rescue effort. Some pandas have been kept alive by spreading tons of cooked meat all over the mountains, which pandas will eat as a substitute for bamboo, and by the planting of new bamboo in isolated areas. Animals in some Sichuan areas have been rescued by local peasants and given emergency treatment by animal doctors.A second achievement is a massive fund-raising effort. A great deal of information about the panda‘s difficult situation has resulted in a new $100,000 emergency allocation by the WWF and independent fund drives both in China and abroad.Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. What is the result of Chinese efforts to save the endangered pandas?27. What are the two biggest problems with saving pandas?28. What are the two achievements concerning saving pandas?Passage TwoWe buried Donald Brown last May. He was murdered by four men who wanted to rob the supermarket manager he was protecting. Donald Brown was 61 years old. In just six months he and his wife planned to retire to Florida. Now there will be no retirement in the sun, and she was alone. Donald Brown was the second police officer to die since I became Police Commissioner of Boston in 1972. The first was Detective John Schroeder, shot in a pawnshop robbery in November 1973. John Schroeder was the brother of Walter Schroeder, who was killed in a bank robbery in 1970.At least two of these police officers were shot by a handgun, the kind almost anyone can buy nearly everywhere for a few dollars. Ownership of handguns has become so widespread that this weapon is no longer merely the instrument of crime; it is now a cause of violent crime.Gun advocates are fond of saying that guns don‘t kill, people do. But guns do kill. Half of the people who commit suicide do so with handguns. Forty-four percent of the murders committed in 1972 were committed with handguns.No one can convince me, after returning from Donald Brown‘s funeral, that we should allow people to own handguns. I know that many Americans feel deeply and honestly that they have a right to own and enjoy guns. I am asking that they give them up. I am saying that no private citizen, whatever his claim, should possess a handgun. Only police officers should.Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. Who is Donald Brown?30. What happened to John Schroeder?31. What does the speaker think of handguns?Passage ThreeMillions of people pass through the gates of Disney‘s entertainment park in California, Florida and Japan each year. What makes these places an almost universal attraction? What makes foreign kings and queens and other important people want to visit these Disney parks? Well, one reason is the way they‘re treated once they get there. The people at Disney go out of their way toserve their ―guests‖ and to see that they enjoy themselves.All new employees, from vice presidents to part-time workers, begin their employment by attending Disney University and taking ―Traditions I‖. There, they learn about the company‘s history, how it is managed and why it is successful. They are shown how each department relates to the whole. All employees are shown how their part is important in making the park a success.After passing ―Traditions I‖, the employees go on to more specialized training for their specific jobs. No detail is missed. A simple job like taking tickets requires four eight-hour days of training. When one ticket taker was asked why it took so much training for such a simple, ordinary job, he replied, ―What happens if someone wants to know where the restrooms are, when the parade starts or what bus to take back to the campgrounds? ...We need to know the answers or where to get them quickly. Our constant aim is to help our guests enjoy the park.‖Even Disney‘s managers get involved in the daily management of the park. Every year, the managers leave their desks and business suits and put on special service clothes. For a full week, the bosses sell hot dogs or ice cream, take tickets or drive the monorail, and take up to any of the 100 jobs that make the entertainment park come alive. The managers agree that this week helps them to see the company‘s goals more clearly.Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. Why do foreign kings and queens want to visit Disney‘s entertainment parks?33. What do all new employees learn from ―Traditions I‖?34. Why would a simple job like taking tickets require such specialized training?35. What do Disney‘s managers not do during the special full week every year?Section C36. defending 37. critics 38. attracts 39. ancient40. engaging 41. intend 42. competition 43. employed44. Any competitor or spectator at the Games or in the Olympic Village will tell you theatmosphere of friendship there is unforgettable45. a few people are going to use them as an occasion for publicity, but this is no reason why theGames should be canceled46. As long as the majority wants it, these Games will continue.2Section A11. D 12. B 13. B 14. C 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. A19. C 20. B 21. D 22. A 23. C 24. B 25. A11. W: Max is watching a football game on TV.M: Should he be doing that now, with an exam coming up?Q: What does the man imply that Max should be doing?12. W: When is the show supposed to start?M: Don‘t worry. It doesn‘t start until 9:30. We‘ll still get 20 minutes.Q: What‘s the t ime now?13. M: The International Students Association is having a party Saturday night. Can you come?W: I wish I could, but I work at the hospital on weekends.Q: Why can‘t the woman go to the party?14. W: Aren‘t we supposed to have a math test this a fternoon?M: It was postponed because the teacher had to attend a meeting.Q: What do we learn from this conversation?15. M: The ice-box is not working properly. I suppose we should buy a new one, but I don‘t thinkwe can afford it right now,W: If only you hadn‘t bought that racing bicycle.Q: Why didn‘t they buy another ice-box?16. M: Georgia, there‘s a phone call for you.W: For me? Who would be calling me at work?Q: What can be inferred from the woman‘s question?17. W: Do you plan on flying to the North, Professor Smith?M: Yes. It costs a lot but the trains and buses don‘t run the day I‘m going. So I have no choice.Q: How would Professor Smith go to the North?18. W: You must have said the right thing during the interview. They are very selective aboutwhom they hire.M: I know how to make a good impression.Q: Why was the man being interviewed?Conversation oneM: This is it. I know that it is smaller than you wanted, but it is one of the nicest apartments in the buildings.W: Does it have three bedrooms?M: No. There are two. The master bedroom is quite spacious though. Maybe you could let the children share the larger room, and you and your husband could use the smaller one.W: I suppose I can do that. Are you the owner?M: No, I am the manger.W: You said that the rent would be 350 dollars a month. Does that include any of the utilities? M: Yes. It includes gas.W: That sounds better. But before I sign a lease I would like my husband to see it. He doesn‘t get off work until five.M: Come by at six. I will still be in the office.W: OK.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. Who is the man in this conversation?20. How many bedrooms are there in this apartment?21. Why didn‘t the woman sign a lease right aw ay?Conversation TwoM: Good morning. Say, do you know what the assignment is for our term paper in history?W: Sure. Weren‘t you in class on Monday? That‘s when it was given out.M: No, I missed that class. Was there a handout?W: No, the instructor just wrote the assignment on the board.M: Could I copy the assignment from your notes?W: You could, if I had copied it all down; but I just wrote down the part that I wanted.M: Oh, no.W: You see, there were three choices of topics for the term paper; but, when I saw them, I knew which one I wanted so I didn‘t copy the others down.M: Can you remember any of the others?W: Let‘s see. There was one about World War I, something about it, but I don‘t remember what, and there was one called ―the idea of progress in the nineteenth century.‖M: And what was the last one?W: I can‘t remember. My mind is a complete blank. Maybe you can ask someone else.M: Yes, I will. Anyway, those are certainly broad topics.W: Yes, but you can focus on a special area within them. Which one would you take?M: Of course, I don‘t know what the last one is, but of these two, I think I‘d take ―the idea of progress‖.W: That‘s very abstract.M: Yes, but it‘s one of my interests and I‘ve read a lot on the subject. I‘ve never written a term paper on it though.W: Me neither. I haven‘t even read about it. Are you going to class on Wednesday?M: Yes.W: Maybe he‘ll write it on the board again.M: I hope so. Good luck with your paper.W: Same to you.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. How many topics did the teacher give for the term paper?23. How was the assignment given out?24. Why can‘t the man copy the assignment from the woman‘s notes?25. Why does the man choose the assignment on progress?Section B26. C 27. B 28. D 29. D 30. B 31. A 32. C 33. C 34. A 35. B Passage OneWalking down the street in many cities or towns in the United States, you can see the influence of Japan. Many people watch Japanese televisions, listen to Japanese radios, and drive Japanese cars. Some even work in Japanese companies. It is quite usual for US companies to invite Japanese experts to the United States to offer business advice. Japanese restaurants are nowso popular that most people have heard of sushi, even if they are afraid to try it.Meanwhile, back in Japan there is the world‘s largest Disneyland near Tokyo. Mickey Mouse was there to welcome visitors, and so were Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Dumbo the Elephant, and all of other Disney‘s famous characters.The park is a prime example of Japanese-American cooperation. The mixing of two cultures can be seen throughout the park. Restaurants sell sushi, along with hamburgers, hot dogs, and French fries. All signs are in Japanese and English. Side by side with the famous Disney characters are two shows of special interest to the Japanese. ―Meet the World‖ presents over 2,000 years of Japanese history, and ―The Eternal Sea‖ takes audience to the bottom of the sea around Japan.Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. What is the main idea of the passage?27. What does the word ―sushi‖ mean?28. What is ―The Eternal Sea‖ about?Passage TwoA serious explosion occurred in the chemistry laboratory last week. No one was able to explain what happened. Everybody was worried that some people may have been injured but, fortunately, the laboratory was empty at the time. After a brief investigation, however, it was found that damages had been clone which amounted to at least $ 50,000.The authorities, naturally, were anxious to discover why this explosion had occurred and an investigating committee was set up. Some members of the committee were of the opinion that the explosion had been caused deliberately, whereas others thought that there was some simple explanation for it. Although they tried very hard, the members of the committee were unable to come to any conclusion about what had been responsible for the explosion. Finally, a short time later, some experts from the Town Gas Board reported that there was a gas pipe which ran underneath the laboratory and from which gas had been leaking into the building. The reason why this leak had not been discovered was that the university had been on holiday and no one had been inside the building for at least a week.That the explosion occurred was considered by the committee to be due to the lack of officially appointed staff whose duties were to inspect regularly all laboratories. The committee recommended that some responsible person should be appointed to carry out this duty, in case other similar accidents should occur.Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. What damage was caused by the explosion?30. What was the cause of the accident according to the official investigation?31. What could have been done to avoid the accident?Passage ThreeIn general, people talk about two groups of colors: warm colors and cool colors. Researchers think that there are two groups of people; people who prefer warm colors and those who prefer cool colors.The warm colors are red, orange and yellow. Where there are warm colors and a lot of light, people usually want to be active. Social people, those who like to be with others, like red. The cool colors axe green, blue and violet. These colors, unlike warm colors, are relaxing. Where there are cool colors, people are usually quiet. People who like to spend time alone often prefer blue.People associate colors with different feelings, objects, and holidays. Red, for example, is the color of fire, heat, blood, and life. People say red is an exciting and active color. They associate red with strong feelings like anger. Red is used for signs of danger, such as stop signs and fire engines. The holidays which are associated with red are National Day, May Day and New Year‘s Day.Businessmen know that people choose products by color. Businessmen want to manufacture products which are the colors people will buy. For example, an automobile manufacturer needs to know how many cars should be painted red, how many green, and how many orange. Good businessmen know that young people prefer different colors than old people and men prefer different colors than women do.Young children react to the color of an object before they react to the shape. They prefer warm colors—red, yellow, and orange. When people grow older, they begin to react to the shape of an object rather than to its color. The favorite color of adults of all races and nationalities is blue. Their second favorite color is red, and their third is green. On the whole, women prefer brighter colors than men do. It is even possible that your favorite color tells a lot about you.Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. According to the passage, what kind of people does ―social people‖ refe r to?33. Why do businessmen pay more attention to the colors of their products?34. How would young children respond to the color and the shape of an object?35. According to this passage, what is the favorite color of all races and nationalities?Section C36. landing 37. experienced 38. dangers 39. willing40. exploration 41. chosen 42. courses 43. geology44. This was necessary because astronauts would have to look for rocks on the moon45. There helicopters landed straight down to give the men some experience of the way thespaceship would actually land on the moon46. They also learned every detail of the ground control system3Section A11. C 12. A 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. D19. A 20. B 21. C 22. C 23. D 24. A 25. C11. M: How about going to the theater for a relaxation?W: Well, I‘m having art lessons tonight.Q: What‘s the woman probably going to do tonight?12. W: Do you want the windows open or closed?M: I almost always prefer fresh air, if possible.Q: What does the man imply?13. M: When does the next bus leave?W: You have just missed one by 10 minutes. Buses leave every 15 minutes, so you have to wait for the next bus.Q: How long does the man have to wait for the next bus?14. W: Sam, could I bother you for a moment? I need someone to return this book to the libraryfor me.M: That‘s no bother at all. I‘m on my way there now.Q: What will the man probably do next?15. M: I was really worried about the English exam last Friday.W: But it turned out well, didn‘t it?Q: What does the woman mean?16. W: You don‘t feel very well, do you? You look pale. Have you got a cold?M: Oh, no, but my stomach aches. Maybe the seafood doesn‘t agree with me.Q: What probably caused the man‘s stomachache?17. M: Excuse me. Could you tell me where the nearest post office is?W: Well, it‘s right down this street. First you will see a department store, then a bookstore. The post office is just opposite the bookstore.Q: Where is the post office?18. W: I‘ve got two tickets to today‘s game. Do you want to come along?M: It‘ll be on television, besides it‘s really too cold for me.Q: What will the man probably do?Conversation OneW: I‘m fed up with sitting on packing cases, John. Don‘t you think we could buy at least two chairs?M: Do you know how much new chairs cost, Mary? One cheap comfortable armchair, eighty pounds.W: Yes, I know. It‘s terrible. But I have an idea. Why don‘t we look for chairs at a street market?I‘ve always wante d to see one.M: All right. Which one shall we go to?W: Martin Road, I think. There are a lot of second-hand things there. But we‘ll have to go tomorrow. It‘s only open on Saturdays.M: What time do you want to go? Not too early I hope.W: The guide-book says the market is open from nine to six. It‘s a very popular market so we‘d better be there when it opens.M: Right. I‘ll set the alarm.W: Oh, John. Look at the crowd.M: They must have the same guide book that we have.W: But it‘s very exciting, look at that old table-cloth and those beautiful curtains.M: Aren‘t we looking for chairs?W: Yes, but we need curtains. Come on.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the conversations you have just heard.19. What is Mary fed up with?20. What does John worry about?21. Why do they plan to go to Martin Road?22. When will they be at Martin Road?Conversation TwoM: Have you heard? A new academic dean will be installed this week, and it seems that he already has a lot of new ideas.W: Oh, yeah, campus radio announced that he‘s starting a new internship program. Students will actually get a chance to join local companies on their productions.M: That sounds intriguing. I wonder how he got the idea.W: Well, it seems he set up a similar program at another university and he feels that practical experience is an important addition to the artistic training in the theater.M: You mean we‘ll get course credit for watching the opera companies rehearse?W: We‘ll get course credit all right, but we‘ll have to earn it by working hard with the company. M: If I decided to participate, who would decide what job I‘d get?W: First, you have to be a theater major to join the program, but the program coordinator would try to match students‘interests with jobs wherever possible. And guess what? One or two music majors might be selected to perform with the company.M: What? You mean stand up in front of hundreds of people and sing? I like acting, but can‘t imagine myself taking on an operatic role!Questions 23 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.23. Why was the new program started?24. What will the students involved in the new program do?25. What is required of students participating in the program?Section B26. B 27. D 28. A 29. B 30. D 31. A 32. A 33. A 34. B 35. C Passage OneIn the United States today, there are two major parties—the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. Each political party is made up of members who share goals and ideas. Each party wants its goals and ideas to direct the actions of government.Parties nominate, or choose, people that they want in office. The nominated people are called candidates. Political parties select candidates to represent them in elections. Each party then works to get its candidates elected.Nominating candidates is the major job of a party. But it is not the only thing that a party does. At national conventions, party members from every state gather together. They make up a platform. A platform is a statement of goals. The goals may be general or specific. For example, a general goal may be having better schools. A more specific goal may be raising teachers‘ salaries. The platform creates unity for the party. It tells voters what the party stands for.A party must also do fund-raising. Fund-raising is a group of activities designed to bring in money. The party uses some of this money to pay for its day-to-day operation. But most of the money is spent on getting the party‘s candidates elected.Questions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. According to the passage, which of the four statements is not true about political parties?27. What‘s a platform?28. What‘s the major job of a party?Passage TwoBalloons have been used for sport for about one hundred years. There are two kinds of balloons: gas and hot air. Hot air balloons are safer than gas balloons, which may catch fire. Hot air balloons are preferred by most balloonists in the United States because of their safety. They are also cheaper and easier to manage than gas balloons. Despite the ease of operating a balloon, pilots must watch the weather carefully. Sport balloon flights are best early in the morning or late in the afternoon, when the wind is light. Over the years, balloonists had tried unsuccessfully to cross the Atlantic Ocean. It wasn‘t until 1978 that three American balloonists succeeded. It took them just six days to make their trip from their homes in the United States to Paris, France. Their voyage captured the imagination of the world.Questions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. What type of balloons is this speaker referring to?30. Why are gas balloons considered dangerous?31. According to the speaker, what must balloon pilots be careful to do?Passage ThreePaper is one of the most important products ever invented by man. Wide-spread use of written language would not have been possible without some cheap and practical material to write on. The invention of paper meant that more people cold be educated because more books could be printed and distributed. Together with the printing press, paper provided an extremely important way to communicate knowledge.How much paper do you use every year? Probably you cannot answer that question quickly. In 1900 the world‘s use of paper was about one kilogram for each person a year. Now some countries use as much as 50 kilograms of paper for each person a year. Countries like the United States, England and Sweden use more paper than other countries.Paper, like many other things that we use today, was first made in China. In Egypt and the West, paper was not very commonly used before the year 1400. The Egyptians wrote on a kind of material made of a water plant. Europeans used parchment for many hundreds of years. Parchment was very strong; it was made from the skin of certain young animals. We have learnt of the most important facts of European history from records that were kept on parchment.Questions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. Which of the following is not mentioned about the invention of paper?。

2011年大学英语4级(四级CET4)考纲词汇+补充词汇

2011年大学英语4级（四级CET4）考纲词汇+补充词汇abandon vt.丢弃；放弃，抛弃ability n.能力；能耐，本领abnormal a.不正常的；变态的aboard ad.在船(车)上；上船abroad ad.(在)国外；到处absence n.缺席，不在场；缺乏absent a.不在场的；缺乏的absolute a.绝对的；纯粹的absolutely ad.完全地；绝对地absorb vt.吸收；使专心abstract a.抽象的n.摘要abundant a.丰富的；大量的abuse vt.滥用；虐待n.滥用academic a.学院的；学术的academy n.私立中学；专科院校accelerate vt.(使)加快；促进acceleration n.加速；加速度accent n.口音，腔调；重音acceptable a.可接受的，合意的acceptance n.接受，验收；承认access n.接近；通道，入口accessory n.同谋，从犯；附件accident n.意外的；事故accidental a.偶然的；非本质的accommodate vt.容纳；供应，供给accommodation n.招待设备；预定铺位accompany vt.陪伴，陪同；伴随accomplish vt.达到(目的)；完成accord vt.使一致；给予accordance n.一致；和谐；授予accordingly ad.因此，所以；照着account n.记述；解释；帐目accumulate vt.积累vi.堆积accuracy n.准确(性)；准确度accurate a.准确的，正确无误的accuse vt.指责；归咎于accustom vt.使习惯accustomed a.惯常的；习惯的achieve vt.完成，实现；达到achievement n.完成；成就，成绩acid n.酸；酸的，酸性的acquaintance n.认识；了解；熟人acquire vt.取得；获得；学到acre n.英亩(=6.07亩)act vi.行动；见效n.行为action n.行动；作用；功能active a.活跃的；积极的activity n.活动；活力；行动actress n.女演员actually ad.实际上；竟然acute a.尖的，锐的；敏锐的adapt vt.使适应；改编add vt.添加，附加，掺加addition n.加，加法；附加物additional a.附加的，追加的address n.地址；演说；谈吐adequate a.足够的；可以胜任的adjective n.形容词a.形容词的adjust vt.调整，调节；校正administration n.管理；管理部门admire vt.钦佩，羡慕，赞赏admission n.允许进入；承认admit vt.承认；准许…进入adopt vt.收养；采用；采取advance vi.前进；提高n.进展advanced a.先进的；高级的advantage n.优点，优势；好处adventure n.冒险；惊险活动adverb n.副词advertisement n.广告；登广告advisable n.明智的；可取的advise vt.劝告；建议；通知aeroplane n.飞机affair n.事情，事件；事务affect vt.影响；感动affection n.慈爱，爱；爱慕afford vt.担负得起…；提供African a.非洲的n.非洲人agency n.经办；代理；代理处agent n.代理人，代理商aggressive a.侵略的；好斗的agony n.极度痛苦agreement n.协定，协议；同意agriculture n.农业，农艺；农学aid n.帮助，救护；助手aircraft n.飞机，飞行器airline n.航空公司；航线airplane n.飞机airport n.机场，航空站alarm n.惊恐，忧虑；警报alcohol n.酒精，乙醇allow vt.允许，准许；任alloy n.合金；(金属的)成色alone a.单独的ad.单独地alphabet n.字母表，字母系统alter vt.改变，变更；改做alternative n.替换物；取舍，抉择although conj.尽管，虽然altitude n.高，高度；高处altogether ad.完全；总而言之aluminium n.铝amaze vt.使惊奇，使惊愕ambition n.雄心，抱负，野心ambulance n.救护车；野战医院amongst prep在…之中(=among) amount n.总数；数量；和ampere n.安培amplify vt.放大，增强；扩大amuse vt.逗…乐；给…娱乐analyse vt.分析，分解，解析analysis n.分析，分解，解析ancestor n.祖宗，祖先anchor n.锚vi.抛锚，停泊ancient a.古代的，古老的angel n.天使，神差，安琪儿anger n.怒，愤怒vt.使发怒angle n.角，角度angry a.愤怒的，生气的ankle n.踝，踝节部announce vt.宣布，宣告，发表announcer n.宣告者；播音员annoy vt.使恼怒；打搅annual a.每年的n.年报anticipate vt.预料，预期，期望anxiety n.焦虑，忧虑；渴望anxious a.忧虑的；渴望的anyway ad.无论如何apart ad.相隔；分开；除去apartment n.一套公寓房间apologize vi.道歉，谢罪，认错apology n.道歉，认错，谢罪apparatus n.器械，仪器；器官apparent a.表面上的；明显的appeal vi.&n.呼吁；申述appear vi.出现；来到；似乎appearance n.出现，来到；外观appetite n.食欲，胃口；欲望appliance n.用具，器具，器械applicable a.能应用的；适当的application n.请求，申请；施用apply vt.应用，实施，使用appoint vt.任命，委任；约定appointment n.任命；约定，约会appreciate vt.欣赏；领会；感谢approach vt.向…靠近n.靠近appropriate a.适当的，恰当的approval n.赞成，同意；批准approve vt.赞成，称许；批准approximately ad.近似地，大约Arabian a.阿拉伯的arbitrary a.随心所欲的；专断的architecture n.建筑学；建筑式样argument n.争论，辩论；理由arise vi.出现；由…引起arithmetic n.算术，四则运算arouse vt.引起，唤起；唤醒arrangement n.整理，排列；安排arrest vt.逮捕，拘留；阻止arrival n.到达；到来；到达者arrive vi.到达；来临；达到arrow n.箭；箭状物artificial a.人工的；娇揉造作的artist n.艺术家，美术家artistic a.艺术的；艺术家的ash n.灰，灰末；骨灰ashamed a.惭愧(的)；羞耻(的) asleep a.睡着的，睡熟的aspect n.方面；样子，外表assemble vt.集合，召集；装配assembly n.集合；集会；装配assess vt.对(财产等)估价assign vt.指派；分配；指定assignment n.任务，指定的作业assist vt.援助，帮助；搀扶assistant n.助手，助理；助教associate vi.交往n.伙伴，同事association n.协会，团体；联合assume vt.假定；承担；呈现assure vt.使确信；向…保证astonish vt.使惊讶，使吃惊astronaut n.宇宙航行员，宇航员athlete n.运动员；田径运动员Atlantic a.大西洋的n.大西洋atmosphere n.大气；空气；气氛atmospheric a.大气的；大气层的atom n.原子；微粒；微量atomic a.原子的；原子能的attach vt.缚，系，贴；附加attack vt.&vi.&n.攻击，进攻attain vt.达到，获得，完成attempt vt.尝试，试图n.企图attend vt.出席；照顾，护理attention n.注意，留心；注意力attentive a.注意的；有礼貌的attitude n.态度，看法；姿势attract vt.吸引；引起，诱惑attraction n.吸引；吸引力；引力attractive a.有吸引力的attribute vt.把…归因于n.属性audience n.听众，观众，读者August n.八月aural a.耳的，听觉的Australia n.澳大利亚Australian a.澳大利亚的author n.作者，作家authority n.当局，官方；权力auto n.(口语)汽车automatic a.自动的；机械的automation n.自动，自动化automobile n.汽车，机动车auxiliary a.辅助的；附属的available a.可利用的；通用的avenue n.林荫道，道路；大街average n.平均数a.平均的aviation n.航空，航空学avoid vt.避免，躲开；撤消await vt.等候，期待awake a.醒着的vt.唤醒award n.奖，奖品；判定aware a.知道的，意识到的awful a.令人不愉快的awfully ad.令人畏惧的；很awkward a.笨拙的；尴尬的ax n.斧子axis n.轴，轴线；中心线bacteria n.细菌badminton n.羽毛球baggage n.行李bake vt.烤，烘，焙；烧硬balance vt.使平衡；称n.天平band n.乐队；带；波段bang n.巨响，枪声；猛击banner n.旗，旗帜，横幅bar n.酒吧间；条，杆；栅barber n.理发师bare a.赤裸的；仅仅的bargain n.交易vi.议价；成交bark n.吠叫声vi.吠，叫barn n.谷仓；牲口棚barrel n.桶；圆筒；枪管barrier n.栅栏，屏障；障碍basic a.基本的，基础的basically ad.基本上basin n.盆，洗脸盆；盆地basis n.基础，根据bat n.球拍；短棍；蝙蝠bath n.浴，洗澡；浴缸bathe vt.给…洗澡；弄湿bathroom n.浴室；盥洗室battery n.电池；一套，一组battle n.战役；斗争vi.作战bay n.湾；山脉中的凹处B.C. (缩)公元前beach n.海滩，湖滩，河滩beam n.梁；横梁；束，柱bean n.豆，蚕豆bear n.熊；粗鲁的人bear vt.容忍；负担；生育beard n.胡须，络腮胡子beast n.兽，野兽；牲畜beat vt.&vi.打，敲；打败beautiful a.美的，美丽的beef n.牛肉；菜牛beg vt.&vi.乞求；请求beggar n.乞丐，穷人behalf n.利益，维护，支持behave vi.表现，举止；运转behavior n.行为，举止，态度being n.存在；生物；生命belief n.信任，相信；信念believe vt.相信；认为bell n.钟，铃，门铃；钟声belong vi.属于，附属beloved a.为…的爱的n.爱人belt n.带，腰带；皮带；区bench n.长凳，条凳；工作台bend vt.使弯曲vi.弯曲beneath prep.在…下方beneficial a.有利的，有益的benefit n.利益；恩惠；津贴berry n.浆果(如草莓等)beside prep.在…旁边besides ad.而且prep.除…之外bet vt.&vi.&n.打赌betray vt.背叛；辜负；泄漏beyond prep.在…的那边Bible n.基督教《圣经》bill n.账单；招贴；票据billion num.万亿(英)bind vt.捆绑；包扎；装钉biology n.生物学；生态学birthday n.生日，诞生的日期biscuit n.(英)饼干；(美)软饼bite vt.咬，叮，螫；剌穿bitter a.痛苦的；严寒的bitterly ad.苦苦地；悲痛地blade n.刀刃，刀片；叶片blame vt.责备，把…归咎于blank a.空白的n.空白blanket n.毛毯，毯子，羊毛毯blast n.爆炸，冲击波vt.炸blaze n.火；闪光vi.燃烧bleed vi.出血，流血；泌脂blend vt.&vi.&n.混和bless vt.为…祝福blind a.瞎的；盲目的block n.街区vt.堵塞，拦阻bloom n.花；开花，开花期blossom n.花，开花vi.开花blow vi.吹，吹动；吹响boast vi.自夸vt.吹嘘bold a.大胆的；冒失的bolt n.螺栓；插销vt.闩门bomb n.BoB!!! vt.轰炸bond n.联结，联系；公债bone n.骨，骨骼boot n.靴子，长统靴booth n.货摊；公用电话亭border n.边，边缘；边界bore vt.使厌烦；钻，挖born a.天生的；出生的bosom n.胸，胸部；内心boss n.老板，上司vt.指挥bother vt.烦扰，迷惑n.麻烦bough n.树枝bounce vi.反跳，弹起；跳起bound a.一定的；有义务的boundary n.分界线，办界bow n.弓；蝴蝶结；鞠躬bowl n.碗，钵；碗状物box n.箱，盒；包箱；拳击vi.打拳brain n.脑，脑髓；脑力brake n.闸，刹车vi.制动branch n.树枝；分部；分科brand n.商品；烙印vt.铭刻brandy n.白兰地酒brass n.黄铜；黄铜器breadth n.宽度，幅度；幅面breathe vi.呼吸vt.呼吸breed n.品种vt.使繁殖breeze n.微风，和风brick n.砖，砖块；砖状物brief a.简短的；短暂的brighten vt.使发光；使快活brilliant a.光辉的；卓越的brim n.边，边缘；帽沿brisk a.活泼的；清新的bristle n.短而硬的毛；鬃毛Britain n.不列颠，英国British a.不列颠的，英联邦的brittle a.脆的；易损坏的broadcast n.广播，播音broken a.被打碎的，骨折的bronze n.青铜；青铜制品brood n.同窝幼鸟vt.孵(蛋) brook n.小河，溪流broom n.扫帚brow n.额；眉，眉毛brown n.褐色，棕色bruise n.青肿，伤痕；擦伤brush n.刷子，毛刷；画笔brute n.禽兽，畜生bubble n.泡vi.冒泡，沸腾bucket n.水桶；吊桶；铲斗bud n.芽，萌芽；蓓蕾bulb n.电灯泡；球状物bulk n.物体，容积，大批bull n.公牛；雄的象bullet n.枪弹，子弹，弹丸bunch n.束，球，串；一群bundle n.捆，包，束；包袱burden n.担子，重担；装载量bureau n.局，司，处；社，所burst vt.使爆裂vi.&n.爆炸bury vt.埋葬，葬；埋藏butcher n.屠夫；屠杀者butter n.黄油；奶油butterfly n.蝴蝶button n.扣子；按钮vt.扣紧cabbage n.洋白菜，卷心菜cabin n.小屋；船舱，机舱cabinet n.橱，柜；内阁cable n.缆，索；电缆；电报cafeteria n.自助食堂calculate vt.计算；估计；计划calculator n.计算器，计算者calendar n.日历，历书；历法camel n.骆驼camera n.照相机，摄影机camp n.野营，营地，兵营campaign n.战役；运动campus n.校园，学校场地Canada n.加拿大Canadian a.加拿大的canal n.运河；沟渠；管cancel vt.取消，撤消；删去cancer n.癌，癌症，肿瘤candidate n.候选人；投考者candle n.蜡烛；烛形物；烛光candy n.糖果；砂糖结晶cannon n.大炮，火炮；榴弹炮canoe n.独木舟，皮艇，划子canteen n.小卖部；临时餐室canvas n.粗帆布；一块油画布capable a.有能力的，有才能的capacity n.容量；能力；能量capital n.资本，资金；首都captain n.陆军上尉；队长captive n.俘虏，被监禁的人capture vt.捕获，俘获；夺得carbon n.碳care vi.关心，介意n.小心career n.生涯，职业，经历careful a.仔细的；细致的careless a.粗心的，漫不经心的cargo n.船货，货物carpenter n.木工，木匠carpet n.地毯，毡毯，毛毯carriage n.客车厢；四轮马车carrier n.运输工具；运载工具carrot n.胡罗卜carry vt.携带；运载；传送cart n.二轮运货马车carve vt.刻，雕刻；切开case n.情况；事实；病例case n.箱(子)，盒(子)，套cash n.现金，现款cassette n.盒式录音带；盒子cast vt.投，扔，抛；浇铸castle n.城堡；巨大建筑物casual a.偶然的；随便的catalog n.目录，目录册catch vt.捉住；赶上；领会cathedral n.总教堂；大教堂cattle n.牛；牲口，家畜cause n.原因，理由；事业cave n.山洞，洞穴，窑洞cease vi.&vi.&n.停止，停息ceiling n.天花板，顶蓬celebrate vt.庆祝；歌颂，赞美cell n.细胞；小房间cellar n.地窑，地下室cement n.水泥；胶泥vt.粘结centigrade a.百分度的centimetre n.公分，厘米central a.中心的；主要的centre n.中心；中枢vt.集中century n.世纪，百年ceremony n.典礼，仪式；礼节certainly ad.一定，必定；当然certainty n.必然；肯定certificate n.证书，证件，执照chain n.链，链条，项圈challenge n.挑战；要求，需要chamber n.会议室；房间；腔champion n.冠军，得胜者chance n.机会，机遇；可能性change n.改变，变化；零钱channel n.海峡；渠道；频道chapter n.章，回，篇character n.性格；特性；角色characteristic a.特有的n.特性charge vt.索价；控告n.费用charity n.施舍；慈善事业charming a.迷人的，可爱的chart n.图，图表；海图chase n.追逐，追赶，追求cheap a.廉价的；劣质的cheat vt.骗取；哄vi.行骗check vt.检查；制止n.检查cheek n.面颊，脸蛋cheer vt.使振作；欢呼cheerful a.快乐的，愉快的cheese n.乳酪，干酪chemical a.化学的n.化学制品chemist n.化学家；药剂师chemistry n.化学cheque n.支票cherry n.樱桃；樱桃树chess n.棋；国际象棋chest n.胸腔，胸膛；箱子chew vt.咀嚼，嚼碎chicken n.小鸡，小鸟；鸡肉chief a.主要的；首席的childhood n.童年，幼年；早期childish a.孩子的；幼稚的chill vt.使变冷n.寒冷chimney n.烟囱，烟筒；玻璃罩chin n.颏，下巴china n.瓷器，瓷料chocolate n.巧克力；巧克力糖choice n.选择，抉择choke vt.使窒息；塞满choose vt.选择，挑选；情愿chop vt.砍，劈；切细vi.砍Christian n.基督教徒；信徒Christmas n.圣诞节cigarette n.香烟，纸烟，卷烟cinema n.电影院；电影，影片circuit n.电路；环行；巡行circular a.圆的；循环的circulate vt.使循环vi.循环circumference n.圆周，周长，圆周线circumstance n.情况，条件；境遇citizen n.公民；市民，居民civil a.公民的；文职的civilization n.文明，文化；开化civilize vt.使文明；教育claim vt.声称，主张；索取clap vi.拍手vt.拍，轻拍clarify vt.澄清，阐明clasp n.扣子，钩子；别针classical a.古典的；经典的classification n.分类；分级；分类法classify vt.把…分类classmate n.同班同学classroom n.教室，课堂claw n.爪，脚爪，螯clay n.粘土，泥土；肉体clean a.清洁的；纯洁的clear a.清晰的vt.清除clearly ad.明白地，清晰地clerk n.店员；办事员，职员clever a.聪明的；机敏的cliff n.悬崖，峭壁climate n.气候；风土，地带climb vi.攀登，爬vt.爬cloak n.斗篷；覆盖(物)closely ad.紧密地，接近地clothe vt.给…穿衣服clue n.线索，暗示，提示clumsy a.笨拙的；愚笨的coach n.长途公共汽车coal n.煤，煤块coarse a.粗的，粗糙的coast n.海岸，海滨(地区)cock n.公鸡；雄禽；旋塞code n.准则；法典；代码coffee n.咖啡，咖啡茶coil n.(一)卷；线圈vt.卷coin n.硬币；铸造(硬币) collapse vi.倒坍；崩溃，瓦解collar n.衣领，项圈colleague n.同事，同僚collect vt.收集vi.收款collection n.搜集，收集；收藏品collective a.集体的；集合性的college n.学院；大学collision n.碰撞；冲突colonel n.陆军上校；中校colony n.殖民地；侨居地color n.颜色，彩色；颜料column n.柱，支柱，圆柱comb n.梳子vt.梳理combination n.结合，联合；化合combine vt.使结合；兼有comfort n.舒适；安慰vt.安慰comfortable a.舒适的，安慰的command vt.命令，指挥；控制commander n.司令官，指挥员comment n.评论，意见；注释commerce n.商业，贸易；社交commercial a.商业的；商品化的commission n.委任状；委员会commit vt.犯(错误);干(坏事) committee n.委员会；全体委员common a.普通的；共同的commonly ad.普通地，一般地communicate vi.通讯；传达；传播communication n.通讯；传达；交通communism munist主义communist munistparty员community n.社区；社会；公社companion n.同伴；共事者；伴侣company n.公司，商号；同伴comparative a.比较的，相对的compare vt.比较，对照；比作comparison n.比较，对照；比似compass n.罗盘，指南针；圆规compel vt.强迫，迫使屈服compete vi.比赛；竞争；对抗competent a.有能力的；应该做的competition n.竞争，比赛compile vt.编辑，编制，搜集complain vi.抱怨，拆苦；控告complaint n.抱怨；怨言；控告complete a.完整的；完成的completely ad.十分，完全地complex a.结合的；复杂的complicate vt.使复杂；使陷入complicated a.复杂的，难懂的component n.组成部分；分；组件compose vt.组成，构成；创作composition n.构成；作品；写作compound n.化合物；复合词comprehension n.理解；领悟comprehensive a.广泛的；理解的compress vt.压紧，压缩comprise vt.包含，包括；构成compromise n.妥协，和解compute vt.计算，估计，估算computer n.计算机，电脑comrade n.同志，亲密的同伴conceal vt.把…隐藏起来concentrate vt.集中；聚集；浓缩concentration n.集中；专注；浓缩concept n.概念，观念，设想concern n.关心，挂念；关系concerning prep.关于concert n.音乐会，演奏会conclude vt.推断出；结束conclusion n.结论，推论；结尾concrete n.混凝土；具体物condemn vt.谴责，指责；判刑condense vt.压缩，使缩短condition n.状况，状态；环境conduct n.举止，行为；指导conductor n.售票员；(乐队)指挥conference n.会议，讨论会confess vt.供认，承认；坦白confidence n.信任；信赖；信心confident n.确信的，自信的confine vt.限制；禁闭confirm vt.证实，肯定；批准conflict n.争论；冲突；斗争confuse vt.使混乱，混淆confusion n.混乱；骚乱；混淆congratulate vt.祝贺，向…道喜congratulation n.祝贺；祝贺词congress n.大会；国会，议会conjunction n.接合，连接；连接词connect vt.连接，连结；联系connection n.连接，联系；连贯性conquer vt.征服，战胜；破除conquest n.攻取，征服；克服conscience n.良心，道德心conscious a.意识到的；有意的consciousness n.意识，觉悟；知觉consent n.同意，赞成vi.同意consequence n.结果，后果consequently ad.因此，因而，所以conservation n.保存，保护；守恒conservative a.保守的n.保守的人consider vt.认为；考虑；关心considerable a.相当大的；重要的considerate a.考虑周到的；体谅的consideration n.考虑，思考；体贴consist vi.由…组成；在于consistent a.坚持的，一贯的constant a.经常的；永恒的constitution n.章程；体质；构造construct vt.建造；建设；构筑construction n.建造；建筑；建筑物consult vt.请教，查阅consume vt.消耗，消费；消灭consumption n.消耗量；消耗contact vt.使接触；与…联系contain vt.包含，容纳；等于container n.容器；集装箱contemporary a.当代的，同时代的contempt n.轻蔑；藐视；受辱content n.内容，目录；容量content a.满意的，满足的contest vt.争夺，争取；辩驳continent n.大陆；陆地；洲continual a.不断的；连续的continue vt.继续，连续；延伸continuous a.连续不断的，持续的contract n.契约，合同；婚约contradiction n.矛盾，不一致；否认contrary a.相反的n.相反contrast n.对比，对照，悬殊contribute vt.捐献，捐助；投稿control vt.控制，克制n.控制convenience n.便利，方便；厕所convenient a.便利的；近便的convention n.习俗，惯例；公约conventional a.普通的；习惯的conversation n.会话，非正式会谈conversely ad.相反地conversion n.转变，转化；改变convert vt.使转变；使改变convey vt.传送；运送；传播convince vt.使确信，使信服cook vt.烹调，煮vt.烧菜cooperate vi.合作，协作；配合coordinate vt.使协调，调节cope vi.对付，应付copper n.铜；铜币，铜制器copy n.抄件vt.抄写，复制cord n. 细绳，粗线，索cordial a.真诚的，诚恳的core n.果实的心，核心corn n.谷物；(英)小麦corner n.角；犄角；边远地区corporation n.公司，企业；社团correct a.正确的vt.纠正correction n.改正，纠正，修改correspond vi.相符合；相当correspondent n.通信者；通讯员corresponding a.相应的；符合的corridor n.走廊，回廊，通路cost n.价格，代价；成本costly a.昂贵的；价值高的cottage n.村舍，小屋cotton n.棉；棉线；棉布council n.理事会，委员会count vt.计算vi.数，计数counter n.柜台；计数器county n.英国的郡，美国的县course n.课程；过程；一道菜court n.法院，法庭；庭院cousin n.堂(或表)兄弟(姐妹) coward n.懦夫；胆怯者crack n.裂缝，裂纹vi.爆裂craft n.工艺；手艺，行业crane n.起重机，摄影升降机crash vi.碰撞，坠落n.碰撞crawl vi.爬，爬行crazy a.疯狂的，荒唐的cream n.奶油，乳脂；奶油色create vt.创造；引起，产生creative a.创造性的，创作的creature n.生物，动物，家畜credit n.信用贷款；信用creep vi.爬行；缓慢地行进crew n.全体船员cricket n.板球；蟋蟀crime n.罪，罪行；犯罪criminal n.犯人，罪犯，刑事犯cripple n.跛子；残废的人crisis n.危机；存亡之际critic n.批评家，爱挑剔的人critical a.决定性的；批评的criticism n.批评；批判；评论criticize vt.批评；评论；非难crop n.农作物，庄稼；一熟crow n.鸦，乌鸦vi.啼crowd n.群；大众；一伙人crown n.王冠，冕；花冠crude a.简陋的；天然的cruel a.残忍的，残酷的crush vt.压碎，碾碎；镇压crust n.面包皮；硬外皮crystal n.水晶，结晶体；晶粒cube n.立方形；立方cubic a.立方形的；立方的cucumber n.黄瓜cultivate vt.耕；种植；培养culture n.文化，文明；教养cunning a.狡猾的，狡诈的cupboard n.碗柜，碗碟橱；食橱cure vt.医治；消除n.治愈curiosity n.好奇，好奇心；珍品curious a.好奇的；稀奇古怪的curl n.卷毛；螺旋vi.卷曲current a.当前的；通用的curse n.诅咒，咒骂；天谴curtain n.帘，窗帘；幕(布) curve n.曲线；弯vt.弄弯cushion n.垫子，坐垫，靠垫custom n.习惯，风俗；海关customer n.顾客，主顾cycle n自行车，循环daily a.每日的n.日报dairy n.牛奶场；乳制品dam n.水坝，水堤；障碍物damage vt.损害，毁坏n.损害damp a.潮湿的，有湿气的dangerous a.危险的，不安全的daring a.大胆的，勇敢的darling n.亲爱的人；宠儿dash vt.使猛撞；溅n.猛冲data n.数据; 资料dawn n.黎明；开端vi.破晓deadly a.致命的，死一般的deal n.买卖；待遇vt.给予dear a.亲爱的int.啊death n.死，死亡；灭亡debate n.&vi.争论，辩论debt n.债，债务，欠债decade n.十年，十年期decay vi.腐烂；衰败n.腐烂deceit n.欺骗，欺诈deceive vt.欺骗，蒙蔽，行骗December n.十二月decent a.正派的；体面的decide vt.决定，决心；解决decision n.决定，决心；果断deck n.甲板；舱面；层面declare vt.断言；声明；表明decorate vt.装饰，装璜，修饰decrease vi.&n.减少，减少deduce vt.演绎，推论，推断deed n.行为；功绩；契约deepen vt.加深vi.深化defeat vt.战胜，击败；挫败defect n.缺点，缺陷，欠缺defence n.防御；防务；辩护defend vt.保卫，防守define vt.给…下定义；限定definite a.明确的；肯定的definitely ad.一定地，明确地definition n.定义，释义；定界degree n. 程度；度；学位delay vt. 推迟；耽搁；延误delete vi. 删除vt.删除；擦掉delegation n.代表团delicate a.纤细的；易碎的delicious a.美味的，怡人的delight n.快乐vt.使高兴deliver vt.投递，送交；发表delivery n.投递；交付；分娩demand vt.要求；需要；询问democracy n.民主，民主制democratic a.民主的，民主政体的demonstrate vt.说明；论证；表露dense a.密集的；浓厚的density n.密集，稠密；密度deny vt.否定；拒绝相信depart vi.离开，起程；出发department n.部，司，局，处，系departure n.离开，出发，起程depend vi.依靠，依赖；相信dependent a.依靠的，依赖的deposit vt.使沉淀；存放depress vt.使沮丧；按下depth n.深度；深厚；深处derive vt.取得vi.起源descend vi.下来，下降；下倾describe vt.形容；描写，描绘description n.描写，形容；种类desert n.沙漠vt.离弃；擅离deserve vt.应受，值得design vt.设计n.设计；图样desirable a.值得相望的；可取的desire vt.相望；要求n.愿望despair n.绝望vi.绝望desperate a.拼死的；绝望的despise vt.鄙视，蔑视despite prep.不管，不顾destination n.目的地，终点；目标destroy vt.破坏；消灭；打破destruction n.破坏，毁灭，消灭detail n.细节；枝节；零件detect vt.察觉，发觉；侦察detection n.察觉，发觉；侦察determination n.决心；决定；确定determine vt.决定；查明；决心develop vt.发展；形成；开发development n.发展；开发；生长device n.器械，装置；设计devil n.魔鬼，恶魔devise vt.设计，发明devote vt.将…奉献，致力于dew n.露，露水diagram n.图解，图表，简图dial n.钟面；拨号盘vt.拨dialect n.方言，土语，地方话dialog n.对话，对白diameter n.直径diamond n.金钢石，钻石；菱形diary n.日记，日记簿dictate vt.&vi.口授；命令dictation n.口授笔录，听写dictionary n.词典，字典differ vi.不同，相异difference n.差别；差；分歧different a.差异的；各种的difficult a.困难的；难对付的difficulty a.困难；难事；困境digest vt.消化；领会n.文摘digital a.数字的，计数的diligent a.勤勉的，勤奋的dim a.昏暗的；朦胧的dimension n.尺寸，尺度；面积dinner n.正餐，主餐；宴会dip vt.浸，蘸vi.浸一浸direct a.直接的；直率的direction n.方向，方位；指导directly ad.直接地；立即director n.指导者；理事；导演dirt n.尘，土；污物，污垢dirty a.脏的；下流的disable vt.使无能，使伤残disadvantage n.不利，不利地位disagree vi.有分歧；不一致disappear vi.不见，失踪；消失disappoint vt.使失望，使受挫折disaster n.灾难，灾祸；天灾disk n.圆盘，唱片；磁盘discard vt.丢弃，抛弃，遗弃discharge vt.释放；排出n.释放discipline n.纪律；训练vt.训练disclose vt.揭开，揭发；透露discourage vt.使泄气，使灰心discover vt.发现；暴露，显示discovery n.发现；被发现的事物discuss vt.讨论，谈论；论述disease n.病，疾病；病害disguise vi.隐瞒，掩埋n.假装disgust n.厌恶，憎恶dish n.碟，盘子；菜肴dishonour n.不光彩；丢脸的人dismiss vt.不再考虑；解雇disorder n.混乱，杂乱；骚乱display vt.陈列，展览；显示disposal n.丢掉，处理，销毁dispose vi.去掉，丢掉；销毁displease vt.使不愉快，使生气dispute vi.争论，争执n.争论dissatisfy vi.使不满，使不平dissolve vt.使溶解；解散distance n.距离，间距；远处distant a.在远处的，疏远的distinct a.与其他不同的distinction n.差别，不同，区分distinguish vt.区别，辨别，认别distress n.忧虑，悲伤；不幸distribute vt.分发，分送；分布distribution n.分发，分配；分布district n.区；地区，区域disturb vt.打扰，扰乱；弄乱ditch n.沟，沟渠，渠道dive vi.跳水；潜水；俯冲diverse a.不一样的，相异的divide vt.分；分配；分开division n.分，分配；除法divorce n.离婚，离异vi.离婚dock n.船坞；码头；船厂domestic a.本国的；家庭的donkey n.驴；笨蛋dorm n.宿舍dormitory n.集体寝室；宿舍dose n.剂量，用量；一剂dot n.点，圆点vt.打点于doubt n.怀疑；疑虑vt.怀疑doubtful a.难以预测的；怀疑的doubtless ad.无疑地；很可能downward a.向下的ad.向下地dozen n.一打，十二个draft n.草稿；汇票vt.起草drag vt.拖，拉；拖曳dragon n.龙；凶暴的人drain vt.排去；放水n.耗竭drama n.一出戏剧，剧本dramatic a.引人注目的，戏剧的draw vt.画，划；拖；拨出drawer n.抽屉drawing n.图画，素描；绘图dread n.畏惧；KB vt.惧怕dream n.梦；梦想vi.做梦dress n.女服，童装；服装drift vi.漂流，漂泊n.漂流drill n.钻头；操练vi.钻孔drink vt.饮vi.喝n.饮料drip vi.滴下；漏水n.水滴drop vt.使落下；降低drought n.旱灾，干旱drown vi.淹死，溺死drug n.药，药物，药材drum n.鼓；鼓状物，圆桶drunk a.醉的；陶醉的dry a.干的，干燥的due a.预期的；应给的dull a.枯燥的；不鲜明的dumb a.哑的；无言的dump vt.倾卸，倾倒；倾销durable a.耐久的，耐用的duration n.持续，持久during prep.在…期间dwelling n.住处，寓所dye vt.染n.染料；染色dying a.垂死的；临终的dynamic a.有活力的；动力的each pron.各，各自a.各eager a.渴望的，热切的eagle n.鹰ear n.耳朵；听力，听觉early ad.早a.早的，早期的earn vt.赚得，挣得；获得earnest a.认真的，诚恳的earthquake n.地震；大震荡ease n.容易，舒适vt.缓和easily ad.容易地；舒适的eastern a.东方的；朝东的echo n.回声，反响vi.重复economic a.经济的，经济学的economical a.节约的；经济学的economy n.经济；节约，节省edge n.边缘，边；刀口edition n.版，版本，版次editor n.编辑，编者，校订者educate vt.教育；培养；训练education n.教育；训导；教育学effect n.结果；效果，效力effective a.有效的；有影响的efficiency n.效率；功效，效能efficient a.效率高的，有能力的effort n.努力；努力的成果elaborate a.复杂的；精心制作的elastic n.松紧带a.有弹性的elbow n.肘，肘部；弯管elect vt.选举，推选；选择election n.选举，选择权；当选electric a.电的，电动的electrical a.电的，电气科学的electricity n.电，电学；电流electron n.电子electronic a.电子的electronics n.电子学element n.成分；要素；元素elementary a.基本的；初级的elephant n.象elevator n.电梯；升降机eliminate vt.消灭，消除，排除elimination n.消灭，排除，消除else ad.其它，另外a.别的elsewhere ad.在别处，向别处embarrass vt.使窘迫，使为难embrace vt.拥抱；包括；包围emerge vi.出现，涌现；冒出emergency n.紧急情况，突然事件emit vt.散发；发射；发表emotional a.感情的，情绪的emperor n.皇帝emphasis n.强调，重点，重要性emphasize vt.强调，着重empire n.帝国employ vi.雇用；用；使忙于employee n.受雇者，雇员，雇工employer n.雇佣者，雇主employment n.工业；雇用；使用enclose vt.围住，圈起；附上encounter vt.遭遇，遇到n.遭遇encourage vt.鼓励，支持，助长endure vt.忍受；容忍enemy n.敌人；仇敌；敌兵energy n.活力；精力；能enforce vt.实施，执行；强制engage vt.使从事于；聘用engine n.发动机，引擎；机车engineer n.工程师，技师engineering n.工程，工程学enlarge vt.扩大，扩展；放大enormous a.巨大的，庞大的ensure vt.保证；保护；赋予entertain vt.使欢乐；招待enthusiasm n.热情，热心，热忱enthusiastic a.热情的，热心的entire a.全部的，整个的entitle vt.给…权利(或资格) entrance n.入口，门口；进入entry n.入口处；登记；进入envelope n.信封；封套；封皮environment n.环境，外界；围绕envy vt.&n.妒忌；羡慕equal a.相等的；平等的equality n.等同，平等；相等equation n.方程(式)；等式equip vt.装备，配备equipment n.装备，设备，配备equivalent a.相等的；等量的era n.时代，年代；纪元erect vt.建造；使竖立error n.错误，谬误；差错escape vi.逃跑；逸出n.逃跑especially ad.特别，尤其，格外essay n.短文，散文，小品文essential a.必要的，本质的establish vt.建立，设立；确立establishment n.建立，设立，确立estimate vt.估计，评价n.估计European a.欧洲的n.欧洲人evaluate vt.评价，估…的价evaporate vt.使蒸发vi.蒸发eve n.前夜，前夕，前一刻even ad.甚至；甚至更，还even a.均匀的；平的event n.事件，大事；事变eventually ad.终于；最后ever ad.在任何时候；曾经evidence n.根据；证据，证人evident a.明显的，明白的evil n.邪恶；祸害a.坏的evolution n.进化，演化；发展evolve vt.使进化；使发展exactly ad.确切地；恰恰正是exaggerate vt.&vi.夸大，夸张examination n.考试；检查，细查examine vt.检查，仔细观察example n.例子，实例；模范exceed vt.超过，胜过；超出exceedingly ad.极端地，非常excellent a.优秀的，杰出的except prep.除…之外exception n.例外，除外excess n.超越；过量；过度excessive a.过多的，极度的exchange vt.交换；交流n.交换excite vt.使激动；引起exciting a.令人兴奋的exclaim vi.呼喊；惊叫exclude vt.把…排除在外exclusively ad.专门地excursion n.远足；短途旅行excuse vt.原谅；免除n.借口execute vt.将…处死；实施executive a.执行的n.执行者exercise n.锻炼，训练vi.练习exert vt.尽(力)，运用exhaust vt.使筋疲力尽；用尽exhibit vt.显示；陈列，展览exhibition n.展览，陈列；展览会exist vi.存在；生存，生活existence n.存在，实在；生存exit n.出口；退场vi.退出expand vt.扩大；使膨胀expansion n.扩大，扩充；扩张expect vt.预料，预期；等待expectation n.期待，期望，预期expense n.花费，消费；费用expensive a.昂贵的，花钱多的experience n.经验，感受；经历experiment n.实验；试验experimental a.实验的，试验的expert n.专家a.熟练的explain vt.解释；为…辩解explanation n.解释，说明；辩解explode vt.使爆炸vi.爆炸exploit vt.剥削；利用；开拓explore vt.&vi.探险，探索explosion n.爆炸，爆发，炸裂explosive n.de-tona-tor a.爆炸的export vt.输出，出口；运走expose vt.使暴露；揭露exposure n.暴露；揭露；曝光express vt.表示n.快车，快递expression n.词句；表达；表情extend vt.延长；扩大；致extension n.延长部分；伸展extensive a.广阔的；广泛的extent n.广度；范围；程度exterior a.外部的；对外的external a.外部的，外面的extra a.额外的ad.特别地extraordinary a.非同寻常的，特别的extreme a.极度的；尽头的extremely ad.极端，极其，非常eyesight n.视力，目力facility n.设备；容易；便利factor n.因素；因子，系数faculty n.才能，能力；系，科fade vi.褪色；逐渐消失Fahrenheit n.华氏温度计failure n.失败；失败的人faint a.微弱的；虚弱的fair n.定期集市；博览会fairly ad.相当；公平地faith n.信任，信心；信仰faithful a.忠诚的；如实的false a.不真实的；伪造的fame n.名声，名望familiar a.熟悉的；冒昧的famine n.饥荒；严重的缺乏famous a.著名的，出名的fan n.(运动等)狂热爱好者fan n.扇子，风扇vt.扇fancy n.想象力；设想；爱好fare n.车费，船费，票价farewell int.再会n.告别fashion n.样子，方式；风尚fashionable a.流行的，时髦的fasten vt.扎牢，扣住fatal a.致命的；命运的fate n.命运，天数father n.父亲；神父；创始人father-in-law n.岳父；公公fatigue n.疲劳，劳累fault n.缺点；过失；故障faulty a.有错误的，有缺点的favour n.好感；赞同；恩惠favourable a.有利的；赞成的favourite a.特别受喜爱的fear n.害怕；担心vt.害怕fearful a.害怕的，可怕的feasible a.可行的；可能的feast n.盛宴，筵席；节日feather n.羽毛；翎毛；羽状物feature n.特征，特色；面貌February n.二月federal a.联邦的；联盟的fee n.费，酬金；赏金feeble a.虚弱的；微弱的feed vt.喂(养) vi.吃饲料feedback n.回授，反馈，反应feel vi.有知觉vt.触，摸feeling n.感情；感觉，知觉fellow n.人，家伙；伙伴female n.雌性的动物；女子fence n.栅栏fertile a.肥沃的；多产的fertilizer n.肥料festival n.节日；音乐节fetch vt.拿来；请来，接去fever n.发热，发烧；狂热fibre n.纤维，纤维质fiction n.小说；虚构，杜撰fierce a.凶猛的，狂热的figure n.数字；外形；人物file n.档案vt.把…归档fill vt.装满，盛满；占满film n.影片；胶卷；薄层filter vt.过滤n.滤纸final a.最后的；决定性的finally ad.最后；不可更改的finance n.财政，金融；财源financial a.财政的，金融的find vt.找到；发觉；找出finding n.发现；调查的结果fine a.美好的；纤细的；罚金，罚款finger n.手指；指状物finish vt.完成，结束n.结束fireman n.消防队员；司炉工firm n.商行，商号，公司first num.第一ad.最初fish n.鱼，鱼肉vi.钓鱼fisherman n.渔民，渔夫，打鱼人fist n.拳(头)fit vt.适合；安装vi.适合fix vt.使固定；决定flag n.旗，旗帜；旗舰旗flame n.火焰；光辉；热情flare vi.闪耀vt.使闪亮flash n.闪光vi.闪，闪烁flat a.平的，扁平的flat n.一套房间；单元住宅flavour n.味，味道；风味fleet n.舰队；船队，机群flesh n.肉，肌肉；肉体flexible a.易弯曲的；灵活的。

2011年6月四级真题精讲讲义

2011年6月大学英语四级考试真题Part I Writing (30 minutes) Directions： For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled Online Shopping. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given below:1. 现在网上购物已成为一种时尚2. 网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题3. 我的建议Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning ) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A] , [B] , [C] and [D] . For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.British Cuisine: the Best of Old and NewBritish cuisine (烹饪) has come of age in recent years as chefs (厨师) combine the best of old and new.Why does British food have a reputation for being so bad? Because it is bad! Those are not the most encouraging words to hear just before eating lunch at one of Hong Kong’s smarte st British restaurants, Alfie’s by KEE, but head chef Neil Tomes has more to say.“The past 15 years or so have been a noticeable period of improvement for food in England,”the English chef says, citing the trend in British cuisine for better ingredients, preparation and cooking methods, and more appealing presentation. Chefs such as Delia Smith, Nigel Slater, Jamie Oliver and Gordon Ramsay made the public realize that cooking —and eating—didn’t have to be a boring thing. And now, most of the British public is familiar even with the extremes of Heston Blumenthal’s molecular gastronomy, a form of cooking that employs scientific methods to create the perfect dish.“It’s no longer the case that the common man in England is embarrassed to show he know s about food,”Tomes says.There was plenty ofroom for improvement. The problems with the nation’s cuisine can be traced back to the Second World War. Before the War, much ofBritain’s food was imported and when German U-boats began attacking ships bringing food to the country, Britain went on rations (配给) .“As rationing came to an end in the 1950s, technology picked up and was used to mass-produce food,”Tomes says.“And by then people were just happy to have a decent quantity of food in their kitchens.”They weren’t looking for cured meats, organic produce or beautiful presentation; they wer e looking for whatever they could get their hands on, and this prioritization of quantity over quality prevailed for decades, meaning a generation was brought up with foo d that couldn’t compete with neighboring France, Italy, Belgium or Spain.Before star chefs such as Oliver began making cooking fashionable, it was hard to find a restaurant in London that was open after 9pm. But in recent years the capital’s culinary (烹饪的) scene has developed to the point that it is now confident of its ability to please the tastes of any international visitor.With the opening ofAlfie’s in April, and others such as The Pawn, two years ago, modern British food has made its way to Hong Kong.“With British food, I think that Hong Kong restaurants are keeping up,”says David Tamlyn, the Welsh executive chef at The Pawn in Wan Chai.“Hong Kong diners are extremely responsive to new ideas or presentations, which is good news for new dishes.”Chefs agree that diners in Hong Kong are embracing the modern British trend. Some restaurants are modifying the recipes(菜谱) of British dishes to breathe new life into the classics, while others are using better quality ingredients but remaining true to British traditions and tastes.Tamlyn is in the second camp.“We select our food very particularly. We use US beef, New Zealand lamb and for our custards (牛奶蛋糊) we use Bird’s Custard Powder,”Tamlyn says.“Some restaurants go for custard made fresh with eggs, suga r and cream, but British custard is different, and we stay true to that.”Matthew Hill, senior manager at the two-year-old SoHo restaurant Yorkshire Pudding, also uses better ingredients as a means of improving dishes.“There are a lot of existing perception s about British food and so we can’t alter these too much.We’re a traditional British restaurant so there are some staples (主菜) that will remain essentially unchanged.”These traditional dishes include fish and chips, steak and kidney pie and large pieces of roasted meats. At Alfie’s, the newest of the British restaurants in town and perhaps the mo st gentlemen’s club-like in design, Neil Tomes explains his passion for provenance (原产地).“Britain has started to become really proud of the food it’s producing. It has excellent organic farms, beautifully crafted cheeses, high- quality meats.”However, the British don’t have a history of exporting their foodstuffs, which makes it difficult for restaurants in Hong Kong to source authentic ingredients.“We can get a lot of our ingredients once a week from the UK,” Tamlyn explains.“But there is also pressure to buy local and save on food miles, which means we take our vegetables from the local markets, and there are a lot that work well with British staples.”The Phoenix, in Mid- Levels, o f ers the widest interpretation of“British cuisine”, while still trying to maintain its soul. The gastro-pub has existed in various locations in Hong Kong since 2002. Singaporean head chef Tommy Teh Kum Chai offers daily specials on a blackboard, rather than sticking to a menu. This enables him to reinterpret British cuisine depending on what is available in the local markets.“We use a lot of ingredients that people wouldn’t perhaps associate as British, but are presented in a British way. Bell peppers stuffed with couscous, alongside ratatouille, is a very popular dish.”Although the ingredients may not strike diners as being traditional, they can be found in dishes across Britain.Even the traditional chefs are aware of the need to adapt to local tastes and customs, while maintaining the Britishness of their cuisine.At Yorkshire Pudding, Hill says that his staff asks diners whether they would like to share their meals. Small dishes, shared meals and“mixing it up”is not something co mmonly done inBritain, but Yorkshire Pudding will bring full dishes to the table and o f er individual plates for each diner.“That way, people still get the presentation of the dishes as they were designed, but can carve them up however they like,”Hill sa ys.This practice is also popular at The Pawn, although largely for rotisseries (烤肉馆) , Tamlyn says.“Some tables will arrive on a Sunday, order a whole chicken and a shoulder of lamb or a baby pig, and just stay for hours enjoying everything we bring out for them.”Some British traditions are too sacred (神圣的) to me ss with, however, Tomes says.“I’d never change a full English breakfast.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 1 上作答； 8-10 题在答题卡 1 上.1． What is British food generally known for?[A] Its unique flavour. [C] Its special cooking methods.[B] Its bad taste. [D] Its organic ingredients.2． The Second World War led to ______ in Britain.[A] an inadequate supply of food [C] an increase in food import[B] a decrease of grain production [D] a change in people’s eating habits3．Why couldn’t Britain compete with some of its neighbouring countries in terms of food in th e post-war decades?[A] Its food lacked variety. [C] It was short of well-trained chefs.[B] Its people cared more for quantity. [D] It didn’t have flavou rful food ingredients. 4．With culinary improvement in recent years, London’s restaurants are now able to appeal t o the tastes of ______.[A] most young people [C] all kinds of overseas visitors[B] elderly British diners [D] upper-class customers5． What do Hong Kong diners welcome, according to Welsh executive chef David Tamlyn?[A] Authentic classic cuisine. [C] New ideas and presentations.[B] Locally produced ingredients. [D] The return of home-style dishes.6． While using quality ingredients, David Tamlyn insists that the dishes should ______.[A] benefit people’s health [C] be offered at reasonable prices[B] look beautiful and inviting [D] maintain British traditional tastes7． Why does Neil Tomes say he loves food ingredients from Britain?[A] They appeal to people from all over the world.[B] They are produced on excellent organic farms.[C] They are processed in a scientific way.[D] They come in a great variety.8． Tamlyn says that besides importing ingredients from Britain once a week, his restaurant also buys vegetables from _____________________________________________.9． The Phoenix in Mid-Levels may not use British ingredients, but presents its dishes ______________________________.10. Yorkshire Pudding is a restaurant which will bring full dishes to the table but offer plates to those diners who would like to __________________________________________________.Part III Listening Comprehension (35 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At theend of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked [A] , [B] , [C] and [D] , and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.11. [A] He is careless about his appearance. [C] He changes jobs frequently.[B] He is ashamed of his present condition. [D] He shaves every other day.12. [A] Jane may be caught in a traffic jam.[B] Jane should have started a little earlier.[C] He knows what sort of person Jane is.[D] He is irritated at having to wait for Jane.13. [A] Training for the Mid-Atlantic Championships.[B] Making preparations for a trans-Atlantic trip.[C] Collecting information about baseball games.[D] Analyzing their riva ls’on -field performance.14. [A] He had a narrow escape in a car accident.[B] He is hospitalized for a serious injury.[C] He lost his mother two weeks ago.[D] He has been having a hard time.15. [A] The woman has known the speaker for a long time.[B] The man had difficulty understanding the lecture.[C] The man is making a fuss about nothing.[D] The woman thinks highly of the speaker.16. [A] He has difficulty making sense of logic.[B] Statistics and logic are both challenging subjects.[C] The woman should seek help from the tutoring service.[D] Tutoring services are very popular with students.17. [A] Her overcoat is as stylish as Jill’s.[B] Jill missed her class last week.[C] Jill wore the overcoat last week.[D] She is in the same class as the man.18. [A] A computer game.[B] An imaginary situation.[C] An exciting experience.[D] A vacation by the sea.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the conversation you have just heard.19. [A] Beautiful scenery in the countryside.[B] Dangers of cross-country skiing.[C] Pain and pleasure in sports.[D] A sport he participates in.20. [A] He can’t find good examples to illustrate his point.[B] He can’t find a peaceful place to do the assignment.[C] He doesn’t know how to describe the beautiful country scenery.[D] He can’t decide whether to include the effort part of skiin g.21. [A] New ideas come up as you write.[B] Much time is spent on collecting data.[C] A lot of effort is made in vain.[D] The writer’s point of view often changes.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the conversation you have just heard.22. [A] Journalist of a local newspaper.[B] Director of evening radio programs.[C] Producer of television commercials.[D] Hostess of the weekly“Business World”.23. [A] He ran three restaurants with his wife’s help.[B] He and his wife did everything by themselves.[C] He worked both as a cook and a waiter.[D] He hired a cook and two local waitresses.24. [A] He hardly needs to do any advertising nowadays.[B] He advertises a lot on radio and in newspapers.[C] He spends huge sums on TV commercials every year.[D] He hires children to distribute ads in shopping centers.25. [A] The restaurant location.[B] The restaurant atmosphere.[C] The food variety.[D] The food price.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A] , [B] , [C] and [D] . Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.Passage OneQuestions 26 to 28 are based on the passage you have just heard.26. [A] Its protection is often neglected by children.[B] It cannot be fully restored once damaged.[C] There are many false notions about it.[D] There are various ways to protect it.27. [A] It may make the wearer feel tired.[B] It will gradually weaken the eyes of adults.[C] It can lead to the loss of vision in children.[D] It can permanently change the eye structure.28. [A] It can never be done even with high technology.[B] It is the best way to restore damaged eyesight.[C] It is a major achievement in eye surgery.[D] It can only be partly accomplished now.Passage TwoQuestions 29 to 31 are based on the passage you have just heard.29. [A] They think they should follow the current trend.[B] Nursing homes are well-equipped and convenient.[C] Adult day-care centers are easily accessible.[D] They have jobs and other commitments.30. [A] They don’t want to use up all their life savings.[B] They fear they will regret it afterwards.[C] They would like to spend more time with them.[D] They don’t want to see their husbands poorly treated.31. [A] Provide professional standard care.[B] Be affectionate and cooperative.[C] Be frank and seek help from others.[D] Make full use of community facilities.Passage ThreeQuestions 32 to 35 are based on the passage you have just heard.32. [A] Health and safety conditions in the workplace.[B] Rights and responsibilities of company employees.[C] Common complaints made by office workers.[D] Conflicts between labor and management.33. [A] Replace its out-dated equipment.[B] Improve the welfare of affected workers.[C] Follow government regulations strictly.[D] Provide extra health compensation.34. [A] They requested to transfer to a safer department.[B] They quit work to protect their unborn babies.[C] They sought help from union representatives.[D] They wanted to work shorter hours.35. [A] To show how they love winter sports.[B] To attract the attention from the media.[C] To protest against the poor working conditions.[D] To protect themselves against the cold weather.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are required to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the main points in your own words. Finally, when the passage is read for the third time, you should check what you have written.注意：此部分试题在答题卡 2 上；请在答题卡 2 上作答.Contrary to the old warning that time waits for no one, time slows down when you are on the move. It also slows down more as you move faster, which means astronauts (宇航员) somedaymay (36) _____________ so long in space that they would return to an Earth of the (37) _____________ future. If you could move at the speed of light, your time would stand still. If you could move faster than light, your time would move (38) _____________.Although no form of matter yet (39) _____________ moves as fast as or faster than light, (40) _____________ experiments have already confirmed that accelerated (41) _____________ causes a traveler’s time to be stretched. Albert Einstein (42) _____________ this in 1905, when he (43) _____________the concept of relative time as part of his Special Theory of Relativity. A search is now under way to confirm the suspected existence of particles of matter (44) _______________________________________________________.An obsession (沉迷) with time—saving, gaining, wasting, losing, and mastering it — (45) ____________________________________________________. Humanity also has been obsessed with trying to capture the meaning of time. Einstein ( 46 ) _____________________________________________________________________. Thus, time and time’s relativity are measurable by any hourglass, alarm clock, or an atomic clock that can measure a billionth of a second.Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 47 to 56 are based on the following passage.The popular notion that older people need less sleep than younger adults is a myth, scientists said yesterday.While elderly people 47 to sleep for fewer hours than they did when they were younger, this has a (n) 48 effect on their brai n’s performance and they would benefit from getting more, according to research.Sean Drummond, a psychiatrist (心理医生) at the University of California, San Diego, said that older people are more likely to suffer from broken sleep, while younger people are better at sleeping 49 straight through the night.More sleep in old age, however, is 50 with better health, and most older people would feel better and more 51 if they slept for longer periods, he said.“The ability to sleep in one chunk (整块时间) overnight goes down as we age but the amount of sleep we need to 52 well does not change,” Dr Drummond told the American Association for the Advancement of Science conference in San Diego.“It’s 53 a myth that older people need less sleep. The more healthy an older adult is, the more they sleep like they did when they were 54 . Our data suggests that older adults would benefit from 55 to get as much sleep as they did in their 30s. That’s 56 from person to person, but the amount of sleep we had at 35 is probably the same amount as we need at 75.”注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.[A] alert [I] formally[B] associated[C] attracting[D] cling[E] continuing[F] definitely[G] different[H] efficiently [J] function [K] mixed [L] negative [M] sufficient [N] tend [O] youngerSection BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked [A] , [B] , [C] and [D] . You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.Several recent studies have found that being randomly (随机地) assigned to a roommate of another race can lead to increased tolerance but also to a greater likelihood (可能性) of conflict.Recent reports found that lodging with a student of a different race may decrease prejudice and compel students to engage in more ethnically diverse friendships.An Ohio State University study also found that black students living with a white roommate saw higher academic success throughout their college careers. Researchers believe this may be caused by social pressure.In a New York Times article, Sam Boakye—the only black student on his freshman year floor—said that“if you’re surrounded by whites, you have something to prov e.”Researchers also observed problems resulting from pairing interracial students in residences.According to two recent studies, randomly assigned roommates of different races are more likely to experience conflicts so strained that one roommate will move out.An Indiana University study found that interracial roommates were three times as likely astwo white roommates to no longer live together by the end of the semester.Grace Kao, a professor at Penn said she was not surprised by the findings.“This may be the first time that some of these students have interacted, and lived, with someone of a different race,”she said.At Penn, students are not asked to indicate race when applying for housing.“One ofthe great things about freshman housing is that, with some exceptions, the process throws you together randomly,” said Undergraduate Assembly chairman Alec Webley.“This is the definition of integration.”“I’ve experienced roommate conflicts between interracial students that have both broken down stereotypes and reinforced stereotypes,” said one Penn resident advisor (RA) . The RA of two years added that while some conflicts“provided more mu lticultural acceptance a nd melding (融合) ,”there were also“jarring cultural confrontations.”The RA said that these conflicts have also occurred among roommates of the same race.Kao said she cautions against forming any generalizations based on any one of the studies, noting that more background characteristics of the students need to be studied and explained.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡 2 上作答.57. What can we learn from some recent studies?[A] Conflicts between students of different races are unavoidable.[B] Students of different races are prejudiced against each other.[C] Interracial lodging does more harm than good.[D] Interracial lodging may have diverse outcomes.58. What does Sam Boakye’s remark mea n?[A] White students tend to look down upon their black peers.[B] Black students can compete with their white peers academically.[C] Black students feel somewhat embarrassed among white peers during the freshman year.[D] Being surrounded by white peers motivates a black student to work harder to succeed.59. What does the Indiana University study show?[A] Interracial roommates are more likely to fall out.[B] Few white students like sharing a room with a black peer.[C] Roommates of different races just don’t get along.[D] Assigning students’lodging randomly i s not a good polic y.60. What does Alec Webley consider to be the“definition of integration”?[A] Students of different races are required to share a room.[B] Interracial lodging is arranged by the school for freshmen.[C] Lodging is assigned to students of different races without exception.[D] The school randomly assigns roommates without regard to race.61. What does Grace Kao say about interracial lodging?[A] It is unscientific to make generalizations about it without further study.[B] Schools should be cautious when making decisions about student lodging.[C] Students’racial backgroun d should be considered before lodging is assigned.[D] Experienced resident advisors should be assigned to handle the problems.Passage TwoQuestions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.Global warming is causing more than 300,000 deaths and about $125 billion in economic losses each year, according to a report by the Global Humanitarian Forum, an organization led by Kofi Annan, the former United Nations secretary general.The report, to be released Friday, analyzed data and existing studies of health, disaster, population and economic trends. It found that human-influenced climate change was raising the global death rates from illnesses including malnutrition (营养不良) and heat-related health problems.But even before its release, the report drew criticism from some experts on climate and risk, who questioned its methods and conclusions.Along with the deaths, the report said that the lives of 325 million people, primarily in poor countries, were being seriously affected by climate change. It projected that the number would double by 2030.Roger Pielke Jr., a political scientist at the University of Colorado, Boulder, who studies disaster trends, said the Forum’s report was“a methodological embarrassment”because there was no way to distinguish deaths or economic losses related to human-driven global warming amid the much larger losses resulting from the growth in populations and economic development invulnerable (易受伤害的) regions. Dr. Pielke said that “climate change is an important problem requiring our utmost attention.” But the report, he said, “will harm the cause for action on both climate change an disasters because it is so deeply flawed (有瑕疵的) .”However, Soren Andreasen, a social scientist at Dalberg Global Development Partners who supervised the writing of the report, defended it, saying that it was clear that the numbers were rough estimates. He said the report was aimed at world leaders, who will meet in Copenhagen in December to negotiate a new international climate treaty.In a press release describing the report, Mr. Annan stressed the need for the negotiations to focus on increasing the flow of money from rich to poor regions to help reduce their vulnerability to climate hazards while still curbing the emissions of the heat-trapping gases. More than 90% of the human and economic losses from climate change are occurring in poor countries, according to the report.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答.62. What is the finding of the Global Humanitarian Forum?[A] Global temperatures affect the rate of economic development.[B] Rates of death from illnesses have risen due to global warming.[C] Malnutrition has caused serious health problems in poor countries.[D] Economic trends have to do with population and natural disasters.63. What do we learn about the Forum’s report from the passage?[A] It was challenged by some climate and risk experts.[B] It aroused a lot of interest in the scientific circles.[C] It was warmly received by environmentalists.[D] It caused a big stir in developing countries.64. What does Dr. Pielke say about the Forum’s report?[A] Its statistics look embarrassing.[B] It is invalid in terms of methodology.[C] It deserves our closest attention.[D] Its conclusion is purposely exaggerated.65. What is Soren Andreasen’s view of the report?[A] Its conclusions are based on carefully collected data.[B] It is vulnerable to criticism if the statistics are closely examined.[C] It will give rise to heated discussions at the Copenhagen conference.[D] Its rough estimates are meant to draw the attention of world leaders.66. What does Kofi Annan say should be the focus of the Copenhagen conference?[A] How rich and poor regions can share responsibility in curbing global warming.[B] How human and economic losses from climate change can be reduced.[C] How emissions of heat-trapping gases can be reduced on a global scale.[D] How rich countries can better help poor regions reduce climate hazards.Part Ⅴ Cloze (15 minutes) Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked [A] , [B] , [C] and [D] on the right side of the paper. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.。

2011_专业英语四级_tem4_四级词汇讲座

policy ____ pay rises are related to
performance at work. (96/44)
A. which
B. where
C. whether
D. what
More Examples:
• There is one point where I’d like your advice. (Zhang DZ, p566)
• He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
• She was not unconscious, as could be judged from her eyes.
• As might be expected, the response to the question was very mixed.
• 在由“祈使句 + 附加疑问”构成的附加疑问句中，附加疑问部分一般用will you, won’t you,
would you等。
• Such people as you describe are rare nowadays.
• Let’s discuss only such questions as concern everyone of us.
• A. imagining
B. imaginative C. imaginable D. imaginary
• B. 近义的词：
• (1) The child began to cry and tears slowly________ down her face.
•
A. trickled
B. oozed
C. dribbled

2011年12月英语四级阅读备考材料（25）

When we think of creative people the names that probably spring to mind are those of men such as Leonardo da Vinci, Albert Einstein and Pablo Picasso, i. e. great artists, inventors and scientists—a select and exceptionally gifted body of men with rare talent and genius. The tendency to regard creativity and imaginative thinking as the exclusive province of a lucky few disregards the creative and imaginative aspects in the solution of many of the tasks we regularly have to face—the discovery and development of new methods and techniques, the improvement of old methods, existing inventions and products. Everyone has creative ability to some extent. Creative thinking involves posing oneself a problem and then originating or inventing a solution along new and unconventional lines. It involves drawing new analogies, discovering new combination, and/or new applications of things that are already known. It follows, then, that a creative person will exhibit great intellectual curiosity and imagination. He will be alert and observant with a great store of information which he will be able to sort out and combine in the solution of problems. He will be emotionally receptive to new and unconventional ideas and will be less interested in facts than in their implications. Most important of all he will be able to communicate uninhibitedly (⽆顾忌地 ) and will not be too concerned about other people's reaction to his apparently "crazy" notions. People called the Wright brothers mad but it did not stop them from becoming the first men to construct and fly a heavier-than-air craft. 26. The author believes that creative thinking_______. A. is only possessed by great artists B. requires rare talent and genius C. is needed in the solution of many problems D. belongs to a lucky few 27. In order to solve scientific problems, people_______. A. should not be afraid of what others think B. should be mad C. must possess crazy notions D. should have inhibitions 28. Creative thinking involves_______. A. drawing new pictures of old things B. observing the actions of great people C. finding the problem and originating a solution D. discovering new emotions 29. A creative person must look at facts _______.A. for their face-valueB. for what they implyC. and remember themD. which are less interesting 30. In the second paragraph, the word "unconventional" means_______.A. not ordinaryB. not politicalC. unacceptableD. not creative 26. C 27. A 28. C 29. B 30. A。

2011年12月四级英语真题及答案详解

2011年12月大学英语四级考试真题及答案详解Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions：For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay entitled How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent? You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below.1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切2. 为了让孩子独立, 父母应该……How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?..Part II Reading Comprehension(Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes)Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions on Answer Sheet 1. For questions 1-7, choose the best answer from the four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. For questions 8-10, complete the sentences with the information given in the passage.A Grassroots RemedyMost of us spend our lives seeking the natural world. To this end, we walk the dog, play golf, go fishing, sit in the garden, drink outside rather than inside the pub, have a picnic, live in the suburbs, go to the seaside, buy a weekend place in the country. The most popular leisure activity in Britain is going for a walk. And when joggers (慢跑者) jog, they don’t run the streets. Every one of them instinctively heads to the park or the river. It is my profound belief that not only do we all need nature, but we all seek nature, whether we know we are doing so or not.But despite this, our children are growing up nature-deprived (丧失). I spent my boyhood climbing trees on Streatham Common, South London. These days, children are robbed of these ancient freedoms, due to problems like crime, traffic, the loss of the open spaces and odd new perceptions about what is best for children, that is to say, things that can be bought, rather than things that can be found.The truth is to be found elsewhere. A study in the US: families had moved to better housing and the children were assessed for ADHD—attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (多动症). Those whose accommodation had more natural views showed an improvement of 19%; those who had the same improvement in material surroundings but no nice view improved just 4%.A study in Sweden indicated that kindergarten children who could play in a natural environment had less illness and greater physical ability than children used only to a normal playground. A US study suggested that when a school gave children access to a natural environment, academic levels were raised across the entire school.Another study found that children play differently in a natural environment. In playgrounds, children create a hierarchy (等级) based on physical abilities, with the tough ones taking the lead. But when a grassy area was planted with bushes, the children got much more into fantasy play, and the social hierarchy was now based on imagination and creativity.Most bullying (恃强凌弱) is found in schools where there is a tarmac (柏油碎石) playground; the least bullying is in a natural area that the children are encouraged to explore. This reminds me unpleasantly of Sunnyhill School in Streatham, with its harsh tarmac, where I used to hang about in corners fantasising about wildlife.But children are frequently discouraged from involvement with natural spaces, for health and safety reasons, for fear that they might get dirty or that they might cause damage. So, instead, the damage is done to the children themselves: not to their bodies but to their souls.One of the great problems of modern childhood is ADHD, now increasingly and expensively treated with drugs. Yet one study after another indicates that contact with nature gives huge benefits to ADHD children. However, we spend money on drugs rather than on green places.The life of old people is measurably better when they have access to nature. The increasing emphasis for the growing population of old people is in quality rather than quantity of years. And study after study finds that a garden is the single most important thing in finding that quality.In wider and more difficult areas of life, there is evidence to indicate that natural surroundings improve all kinds of things. Even problems with crime and aggressive behaviour are reduced when there is contact with the natural world.Dr William Bird, researcher from the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, states in his study, “A natural environment c an reduce violent behaviour becau se its restorative process helps reduce anger and impulsive behaviour.” Wild places need encouraging for this reason, no matter how small their contribution.We tend to look on nature conservation as some kind of favour that human beings are granting to the natural world. The error here is far too deep: not only do humans need nature for themselves, but the very idea that humanity and the natural world are separable things is profoundly damaging.Human beings are a species of mammals (哺乳动物). For seven million years they lived on the planet as part of nature. Our ancestral selves miss the natural world and long for contact with non-human life. Anyone who has patted a dog, stroked a cat, sat under a tree with a pint of beer, given or received a bunch of flowers or chosen to walk through the park on a nice day, understands that.We need the wild world. It is essential to our well-being, our health, our happiness. Without the wild world we are not more but less civilised. Without other living things around us we are less than human.Five ways to find harmony with the natural worldWalk: Break the rhythm of permanently being under a roof. Get off a stop earlier, make a circuit of the park at lunchtime, walk the child to and from school, get a dog, feel yourself moving in moving air, look, listen, absorb.Sit: Take a moment, e very now and then, to be still in an open space. In the garden, anywhere that’s not in the office, anywhere out of the house, away from the routine. Sit under a tree, look at water, feel refreshed, ever so slightly renewed.Drink: The best way to enjoy the natural world is by yourself; the second best way is in company. Take a drink outside with a good person, a good gathering: talk with the sun and the wind with birdsong for background.Learn: Expand your boundaries. Learn five species of bird, five butterflies, five trees, five bird songs. That way, you see and hear more: and your mind responds gratefully to the greater amount of wildness in your life.Travel: The places you always wanted to visit: by the seaside, in the country, in the hills. Take a weekend break, a day-trip, get out there and do it: for the scenery, for the way through the woods, for the birds, for the bees. Go somewhere special and bring specialness home. It lasts forever, after all.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

2011年12月英语四级(CET4)真题

希尔顿酒店的营销策划希尔顿国际酒店集团，为总部设于英国的希尔顿集团公司旗下分支，拥有美国外全球范围内“希尔顿”商标的使用权。

希尔顿国际酒店集团经营管理着403间酒店，包括261间希尔顿酒店，142间面向中端市场的“斯堪的克”酒店，以及与总部设在北美的希尔顿酒店管理公司合资经营的、分布在12个国家中的18间。

康拉德酒店与希尔顿酒店管理公司组合的全球营销联盟，令世界范围内双旗。

希尔顿经营旅游业的座右铭是：“你今天对客人微笑了吗？希顿认为：旅馆是一个服务和款待的行业，为了满足顾客的要求，希尔顿帝国除了到处都充满了微笑外，在组织结构上，希尔顿尽力创造一个尽可能完整的系统，成为一个综合性的服务机构。

因此，希尔顿饭店除了提供完善的食宿外，还设有咖啡室、会议室、宴会厅、游泳池、购物中心、银行、邮电、花店、服装店、航空公司代理处、旅行社、出租汽车站等一套完整的服务机构和设施。

客房分为单人房、双人房、套房和为国家首脑级官员提供的豪华套房。

餐厅也有高级餐厅和方便的快餐厅。

所有的房间都有空调设备。

室内设备，诸如酒柜、电话、彩色电视机、收音机、电冰箱等应有尽有，使到希尔顿饭店寄宿的旅客真正有一种“宾至如归”的感觉。

针对合肥最近建造的最豪华最顶级的5星级大酒店——合肥元一希尔顿而设计的，作为合肥最近建造的大酒店，她会面临什么样的益处和威胁，我根据所学的SWOT分析法进行客观的评价与市场分析，结合元一希尔顿和合肥周边的酒店实际，为合肥元一希尔顿大酒店的发展谈一些自己的看法。

SWOT分析法，即优势（Strengths）、劣势 (Weaknesses) 、机会(Opportunities) 、威胁 (Threats) ，该酒店如何发挥优势因素，克服劣势因素，利用机会因素，化解威胁因素，使其内部能力与外部环境相适应，这就要求酒店全体人员同舟共济，共同为该酒店的发展而奋斗！只有知己知彼，方可百战百胜，这样才能获取经营的成功。

才能在酒店中永站熬头！一、优势分析（内部环境）（一）良好的政府、企业（希尔顿与元一集团）背景 2006年5月8日，希尔顿酒店集团与安徽元一大酒店有限公司签约，由前者管理合肥希尔顿酒店——合肥市最新最豪华的酒店开发项目。

2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

1、洗手——看处置本——带处置本至床旁——核对床头牌，看床号（*床，请问你叫什么名字，你好，我是你的责任护士**，刚才给你测量体温是39.5度，遵医嘱准备给你酒精擦浴，就是利用酒精易挥发的特性，吸收和带走机体大量的热，使体温下降。

）——（让我检查一下你的皮肤情况）在床两侧检查，包括上身和四肢。

（你全身皮肤完整无溃疡，无伤口，请问你需要小便吗？请你休息一下，我准备用物马上过来。

）——回治疗室，洗手，戴口罩——看处置本——翻治疗盘——取2个治疗碗，弯盘，包上毛巾的冰袋和热水袋于治疗盘内——推车至床旁，，核对(王兰，你准备好了吗，我想为你酒精擦浴，请你配合一下）——关门窗，拉窗帘，屏风遮挡，调节室温，松开被尾——将热水袋置于足底，冰袋置于头顶——脱近侧衣袖，松腰带，浴巾盖上肢——将浸有酒精的小毛巾拧至半干手套式缠在手上拍式（颈外侧至手背，胸侧经腋窝至掌心，）擦干，撤浴巾，盖被，拉起床栏——推车至床对侧，脱上衣，重复，擦干，向对侧翻身，浴巾盖背，拍式从上到下至臀部——擦干，穿上衣，先对侧袖再近侧袖——脱近侧裤腿，垫浴巾，拍式（髂前上棘经腿外侧至足背，腹股沟经腿内侧至内裸，大腿根部经腘窝至足跟部），擦干，撤浴巾，盖被——推车至床对侧，放下床栏——脱裤，重复——穿裤，取下热水袋，整理床单位，（王兰，酒精擦浴已经完成了，30分钟后我会来为你测量体温）——侧体温（10分钟）——取纱布于左手，先擦拭体温表再看读数——（王兰，你现在的体温38.5度，现在为你把头部的冰袋取下，请卧床休息，多进食高维生素，高热量的食物，多喝水，如果出汗多，请及时更换衣被，防止感冒，我把呼叫器放在你枕头边，有事请按中间的按钮，我会及时来巡视病房的，请你放心，谢谢你的配合。

）（操作者：××，您好！您感觉怎么样？我听你气管内痰液较多，给您吸吸痰好吗?吸痰过程中可能有些刺激不舒服,希望您能配合，我会动作很轻的，很快就会好的，可以吗？）——协助患者取仰体位——洗手——铺巾——打开生理盐水盖（口述：口鼻腔内、气管内）——再次的检查吸痰管，打开吸痰管包装，取手套，戴手套（先左后右）取出吸痰管绕在右手，左手连接——调负压——吸生理盐水，吸痰管通畅（观察生命征及SPO2）——（阿姨，我现在帮您洗下气管内的痰，您放松，我会轻轻的），同时另一人断开呼吸机与气管导管连接处，将呼吸机接头放在治疗巾上，操作者迅速并轻轻地沿气管导管送入吸痰管，吸痰管遇阻力略上提，边上提边旋转边吸引，一次吸痰时间小于15s；避免在气管内上下提插（观察生命体征、SPO2及病人情况，如病人痰液粘稠，应予温生理盐水气道冲洗，在吸气时注入5-10ml，根据患者呛咳反应及时吸痰，必要时予鼓肺吸痰；），口述吸出痰的量、性质、颜色——.吸痰结束后另一人立即接呼吸机通气，呼吸机连接管和气管插管处理方法正确；给予患者100%的纯氧2分钟——冲管（看生命征及SPO2及呼吸机气道压的情况）——关负压——脱手套——更换吸痰管，洗口腔内的痰液，阿姨我现在给您吸下口腔里的痰，您放松（前、中、后观察生命征及SPO2的情况）口述，痰液的情况——脱手套——洗手——清洁面部——取体位——撤治疗巾，听双肺呼吸音，诉痰鸣音明显减少。

2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

3、实验室检查
★溶血证据：RBC及Hb↓，网织红细胞和有核红细胞↑，间接胆红素↑ ★母婴血型测定 ★溶血病特异性检查改良直接抗人球蛋白试验确诊抗体释放试验试验
4、治疗原则
胎内治疗:血浆臵换、宫内输血、酶诱导剂、提前分娩。
出生后治疗降低血清胆红素防止胆红素脑病
★ 光照疗法（最常用的方法）
1、病因及临床分型
•ABO血型系统（最常见
） •Rh血型系统
母:血型O或Rh（-）,子:血型A、B或Rh（+）母血液中有特异性血型免疫抗体
ABO溶血病母亲血型婴儿血型临床特点 O A或B 较轻发病与胎次无关我国多见以抗A或抗B常见
Rh溶血病 Rh(-) Rh(+) 重 90％第二胎发病国外多见以抗D常见
★换血疗法
血源的选择
ABO溶血病：O型红细胞+AB型血浆 Rh溶血病：Rh血型同母亲, ABO血型同患儿
的血液换血途径
经脐静脉插管经外周动静脉同步换血
★药物治疗
白蛋白纠正酸中毒肝酶诱导剂静脉用免疫球蛋白
核黄疸（Kernicterus）
早期（警告期）痉挛期恢复期吃奶及反应好转，抽搐次数减少，角弓反张逐渐消失，肌张力逐渐恢复，此期约持续2周。后遗症期核黄疸四联症：①手足徐动②眼球运动障碍③听觉障碍④牙釉质发育不良。此外，也可留有脑瘫、智能落后、抽搐、抬头无力和流涎等后遗症。
贫血:程度不一 ABO溶血---轻 Rh溶血---重肝脾肿大胎儿水肿
（一）新生儿胆红素代谢的特点
1、胆红素产生相对过多 • 红细胞数相对较多且破坏亦多 • 红细胞寿命较成人短20~40天 • 其他来源的胆红素生成较多 2、胆红素与血浆白蛋白的结合力差

2011英语四级作文(CET4)新东方万能作文模板讲义

新东方 fc 讲解，背 20 局就够了写作模板(一)段首句1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。

一些人认为……There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.2.俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。

首先，……；其次，……。

更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. What makes things worse is that______.4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______. Many people like ______ because ______. Besides ，______.5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。

它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception， it has both advantages and disadvantages.6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……People’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. Some people say that ______.To them,_____.7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

2011年12月英语四级(CET4)真题

关于执行的学问
信念比利益更重要速度比完善更重要胜利比公平更重要结果比理由更重要
不协短篇小说家莫泊桑当年曾向福楼
拜学习写作，福楼拜教诲他：
“出去。到巴黎的街上，随便找一位驾车的车夫。你被看他，可能与其它的车夫没什么两样。可是，经过仔细地研究，直到你能把他描述得与这个世界上任何其他车夫都不大相同的程度，要做到在你的描述中，他是个与众不同，有独特个性的车夫。”
中国企业常见的执行问题
企业家的执行能力太强导致企业员工执能力不足
中国公司的执行问题是由三大原因造成的
文化原因：由于文化导致的执行问题制度原因：由于制度导致的执行问题人员原因：由于管理水平导致的执行问题
文化原因导致的执行问题：人治，结果是良好的愿望，沉重的打击
中国是一个人治社会中国是一种清淡文化中国是一种面子文化
执行第二要点：让员工照顾好自己的猴子
员工在处理他与上司的关系时可利用增加的自由
以有5个级别的主动性。
时间确定各个下
一、等着被叫去做
属确实具有积极
二、问应该做什么
性。
三、提出建议，然后采取最终行动
四、采取行动，但马上提出建议
你所做的事就是：确保每一个问题的检查程序并在
五、自己行动，然后按程序汇报。你的日历上标明。
执行第三个要点：千万不要忘猴子是从哪来的
第一步，与上级一起明确你的职责第二步，与下级一起讨论职责的意义第三步，制定书面计划
执行第四个要点：让下属把猴子当自己的养
适合的人授权就是责任使工作完全地清楚最后期限的决定复查与训练为更多地授权打下基础
第五要点；做重要而不紧急的事猴子才不会累死

2011年6月英语四级(CET4)真题

4．5 经典解析一、选择题1．在数据库管理技术的发展过程中，经历了人工管理阶段、文件系统阶段和数据库系统阶段。

在这几个阶段中，数据独立性最高的是( )。

A)数据库系统 B)文件系统C)人工管理 D)数据项管理For personal use only in study and research; not for commercial use【命题目的】考查数据库技术发展的几个阶段及各个阶段的特点。

【解题要点】数据库系统的3级体系结构中提供了子模式／模式和模式／内模式两级映射，保证了数据独立性的实现。

【错解分析】在人工管理阶段，数据无法共享，冗余度大，不独立，完全依赖于程序。

在文件系统阶段，数据共享性差，冗余度大，独立性也较差。

所以B)选项和C)选项均是错误的。

【考点链接】数据管理3个阶段各自的特点。

答案：A)2．数据库系统的核心是( )。

A)数据库 B)数据库管理系统C)数据模型 D)软件工具【命题目的】考查数据库系统的组成。

【解题要点】数据库系统由数据库(数据)、数据库管理系统(及其开发工具)、应用系统、数据库管理员、系统平台之一——硬件平台(硬件)、系统平台之二——软件平台(软件)五部分构成。

数据库管理系统(DataBase Management System，DBMS)是数据库的机构，它是一种系统软件，负责数据库中的数据组织、数据操作、数据维护、控制及保护和数据服务等。

【错解分析】数据库(DataBase，DB)是长期储存在计算机内、有组织的、可共享的大量数据集合。

数据库不是数据库系统的核心。

在数据库中用数据模型这个工具来抽象、表示和处理现实世界中的数据和信息。

通俗地讲数据模型就是现实世界的反映。

软件工具分为软件开发工具、软件维护工具、软件管理与软件支持工具。

这些工具用来辅助软件开发、运行、维护、管理、支持等过程中的活动。

【考点链接】数据、数据库、数据库管理系统的概念。

答案：B)3．数据库系统依靠( )支持数据的独立性。

2011超值经典最新最全大学英语英语四级备考资料(推荐)

2011超值经典最新最全大学英语英语四级备考资料（推荐）[下载]四级写作过关系列：英文写作佳句300例1. Why do some governments persist in spending billions of dollars on space exploration when starvation and poverty continue to grip many countries throughout the world? This particular question is being raised by an ever-increasing number of people.既然世界上许多国家仍被饥饿和贫困所困扰，为什么有的政府还坚持花费数十亿美元用于太空探索？现在越来越多的人提出这个问题。

2. Judging from the reams of evidence presented, we can safely conclude that the Three Gorges Project will change the lives of an untold number of people forever.根据现有的大量证据，我们可以有把握地得出这样的结论：三峡工程将永远改变无数人的生活。

3. The ample evidence presented enables us to reasonably conclude that the scourge of AIDS will be brought under control in the foreseeable future.提出的充分证据使我们能够合理地得出这样的结论：艾滋病的祸害在可预见的将来就能得到控制。

4. We must seek immediate solutions for problems leading to the rapid depletion of the earth's ozone layer. If allowed to proceed unchecked, the problem will undoubtedly exacerbate global warming and threaten life, as we know it today.我们必须寻求立即解决引起地球臭氧层快速损耗的问题的办法。

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第一章市场营销概述一、基本概念市场:是指一种商品或劳务的所有潜在购买者的需求总和市场营销：（经典定义）①市场营销是引导货物和劳务从生产者流向消费者或用户所进行的一切企业活动②是计划和执行关于产品、服务和创意的观念、定价、促销和分销的过程，目的是完成交换并实现个人及组织的目标（权威定义）③市场营销是一种利益之下，通过相互交换和承诺，建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系④市场营销是个人与群体通过创造并同他人交换产品和价值以满足需求和欲望的一种社会和管理过程。

大市场营销：关系营销：是将企业的营销活动看成一个企业和顾客、供应商、分销商、竞争者、政府机构和和其他社会组织共同构成了市场上的利益相关者。

整合营销：是指企业的所有部门人员和活动都必须加以整合、协调，共同为满足顾客的需求而服务。

绿色营销：是指以促进可持续发展为目标，为实现经济利益、顾客利益和环境利益的同意，组织或个人通过制造并同其他组织或个人交换其产品价值以满足某种需求的一中营销过程。

顾客让渡价值：是指企业转移的，顾客感受得到的实际价值。

它的一般表现为顾客购买总价值与顾客购买总成本之间的差额。

二、基本问题1、如何理解市场概念？答：是指一种商品或劳务的所有潜在购买者的需求总和。

①市场是商品交换的场所②市场是买方和卖方构成的交换关系的总和③市场是现实和潜在的购买者2、如何理解市场营销概念？答：（经典定义）①市场营销是引导货物和劳务从生产者流向消费者或用户所进行的一切企业活动②是计划和执行关于产品、服务和创意的观念、定价、促销和分销的过程，目的是完成交换并实现个人及组织的目标（权威定义）③市场营销是一种利益之下，通过相互交换和承诺，建立、维持、巩固与消费者及其他参与者的关系④市场营销是个人与群体通过创造并同他人交换产品和价值以满足需求和欲望的一种社会和管理过程。

中国学者大多数采用菲利普·科特勒的定义，大市场营销界定为以产品和价值为基础，以交换为核心，以满足需求和欲望为目标的过程。

具体来说，市场营销就是在变化的市场环境中，旨在满足消费者需求、实现企业目标的商务活动过程，包括市场调研、选择目标市场、产品开发、产品定价、渠道选择、产品促销、产品储存和运输、产品销售、提供服务等一系列与市场有关的企业业务经营活动。

3、营销概念和生产、产品、推销概念有何区别？答：这几个是企业经营观念发展变化的历程开始产品稀缺的年代里，只要产品能生产的出来，就有销路，这时候是产品观念时期，生产观点认为：生产是最重要的，消费者喜欢那些可以随处买得到而且价格低廉的产品，企业应致力于扩大生产，增加产量，降低成本以扩展市场。

与生产观念相同，产品观念也是产生在供不应求的“卖方市场”形势下，都是以生产为中心，把市场看作生产过程的终点，从生产者角度出发，忽视了市场需求的多样性和动态性。

但不同的是它强调“以质取胜”，因此，企业致力于提高产品质量，认为只要物美价廉，顾客自然会找上门，无需大力推销。

后来工业生产发展起来产品渐渐的开始剩余不好卖了出现了推销观念。

这种观念认为：消费者一般不会自觉地购买本企业的产品，因而，企业应加强产后推销和大力促销，以刺激和诱导消费者大量购买本企业的产品，从而扩大销售，提高市场占有率，取得更多利润。

在后来产品推销都没人要越来越难做了企业开始重视消费者的需要研究消费者的需求然后来设计生产产品卖给他们赚取利润这就是营销观念。

营销观念认为，实现企业各项目标的关键，在于正确确定目标市场的需要和欲望，并且比竞争者更有效地传送目标市场所期待的物品或服务，进而比竞争者更有效地满足目标市场的需求和欲望。

4、如何理解大市场营销概念？答：5、如何理解关系营销？答：6、什么是整合营销的4C理论？答：随着世界经济的不断发展，消费个性化、人文化、多样化的特征日益突出，有些学者认为传统销售营销4P组合已经不适应新的环境了，应为新的市场营销组合所取代。

20世纪90年代，美国营销专家罗伯特·劳特朋提出了4C组合，它的内容包括：（一）顾客理论认为，顾客是企业一切经营活动的核心，企业重视顾客要甚于重视产品。

（二）成本理论提出产品成本新概念，即成本包括两个方面，一是企业的生产成本，即企业生产适合顾客需求的产品成本；二是顾客购物成本，不仅包括顾客购物的货币支出还应包括顾客购物的时间耗费，体力和精力的耗费以及风险的承担7、试述市场营销观念的历史演变进程答：8、如何理解顾客让渡价值？该理论对企业营销工作有何启示？答：顾客让渡价值是菲利普•科特勒在《营销管理》一书中提出来的, 他认为, “顾客让渡价值”是指顾客总价值（Total Customer Value）与顾客总成本（Total Customer Cost）之间的差额。

顾客总价值是指顾客购买某一产品与服务所期望获得的一组利益，它包括产品价值、服务价值、人员价值和形象价值等。

顾客总成本是指顾客为购买某一产品所耗费的时间、精神、体力以及所支付的货币资金等，因此，顾客总成本包括货币成本、时间成本、精神成本和体力成本等。

由于顾客在购买产品时，总希望把有关成本包括货币、时间、精神和体力等降到最低限度，而同时又希望从中获得更多的实际利益，以使自己的需要得到最大限度的满足，因此，顾客在选购产品时，往往从价值与成本两个方面进行比较分析，从中选择出价值最高、成本最低，即“顾客让渡价值”最大的产品作为优先选购的对象。

企业为在竞争中战胜对手，吸引更多的潜在顾客，就必须向顾客提供比竞争对手具有更多“顾客让渡价值”的产品，这样，才能使自己的产品为消费者所注意，进而购买本企业的产品。

为此，企业可从两个方面改进自己的工作：一是通过改进产品、服务、人员与形象，提高产品的总价值；二是通过降低生产与销售成本，减少顾客购买产品的时间、精神与体力的耗费，从而降低货币与非货币成本。

第二章企业战略与市场营销管理过程一、基本概念市场占有率:销售增长率:相对市场占有率: p35市场渗透:前向一体化:后向一体化:水平一体化:同心多元化:是利用现有的技术及优势资源，面对新市场、新顾客增加新业务实现的新业务。

水平多元化:针对现有市场和顾客，采用新技术增加新业务实现的多元化经营。

复合多元化:是直接利用新技术进入新市场实现多元化经营。

市场机会:市场上存在的尚未完全满足的显性或隐性的需求。

营销组合:企业为进入目标市场，满足顾客，加以整合，协调使用的市场营销手段。

二、基本问题1、简述企业战略及其特点。

答：第一，战略是一种计划。

指战略是一种有意识有预计有组织的行动程序，是解决一个企业如何让从现在的状态达到将来位置的问题。

第二，战略是一种计策，指战略不仅仅是行动之前的计划，还可以在特定的环境下成为行动过程中的手段和策略。

第三，战略是一种模式，指战略可以体现为企业一系列的具体行动和现实结果，而不仅仅是行动前的计划或手段。

第四，战略是定位。

是组织在其所处环境中的位置，对企业而言就是确定自己在市场中的位置。

第五，战略是观念。

表达了企业对客观世界固有的认知方式，体现了企业对环境的价值取向和组织中人们对客观世界固有的看法，进而反映了企业战略决策者的价值观念。

2、如何利用波士顿矩阵分析、评价企业战略业务单位？答：两个标准是评价企业业务单位的指标，即市场增长率和市场相对份额，在矩阵图上就是横轴合纵轴。

四个业务单位处于矩阵中不同象限的战略业务单位，也对应着不同的应对策略。

一、问题型业务。

这部分业务是指企业业务中市场增长速度比较快，但相对市场份额较低的那部分。

处在这个领域的往往是一些投机产品带有较大风险。

二、明星型业务。

处于高增长率、高市场占有率象限内的业务群，这类产品可能成为企业的现金牛产品需要加大投资以支持其迅速发展。

三、现金牛业务。

处于低增长率、高市场占有率象限内的产品群，已经入成熟区。

对这一象限内的大多数产品，市场占有率的下跌已成不可抵挡之势，因此可采用收缩战略。

四、瘦狗型业务。

处在低增长率、低市场占有率象限内的产品群。

对这类产品采用撤退战略。

3、如何利用通用电气公司法（多因素投资组合矩阵）分析、评价企业战略业务单位？答：它用行业吸引力和企业业务实力这两个有多种因素综合评价得出的指标来建立矩阵。

将企业业务实力分为强、中、弱三档，将市场吸引力分为大、中、小三档，这样便在矩阵中形成了9个战略区域。

这9个区域又可分为3个地带。

绿色地带（左上角地带，包含了“大强”“中强”“大中”三个区域）。

对该地带的战略业务单位要开“绿灯”，采取增加投资和发展的战略。

黄色地带(从左上角到右上角的对角线地带，包含了“小强”“中中”“大弱”)。

对该地带的战略业务单位要“闪黄灯”，采取维持战略。

红色地带（右下角地带包含了“小弱”“小中”“中弱”）。

该地带的战略业务单位要“亮红灯”，采取收割或放弃战略。

4、简述市场营销管理过程答：市场营销管理过程包括相互联系的四个步骤：市场机会分析，市场的细分和目标市场选择，营销组合的设计，市场营销活动的管理。

5、企业如何变市场机会为企业机会？答：p426、简述营销组合概念及特点答：营销组合是指企业在选定的目标市场上，综合考虑环境能力竞争状况的因素，对企业自身刻意控制的因素，对企业自身可以控制的因素，加以最佳组合和运用，以完成企业的目的与任务。

第三章市场营销环境分析一、基本概念营销环境：与企业营销活动有潜在关系的所有外部力量和相关因素的集合，他是影响企业生存和发展的各种外部条件。

恩格尔系数：是衡量家庭阶层及国家富裕程度的重要参数。

恩格尔系数=食物指出变动百分比/收入变动百分比个人可支配收入：在个人收入中扣除税款和非税性负担后所得余额。

个人可任意支配收入：在个人可支配收入中减去用于维持个人与家庭生存不可缺少的费用后剩余的部分。

文化：指人类社会历史过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和。

二、基本问题1、简述恩格尔定律的内容答：在一定条件下，当家庭个人收入增加时，收入中用于食物开支部分的增长速度要小于教育、医疗、享受等方面的开支速度。

食物开支占总消费数量的比重越大，恩格尔系数越高，生活水平越低；反之，食物开支所占比重越小，恩格尔系数越小，生活水平越高。

整个社会经济水平越高，用于食品消费部分占总支出的比重越小。

2、简述新技术、新产品开发的意义答：3、分析影响消费者购买行为的文化环境应包括哪些主要方面？答：教育状况、宗教信仰、价值观念、消费习俗、审美观念、生活方式4、企业进入市场时可能遭遇哪些竞争对手？答：愿望竞争者、一般竞争者、产品形式竞争者、品牌竞争者5、面对环境威胁和市场机会，企业的业务可分为哪些类型？答：理想业务、冒险业务、成熟业务、困难业务6、企业如何应对环境威胁和市场机会？答：成功概率（市场矩阵图）象限①表示该机会成功几率比较大，并且具有相当的吸引力，是最好的市场机会，企业需要重视。