英文翻译材料
段落翻译 中英文对比
1. The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating Tzung Tzu and racing dragon boats.The most important activities of this festival are the dragon boat races. Competing teams drive their colorful dragon boats forward to the rhythm(节奏,韵律) of beating drums. These exciting races were inspired by the villager's attempts to rescue Chu Yuan from the Mi Lo River. This tradition has remained unbroken for centuries.A very popular dish during the Dragon Boat festival is tzung tzu. This tasty dish consists of rice dumplings with meat, peanut, egg yolk(蛋黄), or other fillings wrapped in bamboo leaves. The tradition of tzung tzu is meant to remind us of the village fishermen scattering rice across the water of the Mi Low River in order to appease the river dragons so that they would not devour Chu Yuan.一,端午节龙舟节也叫做端午节,它位于每年农历的五月初五,经过几千年的时间,划龙舟和吃粽子已经成为这个节日的标志。
外文翻译(英文材料-sgw)
DATABASE DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENTA VISUAL APPROACHThe Role of databases in Electronic BusinessIntroductionFor decades,organizations have been using information and communications technologies to enhance their operations.Today,most organizations are heavily dependent on their computer systems:without them,the organizations would not be able to operate effectively.Many different technologies must work together to implement a successful organizational system.One of the most important of these technologies is the database that sits at the core of the system.Any interactive organizational system uses some sort of database.When you check the price of a textbook online,you are accessing a database.If you register for classes electronically, you are using a database-enabled system.Buying tickets to a concert also requires a database.Components of an Organizational SystemWhen we talk about organizational systems in this book,we are primarily concerned with computer applications that help the organization with its processes.Examples of such systems range from automatic teller machines to payroll systems to the online catalogs of Web merchants.Most of these systems share a number of components,all of which must work together for an organizational system to work properly.A complete,detailed discussion of the key components in a typical organizational system.Keep in mind that the exact components included vary from system to system. However,the components discussed in this section are included in most organizational applications.We break down our discussion of organizational system components into the network,the hardware,the software,and the content. Understanding how these components fit together helps you understand the role of databases in organizational systems.Also,this knowledge will be helpful when we discuss Web-enabled databases in later chapters.NetworkOrganizational systems typically make use of some sort of communications network. Many systems today use the Internet,but organizations also use other types of networks.For example,many large organizations use private networks to engage in electronic data intercbange(EDI).There are many different components to a network,including bridges,routers,andthe transmission media,among others.One important aspect of a network is the communications protocols used.For example,the Internet uses a set of protocols called Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP).Using TCP/IP ensures that all computers on the Internet can interact(assuming they follow the protocols correctly).It does not matter who manufactured the computer or what operating system it is running.As long as it"speaks"TCP/IP and has the proper connection to the Internet,the computer can access information from any server on the Internet(of course,the user must have authorization to access some servers). HardwareAn organizational system typically includes different types of hardware.Among the most important hardware components of an organizational system are the computers. Some computers act as servers,which means that they provide services to other computers.The computers that request services are called clients.Most organizational systems follow multitier architectures.What is a multitier architecture?Perhaps you have heard of the most basic multitier architecture,which is the client/server architecture.Let's go over a brief explanation of client/server,then move on to the more complex three-tier architecture.Exhibit1-1illustrates a client/server architecture.The client has two jobs, presentation and requests.Presentation is also known as the interface;it simply gives the user a way to interact with the computer and also formats data received from the server in a way that is useful to the suer.The client also makes requests of the server and the server simply responds to requests made by clients.Of course,although this process sounds simple,in practice it can bi quite complicated.To help you better understand how a client/server system works,we will use a well-known example,the Web.You may not have known this,but when you use the Web,you are using a multitier architecture.We will keep things simple for now,and just have two tiers(a client and a single server),as shown in Exhibit1-1.Suppose you want to use your favorite Web search enarch engine.We will use in our example.You are already connected to the Internet and you have your Web browser running. So,you simply type Google's address in the proper place in your browser and hit Enter or click Go. This is an example of the client performing its presentation task.The browser gives you a place toenter a Web address and a way to instruct the browser to"go to"that address.What actually happens when you click Go is that the browser sends a request to Google's Web server for the Google home page.The home page is actually a file in a special language called Hypertext Markup Language(HTML).The Web server responds to your browser's request by sending the data that makes up the home page across the Internet to your computer(the client).Your Web browser then takes the data(in the form of an HTML file)and converts all the codes to make the Google home page look the way you expect it to.This is another part of the presentation function: making data appear in a useful form.To summarize,the client(your computer running the Web browser software)gives you a reasonable way to make a request from the server,then sends that request across the Internet to the Google Web server.The server then sends the requested data back across the Internet to your computer,where the Web browser formats the Web page for you. This process is shown graphically in Exhibit1-2.Now that you understand the basic client/server setup,let's make things a bit more complex. Suppose that you are doing some online shopping.Your Web browser still makes requests the same way and formats the response data just as it did in the last example.This time,however,there is more than one server involved.Just as in the last example,you enter the Web address for your favourite online music store. Your browser sends the request to the store's Web server,and the store's home page appears on your computer's screen.One of the CDs shown on the home page is by an artist you like,but are not sure which songs are on the CD.You konw that you can see the track listing of the CD.So you click the title of the CD,which you recognize is also a hyperlink to the CD's details.Your Web browser recognizes your click as a request for a particular resource,and your browser sends a request to the Web server.This time,however,the Web server recognizes the request as something that needs to access data from a database.The Web server takes your request and passes it along to a database server.The database server looks at the request,accesses the data required to service your request(the track listing and other details about the CD),and sends it to the Web server.The Web server uses the data to build an HTML file that is then sent across the network to your computer.Your Web browser formats the HTML into a Web page containing the requested tracklisting.One additional point must be made regarding clients and servers.Although we often talk about cleints and servers in terms of computers,in actuality,they are processes rather than separate computers.It is possible for both client and server processes to run on the same computer, although this situation is not common for large-scale applications.The important point to remember is that the various tiers in a multitier computing architecture refer to processes,rather than individual computers.。
catti全国翻译资格考试语料-外宣材料-中英文双语翻译练习
CATTI 全国翻译资格考试2019.7最新翻译语料二十国集团领导人大阪峰会防范网络恐怖主义和暴力极端主义声明G20 OSAKA LEADERS' STATEMENT ON PREVENTING EXPLOITATION OF THE INTERNET FOR TERRORISM AND VIOLENT EXTREMISM CONDUCIVE TO TERRORISM (VECT)作为国家领导人,确保公民安全是我们最重要职责之一。
各国应在防止和打击恐怖主义方面发挥主导作用。
我们在大阪重申将采取行动,保护我们的人民免受恐怖主义和暴力极端主义利用网络产生的危害。
我们发表此声明,要求网络平台进一步增强履行其职责的意识。
As leaders, one of our greatest responsibilties is to ensure the security of our citizens. It is the state's role, first and foremost, to prevent and combat terrorism. Here in Osaka, we reaffirm our commitment to act to protect our people from terrorist and VECT exploitation of the internet. We issue this statement to raise the bar of expectation for online platforms to do their part.我们二十国集团领导人重申,最强烈谴责一切形式和表现的恐怖主义。
通过网络进行直播的克赖斯特彻奇恐怖袭击及近期其他暴行凸显了全面落实联合国有关决议、《联合国全球反恐战略》以及2017年《二十国集团领导人汉堡峰会反恐声明》等文件的急迫性。
中英文对照翻译文章
中英文对照翻译文章不少英文文章都是带有翻译的,为的就是方便读者在不理解文章的时候能够找到对照的意思。
下面就是店铺给大家整理的中英文对照翻译文章,希望大家喜欢。
中英文对照翻译文章篇1:A Sailor's Christmas Gift一个水手的圣诞礼物William J·Lederer威廉·J·莱德勒Last year at Christmas time my wife,three boys,and I were in France,on our way from Paristo Nice.For five wretched days ererything had gone wrong.Our hotels were“touristtraps”;our rented car broke down;we were all restless and irritable in the crowded car.OnChristmas Eve,when we checked into a dingy hotel in Nice,there was no Christmas spirit inour hearts.去年,在圣诞节期间,我和我的妻子以及我们的三个孩子,从法国踏上由巴黎到尼斯的旅途。
由于接连五天的恶劣天气,旅途上一切很不顺心。
我们下榻的旅馆尽是些敲诈勒索旅客的“陷阱”;我们租用的那辆汽车老是发生故障,在拥挤不堪的车子上大家个个显得烦躁不安。
圣诞节前夕,我们住进了尼斯的一家旅店,这家旅店又脏又暗,我们打心眼里感觉不到丝毫的节日气氛。
It was raining and cold when we went out to eat.We found a drab littlejoint shoddily decoratedfor the holiday.It smelled greasy.Only five tables in the restaurant were occupied.Therewere two German couples,two French families,and an American sailor,by himself.In thecorner a piano player listlessly played Christmas music.我们外出就餐时,天正下着小雨,天气寒冷。
英文文献全文翻译
英文文献全文翻译全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:LeGuin, Ursula K. (December 18, 2002). "Dancing at the Edge of the World: Thoughts on Words, Women, Places".《世界边缘的舞蹈:关于语言、女性和地方的思考》Introduction:In "Dancing at the Edge of the World," Ursula K. LeGuin explores the intersection of language, women, and places. She writes about the power of words, the role of women in society, and the importance of our connection to the places we inhabit. Through a series of essays, LeGuin invites readers to think critically about these topics and consider how they shape our understanding of the world.Chapter 1: LanguageConclusion:第二篇示例:IntroductionEnglish literature translation is an important field in the study of language and culture. The translation of English literature involves not only the linguistic translation of words or sentences but also the transfer of cultural meaning and emotional resonance. This article will discuss the challenges and techniques of translating English literature, as well as the importance of preserving the original author's voice and style in the translated text.Challenges in translating English literature第三篇示例:Title: The Importance of Translation of Full English TextsTranslation plays a crucial role in bringing different languages and cultures together. More specifically, translating full English texts into different languages allows for access to valuable information and insights that may otherwise be inaccessible to those who do not speak English. In this article, we will explore the importance of translating full English texts and the benefits it brings.第四篇示例:Abstract: This article discusses the importance of translating English literature and the challenges translators face when putting together a full-text translation. It highlights the skills and knowledge needed to accurately convey the meaning and tone of the original text while preserving its cultural and literary nuances. Through a detailed analysis of the translation process, this article emphasizes the crucial role translators play in bridging the gap between languages and making English literature accessible to a global audience.IntroductionEnglish literature is a rich and diverse field encompassing a wide range of genres, styles, and themes. From classic works by Shakespeare and Dickens to contemporary novels by authors like J.K. Rowling and Philip Pullman, English literature offers something for everyone. However, for non-English speakers, accessing and understanding these works can be a challenge. This is where translation comes in.Translation is the process of rendering a text from one language into another, while striving to preserve the original meaning, tone, and style of the original work. Translating afull-length English text requires a deep understanding of both languages, as well as a keen awareness of the cultural andhistorical context in which the work was written. Additionally, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to convey the beauty and complexity of the original text in a new language.Challenges of Full-text TranslationTranslating a full-length English text poses several challenges for translators. One of the most significant challenges is capturing the nuances and subtleties of the original work. English literature is known for its rich and layered language, with intricate wordplay, metaphors, and symbolism that can be difficult to convey in another language. Translators must carefully consider each word and phrase in order to accurately convey the author's intended meaning.Another challenge of full-text translation is maintaining the author's unique voice and style. Each writer has a distinct way of expressing themselves, and a good translator must be able to replicate this voice in the translated text. This requires a deep understanding of the author's writing style, as well as the ability to adapt it to the conventions of the target language.Additionally, translators must be mindful of the cultural and historical context of the original work. English literature is deeply rooted in the history and traditions of the English-speaking world, and translators must be aware of these influences in orderto accurately convey the author's intended message. This requires thorough research and a nuanced understanding of the social, political, and economic factors that shaped the work.Skills and Knowledge RequiredTo successfully translate a full-length English text, translators must possess a wide range of skills and knowledge. First and foremost, translators must be fluent in both the source language (English) and the target language. This includes a strong grasp of grammar, syntax, and vocabulary in both languages, as well as an understanding of the cultural and historical context of the works being translated.Translators must also have a keen eye for detail and a meticulous approach to their work. Every word, sentence, and paragraph must be carefully considered and translated with precision in order to accurately convey the meaning of the original text. This requires strong analytical skills and a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities of language.Furthermore, translators must possess strong writing skills in order to craft a compelling and engaging translation. Translating a full-length English text is not simply a matter of substituting one word for another; it requires creativity, imagination, and a deep appreciation for the beauty of language. Translators mustbe able to capture the rhythm, cadence, and tone of the original work in their translation, while also adapting it to the conventions of the target language.ConclusionIn conclusion, translating a full-length English text is a complex and challenging task that requires a high level of skill, knowledge, and creativity. Translators must possess a deep understanding of both the source and target languages, as well as the cultural and historical context of the work being translated. Through their careful and meticulous work, translators play a crucial role in making English literature accessible to a global audience, bridging the gap between languages and cultures. By preserving the beauty and complexity of the original text in their translations, translators enrich our understanding of literature and bring the works of English authors to readers around the world.。
经典英文段落翻译__英译汉15篇
The famous Italian traveler Marco Pole was so impressed by the beauty of Hangzhou that he described it as “the mist fascinating city in the world where one feels that one is in paradise.” In China, there has been a century-old popular saying praising the city: In Heaven there is Paradise; on Earth there are Suzhou and Hangzhou.” Hangzhou’s fame lies mainly in its picturesque West Lake. As it is beautiful all the year round, the West Lake was compared by Su Dongpo, a celebrated poet of the Song Dynasty, to a beauty “who is always charming in either light or heavy makeup.” In Hangzhou, you will not only find the lake a perfect delight to the eye but also find it a joy to stroll along the busy streets, taste famous Hangzhou dishes and buy some special local products.2.在设备制造期间,雇主的代表有权对根据合同提供的全部工程设备的材料和工艺进行检查、研究和检验,同时检查其制造进度。
材料的英文怎么翻译
材料的英文怎么翻译很多都知道材料的英文是material,其实除了material,材料的英文还有其他翻译。
下面是店铺为你整理的材料的英文,希望大家喜欢!材料的英文material;data;makings;stuff datummaterial的常见用法n.材料,原料; 素材; 布,织物; 适当人选adj.物质的; 肉体的; 重要的,决定性的; 辩证的,推论的1. The material consisted only of already published, unclassified information.这份材料里只有一些已公开的、非保密性质的信息。
2. This will give your promotional material individuality and style.这会让你的促销品显得个性十足、格调高雅。
3. In its untreated state the carbon fibre material is rather like cloth.原始的碳纤维材料很像布料。
4. His last book, "Needful Things", was a retread of tired material.他的上一本书《必需品》尽在重复些老掉牙的内容。
5. She enjoys the material comforts married life has brought her.她喜欢婚姻生活带给她的物质享受。
6. Dr Ryan travelled the world gathering material for his book.瑞安博士周游世界为他的书搜集资料。
7. They contend that the company failed to disclose material information.他们坚持认为该公司并未透露实质性的信息。
九年级英语人教版听力材料翻译
九年级英语人教版听力材料翻译unit 1: how do you study for a test?单元1:你是如何为考试而学习?section a, 1b节,1 bboy 1: hey, gang. there's a big test on tuesday. i really need some help. can you tell me how you study for a big test?男孩1:嘿,伙计们。
有一个重要的考试在周二。
我真的需要一些帮助。
你能告诉我你如何研究一个大测试吗?voices: sure! yes. sure we will.声音:当然!是的。
我们肯定会的。
boy 1: you did really well on the last english test, didn't you, mei?男孩1:你做的很好最后英语考试,没有你,美吗?mei: yeah, i did ok.梅:是的,我做的很好。
boy 1: well, how did you study?男孩1:嗯,你怎么学习?mei: by making flashcards.玫:通过抽认卡。
boy 1: maybe i'll try that. how did you study, pierre?男孩1:也许我会试试。
你怎么学习,皮埃尔?pierre: by asking the teacher for help. she was really happy i asked.皮埃尔:通过问老师寻求帮助。
她很高兴我问。
boy 1: that's interesting. how do you study, antonio?男孩1:这很有趣。
你怎么学习,安东尼奥?antonio: i like to study by listening to tapes. but sometimes my mother thinks i'm listening to music. and then she gets mad.安东尼奥:我喜欢通过听磁带来学习。
英汉对照全译大全
英汉对照全译大全全文共四篇示例,供读者参考第一篇示例:英汉对照全译是指将英语原文逐字逐句地翻译成中文,以保留原文的语言风格和表达方式,同时也让读者更容易理解原文的含义。
英汉对照全译不仅可以帮助中文读者学习英语,还可以让熟练掌握英语的读者更加深入地理解原文的含义和细节。
下面将为大家制作一份关于【英汉对照全译大全】的文章,通过英汉对照的方式,为大家提供更多学习和阅读的机会。
1. Hello, how are you? 你好,你好吗?2. I’m fine, thank you. 我很好,谢谢你。
3. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字?4. My name is Lisa. 我的名字是丽莎。
6. I am from China. 我来自中国。
8. Yes, I like reading very much. 是的,我非常喜欢读书。
10. My favorite book is "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. 我最喜欢的书是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。
12. I am twenty years old. 我二十岁了。
13. What do you do for a living? 你是做什么工作的?14. I am a teacher. 我是一名教师。
16. I enjoy listening to music and watching movies. 我喜欢听音乐和看电影。
17. Have you ever traveled abroad? 你有没有去过国外旅行?21. Do you have any siblings? 你有兄弟姐妹吗?22. Yes, I have one brother and one sister. 是的,我有一个哥哥和一个妹妹。
23. Are you married? 你结婚了吗?26. I plan to further my education and travel around the world. 我计划继续教育并环游世界。
英语翻译
The new office will cover the whole of Scotland.新的办事处业务遍及全苏格兰。
She’s covering the American election for BBC television.她在为英国广播公司的电视台报道美国大选。
I’m going to the doctor’s tomorrow so do you think you could cover my shift for me明天我要去看医生,你能替我代班吗Will £50 cover your expense50英镑够你花了吗Does your travel insurance cover you against the loss or theft of cash你的旅行保险金能补偿你的现金丢失或失窃吗We’ve got all the exits covered, so they’ve got no chance of escape.我们封锁了所有的出口,使他们插翅难逃。
He is an aggressive salesman.他是个很有进取心/干劲的销售员。
Aggressive photographers followed the princess everywhere and flooded the media with photos of her private life.无孔不入的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃,使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活的照片。
Hitler carried out an aggressive policy after he seized power.希特勒摄取政权之后,推行了侵略政策。
3)Every life has its roses and thorns.这里把玫瑰和刺引申,译为:“每个人的生活有苦有甜。
5)He is in critical condition, see-sawing between life and death.See-saw原义是“跷跷板”,这里引申译为:他的病况危急,时好时坏,与死神搏斗。
英文翻译 附原文
本科毕业设计(论文) 外文翻译(附外文原文)系 ( 院 ):资源与环境工程系课题名称:英文翻译专业(方向):环境工程班级:2004-1班学生:3040106119指导教师:刘辉利副教授日期:2008年4月20使用褐煤(一种低成本吸附剂)从酸性矿物废水中去除和回收金属离子a. 美国, 大学公园, PA 16802, 宾夕法尼亚州立大学, 能源部和Geo 环境工程学.b. 印度第80号邮箱, Mahatma Gandhi ・Marg, Lucknow 226001, 工业毒素学研究中心, 环境化学分部,于2006 年5月6 日网上获得,2006 年4月24 日接受,2006 年3月19 日;校正,2006 年2月15 日接收。
摘要酸性矿物废水(AMD), 是一个长期的重大环境问题,起因于钢硫铁矿的微生物在水和空气氧化作用, 买得起包含毒性金属离子的一种酸性解答。
这项研究的主要宗旨是通过使用褐煤(一种低成本吸附剂)从酸性矿水(AMD)中去除和回收金属离子。
褐煤已被用于酸性矿水排水AMD 的处理。
经研究其能吸附亚铁, 铁, 锰、锌和钙在multi-component 含水系统中。
研究通过在不同的酸碱度里进行以找出最适宜的酸碱度。
模拟工业条件进行酸性矿物废水处理, 所有研究被进行通过单一的并且设定多专栏流动模式。
空的床接触时间(EBCT) 模型被使用为了使吸附剂用量减到最小。
金属离子的回收并且吸附剂的再生成功地达到了使用0.1 M 硝酸不用分解塔器。
关键词:吸附; 重金属; 吸附; 褐煤; 酸性矿物废水处理; 固体废料再利用; 亚铁; 铁; 锰。
文章概述1. 介绍2. 材料和方法2.1. 化学制品、材料和设备3. 吸附步骤3.1. 酸碱度最佳化3.2. 固定床研究3.2.1 单一栏3.2.2 多栏4. 结果和讨论4.1. ZPC 和渗析特征4.2 酸碱度的影响4.3. Multi-component 固定吸附床4.3.1 褐煤使用率4.4. 吸附机制4.5. 解吸附作用研究5. 结论1. 介绍酸性矿物废水(AMD) 是一个严重的环境问题起因于硫化物矿物风化, 譬如硫铁矿(FeS2) 和它的同素异形体矿物(α-FeS) 。
中英文翻译
英文材料及中文翻译Volunteer tourism: A review 志愿者旅游的研究综述学生姓名:时红利所在院系:食品学院所学专业:旅游管理导师姓名:王明艳完成时间:2015年5月Volunteer tourism: A reviewAbstractThis paper examines the current state of …volunteer tourism,‟ both as a field of study and modern phenomenon. The foundation of the review rests upon themes initiated over 10 years ago in V olunteer Tourism: Experiences That Make a Difference (Wearing, 2001). The review begins with a discussion of the explosive growth of volunteer tourism (research and practice) and continues with an analysis of the literature utilizing a multiphasic format that reflects the volunteer tourism process. Specifically, the paper includes a review of research in the area of pre-trip motivations, continues through work focussing on the volunteer tourism experience itself with emphasis on the role of the volunteer tourism organization and the community, and ends with discussion of the literature in the areas of post-trip reflections and transformations. Conclusions include recommendations for future research.Key words :V olunteer tourism、Evolution of volunteer tourism、Pre-trip motivations of the volunteer1. IntroductionWhether you feel that volunteer tourism simply represents an expanding tourism niche, an alternative form of tourism, or a sign of major socio-cultural change, its explosive growth is evident in academic literature, global trends, and the popular press. V olunteer tourism originated as a primarily British and European phenomenon, then expanded into a range of countries including Australia and the United States .Elliott(2008)found that both participation and the study of volunteer tourism have grown exponentially over the past 20 years. Another recent study claims that significant grow thin the volunteer tourism sector has occurred since 1990, estimating that 1.6 million people worldwide participate in volunteer tourism projects annually. Some individual volunteer tourism organizations have reached an impressive scale. For example,between1971and2008,Earth watch has involved upwards of 90,000 volunteers in 1350 projects across 120 countries, contributing US$67 million and 11 million hours to scientific fieldwork.Still more evidence of growth in volunteer tourism is found on the World Wide Web. A Google search of the words “volunteer tourism” on April 17th 2008 returned230,000 hits; that same search on the 17th April 2012, just four years later, returned 4,850,000hits,and included published research, volunteer tourism operators and NGOs, and the popular press .The scope of the volunteer tourism industry was also demonstrated by Callanan and Thomas (2005), who identified 698 individual volunteer tourism products on a single volunteer tourism website database (Go ). V olunteer tourism participants come from diverse origins and are expanding geographically as well. Such growth both in the industry and the resulting research is certainly worthy of a closer look.2. Evolution of volunteer tourismAccording to Young(2008,p.207)…volunteer tourism is certainly an expanding sector of the tourism industry in many countries in both the developed and developing world‟.The increase in this type of tourism has been explored by a number of authors . Although international volunteering has existed for a number of years, the industry report, …V olunteer Travel Insights 2009‟ interestingly notes that …it was not until after the September 11th incident and the Indonesian Tsunami that travellers started to think about this type of travel and the market came more aware of the opportunities to have a holiday that involved volunteering‟. These e vents have also coupled with a serendipitous alignment over the past 10-15 years of a reduction in barriers to travel, an increase in the middle class in many developing countries, and the desire of that middle class to seek out more unusual travel experiences.3. Pre-trip motivations of the volunteerOne of the deeper streams of research in volunteer tourism revolves around motivations, e.g. why a volunteer travels, and whether those motives are different from mainstream tourists. Much of the debate about the motivations for volunteer tourists centres around the “self-interest versus altruism” issue, which is certainly unique from mainstream tourism. Callanan and Thomas (2005) propose a conceptual framework of volunteer tourist motivation that includes three types based on six main criteria: destination, duration of project, focus of experience , qualifications, active versus passive participation, and level of contribution to locals. This framework creates a typology of target markets for volunteer tourism organizations. For instance, NGO‟s may wish to focus on the altruistic“deep volunteer,”where as the commercial tourism operator may focus on the more extrinsically-motivated “shallow volunteer” .Therefore we would suggest that there is a need to understand the motivations of the volunteer tourist. Brown (2005) and Callanan and Thomas (2005) generally found that there are four motivations that underpin volunteer tourism: (1) cultural immersion, (2) making a difference, (3)seeking camaraderie, and(4)family bonding. Similarly, Seibert and Benson (2009) found five main intrinsic motives: (1) to experience something different/new, (2) to meet African people, (3) to learn about another country and culture, (4) to live in another country, and (5) to broaden on e‟s mind.This line of research has led to the debate as to whether altruism or self-interest is the more dominant common theme in volunteer tourist motivations. Some researchers find it is an altruistic pursuit , while others maintain that “volunteers are not …born altruists‟; they can adopt any position on the continuum between pure altruism and pure egotism” . The latter would appear to provide us with a more inclusive, scientific platform approach to the variety of experiences and organizations that have evolved around this phenomenon; rather than thinking in terms of absolute dichotomy of altruism versus self-interest, volunteer tourists are quite able to possess multiple motivations simultaneously.Some have found connections between demographics differences and the self-interest versus altruism debate. The younger demographic in the volunteer tourism market may be the most likely to report self-interest as a primary motivator . Simpson (2004) suggests this is because most participate in volunteer tourism during a period of transition between school and tertiary education or work.Lo and Lee (2011) found nearly the exact findings in their work on motives of volunteer tourists from Hong Kong: cultural immersion and interaction with local people; desire to give back; shared experience with family members; religious involvement; and escape from everyday life.4.At the destination: a community-centred approachV olunteer tourists and volunteer tourism organizations make up two of the three major stakeholders of volunteer tourism. The host community forms the third, and some would argue most important, leg of the table. In general, the volunteer tourism literature has focused less attention on the host, either individually or as a community . Part of the reason for this lack of focus on the host may derive from the difficulty in identifying and including the full spectrum of stakeholders who may fall under the terms host and community. Issues of power and socio-economic status often preventthe full participation and inclusion of marginalized groups as part of the community. In addition to issues of defining and including all members of the community, tourists of all types tend to receive the lion‟s share of the attention when it comes to research for a number of reasons: Tourists are more accessible for researchers, as they often share similar socio-cultural backgrounds; tourists maybe more able to take the discretionary time needed to participate in a research project; there are more funding and support opportunities available for research targeting those who consume the tourism product than for those who produce it. Specific to volunteer tourism, members of the community are often inaccessible or unable to participate, due to socio-cultural, economic, or language differences, and hosts also often do not have an awareness of the scope and breadth of volunteer tourism activities within their communities, nor do they think of those outsiders coming to assist with programs as“volunteer tourists”.5. ConclusionAs the previous review indicates, the study of volunteer tourism stands on the cusp of opportunity. There are a number of debates emerging from the literature, including the fluid and multiple locations of volunteer tourism in the four platforms of research; the expansion of the theoretical foundations of volunteer tourism; the self-interest versus altruism debate; volunteer tourism organizations as agents of change or simply a new version of commodification; the opportunity for volunteer tourism to create a new paradigm in tourism that places the community at the centre; and the transformative potential of the post-trip volunteer tourist. Perhaps all of these debates and discussions fall under one larger, meta-debate, and that is the question of where volunteer tourism falls in the larger continuum of tourism. Is it merely another tourism niche, another minor blip on the tourism radar screen; is it an emerging, more sustainable form of tourism; or does it truly represent the potential for a major paradigm shift as a completely decommodified form of tourism? These are all exciting areas of discussion and research.The debates about what volunteer tourism offers the tourism industry and greater society will continue to be contentious and heavily dependent on rigorous, scientific-platform based research. We suggest over the next few years that research focus on which forms of volunteer tourism are most deserved of support, as well as the debate about ways to maximize the positive impacts while minimizing thenegative impacts for all involved. This, however, pales in comparison to the greater research question of the role volunteer tourism plays in civil society. Eventually it is hoped thatthese debates will be resolved and the emergence of the unique potential of volunteer tourism to create a decommodified and genuine human experience will come to the forefront.志愿者旅游的研究综述摘要:本文主要考察了志愿者旅游的当前情况,它既作为一个研究领域,并且作为一个现代的现象。
英语翻译——精选推荐
英语翻译The hotel clerk, with a little currency persuasion, would be able to find accommodation for you.这事可难为他了It really gave him a hard time.住在盖茨街的家家户户都得提桶到街边⽔龙头去取⽔Gates Avenue families carriedtheir pails for hydrant at the curb.英语和汉语在构词法、语⾔表达⽅式等⽅⾯有很⼤的不同。
有时,要确切地表达原⽂的内容必须改变英⽂的语⾔表达形式。
翻译中,恰当地进⾏词性转换是常⽤的基本⽅法。
汉语动词的使⽤频率⽐英⽂⾼,⾮常灵活多变。
即使⼀个短句⼦也可能有多个动词。
这是汉语的⼀⼤特点。
英语句法要求每个句⼦只能有⼀个谓语动词。
:⼀.英语中的⼀些词类与汉语动词在互译中的转换英语名词、动名词、形容词、介词和副词均可以转换成汉语动词1.英语名词与汉语动词的转换。
1.I’m afraid I can’t teach you to playbadminton. I think Johnny is a better teacher than I.2.She is a food lover.3.I am a fast learner.4. A glance through my room window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial. 5.Sweet dreams.6.It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset;it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans,or with noconsideration at a118. 我应向你道歉I owe you an apology2.英语形容词转换成汉语动词表⽰知觉、感情、欲望等⼼理状态的形容词与系词在⼀起构成的复合谓语,汉译时均可以转译成汉语动词。
英文证明信翻译样本(例如户口、婚姻证等)
结婚证英文翻译样本THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINAMARRIAGE CERTIFICATE(English Translation)XXX and XXX applied for marriage registration. After being examined, their application conforms to the Marriage Law of the People’s Republic of China. We give them the permission to register and hereby issue this marriage certificate. Ministry of Civil Affair of the People’s Republic of China (seal)Special Seal for Marriage Register of Haidian District, Beijing Civil Affairs BureauMarriage Register: (signature) XXXCertificate Holder: XXXRegistration Date: x/x/xxxMarriage Certificate No. xxxxxxxxName:Sex:Nationality: ChineseDate of Birth:ID Card:Name:Sex:Nationality: ChineseDate of Birth:ID Card:户口簿英文翻译样本I. Residence Booklet has legal effect to prove a citizen’s identity status and mutual relations among family members, and is the main basis for residence registration authority to investigate and confirm his/her registered permanent residence. In so doing, the household owner or members of this household shall, of his/her own free will, show the booklet.II. The household owner shall well keep the booklet, and is prohibited to modify, transfer or lend it. If loss arises, such shall be immediately reported to the residence registration authority.III. The registration right of the booklet belongs to residence registration authority, and any other organization or individual shall not make any record on it.IV. If the members are increased or decreased, or registration items change in this household, registration shall be declared to residence registration authority by holding the booklet.V. When the whole household moves out of residence jurisdictional area, the residence booklet shall be returned to residence registration authority for cancellation.NO.Type of household Non-agricultural household Name of household ownerHousehold No. AddressProvincial-level public security authority’s seal special for residence:Public Security Bureau of Beijing (seal)Household registration body’s seal special for residence:Stamp of handling person: xxxxxxx Police SubstationIssued on xxxxxxx房产证Certificate of Title to House PropertyPossessor : XXXXXXXLocation of the house : XXXXXXXXXXXXCharacter of the ownership : PrivateNO. of the place :No.1 District , No.1 Section 1772-19The structure of the building : MixNo. of the building : 19No. of the house : 602The amount of the floors of the house : 6The room is at the 6th floorThe acreage of the house: 122m2The house is used for : ResidenceAuthority :Nanjing Municipal Real Estate Administration (seal)The date of issue: Apr.15th , 2001收入证明Certificate of IncomeThis is to certify that Mr.XX,male, aged XX, born in XX City ,China ,the sum of his income is about XXX RMB annually, including the salary and the subsidies. The personal income tax is deducted by this unit on his behalf..............Tel: ..............工作证明信xxx xxx Co. Ltd126 Nanjing Road, Shanghai, PR ChinaJuly 11, 2000To Whom It May Concern:This is to certify that Mr. Wang has been working in our COMPANY as the Project Manager from June 1995 to July 2000,Mr Wang is a diligent and creative engineer, under his leadership, he successfully design a new product for our company, and the product also gained international patent. Mr. Wang also has a good sense of teamwork, he knows how to delegate and how to coordinate.Mr Wang has been entitled to a monthly salary RMB 6000, with house allowance for 1500 a month and he also was awarded a bonus for 25,000 last year for his outstanding performance.For further enquires, please feel free to contact me at +21 +2323244 or 1380 332 333Sincerely yours,xxxxx(Company Seal)Chief Executive Officer出生证明信Notarial Certificate(2003)H.X.Z.W.Z.NO.44556(English Translation)This is to certify that WANG Yun, female, was born on July 12,1977 in ShangHai. Her father is WANG Guorong and her mother is YANG Lihong.Shanghai Xuhui District Notary Public OfficeThe People’s Republic of China(Sealed)Notary Public:(Sealed)Dated: April 1,2003签证材料:工作和收入证明模板CERTIFICATE OF EMPLOY AND INCOMEThis is to certify that ****(male, born on Oct. 29,1975) was employed by ******from July 1998 to present. During this period Mr. ****worked very hard and have done a good job.According to records of personal income kept by the financial department of ****the details of ****'s annual income during this period are listed as follows (unit: MB/Yuan).Annual salary 11,820Allowance for post 11,000Bonus 10,000Total 32,820This is to certify the authenticity of all listed above.Certifier (signature):Tel:The Personal Section Of *****Dec. 31,2002工作证明模板INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BUREAU MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC AFFAIRS July 11, 1986To Whom It May Concern,This is to certify that Mr. Shu duly passed the qualification examination as a Mechanical Engineer and has been granted a certificate, Taikong No. 6314 dated February 3, 1982 to this effect by the Ministry of Economic Affairs.Particulars of the certificate follow:Name: ShuNative Place: Sichuan ProvinceDate of Birth: November, 1955Classification : Mechanical EngineeringSincerely yours,K. A. WangDirector General经济担保书和工作证明的样式下面将经济担保书和工作证明的样式列出来,他们是没有固定样式的,请大家根据自己的实际情况改动,不要照搬,说明了下面里面的内容即可。
英文段落翻译
Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon was a stern challenge. Consider these factors : a 1.5 million action movie that was to be a poignant, tragic romance. Fight choreographer, Yuen Wo-ping (of international acclaim for The Matrix), was bound to tangle with soft-spoken, but stubborn, Lee. A topflight pan-Asian cast featuring Chow Yun Fat (Hong Kong), Michelle Yeoh (Malaysia), Zhang Ziyi (Beijing) and Chang Chen (Taiwan), with only 19year-old ingénue, Zhang, speaking the classical mainland Mandarin that Lee demanded.
我的国家,人们总是毫不犹豫地收养无家可 归的猫狗们。可是在迪拜,你却很难发现 养宠物的家庭。原因不仅仅是相关法律较 为严格,更重要的是,这里的人对养宠物 既没有时间也没有兴趣。我很难想象在孩 子的成长过程中,怎么能缺少和小狗一起 嬉戏的乐趣。
Before long, plastic may transform its image from ecovillain to environment hero, thanks to “smart” plastics now in development. These could allow vehicles to eliminate ozone-depending emissions and help windows store and make use of the sun’s heat. Perhaps by then, the name itself will morph from a pejorative jab into a genuine compliment. The Molding of the World Time [译文]目前,“智能”塑料正在开发之中,这种材料不 仅能消除汽车排放的破坏臭氧的废气,还可以让窗户储存 和利用太阳的热量。不久的将来,塑料的形象将从生态魔 鬼摇身一变为环保英雄。也许到那时,塑料一词的含义将 从恶意的挖苦转成真正的赞美。
段落翻译 中英文对照
1. The Dragon Boat Festival, also called the Duanwu Festival, is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar. For thousands of years, the festival has been marked by eating Tzung Tzu and racing dragon boats.The most important activities of this festival are the dragon boat races. Competing teams drive their colorful dragon boats forward to the rhythm(节奏,韵律) of beating drums. These exciting races were inspired by the villager's attempts to rescue Chu Yuan from the Mi Lo River. This tradition has remained unbroken for centuries.A very popular dish during the Dragon Boat festival is tzung tzu. This tasty dish consists of rice dumplings with meat, peanut, egg yolk(蛋黄), or other fillings wrapped in bamboo leaves. The tradition of tzung tzu is meant to remind us of the village fishermen scattering rice across the water of the Mi Low River in order to appease the river dragons so that they would not devour Chu Yuan.一,端午节龙舟节也叫做端午节,它位于每年农历的五月初五,经过几千年的时间,划龙舟和吃粽子已经成为这个节日的标志。
外刊英文原版+中文翻译
We’ll Be Less Touchy-feely and Far More Wary我们会更少地跟别人身体接触,并且会在这方面会更加谨慎In a normal week, it’s hard to count how many times we come into physical contact with other human beings. For many who are isolating alone, this may be the longest period in their lives that they’ve gone without skin-to-skin human touch. We are faced with the problem of how to return to reality. How do we interact with each other in a way that keeps us safe but doesn’t offend?在平时正常的一周里,很难计算出我们与其他人进行身体接触的次数。
对于许多独自隔离的人来说,这可能是他们一生中最长的一段没有与人有肌肤接触的时间。
我们面临着一个如何回归现实的问题:我们如何以确保我们安全但又不会冒犯到别人的方式来相互交流?Now we’re preparing to go out into the world once more, all those ingrained habits may have to stop. The double-air-kiss beloved by the French could be a vector of transmission; the warm embrace of Italians greeting potentially too dangerous.现在,我们正准备再次进入到这个世界(回归到正常生活),所有那些根深蒂固的习惯可能都必须停止。
笔译汉译英翻译材料
笔译汉译英翻译材料笔译汉译英翻译材料下面是两篇汉译英的翻译材料,大家能把他们翻译出来吗?每一段后面都有相应的英文翻译,大家可以参考看看哦。
Passage 12000年,中国建成北斗导航试验系统,这使中国成为继美、俄之后世界上第三个拥有自主卫星导航系统的国家。
In 2000, China produced the Beidou Navigation Testing System, which made China the third country possessing the autonomous navigation system after the United States and Russia.虽然目前它的定位精度与GPS还有一定的差距,但它具备了GPS 所没有的短报通信和位置报告的功能。
在没有手机信号的地方,用户也可以通过该系统发送短信。
Although the system is inferior to GPS in terms of its positioning precision, it has functions GPS does not possess, including text message communication and reporting of position. Every at places without access to cellphone signals, cellphone users can still send text message via this system.2008年四川汶川大地震后,灾区电话无法接通,手机信号中断。
救援人员将北斗导航终端带入灾区,及时保持了与外界的通讯联络。
In the Wenchuan Earthquake in 2008, the telephone communication in the area was cut off due to failure of the cellphone signals. Bringing Beidou Navigation system terminals into the earthquake stricken area, the rescue teams managed to maintain the area’s contact with the outside world.该系统的'位置报吿功能可以帮助交通管理部门掌握行驶车辆的位置,及时疏导交通,缓解交通拥堵状况。
英汉互译口译材料
英汉互译口译材料英汉互译口译材料一、概述英汉互译是口译中常见的一种形式,它要求翻译者能够在听到英语原文后准确地表达出中文意思,或在听到中文原文后准确地表达出英语意思。
这种口译形式需要翻译者具备良好的听力、口语和翻译能力,同时还需要具备一定的专业知识和语言背景。
二、英汉互译技巧1. 重点把握在进行英汉互译时,要注意抓住原文的重点,理解其核心意思。
可以通过对关键单词、短语和句子进行标记或划线的方式来帮助自己记忆和理解。
2. 精细化处理在翻译过程中,要尽可能地将原文精细化处理成符合目标语言习惯的表达方式。
在将英文转换成中文时,要注意使用正确的汉字和语法结构;而将中文转换成英文时,则需要遵循英语表达习惯,并保证句子通顺、符合逻辑。
3. 意境再现为了更好地传递原文所表达的情感和意境,翻译者需要在翻译过程中注意情感的表达。
在将英文转换成中文时,要注意使用恰当的修辞手法和表达方式,以便更好地再现原文所表达的情感。
三、英汉互译实例以下是一些英汉互译实例,供大家参考:1. 英文原文:I'm sorry, I can't make it to the meeting today.中文翻译:很抱歉,我今天不能参加会议。
2. 中文原文:请问这个菜单有英文版吗?英文翻译:Excuse me, is there an English version of this menu?3. 英文原文:Could you please give me a hand with this?中文翻译:你能帮我一下吗?4. 中文原文:这个项目需要投入大量的时间和精力。
英文翻译:This project requires a lot of time and effort.5. 英文原文:I'm afraid I can't agree with you on that.中文翻译:恐怕我不能同意你的看法。
四、总结英汉互译是口译中常见的形式,它要求翻译者具备良好的听力、口语和翻译能力,并能够准确地表达出原意。
汉译英翻译范文
英语翻译范文这篇文章很适合,这是一篇阅读理解。
全句的意思为“我们很爱吃,但是往往在吃完之后又有负罪感”。
2.M be obsessed with 为固定搭配,原意为“被……附上/缠住/迷住心窍”,放在本句表示“十分重视”。
全句的意思为“我们很关心健康和减肥,但肥胖却又空前地在蔓延”。
3. A 本句缺一个名词作主语,并且根据和介词to的搭配,可以推断出正确选项answer. 4. I本句根据more和ways可以判断出需要填入一个形容词构成比较级,根据上下文,表示“旨在禁止酗酒的禁酒令,却激发了更多新奇的方法来酗酒”,可以确定I为正确选项。
5. F 本题较难。
根据be 和by 确定应填入一个过去分词。
再根据上下文,上文表示“应该吃典型的美国人吃的食物”,下文通过 but 转折,表示实际上“美国的食物已经被诸如比萨和热狗这样的舶来品所诠释了”,因此可以确定F为正确选项。
6.B政治结果,可根据宗教原因religious reasons来推断此处填政治结果。
7. L由于横线后面没有宾语,可以确定不是形成bring的短语,这样本句所缺的为一名词,做bring的宾语。
根据下文解释,“美国人对他们所吃的食物的态度是矛盾的”,可以推出本句意义为“坚定的观点也不是确定不变的”。
9. J本句缺一个名词作主语,并且根据和介词in的搭配,可以推断出正确选项belief,(have)belief in sth.“ 相信……”。
10. C本句是一般现在时,缺一个动词,且和with 搭配,确定选项为share, share sth. with sb.,“与某人分享某事”。
最后一天的英文-简单的英语作文翻译(汉译英)正文:假如今天是我也有可能是车祸,那样的突如其来。
我能预知死亡然后珍惜吗?我会做的无非是一些平常的事情,就像昨天今天一样。
It is also possibility an traffic accident, such suddenly。
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债权人(商业银行)视角的企业经营业绩评价体系设计框架———基于工业工程理论严化川(东南大学,江苏南京210000,中信银行南京分行,江苏南京210000)摘要:每个企业都是一个复杂的、有生命力和连续变化的“社会—技术”系统。
系统本身与周围环境有着物质和能量的交换。
在公司进行财务活动的过程当中,最为典型的“物质和能量”交换便是现金的交换。
现金的流动带动了公司相关的供应链和价值链的正常运转。
公司的筹资、投资和股利分配三大理财活动构成企业现金交换的完整过程。
作为企业融资的主要提供者的商业银行,面对为数众多的数额巨大的资金需求者,深刻感到单纯以企业个体信誉或对企业状况的主观判断和经验估测作为贷款的依据,必然身陷泥潭,血本无归。
因此债权人(商业银行)必须对企业经营业绩进行自主的评价。
本文基于工业工程理论,对债权人(商业银行)视角的企业经营业绩评价体系设计框架进行浅析,以期基于此框架所设计的企业经营业绩评价体系能够帮助债权人实现维护自身利益的目标。
关键词:中图分类号:F832 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1008-4428(2009)08-71-03企业业绩的测试、评价与改进,是组织系统管理的重要组成部分。
作为企业融资的主要提供者的商业银行,面对为数众多的数额巨大的资金需求者,深刻感到单纯以企业个体信誉或对企业状况的主观判断和经验估测作为贷款的依据,必然身陷泥潭,血本无归。
因此债权人(商业银行)必须对企业经营业绩进行自主的评价,并且作为企业业绩的评价主体,必须基于自己的视角构建企业经营业绩评价体系,以满足自身对企业经营业绩评价的需求。
基于债权人视角的企业经营业绩评价体系的框架结构应当由评价理念、评价程序、评价方法和评价指标共同构成,它是商业银行以防范信用风险和操作风险为目标的内控制度的重要环节。
一、确立正确的评价理念管理首先是一种理念,管理的实践是一项系统工程,管理是在一定的理念指导下为了实现现实目标的系统工程。
评价理念是指导企业经营业绩评价的基本原则,是整个评价体系运行的前提。
根据工业工程的基本原理,我们应当确立系统变异的观点,从全局\ 整体系统思考的观点,以及价值定向的观点。
(一)系统或过程/流程变异的观点分析和掌握系统或过程/流程变异的观点是工业工程建立有效的测量系统的重要出发点。
设计企业经营业绩评价体系,需要考虑组织背景对企业经营业绩评价的影响。
这里所说的组织背景是指企业的生产经营活动所面临的外部环境和内部环境,包括外部环境、技术、组织战略、组织结构、规模、文化等变量。
工业工程理论提出:企业是一个复杂的,有生命,连续变化,“今天和昨天不一样”的大系统,具有时变的动态特征。
近些年来,经济全球化使企业变得更加复杂化和动态化,企业面对市场变化、竞争规则、经济、市场和资源条件都同已有的经验极不同,企业面临着日益增大的商务风险,并且这种风险还处在不断变化当中。
因而在设计企业业绩评价体系时,我们必须按照工业工程所指出的那样,利用数据统计方法和量化分析掌握系统或过程/流程的变异,了解变异的本质,并对之实施管理控制。
鉴于了解工作性能/业绩方面统计思考起着更加关键的作用,我们应当按照以下要点进行统计思考:1、所有的工作都是相互关联的过程或流程的一部分。
2、变化(变异或变差)总是存在于每个过程/流程中。
3、85%以上的问题是过程流程变化造成的。
4、过程决策必须建立在合适的过程数据基础上。
(二)从全局/整体进行系统思考的观点工业工程遵循系统论与系统工程与分析的观点,处理任何问题都必须从全局/整体、全过程、全寿命的角度进行调查、测试、研究、分析、评价与决策,按全潜力发挥为准绳,匹配、整合、系统地集成规划、实施与测评。
从全局/整体进行系统思考的观点,就是指设计企业经营业绩评价体系时,不仅需要注意系统要素的完整性,而且要注意系统要素之间的关联性。
一切事物都是相互关联、相互依赖的,系统是一个整体,有一定的运行环境和一定的寿命期。
工业工程理论指出:系统是由相互关联的功能实体组成的,构成系统的组元是相互关联与相互作用的,形成协同机制支配下的自组织整体。
基于债权人视角的企业业绩评价体系包括评价理念,评价程序方法和评价指标等基本要素,如果系统要素不完整,缺少任何一个基本要素都可能影响评价系统实施的效果和效率,如果要素之间不协调,甚至矛盾,那么也会限制业绩评价系统作用的有效发挥。
因此,我们必须按照工业工程的观点,在组织业绩测量系统的设计与运行时抓住系统的改进和优化,使组织系统整体达到更好的业绩。
(三)价值定向的观点工程活动是价值定向的,在工程活动中的人———物关系主要是价值关系。
评价工程活动的标准是价值标准。
一个系统是有‘目的’的。
公司治理的利益相关者理论告诉我们,经济价值是由这样一些人创造的,这些人自愿聚集在一起,通过合作来改善各自的现状。
债权人作为利益相关者,首先应当是具有自我利益保护动机的现实社会主体,其不仅应与企业之间存在着直接的利益关系,而且应具有自我利益保护的愿望和诉求。
商业银行基于债权人视角的企业经营业绩评价体系理所当然地应当以实现债权人的价值目的为标尺。
我们在建立企业经营业绩评价体系时,无论是评价指标的选择还是评价方法的确定,都要从债权人的利益角度出发去设计,以衡量债权人价值实现为导向。
工业工程关于企业的目的不再只是“为老板赚钱”,而是“使受益者完全满意”(TSS,Total Stakenolder Satisfaction)。
为了达到TSS,企业的目标是“将来同现在一样赚钱”,以净利润、投资回报率、现金流三个指标度量企业业绩,用产销量、库存和运行费用测度企业的运作,以“产销量最大化,库存与运行费用最小化”作为优化企业运作的目标判据的论述,已经让我们找到了企业目标与债权人利益的契合点。
构建符合债权人利益和需求的企业业绩评价体系,并且通过这种评价影响企业的业绩结果。
从而充分利用自己的资源优势以及企业的“资源依赖”。
根据一个组织依赖收益相关者的程度取决于特殊资源对组织的重要性,以及掌握资源的人对资源的垄断程度,乃至这些人对资源的分配的决定权的原理,促使企业组织对债权人利益给予更多的关注和重视。
促进企业管理真正“使受益者完全满意”。
从而达到保障债权人利益的目标。
二、设计科学的评价程序和方法商业银行对企业经营业绩评价方法在实施时通常都是以企业对外提供的财务报告为主要的信息来源进行财务分析。
究竟应当怎样进行财务分析,在财务分析中又应该怎样注意什么问题,工业工程关于组织系统业绩/性能的测定的有关论述给我们指明了一条科学的路径。
工业工程理论指出:一个组织的管理系统可以由三个要素组成,即:谁进行管理,管理什么,和如何实现管理。
循着这条路径,我们可以按照以下程序和方法对企业经营业绩进行分析。
(一)系统了解企业的会计政策工业工程理论精辟地指出:“业绩测定与会计方法相关”。
企业会计方法是由企业的会计政策决定的。
所谓会计政策,是指企业进行会计核算和编制会计报表时所采用的具体原则、方法和程序。
进一步说,企业的会计政策,是指企业对会计原则以及报告的原则和程序的决策。
会计准则的实施,企业经理人员有了相当大的选择会计程序的权力。
在实际生活中,由于利益驱动甚至个人偏好等原因,这种权力甚至存在滥用的可能,因而使得对于企业会计政策及其变更的了解更加成为必要。
会计变动与企业风险的变化密切相关。
不同的会计人员从相同的事实中得到并提供不同的会计数据,其理由是会计人员可自由地在一套会计程序中作出选择,并且不得不进行主观估计(如折旧)。
由此可见,进行财务分析的前提就是系统地了解企业的会计政策,构成这些会计政策的会计程序和方法,以及会计程序的差异、会计程序的变动以及会计政策变更的理由,并且密切注意有关会计程序的使用和它对收益的影响。
(二)努力跟踪企业的会计循环,为财务分析提供真实的依据当我们了解了企业采用的全部重大会计政策,以及企业会计处理方法的变更情况、变更原因及其对财务状况和经营成果的影响之后,为要正确地进行财务分析,我们还必须努力跟踪企业的会计循环。
会计信息的产生过程是一个输入———输出系统。
会计信息生产过程可以看成将输入(I)、转换/变换(T)成输出(O)的系统。
其输入包括原始资料数据,输出包括会计报表及其相关信息,变换可以通过会计核算来实现。
这一过程用会计术语来表达就是“会计循环”。
会计循环是指企业在每一会计期间由分析经济业务、编制会计凭证开始、经过记帐、试算、调整、结算至决算报表的全部会计过程。
我们只有跟踪企业的会计循环,对于跟踪检查中发现的数据失真,不论是无意间的技术性错误,抑或是精心筹划的编造,都应予以调整,以使提供进行财务分析的会计数据达到计算上正确合理,含义上科学规范这种完全意义上的真实。
跟踪检查的主要目标应当归结到企业的财务状况特别是资金状况上。
财务状况是经营状况的综合反映,资金状况是财务状况的直接反映。
可对企业生产经营中的资金、成本、盈利这几个方面总括起来进行统一评价,现金流转所体现的企业的变现能力与偿债能力,是企业流动性强弱的的基本构成要素。
企业的流动性依赖于符合要求的现金流转。
没有流动性的企业是没有活力的、甚至要倒闭的企业。
基于上述理解基础上经过跟踪与检查的会计信息才是进行财务分析有用的信息。
需要指出的是,上述跟踪和检查,当然常常可以通过社会审计来进行。
但是,如果仅仅依存于企业公布的财务报表,仅仅将分析的范围局限在外部,那我们分析的结果将在很大程度上受公布报表所包含的资料的数量和质量的制约,分析的结果将完全取决于报表的可靠性,而这样做的结果,已经为许多事实证明往往是很不可靠的。
因此按照银行信用风险的管理包括的贷款风险管理,审贷分离,贷后管理,贷款稽核等相关的要求,深入实际进行调查就显得十分必要了。
(三)在联系中研究财务指标工业工程理论指出:构成系统的组元是相互关联与相互作用的,形成协同机制支配下的自组织整体。
企业的经营活动是相互联系错综复杂的,各评价指标之间存在着逻辑关系、因果关系与行为关系等,必须在联系中研究财务指标,把各种财务指标有机地联系起来,科学地进行财务分析。
事实表明,在财务分析中,任何一项财务比率都不足以判断企业的财务状况和经营成果。
只有分析了一组比率,才能作出合理的判断。
而对一个企业财务状况和经营成果的综合评价,则更需要从多重角度进行。
同时,在会计核算中,即使企业已经力求会计核算的准确性,但是由于有些经济业务本身就具有不确定性,因而需要根据经验判断作出估计,这就使得会计报表提供的信息常常具有近似的性质。
因此对于企业经营业绩与财务状况的认识,还需要在生动活泼的经济实践中寻找答案。
工业工程理论提出:当代不断爆出的公司丑闻都和测量业绩的数据相关,所以必须保证测量业绩的可靠性。
测量系统与数据的清晰度(能见度)已经成为增强辨识的测量系统的关键组元。