2004年博士生入学考试试题
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题
武汉大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题Part ⅠReading Comprehension (30%)Directions:There are 4 reading passages in this part.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D．Y ou should decide on the best choice and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets.Questions 1 to 5 are based on the following passage.All types of stress study, whether under laboratory or real-life situations, study mechanisms for increasing the arousal level of the brain.The brain blood flow studies show that reciting the days of the week and months of the year increases blood flow in appropriate areas, whereas problem solving which demands intense concentration of a reasoning type produces much larger changes in the distribution of blood in the brain.Between these basic studies of brain function and real life situations there is still a considerable gap, but reasonable deduction seems possible to try and understand what happens to the brain.Life consists of a series of events which may be related to work or to our so-called leisure time. Work may be relatively automatic—as with typing, for instance, it requires intense concentration and repetition during the learning phase to establish a pattern in the brain. Then the typist's fingers automatically move to hit the appropriate keys as she reads the words on the copy.However, when she gets tired she makes mistakes much more frequently. To overcome this she has to raise her level of arousal and concentration but beyond a certain point the automatic is lost and thinking about hitting the keys leads to more mistakes.Other jobs involve intense concentration such as holding bottles of wine up to a strong light and turning them upside down to look for particles of dirt falling down. This sounds quite easy but experience teaches that workers can do this for only about thirty minutes before they start making a mistake. This is partly because the number of occasions with dirt in the bottle is low and the arousal level, therefore, fails.Scientists have shown that devices to raise arousal level will increase the accuracy of looking for relatively rare events. A recent study of the effect of loss of sleep in young doctors showed that in tests involving a challenge to their medical judgment whenshort of sleep they raised their arousal level and became better at tests of grammatical reasoning as well.1．According to the brain blood flow studies, problem solving ______.A．increases blood flow in some areas of the brainB．causes changes in the distribution of blood in the brainC．demands intense concentration of blood in certain areasD．is based on the ability to recite the time2．The author believes that ______.A．the results obtained in the laboratory exactly reflects the real-life situationsB．the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations is too large to fill upC．the gap between the laboratory studies and real-life situations can be closed by proper reasoningD．the difference between the laboratory studies and real-life situations will be reduced3．When a typist gets tired, ______.A．she has to try hard to raise her automatic B．she can type only automaticallyC．she cannot think about what she is doing D．she can seldom type automatically4．Examining bottles of wine is hard work because ______.A．the bottles must be held upside down B．it is difficult to see the particles of dirtC．it requires high level of automatic D．most bottles are all right5．According to the author, a key factor in the ability to reason is ______.A．the subject's knowledge of grammarB．the amount of sleep the subject has hadC．the level of arousal of the subjectD．the extent to which the subject has been taught to reasonQuestions 6 to 10 are based on the following passage.Auctions are public sales of goods, conducted by an officially approved auctioneer. He asks the crowd assembled in the auction-mom to make offers, or “bids”, for the various items on sale. He encourages buyers to bid higher figures, and finally names the highest bidder as the buyer of the goods.This is called “knocking down” the goods, for the bidding ends when the auctioneer bangs a small hammer on a table at which he stands. This is often set on a raised platform called arostrum.The ancient Romans probably invented sales by auction, and the English word comes from the Latin auctio, meaning “increase”.The Romans usually sold in this way the spoils taken in war;these sales were called sub basra, meaning “under the spear”, a spear being stuck in the ground as a signal for a crowd to gather. In England in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries goods were often sold “by the candle”: a short candle was lit by the auctioneer, and bids could be made while it stayed alight.Practically all goods whose qualities vary are sold by auction. Among these are coffee, hides, skins, wool, tea, cocoa, furs, spices, fruit, vegetables and wines. Auction sales are also usual for land and property, antique furniture, pictures, rare books, old china and similar works of art. The auction rooms at Christie's and Sothehy's in London and New Y ork are world famous.An auction is usually advertised beforehand with full particulars of the articles to be sold and where and when they can be viewed by prospective buyers. If the advertisement cannot give full details, catalogues are printed, and each group of goods to be sold together, called a “lot”, is usually given a number.The auctioneer need not begin with Lot 1 and continue in numerical order; he may wait until he registers the fact that certain dealers are in the room and then produce the lots they are likely to be interested in. The auctioneer's services are paid for in the form of a percentage of the price the goods are sold for.The auctioneer therefore has a direct interest in pushing up the bidding as high as possible.The auctioneer must know fairly accurately the current market values of the goods he is selling, and he should be acquainted with regular buyers of such goods. He will not waste time by starting the bidding too low. He will also play on the rivalries among his buyers and succeed in getting a high price by encouraging two business competitors to bid against each other.It is largely on his advice that a seller will fix a “reserve” price, that is, a price below which the goods cannot be sold.Even the best auctioneers, however, find it difficult to stop a “knock out”, whereby dealers illegally arrange beforehand not to bid against each other, but nominate one of themselves as the only bidder, in the hope of buying goods at extremely low prices.If such a “knock-out” comes off, the real auction sale takes place privately afterwards among the dealers.6．A candle used to burn at auction sales ______.A．because they took place at night B．as a signal for the crowd to gatherC．to keep the auctioneer warm D．to limit the time when offers could be made 7．An auction catalogue gives prospective buyers ______.A．the current market values of the goods B．details of the goods to be soldC．the order in which goods must be sold D．free admission to the auction sale8．The auctioneer may decide to sell the “lots” out of order because ______.A．he sometimes wants to confuse the buyersB．he knows from experience that certain people will want to buy certain itemsC．he wants to keep certain people waitingD．he wants to reduce the number of buyers9．An auctioneer likes to get high prices for the goods he sells because ______.A．then he earns more himselfB．the dealers are pleasedC．the auction-rooms become world famousD．it keeps the customers interested10．A “knock out” is arranged ______.A．to keep the price in the auction room lowB．to allow one dealer only to make a profitC．to increase the auctioneer's profitD．to help the auctioneerQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Whenever two or more unusual traits or situations are found in the same place, it is tempting to look for more than a coincidental relationship between them.The high Himalayas and the Tibetan plateau certainly have extraordinary physical characteristics and the cultures which are found there are also unusual, though not unique.However there is no intention of adopting Montesquieu's view of climate and soil as cultural determinants. The ecology of a region merely poses some of the problems faced by the inhabitants of the region, and while the problems facing a culture are important to its development, they do not determine it.The appearance of the Himalayas during the late Tertiary Period and the accompanying further raising of the previously established rages had a marked effect on the climate of the region. Primarily, of course, it blocked the Indian monsoon (季风) from reaching Central Asia.at all.Secondarily, air and moisture from other directions were also reduced.Prior to the raising of the Himalayas, the land now forming the Tibetan uplands had a dry, continental climate with vegetation and animal life similar to that of much of the rest of the region on the same parallel, but somewhat different than that of the areas farther north, which were already drier.With the coming of the Himalayas and the relatively sudden drying out of the region, there was a severe thinning out of the animal and plant population.The ensuing incomplete Pleistocene glaciations (冰蚀) had a further thinning effect, but significantly did not wipe out life in the area. Thus after the end of the glaciation there were only a few varieties of life extant from the original continental species. Isolated by the Kunlun range from the Tarim basin and Turfan depression, species which had already adapted to the dry steppe climate, and would otherwise have been expected to flourish in Tibetan, the remaining native fauna and flora (动植物) multiplied.Armand describes the Tibetan fauna as not having great variety, but being “striking” in the abundance of the particular species that are present.The plant life is similarly limited in variety, with some observers finding no more than seventy varieties of plants in even the relatively fertile Eastern Tibetan valleys, with fewer than ten food crops.Tibetan “tea” is a major staple, perhaps replacing the unavailable vegetables.The difficulties of living in an environment at once dry and cold, and populated with species more usually found in more hospitable climates, are great.These difficulties may well have influenced the unusual polyandrous ( 一妻多夫制)societies typical of the region. Lattimore sees the maintenance of multiple-husband households as being preserved from earlier forms by the harsh conditions of the Tibetan uplands, which permitted no experimentation and “froze” the cultures which came there.Kawakita, on the other hand, sees the polyandry as a way of easily permitting the best householder to become the head husband regardless of age.His detailed studies of the Bhotea village of Tsumje do seem to support this idea of polyandry as a method of talent mobility is a situation where even the best talent is barely enough for survival.In sum, though arguments can be made that a pre-existing polyandrous system was strengthened and preserved (insofar as it has been) by the rigors of the land, it would certainly be an overstatement to lay causative factors of any stronger nature to the ecological influences in this case.11．What are the “unusual traits or situations” referred to in the first sentence?A．Patterns of animal and plant growth.B．Food and food preparation patterns of the upland Tibetans.C．Social and familial organization of typical Tibetan society.D．All of the above.12．The purpose of the passage is to ______.A．analyze the possible causal links between Tibetan ecology and societyB．describe the social organization of typical Tibetan villagesC．describe Tibetan fauna and floraD．analyze the mysteries of the sudden appearance of the Himalayas13．The author's knowledge of Tibet is probably ______.A．based on firsthand experience B．the result of lifelong studiesC．derived from books only D．limited to geological history14．According to the passage, which of the following would probably be the most agreeable to Montesquieu?A．All regions have different soils and thus, different cultures.B．Some regions with similar climates will have similar cultures.C．Cultures in the same area, sharing soil and climate, will be essentially identical.D．The plants of a country, by being the food of its people, cause the people to have similar views to one another.15．The species of fauna and flora remaining in Tibet after the Pleistocene glaciation can properly be called continental because they ______.A．are originally found in continental climatesB．are the only life forms in Tibet, which is as big as a continentC．have been found in other parts of the Asian continentD．are found in land mass that used to be a separate continentQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.Opponents of affirmative action say the battle over the use of race in college admissions is hardly over, despite the Supreme Court's ruling Monday upholding the goal of a diverse student body. Higher education leaders overwhelmingly hailed the decision, saying it reaffirmed policies used by most selective colleges and universities. But some critics raised the possibility of morelawsuits, and promised to continue pressuring the Department of Education's Office of Civil Rights to investigate questionable policies.“We're talking about admissions programs, scholarships, any program, only for minorities or in which the standards used to judge admissions are substantially different.” says Linda Chavez, founder and president of the Center for Equal Opportunity, a conservative non-profit group.Others say they'll take their case to voters.“We have to seriously contest all this at the ballot box.” says University of California regent Ward Cannerly, who helped win voter approval of California's Proposition 209, which prohibits considering race or gender in public education, hiring and contracting. Because of that law, Monday's ruling had no practical impact in the state.“It may be time for us to...let the (Michigan) voters decide if they want to use race as a factor in admissions.” Connerly said Monday.Meanwhile, cation Secretary Rod Paige, consistent with President Bush's stance opposing affirmative action, said the Department of Education will “continue examining and highlighting effective race-neutral approaches to ensure broad access to and diversity within our public institutions”. Even Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, in one of the opinions, recommended that states look for lessons in race-neutral programs being tried in California and elsewhere. While the ruling said admissions officials may consider race in the selection process, colleges and universities are not obligated to do so.“Ultimately in the debate, diversity is a choice, not a legal mandate.” says Arthur Colema n, a former Department of Education official who now helps colleges and universities ensure constitutional policies.The public, too, remains conflicted, largely along racial lines. According to a January poll by the non-profit research organization Public Agenda, 79% of Americans said it is important for colleges to have a racially diverse student body, while just 54% said affirmative action programs should continue. In a Gallup poll conducted days before the ruling, 49% of adults said they favor affirmative action and 43% did not, with blacks and Hispanics far more likely to favor the practice than whites.And some educators doubt that with Monday′s ruling, those opposing affirmative action will change their minds.For now, admissions officials and university lawyers are poring over the ruling to determine how or whether to adjust policies.While most tend to be closed-mouthed about admissions policies, many say they don't expect significant changes.16．What the critics said in the first paragraph amounts to the idea that ______.A．no admission policies based on race should be implementedB．minority applicants should be given favorable considerationsC．different standards for admitting minority students should be set upD．selective colleges and universities should be punished for their discriminatory polic ies 17．Connerly insists that the Court's ruling should ______.A．win approval from Californian voters before it is put in effectB．be contested by the Michigan voters with an opinion pollC．be applied in some states before it is extended to other statesD．produce the intended practical effect before it is widely accepted18．What is the attitude of the Department of Education towards affirmative action?A．Neutrality.B．Objection.C．Approval.D．Indifference.19．Which of the following is TRUE about affirmative action according to the text?A．A vast majority of people support it.B．The minorities claim it to be a discriminatory policy.C．The minority students are more likely to welcome it.D．The Court's decision will certainly change people's attitude to it.20．It can be inferred from the text that one of the major objectives of affirmative action is to ______.A．ensure race-neutral programs are set up in college and universitiesB．adapt the Supreme Court's ruling to college situationsC．formulate the right policies for college admissionsD．discourage the practice of racial discrimination in college admissionsPart ⅡEnglish-Chinese T ranslation (25%)Directions: Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.Computers are permeating almost every aspect of our lives, including many areas previously untouched by technology.(1)But unlike such other pervasive technologies as electricity, television and the motor car, computers are on the whole less reliable and less predictable in their behavior. This is because they are discrete state digital electronic devices that are prone to totaland catastrophic puter systems, when they are “down”, are completely down, unlike electromechanical devices, which may be only partially down and are thus partially usable.Computers enable enormous quantities of information to be stored, retrieved, and transmitted at great speed on a scale not possible before.(2)This is all very well, but it has serious implications for data security and personal privacy because computers are inherently insecure. The recent activities of hackers and data thieves in the United States, Germany, and Britain have shown how all-too-easy it still is to break into even the most-sophisticated financial and military systems. The list of scares perpetrated by the new breed of hi-tech criminals, ranging from fraud in airline-ticket reservations to the reprogramming of the chips inside mobile phones, is growing puter systems are often incredibly complex-so complex, in fact, that they are not always understood even by their creators (although few are willing to admit it). This often makes them completely unmanageable.Unmanageable complexity can result in massive foul-ups or spectacular budget “runaways”.For example, Jeffrey Rothfeder in Business Week reports that Bank of America in 1988 had to abandon a $20 million computer system after spending five years and a further $60 million trying to make it work. Allstate Insurance saw the cost of its new system rise from $8 million to a staggering $100 million and estimated completion was delayed from 1987 to 1903．Moreover, the problem seems to be getting worse: in 1988 the American Arbitration. Association took on 190 computer disputes, most of which involved defective systems.The claims totaled $200 million—up from only $31 million in 1984．(3)Complexity can also result in disaster: no computer is 100 percent guaranteed because it is virtually impossible to anticipate all sorts of critical applications, such as saving lives, flying air craft, running nuclear power stations, transferring vast sums of money, and controlling missile systems—sometimes with tragic consequences.For example, between 1982and 1987, some twenty-two servicemen died in five separate crashes of the United States Air Force's sophisticated Blackhawk helicopter before the problem was traced to its computer-based “fly-by-wire” system. At least two people died after receiving overdoses of radiation emitted by the computerized. There are 25 X-ray machines, and there are many other examples of fatal computer-based foul-ups.Popular areas for less life-threatening computer malfunctions include telephone billing and telephone switching software, bank statements and bank-teller machines, electronic funds-transfersystems, and motor-vehicle license data bases.Although computers have often taken the “blame”on these occasions, the ultimate cause of failure in most cases is, in fact, human error.Every new technology creates new problems—as well as new benefits—for society, and computers are no exception. (4)But digital computers have rendered society especially vulnerable to hardware and software malfunctions.Sometimes industrial robots go crazy, while heart pacemakers and automatic garage door openers are rendered useless by electromagnetic radiation or “electronic smog” emitted from point-of-sale terminals, personal computers, and video games.Automated teller machines (A TMs) and pumps at gas stations are closed down because of unforeseen software snafus.The cost of all this downtime is huge.(5)For example, it has been reported that British businesses suffer around thirty major mishaps a year. Revolving losses running into millions of pounds. These are caused by machine or human error and do not include human misuse in the form of fraud and sabotage. The cost of failures in domestically produced software in the United Kingdom alone is conservatively estimated at $900 million per year. In 1989, a British Computer Society committee reported that much software was now so complex that current skills in safety assessment were inadequate and that therefore the safety of people could not be guaranteed.Part ⅢChinese-English T ranslation (25%)Directions: Translate the following short paragraph into English and write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET.1．一位负责扶贫工作的官员说，到2004年底，尽管大多数贫困人口将解决温饱问题，然而还将有一些生活极端贫困的人们，他们还需要政府资助。
东北师范大学2004博英语+参考答案
东北师范大学博士入学英语试题（2004）Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Part II Vocabulary and Structure (20%)Direction: Below each sentence there are four words ear ked A.B.C.D. Choose the one that is closest in seining to the underlined word in the sentence or that best completes the sentence. Write the corresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.1.My brother knows so much about the stars that I am sure it would be impossible to find his_______A. equivalentB. equityC. equalityD. equal2. The young couple had made their fortunes be developing a _______travel business at homeA. beneficialB. profitableC. regenerativeD. financial3. The two scientists working independently made the same invention________A. spontaneouslyB. simultaneouslyC. collaborativelyD. elaborately4. The scientist’s discovery will have a _______influence on mankindA. grossB. solidC. completeD. profound5. When he recited the passage by ________, he revealed that he was reproducing______ without understanding their meaning.A. affects/causeB. sounds/meaningC. sounds/pronunciationD. rote/sounds6. Where the diameter of a wire smaller diameter, its resistance_______A. had been increasedB. would be increasedC. might have been increasedD. was increased7. All of us decided to stop and have dinner, ______we were feeling very hungryA. moreoverB. forC. whereasD. consequently8. The number and diversity of British newspaper _______ considerableA. have beenB. areC. wereD. is9. Mary is reading_____________A. an exciting detective old storyB. an old exciting detective storyC. an exciting old detective storyD. a detective old exciting story10. Having potential energy, a body may be in motion without any external force________A. to act itB. acting on itC. act on itD. acts on it11. He has only a ______ understanding of astronomy.A. originalB. superficialC. criticalD. identical12. He was too sick to stay here, _______ we send him homeA. howeverB. furthermoreC. otherwiseD. accordingly13. I believe the house was ______ set fire toA. deliberatelyB. creditablyC. violentlyD. vigorously14. The managing director took the _____ for the accident although it was not really his faultA. guiltB. blameC. chargeD. accusation15. They savaged to ____ valuable raw materials from industrial wastesA. reclaimB. reconcileC. rectifyD. regulate16. Jogging at 5 p.m. is part of his daily_________A. habitB. practiceC. routineD. custom17. Surrounding a big city one usually finds the _____ and industrial beltsA. habitatB. inhabitedC. dwellingD. residential18. It was clear that the garden was no more amateur affair, it had been professionally_____A. laid outB. laid downC. laid offD. laid aside19. Each one of us advised him not to sign the contract with her but______A. to good purposeB. for the purposeC. in good shapeD. to any purpose20. I spent much time on that composition and I would ______ it if you would do the same when you mark itA. modifyB. decorateC. compileD. appreciatePart III. Reading comprehension (35%)Direction: In this part, there are 7 reading passage. Each passage is followed by 5 questions. For each of them there are four choice marked a b c and d. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the answer sheet.Passage 1Today’s trumpet is one of the world’s oldest instruments. It is really the result of many centuries of development. Although it looks nothing like its ancestors, there are many similarities. All trumpets are hollow tubes. They are all blown. And they all use the player’s lips to produce the basic sound.The trumpet developed as players and makers worked to improve its design, size, shape, material, and method of construction. They wanted to create an instrument that would product a beautiful and attractive tone, enable the performer to play all the notes of scale, extend the range higher and lower, make it possible to play more beautiful music, and, in general, be easier to play well. The remarkable way in which the modern trumpet achieves these goals is a measure of the success of all those who struggled to perfect this glorious instrument.The trumpet is actually the leading member of an entire family of relate instruments. There are trumpets of several different sizes, and in several different keys. There are comets, bugles, flugelhorns, and a number of others that are all similar to the trumpet in the way they are made and played.The trumpet family is much than a group of related instruments that can stir one with their sound or narrow tubes of metal capable of producing a variety of musical sounds. It is a link to many different periods of history and to people of many cultures. From the use of trumpets in ancient religious ceremonies to the part they play in modern rock bands, the trumpet family of instruments has much to tell about civilization and its development.1.What is the best title for this passage?A. Science and the TrumpetB. Recoding of the TrumpetC. The Trumpet and Its AncestryD. How the Trumpet is Made2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following is needed to made the trumpet work?A. Air pressureB. Keen eyesightC. Daily cleaningD. Long fingers3. Which of the following can be inferred about the first trumpet players?A. They could not play all the notes of the scaleB. They were not able to pick up the trumpetC. They could not play simple tunesD. They had difficulty improving upon the trumpet4. The word (1 sentence of 4 part.) could best be replaced by______A. the listenerB. a familyC. the composerD. an instrument5. The author believes that the trumpet is particularly important because it________________A. can be used in rock bandsB. has historical significanceC. is a religious instrumentD. has a narrow rangePassage 2All that we really need to plot out the future of our universe are a few good measurements. This does not mean that we can sit down today and outline the future course of the universe with anything like certainly. There are still too many thing we do not knew about the universe is put together. But we do know exactly what information weneed to fill in our knowledge, and we have a pretty good idea of how to go about getting it.Perhaps the best way to think of our present situation is to imagine a train coming into a switchyard. All of the switches are set before the train arrives, so that its path is completely determined. Some switches we can see, others we cannot. There is no ambiguity if we can see the setting of a switch we can say with confidence that some possible futures will not materialize and others will. At the unseen switches, however, there is no such certainly. We knew the train will take one of the tracks leading out, but we have no idea which one. The unseen switches are the true decision points in the future, and what happens when we arrive at them determines the entire subsequent course of events.When we think about the future of the universe, we can see our track many billions of years into the future, but after that there are decision points to be dealt with and possible fates to consider. The goal of science is to reduce the ambiguity at the decision points and find the true road that will be followed.6.According to the passage, it is difficult to be certain about the distant future of the universe becausewe________A. have too many conflicting theoriesB. do not have enough funding to continue researchC. are not sure how the universe is put togetherD. have focused our investigations on the moon and planets7. What does the author see as the function of the universe’s unseen switches?A. They tell us which one of the tracks the universe will useB. They enable us to after the course of the universeC. They give us information about the lunar surfaceD. They determine which course the universe will take in the future8. Which of the following could best replace the word “track”?A. baneB. railsC. pathD. sequence9. For whom is the author probably writing this passage?A. Train engineersB. General audiencesC. Professors of statisticsD. Young children10. Which of the following statement best describes the organization of the passage?A. a statement illustrated by an analogyB. a hypothesis supported by documentationC. a comparison of two contrasting theoriesD. A critical analysis of a common assumptionPassage 3The bird known in the United States as the crow is all black wings, body, head, feet, and beak. It looks mean and evil, and some people say that it has a disposition to match its looks. Crows have the bad habit of robbing cornfields. They are accused of raiding the nests and eating the eggs and the young of smaller birds. This crime is probably attempted more than it is carried out, however for crows are often seen being driven away from the nests of enraged smaller birds.Some farmers put up scarecrows to keep crows out of their cornfields, and other organize crow shoots to try to get rid of the thievish invaders. But crows thrive just the same, probably because they are wary birds. When crows feed in a field, they usually post a sentinel on a lofty perch to sound a warning if any danger should approach. Crows can sound their call in a dozen different ways, and each version has a special meaning. They can make other sounds, too. Some crows, if they are caught young, can be taught to say words.Crows are not completely bad, for they eat slugs, beetles, and caterpillars that do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards. Whether crows are helpful or harmful is a subject of debate, but what is certain is that they are very interesting birds.11.From the information presented by the author, it seems clear the crows______A. can communicate with one anotherB. are very easy to catchC. usually succeed in bobbing the nests of small birdsD. do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards.12. What do the sentinels do?A. They give signals to the crows if any danger is coming nearB. They discover good places for the crows to build their nestsC. They find fields and gardens that can supply the corrows with foodD. They defend the crows against the attacks of the smaller birds13. What is the effect of man’s war against crows?A. “Crows shoots” are reducing the number of crowsB. Crows are just as numerous as they ever wereC. Scarecrows are driving crows from the United States.D. Crows are doing more and more damage all the time14. Crows help the farmer by_______A. warning him when danger approachB. learning to say wordsC. eating bug and other insectsD. do damage to gardens, grain fields, and orchards15. What is the author’s feeling about crows?A. He thinks that they are harmful and should be controlledB. He thinks that their voices are interesting and should be trainedC. He enjoys studying them and their habitsD. He likes them and wants to protect themPassage 4National parties in the United States have generally been weak in structure and wary of ideology. Many writers have said that American parties are the least centralized in the world. However, the argument that parties can be pushed too far. For example, in the century, at least the Republicans have been more committed than the Democrats to a market-oriented economy, while the Democrats have been more prepared to use government to address economic problems. Within both parties there has been wide variance on issues, but in general the Republicans have been the more conservative and the Democrats the more liberal.Both parties however, have resisted reducing these tendencies in their social, economic, and moral belief systems to a rigid ideology. And neither, until recently, vested much authority in its national party structure.At state and local levels, on the other hand, party organizations often achieved impressive levels of solidarity and internal discipline. Both Democrats and Republicans maintained potent local political organizations in many cities and states.Whatever their merits or demerits, the traditional organizations went into steep decline during the 1950’s and 1960’s. The old organizations lost the ability to maintain internal discipline. They share of voters regarding themselves as political independents, that is people not affiliated with either of the major parties rose.There were several reasons for the loss of effectiveness of the major party organization. Development of a welfare state administered by the federal government established some of the services that had formerly been dispensed by the organizations as political favors. As recent immigrants became more educated they were less dependent on party workers. They inclusion of more state employees under civil service protection dried up some of the old wells of patronage. Growing unionization of public employees after 1960 struck as even more serious blow at the patronage system. Television brought candidates into voters’ living rooms, thereby antiquating some ofthe communication and education functions of party workers. Most of all, perhaps, the old tribal differences associated with the parties began to seem irrelevant to members of generations that sought fresh identities.16.What does the passage mainly discuss?A.American political parties in the twentieth centuryB.The role of ideology in American politicsC.The future direction of United States politicsD.Differences between Republicans and Democrats17.According to the passage, what is true of the major political parties in the United States?A.They are both generally conservativeB.Party organizations have been stronger at the state level than at the national levelC.Party organizations have increased their influence in recent yearsD.Democrats have been stronger than Republicans at the national level18.The passage mentions all of the following as causes of the decline of political organization in the UnitedStates EXCEPTA. increased numbers of immigrantsB. development of the welfare stateC. improved conditions for state workersD. the influence of television19. The passage supports which of the following conclusions?A. Democrats are more committed than Republicans to market-oriented economyB. Republicans are more liberal than DemocratsC. Republicans and Democrats tend to be flexible on ideological questionsD. Only Democrats have traditional political organizations20. The word “irrelevant” in the last sentence of the passage is closest in meaning toA. unquestioningB. uninterestingC. irreversibleD. unimportantPassage 5The desire for achievement is one of life’s great mysteries. Social scientists have devoted lifetimes to studying the drives that spur us out of bed in the morning compel us to work or study hard and spark all manner of human endeavor Indeed, a 1992 textbook actually documents 32 distinct theories of human motivation.Given this diversity of thought, it's easy to forget that for a half century, American society has been dominated by the psychological school known as behaviorism, or Skinnerlan psychology. Although behaviorism and its fundamental principle of “positive reinforcement” have long since lost their sway in academic circles, the Skinnerlan legacy remains powerful in every realm of trash out. Do it, and you can go to the movies Friday might. Not in the mood for work? Keep plugging away, and you might get a bonus. Not interest in calculus? Strive for an A in the class, and you will make the honor roll. The theory may be bankrupt, but incentives and rewards are so much a part of American culture that it's hard to imagine life without them.Yet that’s exactly what a growing group of researchers are advocating today. A steady stream of research has found that rather than encouraging and diminishing performance, “our society is caught in a whopping paradox,” asserts Alfie Kohn, author of the new book published by Rewards, which surveys recent research on the effectiveness of rewards. “We complain loudly about declining productivity, the crisis of our school and the distorted values of out children. But the very strategy we use to solve those problems damaging rewards like incentive plans and grade and candy bars in front of people is partly responsible for the fix we’re in.”It’s a tough argument to make in a culture that celebrates the spoils of success. Yet study after study shows that people tend to perform worse, to give up more easily and to love interest more quickly when a reward is involved. Children who are given treats for doing artwork, for example, lose for tutoring youngsters don't teach as enthusiastically as tutors offered nothing. And chief executive officers who have been awarded long term incentiveplans have often steered their companies toward lower returns.21.According to behaviorism, all human actions ______A. are based on stimulus and responseB. have no bearing on human drivesC. are supposed to be highly motivatedD. are of a great mystery22. Behaviorism basically believes inA. motivationB. performanceC. rewardsD. human factors23. Form the passage, it can be inferred that________A. rewards are highly effective to AmericaB. rewards are not much sonant after in academic circlesC. rewards have long lost their appeal in American societyD. Americans are addicted to rewards24. The children’s behavior in the last paragraph_______A. can be best explained be behaviorismB. can be linked to Pavlov’s dogsC. shows that rewards may well kill desireD. serve to provided evidence to behaviorism25. Which of the following in support of the finding that “people tend to perform worse … when a reward is involved” (last paragraph)?A. People are not used to being conditioned by prizesB. Rewards, like punishments, are attempts to control behaviorC. Rewards are so indispensable to American culturesD. The principle of “positive reinforcement” in not fully enforcedPassage 6Dr. Mark Adams of the Commonwealth school of Tropical Agriculture was recently invited to read a paper on “Research into Problems of Cattle Breeding in the Tropics” at the Commonwealth Agricultural Conference in Colombo, Sn Lankn, on Wednesday May 16th. He was booked to fly by air India form London, Via New Delhi, to Colombo on the 13th which he felt, would gave him time to get acclimatized before attending the opening sesstion of the Conference on the 16th and time to arrange his notes for the lecture on Thursday morning.He arrived at London Headrow Airport to plenty of time for his plane, which was due to take off at 3:30 p.m. and arrived at Delhi early next; morning, in time to connection to Colombo. He spent three hours sitting in the departure lounge until his flight was finally called at 11:00 p.m. he had not been looking forward to the overnight flight anyway as be could never sleep on airplanes, and when he had to travel long distances, he usually arrived at his destination feeling crubled and tired and suffering from jet lag. His temper was not improved when he was told, in arriving more than three hours late a new Delhi, that his plane to Colombo had already gone and that their would not be another until the next day. The airline staff were very sympathetic and assured him that they had already booked him into the best hotel in the city, to which the airline was would take him straight away. In the meantime, they hoped that Dr. Adams would take the opportunity of seeing something of their historic city.The only thing Dr. Adams felt be needed at that point were a both, a change of clothes, a good breakfast and then a long sleep. The hotel was luxurious and very good and comfortable. After he had eaten he pulled down the blinds to shut out the glaring India sun and then slept for most of the day. About 6:30 p.m. he dressed and went down to the hotel bar, where he got into conversation with another delegate to the conference who came from Zambia and who be travelling whit him on the Colombo plane the next morning. They decided to dine together and explore some of the singbts and sounds of the India at night.The journey to Colombo was completed without mishap and Dr. Adams and his companion were met at the airport by the Conference Secretary. Mr. Mahaveli, who had been informed of their impending arrival by the airline. Mr. Mahaveli took them their hotel, where many other delegates were already installed, and made sure that theyhad the program for the opening session.On the morning of the second day of the Conference, Dr. Adams read his paper, which received with much interest. He was asked many questions by delegates in whose countries many of the problems he had discussed were commonly found. During the five days of the Conference he had opportunities to talk to agriculture experts from Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, India, Gambia, Australia and Nigeria and he also met some old friends who had previously been students at the Commonwealth School. He heard form many of them how they were putting all that they had learned to good use and of the problems they were trying to overcome in their own countries.On his flight home Dr. Adams could not help reflecting that the Conference had proved how valuable the sharing of the information and experiences could be, as an example of true cooperation between the developed and the developing world.26.Dr Adams left London______A. two days before the conferenceB. on Wednesday 16thC. on the day before the conferenceD. on the 13th27. Dr Adams________A. was a good travelerB. found long journeys exhaustingC. usually fell asleep on long journeysD. was a keen sightseer28. After dinner Dr Adams and his companion_________A. sat and talkedB. went to bed earlyC. went out into the streets of New DelhiD. caught the plane to Colombo29. All the delegates to the conference were________A. students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical AgricultureB. from the developing countriesC. from AfricaD. agricultural experts30. The “old friends” that Dr. Adams met were________A. ex-students of the Commonwealth School of Tropical ApicultureB. people he had worked with beforeC. delegates he had met at the hotelD. delegates who were interested in his lecturePassage 7Megan was, in fact, one of the few people in Johnstown that who actually saw the gigantic wave that destroyed the entire city.At first all she could see was a sinister black mist, it rolled toward the house like billowing smoke. For a moment Megan thought there must be a huge fore somewhere. But the noise convinced her it was something else a deep, heavy rumbling, mixed with a grinding sound, like some enormous mill wheel churning. The black fog curled swiftly over the house, and then the air seemed to clear for one split second. There, almost on top of her, wan a huge wall of debris filled water, much higher than the house Megan spun around, the crying dying in her throat. The doors of the tall walnut linen press were still open, and hunched on the floor. Aunt Ella was shielding Timothy with her own body. Megan could hear aunt’s voice, high and thin, praying ardently. “Oh, dear merciful Lord, save us…..save us…. ”. Hued, numb with terror, knelt by Timothy’s house, her hands folded over the velvet saddle, she was praying in German. Megan could hear her voice through the ominous rumble, over and over. “ Main gross Gou … Main gross Gou…”She could see the tiny toe copper pans on the playhouse wall began to shiver. A soft film of plaster dust began to fall from the ceiling as gently as snow. Suddenly there was a tremendous crash. It sounded as if the attic floor split open. A surge of oily yellow water gushed up foaming the edges like old face. Then it seems as if the air were filled with flying objects. Trunks whirled by, wicked-looking boards splintered with nails, showers or broken glass winged a thousand tiny arrows, linens flapped like white birds, chairs with the legs torn off went whistling by.Everything in the attic seemed to be whirling through the air.Megan ducked he head and shielded her body with her arms against the debris. The floor beneath her feet heaved mightily and then suddenly dropped. Megan reached up , her hands grasping for anything for to cling to. She found herself swinging form a rough board, the lower half of her body submerged in water. How long she clung there in the heaving darkness she would never know. She was choking and spitting as the evil water surged about her, splashing over her face. After that seemed a lifetime in the thunderous blackness. Megan lifted her head. Far above her she could see a glimmer of dirty gray light.She wasn’t even thinking now. painfully she began to crawl toward the light with a kind of blind animal instinct. Cling with one hand, she would reach out with the other until she found some new thing to grasp. Inch by inch she worked her way through tangled, shattered wood toward a tiny wedge of light.31.The action of the story takes place in _______A. EnglandB. JohnstownC. New York CityD. Not mentioned32. What type of experience did Megan have on Friday afternoon?A. HappyB. UninterestingC. DepressingD. Frightening33. How do you think Megan felt when she saw the wall of water?A. BraveB. CuriousC. HorrifiedD. Disappointed34. What do you think the people around Megan began to pray?A. because they felt thankfulB. because they wanted to impress MeganC. because they were very afraidD. because they asked for others’ help35. What do you think the ray of light meant to Megan?A. That there might be a way outB. That she could see well enough to readC. That someone was searching for herD. That there was no danger at allPart IV TranslationDirections: Translate the following sentences into Chinese.1.He did not want to hurt her, but an itch to dominate pushed him no to say2.In a dangerous and uncertain world, the strengthening of maternal defense is the best guarantee of a nation’svital interests.3.The ancient waters that brought soil to these mountain valley had not been reaching the sea, so they spread outin shallow take.4.While there are literally thounds of stocks, the ones bought and sold most actively are usually listed on theNew York Stoke Exchange.5.Spanish missionaries who brought their knowledge and their seedlings here from their native country were thefirst to grow vines here.6.You’re got to be careful of these Eastern lawyers. If you are not careful, they’ll take you turn you inside outura wished that she was not holding that piece of bread and butter, but there was nowhere to put it and shecouldn't possibly throw it away.8.The U.S environmental protection agency was established in control and abate pollution in the basic areas ofair, water, solid waste, pesticides, noise, and radiation9.When one individual inflicts bodily injury upon another, such injury that death result, we call the deed manslaughter, when the assassinate knew in advance that the injury would be fatal, we call his deed murder.ernment provides tax write-offs for corporate philanthropy out of the belief that many centers of supportfor socially needed programs help contribute to a dynamic solution to the human problems of society.Part V Writing (10%)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 35 minutes to write a compositions on the topic “Thrift is Always a Virtue”。
2004级博士生英语考试试卷
English Test for Doctoral Candidates(Jan. 16, 2005)Part I Listening Comprehension (20%)Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 5 short conversations. After each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and question will be read only once. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Then mark your answer on your Answer Sheet A.1. A. To be back Tuesday morning.B. To come and see him Wednesday.C. To call him on Thursday.D. To make an appointment for Thursday.2. A. Every day.B. Every day except Thursday.C. Monday, Wednesday and Friday.D. Monday, Tuesday and Friday.3. A. On a train.B. On a boat.C. On a plane.D. On a bus.4. A. It was sold out.B. It was too expensive.C. She didn’t like it.D. It was uninteresting.5. A. Go for a long walk with her friend.B. Rest and take care of herself.C. Stay at home and do her exercises.D. Catch up with her reading.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 2 short passages. The passage will be read only once. At the end of the passage, you will hear 5 questions about what was said. Listen carefully and choose the best answer to each question.Passage 16. A. Almost half their money.B. Almost all their money.C. Almost one-third of their money.D. Most of their money.7. A. Right after the food is ready.B. Right after the father makes the cross over the bread with aknife.C. Right after the mother distributes each member a piece of brad.D. Right after the father gives everyone a piece of bread.8. A. The famous French food.B. The French family meal.C. The French family reunion.D. The French gable manners.Passage 29. A. Means for winter traveling.B. Methods of fishing.C. How to hunt large animals.D. Political ways.10. A. Iron tools.B. Building canoes.C. Blazing trails.D. Planting crops.Section C Spot DictationDirections:In this part, you are going to hear a longer passage. The passage is printed below with some words and expressions missing. As you listen, fill in each of the blanks with the words and expressions you have heard.Our sleep time over the past century has been reduced by almost 20 percent.Generally, adults need to sleep one hour for every two hours awake, which means that most need about eight hours of sleep a night. Of course, some people need more and some less. Children and teenagers need an average of about ten hours.The brain keeps an exact (11) ______________ of how much sleep it is owed. My colleagues and I coined the term sleep debt because accumulated lost sleep is like a monetary debt: it must be paid back. If you get an hour less than a full night’s sleep, you carry an hour of sleep debt into the next day—and your (12) ______________ to fall asleep during the daytime becomes stronger.During the five-day workweek, if you get six hours of sleep each night instead of the eight you needed, you would build up a sleep debt of ten hours (five days times two hours). Because sleep debt accumulates in an additive (13) ______________, by day five your brain would tend toward sleep as strongly as if you’d stayed up all night. From this perspective, sleeping until noon on Saturday is not getting enough to pay back the ten lost hours as well as meet your nightly (14) ______________ of eight; you would have to sleep until about 5 p.m. to balance the sleep ledger.But for most people it is difficult to sleep that long because of the alerting mechanism of our (15) ______________ clock.Section D SummaryDirections:Listen to the passage and write a summary in no less than 50 words.Part II Reading Comprehension (20%)Directions:In this section, there are 4 short passages for you to read. Read each passage carefully, and then do the questions that follow. Choose the best answer A, B, C and D, and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet A.Passage 1However important we may consider school life to be, there is no denying the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong allies of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and thwart curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents apprised (告知) of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and development mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic process night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent sublimate his natural paternal interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussing the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s misdemeanors, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.16. The central idea conveyed in the above passage is that _______.A. home training is more important than school trainingbecause a child spends so many hours with his parentsB. teachers can and should help parents to understand andfurther the objective of the schoolC. there are many ways in which the mathematics program canbe implemented at homeD. parents have a responsibility to help students in doing homework17. The author directly discussed the fact that _______.A. parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. principals have explained the new art programs to parentsC. a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directed18. It can reasonably be inferred that the author _______.A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB. feels that schools are woefully lacking in guidance personnelC. believes that the traditional program in mathematics isslightly better than developmental programD. feels that the parent-teacher interviews can be made muchmore constructive than they are at present19. The author implies that _______.A. participation in interesting activities relating to asubject improves one’s achievements in that areaB. school principals do more than their share in interpretingthe curriculum to the parentsC. only a small part of the school day should be set apart fordrilling in arithmeticD. teachers should occasionally make home visit to parents20. We may infer that the writer of the article does not favor _______.A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB. written communications to the parent from the teacherC. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taughtD. principal-parent conferences rather than teacher-parent conferencesPassage 2E-business requires instantaneous decision-making and KM (knowledge management) has a tremendous role to play in achieving this as well as quality feedback. Real-time business without proper knowledge and feedback information quickly turns into real-time unsupervised and valueless chaos. Lack of adequate knowledge flow and coherent real-time views of a situation inevitably lead to disastrous consequences. The infamous Barings Bank operated a real-time futures business without real-time checks and balances, and did not ensure adequate quality of knowledge flows from the trading floor to controllers and managers. Itwas too-much-too-fast coupled with too-little-quality-feedback and insufficient understanding. There was too little real-time knowledge at hand and it turned out a spectacular disaster.The missing link was KM. No serious e-business effort should be undertaken without considering, planning and implementing a strong KM infrastructure. Real-time knowledge must flow from those who have it to those who must be able to make the right move at the right time. And there is no time to spare. E-businesses must be equipped with interactive workflow tools and real-time business intelligences feedback in a clear and understandable format. People involved must have access to all underlying documents at all times at a snap of their fingers. Otherwise they will guess rather than make informed decisions. Or words, in fear of making a huge mistake, people will make no decisions at all.Take a home loan application process for example. You would most likely apply to a number of banks at the same time. They would obviously complete on pricing, but the bank that can make your credit assessment first and most effectively, process the documentation and inform you on the progress every step of the way will get your business. The rest may be stuck with less demanding, more risk-prone customers. This may affect their overall profitability, and ability to complete on price and service in the future. It could put them out of business altogether. So is therea link between e-business and KM? I surely think so.21. According to the passage, in doing e-business, you must _______.A. make quick decisionsB. learn many disciplinesC. work hardD. know how to promote yourself22. As the author puts it, being short of _______ will lead to failure in e-business.A. support from the governmentB. sufficient knowledge flow and accurate views of the situationC. qualified managersD. loan from the bank23. Barings Bank went bankrupt because _______.A. it involved itself in the futures businessB. its manager was not an expertC. it failed to smooth the knowledge flow and the feedback processesD. of its slow decision-making process24. Some managers do not make decisions because _______.A. they are not provided with sufficient informationB. they are slow in thinkingC. they are very democraticD. they have limited rights in the company25. When you apply for a home loan, you tend to choose a band with _______.A. offers the lowest interestB. if located quite near to your houseC. will keep you informed of the on-goings in the processD. is big and famousPassage 3When it comes to leisure activities, Americans aren’t quite the funseekers they’ve been supposed to be. For one out of five, weekends and vacations are consumed by such drudgeries as housecleaning, yardworking, and cooking; only one-third of them enjoy the luxury of relaxing in the sun, going camping, playing sports, or simply relaxing.Americans were asked how they occupy themselves on days they are not at work. According to the poll, older people, the rich, and the well-educated are most apt to spend their spare time doing the things they “want to do” rather than those they “have to”.Overall, high-salaried respondents were more active than those with lower incomes—they reported watching less television and were ore likely to engage in social and cultural activities. Furthermore, those with college degrees were about twice as likely as those with no more than a high school education to spend time playing sports (42 percent compared to 23 percent).On the subject of vacations, the study found that college graduates were more likely than those with only high school degrees to have vacation plans (80 percent versus 60 percent). Of those who did intend to take some time off, 46 percent planned a sightseeing vacation (34 percent in the United States, 12 percent abroad), 34 percent expected to visit friends or relatives, 22 percent headed for the beach or lake, and 12 percent intended to relax at home.People who are divorced, widowed, or separated, the survey concluded, are the least likely of any group to take a vacation—and the least likely to attach any important to it.26. The passage is mainly about _______.A. different ways of spending one’s leisure timeB. active entertainment and passive entertainmentC. factors that affect people’s attitudes towards vacationD. how Americans spend their holidays27. According to a recent study, how many Americans spend theweekends doing housework?A. One fifth of them.B. Four fifths of them.C. One third of them.D. Two thirds of them.28. According to the passage, the most popular type of vacationin the United States is _______.A. relaxing in the sunB. visiting friends or relativesC. playing sportsD. visiting interesting places29. Who are the least likely to take a vacation?A. Businesswomen.B. Factor workers.C. Separated couples.D. Elderly people.30. Which of the following if NOT mentioned as a factor thatinfluences the way people spend their holidays?A. Family income.B. Social position.C. Age.D. Educational background.Passage 4If national health insurance would not cure the problems of the American health-care system, what, then, is responsible for them? Suspicion falls heavily on hospitals, which make up the largest component of the system. In 1988 hospitals accounted for 39 percent of all expenditures—more than doctors, nursing homes, drugs, and home health care combined.Although US hospitals provide outstanding research and frequently excellent care, they also exhibit the classic attributes of inefficient organizaions; increasing costs and decreasing use. The average cost of a hospital stay in 1987—$3,850—was more than double the 1980 cost. A careful government analysis published in 1987 revealed the inflation of hospital costs, over and above general price inflation, as a major factor in their growth, even after allowances were made for increase in the population and in intensity of care. While the rate of increase for hospital costs was 27 percent greater than that of all medical care and 163 percent greater than that for all other goods and services, demand for hospital services fell by 34 percent. But hospitals seemed obvious of the decline: during this period the number of hospital beds shrank only by about three percent, and the number of full-time employees grew by more than 240,000.After yet another unexpectedly high hospital-cost increase last year, one puzzled government analyst asked, “Where’s the money going?” Much of the increase in hospital costs—amounting to $180 billion from 1965 to 1987—went to duplicating medical technology available in nearby hospitals and maintaining excess beds. Modern healthcare, a leading journal in the field, recently noted that “anecdotes of [hospitals] unne cessary spending on technology abound.” Medical technology is veryexpensive. An operating room outfitted to perform open-heart surgery costs hundreds of thousands of dollars. From 1982 to 1989 the number of hospitals with open-heart-surgery facilities grew by 33 percent, and the most rapid growth occurred among smaller and moderate-sized hospitals. This growth was worrisome for reasons of both costs and quality. Underused technology almost inevitably decreases quality of care. In medicine, as in everything else, practice makes perfect. For example, most of the hospitals with the lowest mortality rates for coronary-bypass surgery perform at least fifty to a hundred such procedures annually, and in some cases many more; the majority of those with the highest mortality rates perform fewer than fifty a year.31. According to the passage, the American health-care system _______.A. is working smoothlyB. is the best system in the worldC. is not working efficientlyD. is on the point of collapse32. In 1980, the average cost of a hospital stay was _______.A. $3,850B. less than $1,925C. $1,925D. more than $1,92533. When demand for hospital services fell, hospitals _______.A. took effective measures to reduce their expendituresB. were fully aware of the situation and took some measures accordinglyC. reduced the number of hospital beds sharplyD. continued to take on more full-time medical workers34. According to the passage, hospital costs went up greatlymainly because _______.A. hospitals spent a lot of money unnecessarily on medical technologyB. hospitals bought too much expensive operating equipmentC. hospitals employed too many unskilled medical workersD. hospitals were under poor management35. It is implied in the last paragraph that if a hospital usesits medical technology to the full, _______.A. it will decrease its quality of treatmentB. it will certainly push up its expendituresC. it will have a high mortality rate from surgeryD. it will maintain its good quality of carePart III Translation (20%)Section A Put the following into Chinese:When the war began on January 18th, the authorities believed that the multi-national force was irresistible and that the war would be short and swift. But now, the situation seems quite the reverse; the war is likely to take at least several months before it blows itself out.No matter how long the war lasts, it is undeniably a great tragedy. The region is now bristling with bombers, warships and soldiers. Saddam Hussein has already begun to make random bombing attacks on Israel and Saudi Arabia. He has even brazenly threatened to use missiles charged with biological or chemical warheads.Whether or not the Gulf War is a just war is a hotly debated question. Although most people agree with the deployment of soldiers in the region, a considerable number of people do not want Britain to get involved.Section B Put the following abstract into English:摘要：本文从英文标题、作者署名与工作单位、英文摘要、英文关键词等四个方面阐述了科技论文英文摘要的写作特点、模式及摘要写作中应避免出现的一些问题，同时强调对摘要写作的客观性、学术性和语体风格等问题给予足够的重视。
2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷
2004年华东师大博士生英语入学试卷考1）本考卷共包括九大项，共 19 页。
考试时间为180分钟，满分100分。
试 2）试卷中 Paper One 各项答案按相应题号一律用铅笔划线填入答题卡。
须 3）Paper Two 各项用钢笔或圆珠笔答在答题纸上，字迹需清晰端正。
知Paper OnePart I. Listening Comprehension ( 15 % )Section ADirections:In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversation and question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D and decide which one is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line though the center.Example: You will hear:M: Is it possible for you to work late? Miss Grey?W: Work late? I suppose so, if you really think it is necessary.Q: Where do you think this conversation most probably took place?You will read:A. At the office.B. In the waiting room.C. At the airport.D. In a restaurant.From the conversation we know that the two were talking about some work they have to finish in the evening. This is most likely to have taken place at the office. Therefore a) At the office is the best answer. You should choose answer a. on the Answer Sheet and mark it with a pencil.1. A. The man better practice harder.B. The man should not give up.C. The man should stop trying to be a superstar.D. The man better practice a new style.2. A. Help the woman but only unwillingly.B. Not help move items for the woman.C. Help move things to Mr. Nelson’s office.D. Cancel his appointment at Mr. Nelson’s office.3. A. They are on a date.B. They are at a harmonious meeting.C. They are at a meeting with a controversy.D. They are late to the meeting.4. A. Ask for more money from the student loan.B. Find a job to earn some money.C. Be more realistic with his money.D. Stop worrying about his money.5. A. See both of them one after another.B. Phone the theater for opinion.C. Toss a coin to decide.D. Go somewhere else instead.6. A. Volunteering needs special skills.B. V olunteering needs physical work.C. V olunteering requires a time commitment.D. Volunteering requires a financial commitment.7. A. Dorms are not as cheap as he thinks.B. Dorms are not as spacious as he thinks.C. Dorms are not as available as he thinks.D. Dorms are not as convenient as he thinks.8. A. The amount of paper he used might be worth the cost.B. It will be a good lesson for him to study harder.C. The amount of effort he made will become useful.D. The preparation of the paper should be finished soon.9. A. Sleeping early is good for oneself.B. Rising early takes time to become easy.C. Jogging is difficult to be routine.D. Walking in the park is not as easy as it seems.10. A. It is sure to be ready on Thursday.B. It is still not ready.C. It was already ready on Thursday.D. It was too difficult to fix it.Section BDirections:In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked a, b, c and d. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage OneQuestions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A. His friend bought them for him.B. He bought them himself.C. He booked them quite a while ago.D. He got them free of charge.12. A. Her husband was taking her out to the theater.B. Her husband had got her a job in his office.C. Her husband was going to buy her some nice gifts.D. Her husband had found his lost money.13. A. He had lost the tickets for the theater.B. He had lost his briefcase.C. He had left his briefcase at home.D. He had left the tickets in the office.Passage TwoQuestions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A. Lack of electricity.B. Shortage of books.C. Lack of clean water.D. Shortage of experts15. A. A system which trains doctors.B. A group of experts who can provide professional advice.C. A computer program which can provide professional advice.D. A system which trains computer experts.16. A. It is not easy to see the shortage of experts in the villages.B. Many doctors and engineers are sent to the villages to make up for the shortage of experts.C. Expert medical systems are widely used in developing countries.D. Expert systems are owned by wealthy farmers and businessmen.Passage ThreeQuestions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A. The designer of the White House.B. The first resident of the White House.C. One of the U.S. presidents.D. A specialist of American history.18. A. To add to the beauty of the building.B. To follow the original design.C. To wipe out the stains left behind by the war.D. To make the building look more comfortable.19. A. Right after it was rebuilt.B. During the administration of John Adams.C. When Theodore Roosevelt was president.D. After many other names had been given to it.20. A. It has been changed several times.B. It has never been changed.C. It was changed after the War of 1812.D. It was changed during Roosevelt’s presidency.II. Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:Below each sentence, there are four words marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence or that is closest in meaning to theunderlined word in the sentence Write the corresponding letter on your AnswerSheet.21. After doing her usual morning chores, Elisha found herself ___ tired.A. interestinglyB. surprisinglyC. erraticallyD. forcibly22. Working frantically under the pressure of time, Edmond failed to notice his ___ mistakes.A. stupidB. inevitableC. carelessD. redundant23. The ___ objections of those who protested against the ruling finally got them thrown outof the stadium.A. viralB. vulnerableC. volubleD. vocal24. In the feudal society, landlords had the right to beat, ___ or even kill talents at will.A. abaseB. abashC. abateD. abuse25. All the colleagues said that the caprices of the willful manager had made him a ___ person.A. candidB. captiousC. cannyD. coy26. It was all right for the school administration not to ___ to the students' demand of canceling the terminal examinations.A. acceptB. accedeC. accessD. accessory27. In 1921 many people died in famine --- an extreme scarcity or ___ of food. That was reallya tragedy.A. deprivationB. exhaustionC. starvationD. dearth28. The world will be advancing with such great speed that our ___ will look back upon us and our time with a sense of superiority.A. antecedentsB. predecessorsC. descendantsD. contemporaries29. Before taking a standardized test, one should ___ himself or herself with all the items that constitute the test paper.A. acquaintB. fascinateC. acquitD. familiar30. Tom is always lack of self-confidence. His ___ character caused him to miss many goldenopportunities.A. diffidentB. ignorantC. proudD. conceited31. It has been announced that physicists from different countries will gather in New York fora ___ next month.A. symphonyB. symposiumC. symptomD. symmetry32. Manfred ___ with sure that nine out of ten gentlemen who danced with this charming young lady would fall in love with her.A. alludeB. adduceC. averredD. advert33. During the terrorist attacks, the authorities ordered to ___ the workers and residents ofhigh profile buildings from the constructions.A. evictB. evokeC. evacuateD. evade34. Johnson's business survived on a ___ relationship with only a few customers.A. tentativeB. salientC. lucrativeD. insubstantial35. After her marriage, the happy life ___ her appearance, making her look more beautifulthan ever.A. transfiguredB. disfiguredC. disheveledD. transformed36. Although Guthman was a ___ of several campaigns, he had never seen action on the frontlines.A. veteranB. volunteerC. victimD. villain37. The cheerful, lively melody of dance music ___ almost all the weary soldiers.A. drainedB. divertedC. renewedD. revived38. From Willink's ___ manner, people can tell that he is of royal birth.A. boorishB. regalC. rudeD. vulgar39. Since it was held up only by a single steel cable, the chairlift was ___ to carry only twopeopleA. instructedB. obligedC. intendedD. appointed40. 130 years later, this single wall still stands here in mute ___ to the Revolution of ParisCommune in 1873.A. testimonyB. memoryC. tributeD. evidence41.From his words I supposed that he was extremely delighted at your invitation.A. apprehendedB. concededC. envisionD. surmised42. As is reported, over seventy civilians lost their lives in the following explosion.A. ensuingB. engrossingC. enduringD. entangling43. After living in the same dormitory for half a year, Jane realized that Mary's oversen-sitivity was not acquired but inherent.A. insipidB. inordinateC. innateD. insane44. As a highly intelligent person, the diplomat had no difficulty searching for the right wordsto retort.A. askingB. gropingC. findingD. grouching45. The service at this restaurant was so slow that when the dishes were finally served we wereextremely hungry.A. ruthlessB. ravenousC. rashD. reckless46. He is my devoted friend, so I ___ tell him the truth.A. cannot helpB. cannot butC. may not helpD. could but47. No administrator or supervisor can enter a classroom unless ___ by the teacher.A. they are invitedB. he is invitedC. invitingD. having being invited48. I'd just as soon he ___ the party yesterday; he made a mess of it.A. didn't attendB. attendedC. had attendedD. hadn't attended49. ___ a certain doubt among the students as to the necessity of an oral English test at theend of the term.A. It is existedB. There having existedC. There existsD. There having been50. ___ Jenny lives next door to Robert, she ought to know him.A. IfB. Seeing thatC. AlthoughD. Just asIII. Error Detection (5%)Directions:There are four underlined words or parts marked A, B, C and D in each of the following sentences. Choose the one that you think incorrect, and write thecorresponding letter on your Answer Sheet.51. Learning a foreign Language is especially difficult for those who had never learned oneA B C Dbefore.52. The main stream of a river frequently is dividing into two or more branches near its mouth.A B C D53. For activating the fossilization in English learning, I practice reading, listening, speakingA B Cand writing as regularly as possibleD54. Little Jimmy was constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the bedroom wall, butA Bhe went on to do it all the same.C D55. It's a simple matter to have found the density of a gas from its formula.A B C D56. Upon questioning the suspect denied having stolen diamonds from the jewelry shop.A B C D57. Some of the research experiments to describe in the text book are easy to carry out.A B C D58. Quantum physics lies at a heart of the physical sciences.A BC D59. Despite their length, the horse's neck has the same number of vertebrae as a humanA B C Dbeing's.60. Night falls more faster in the tropics than in other latitudes.A B C DIV. Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:Read the following five passages carefully, choose the best answer to each question from the four choices given, and then write the corresponding letteron your Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn Japan, some people play golf on weekends and some form long lines in the Ginza district to watch first-run foreign films. A knowing few go to the barbershop.A trip to a Japanese barbershop is an odyssey into the country's economic miracle, a glimpse at the same attention to detail that has made "Japan Inc." the envy of the capitalist world.It is more than simply getting a haircut. Customers go to escape the hustle and bustle of Tokyo's frenetic pace. They go to complain about local politics and catch up on the latest neighborhood scuttlebutt.But most of all, they go to be cranked up high in the barber's chair, to assume for at lest one precious moment – regardless of their walk of life---that honorific stature uniquely revered in Japan: that of okyakusama, or customer.So going to the barbershop here is an outing . The object is not to get it over with as quickly as possible, American-style, but to prolong the treatment and bask in its sensual pleasures.No one understands this better than Tanaka-san, who runs a state-of-the-art barbershop just up the street from where I live, in the Minami Azabu district. Like much else in Japan, Mr. Tankaka's shop has only recently gone upscale.Last year, he sold his small, old shop, located a few blocks from the new one, for a cool $15.3 million. With typical Japanese foresight for investing for the long pull, Mr. Tanaka plowed theproceeds into his spanking new premises.Mr. Tanaka, 54, has been in the barbering business for 38 years. Back in 1950, he charged only 35 yen --- not much compared with the 3,200 yen he receives today for a cut and shampoo. At today's exchange rates, $22 for a haircut might seem expensive, but I think it's one of the best deals in town.You always have to wait in line at Mr. Tanaka's shop : He doesn't take reservations because he doesn't need to. But when your time comes, Mr. Tanaka directs you to the seat of honor.Soon his wife is feverishly shampooing your hair, massaging your scalp with a special brush. While she scrubs, Mr. Tanaka is busy at the next chair, applying the finishing snips and snaps to another client. This tag-team approach keeps the shop running at full capacity.Mr. Tanaka typically spends about 45 minutes cutting your hair, scrutinizing the symmetry of the sideburns with the utmost care. His cutting skills are superb, but it is in conversation that he truly excels. He knows when to talk, when to listen and when to utter the drawn-out guttural grunt of approval so common in Japanese. These insightful yet subtle dialogues with his clients create the cornerstone of Mr.Tanaka's thriving business: the repeat customer, every retailer's dream.For the rare client not "hooked" by pleasant conversation , Mrs. Tanaka's shaving technique, with a straight-edged razor, is the showstopper. First, she places a hot towel over your face, then wipes your face with moisturizing oil.She applies another hot towel to remove the oil and lathers you up with warm shaving cream. Finally, she methodically spends fifteen minutes shaving off every last whisker---including any stray hairs that might have found their way to your forehead or earlobes. The oil and hot-towel procedure is repeated and the reclining customer is gently coaxed into returning to earth.Foreign businessmen trying to figure our what makes Japan's economy so successful might do well to visit a Japanese barbershop. Impeccable service isn't extra here, it's included the price of admission.61. An attention to detail has made "Japan Inc."A. a good place for touristsB. a land of many barbershopsC. a prosperous economic powerD. a famous resort62. In Japanese barbershops, barbersA. rush customers outB. never talk about politicsC. talk with customers and work leisurelyD. are rather impatient with customers63. Relaxation and sensual pleasure areA. admitted goals of customersB. not possible in the busy atmosphereC. not appreciated by hurried customersD. not available to customers64. Because Mr. Tanaka's shop is s popular,A. reservations are requiredB. people wait in lineC. he is opening another new storeD. he becomes famous for that65. Not only is Mr. Tanaka a good barber, but he is alsoA. skilled at conversationB. an expert in shaving techniquesC. a local politicianD. a psychologistPassage TwoMincerva was the goddess of wisdom, but on one occasion she did a very foolish thing; she entered into competition with Juno and Venus for the prize of beauty. It happened thus: At the nuptials of Peleus and Theetis all the gods were invited with the exception of Eris, or Discord. Enraged at her exclusion, the goddess threw a golden apple among the guests, with the inscription (题词), "For the fairest." Thereupon Juno, Venus, and Minerva each claimed the apple. Jupiter, not willing to decide in so delicate a matter, sent the goddesses to Mount Ida, where the beautiful shepherd Paris was tending his flocks, and to him was committed the decision. The goddesses accordingly appeared before him. Juno promised him power and riches, Minerva glory and renown in war, and Venus the fairest of women his wife, each attempting to bias his decision in her own favor. Paris decided in favour of Venus and gave her the golden apple, thus making the two other goddesses his enemies. Under the protection of Venus, Paris sailed to Greece, and was hospitably received by Menelaus. king of Sparta. Now Helen, the wife of Menelaus, was the very woman whom Venus had destined for Paris, the fairest of her sex. She had been sought as a bride by numerous suitors, and before her decision was made known, they all, at the suggestion of Ulysses, one of their number, took an oath that they would defend her from all injury and avenge her cause if necessary. She chose Menelaus, and was living with him happily when Paris became their guest . Paris aided by Venus, persuaded her to elope （私奔）with him, and carried her to Troy, whence arose the famous Trojan war, the theme of the greatest poems of antiquity, those of Homer and Virgil.Menelaus called upon his brother chieftains（首领）of Greece to fulfill their pledge, and join him in his efforts to recover his wife. They generally came forward, but Ulysses, who had married Penelope, and was very happy in his wife and child, had no disposition to embark in such a troublesome affair. He therefore hung back and Palamedes was sent to urge him. When Palamedes arrived at Ithaca Ulysses pretended to be mad. He yoked （用牛轭套住）an ass and an ox together to the plough and began to sow salt. Palamedes, to try him, placed the infant Telemachus before the plough, whereupon the father turned the plough aside, showing plainly that he was no madman, and after that could no longer refuse to fulfill his promise. Being now himself gained for the undertaking, he lent his aid to bring in other reluctant chiefs, especially Achilles. This hero was the son of that Thetis at whose marriage the apple of Discord had been thrown among the goddesses. Thetis was herself one of the immortals, a sea-nymph (海仙女), and knowing that her son was fated to perish before Troy if he went on the expedition, she endeavoured to prevent his going . She sent him away to the court of King Lycomedes, and induced him to conceal himself in the disguise of a maidenamong the daughters of the king. Ulysses, hearing he was there, went disguised as a merchant to the palace and offered for sale female ornaments, among which he had placed some arms. While the king's daughters were engrossed with the other contents of the merchant' s pack, Achilles handled the weapons and thereby betrayed himself to the keen eye of Ulysses, who found no great difficulty in persuading him to disregard his mother's prudent counsels and join his countrymen in the war.66. Bulfinch describes Jupiter as u nwilling to “decide in so delicate a matter” (lines 6), implyingthatA. Jupiter is usually heavy-handedB. any decision is bound to offend someoneC. Jupiter to overly sensitive.D. the problems are so obscure that no one can judge them.67. The word disposition (line 22) is used to meanA. inclinationB. natureC. integrityD. value68. The sowing of salt is used by Bulfinch to showA. Ulysses's attempt to be found insaneB. the difficulty of cultivating in rocky soilC. how the tears of the gods created the seaD. the god's punishment of those who disobey them69. Bulfinch reveals that Thetis is a sea-nymphy in order to explainA. why she married PeleusB. why she dislikes the idea of warC. the effect of the apple of DiscordD. her ability to predict the future70.. Among the chieftains of Greece apparently areA. Juno, Venus, and MinervaB. Paris and LycomedesC. Ulysses, Achilles, and MenelausD. Eris and ThetisPassage ThreeOn the whole, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has always treated Mars with respect. American spacecraft have flown by, orbited and even landed on the Red Planet. What they've never done is wound it. If scientists ever hope to understand Mars fully, however, they are going to have to puncture the dry Martian crust to sample the planetary pulp below. Next week NASA will launch a ship that will begin that process.The first ship of the two-spacecraft mission --- set to fly Dec. 10---is the Mars Climate Orbiter.Arriving in September 1999, the spacecraft will enter an orbit of the planet that traces a path over the Martian poles, allowing it to study the local atmosphere. Its orbit will position it perfectly to act as a relay satellite for a ny later ship that may land on the surface. That’s a good thing, since three weeks or so after the orbiter leaves Earth, NAS will launch another spacecraft, the more ambitious Mars Polar Lander.A spindly machine standing 107 cm tall, the lander is set to arrive in December 1999, aiming to touch down near Mars’ south pole, one of the few sports on the freeze-dried planet that is likely to contain some water. Just before reaching the Martian atmosphere, the lander will release a pairs of tapered pods(锥形分离舱) , each about the size of a basketball, made of brittle silica. Plunging ahead of the ship , the projectiles will free-fall to the surface and strike the ground at 650 km/h.The pods are designed to shatter on impact, releasing a pair of 18-cm probes. Slamming into the surface, the probes are supposed to drive themselves 120 cm into the Martian crust. Once buried, they will deploy tiny drills and begin sampling the chemical makeup of the soil around them. Scientists believe that chemistry could be remarkably rich. "The surface of Mars has been pretty well sterilized(消毒) by ultraviolet radiation," says Sam Thurman, the missions flight-operations manager.Only minutes after the probes hit the ground, the lander will follow, descending by parachute and braking engine. Bristling with cameras and sensors, it will study Mars' terrain and weather, snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface. It will also carry a microphone to record for the first time the sound of the Martain wind. More important, the ship will be equipped with a robotic arm and scoop , much like the arms carried aboard the Viking landers in the 1970s. Unlike the Vikings, though, which were able to paw just a few feeble cm into the Martian topsoil, the new ship will dig out a trench nearly 90 cm deep.How long all this otherworldly hardware will operate is uncertain. The probes, powered by batteries, should wink out within three days. The lander, with robust solar panels to keep it humming, could last three months. But even if the systems do not survive that long, their work could be profound. After all, scientists have spent years studying just the Martian skin; this will be their first chance to dig a little deeper.71. We learn from the first paragraph that, in order to have a thorough knowledge of Mars, weneed ___.A. to treat Mars with more respect than everB. to have more spacecraft orbit the Red PlanetC. to protect the Red Planet more carefully and not to wound itD. to penetrate the crust of the Red Planet to take Martian samples72. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. The spacecraft that is to arrive in September 1999 contains a pair of tapered pods.B. Mars Polar Lander will carry out more important missions than Mars Climate Orbiter.C. The difference between Viking landers and Mars Polar Lander is that the former was unableto land on Mars.D. The mission of Mars Climate Orbiter is to study the local atmosphere and Mars terrain,snapping pictures both during its descent and on the surface.73. The primary purpose of the passage is to ___.A. stress the importance of exploring MarsB. outline the general features of MarsC. describe in detail the way of landing of Mars Polar LanderD. introduce the mission of the two spacecraft which are due to launch in 1999.74. We learn from the passage that ___.A. Mars Climate Orbiter will serve as a space base for any later ship that may land on thesurface of MarsB. Mars' south pole is more likely to contain life because it contains waterC. Mars Polar Lander will strike the surface of Mars at 650 km/hD. the chemical makeup of the soil on the surface of Mars will be similar to that of the earth75. From the context, we can infer the meaning of "bristling" (line 2, para. 4 ) may be ___.A. abundant inB. sending outC. reactingD. taking upPassage FourAn outsider approaches the subject lively, lest civic(市民的；城市的) feelings be bruised. Los Angeles gives the impression of having erased much of its history by allowing the city's development to run unchecked. Insiders like Dolores Hayden...pull no punches: "It mon," she wrote, "for fond residents to quote Gertrude Stein's sentence about Oakland when summing up urban design in Los Angeles: "There's no there, there.'" Hayden has also acknowledged that Los Angles is generally "the first (American city) singled out as having a problem about sense of place." Both statements come from a handsome brochure-cum-itinerary, drawn up by Hayden, Gail Dubrow, and Carolyn Flynn to introduce The Power of Place, a local nonprofit group with a mission to retrieve some of the city's misplaced" there."Founded by Hayden in 1982, The Power of Place lays special emphasis on redressing an imbalance in memory---and memorials. As Hayden has pointed out, in 1987 less than half the population of Los Angeles was Anglo-American; yet almost 98 percent of the city's cultural historic landmarks were devoted to the history and accomplishments of Anglo-Americans. Even these personages(名人，要人) come from a narrow spectrum of achievers---in Hayden's phrase, "a small minority of landholders, bankers, business leaders, and their architects" ----almost all of whom were male...The likeliest explanation for this under-representation may be an urban variation on thegreat-man theory of history: History is what public figures do, and by their civic monuments shall you know them ---especially the structures they designed or built. In Hayden's view, however, "The task of choosing a past for Los Angeles is a political as well as historic and cultural one, " and the unexamined preference for architecture as the focus of historic preservation efforts can slight less conscious but perhaps equally powerful human forces. Hayden's goal has been to supplement the city's ample supply of mono-cultural landmarks and memorials with others representing its ethnic and gender-based diversity. Accordingly, some sites need new status as official land-marks, others need reinterpretation. Other sites no longer contain structures emblematic(作为标志的) of their histories or are located in blighted neighborhoods; these do not readily lend themselves to。
2004年全国医学博士统一考试英语试题及答案(完整)
2004MD医学博士入学考试英语试卷PartⅠListening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what issaid.The question will be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four possible answers marked A,B.,C and D.Choose the bestanswer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I feel faint.Man:No wonder.You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What’s the matter the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B C DNow let's begin with question Number1.1.A.Breast cancer.B.Lung cancer.C.Pneumonia.D.Leukemia.2.A.Visit his uncle's doctor.B.See a doctor.C.Ride more carefully.D.Take it easy.3.A.Six.B.Twenty-four.C.Twelve.D.Three.4.A.Mrs.White.B.Mr.White's father's family.C.Mrs.White's father's family.D.Mr.White.5.A.Monday,Wednesday,and Friday.B.Tuesday and Saturday.C.Tuesday and Thursday.D.Saturday and Sunday.6.A.It's too long.B.It's the dullest.C.It's ridiculous.D.It's too short.7.A.He thinks that there's more depression among users of the internet.B.He doubts there is a correlation between the Internet and depression.C.He is sure that being on the Internet can lead to depression.D.He thinks that depression can make people spend more time on theInternet.8.A.She is full.B.She has trouble digesting pears.C.She thinks there is not enough.D.She just wants a small one.9.A.Take it back to the store.B.Find the warranty.C.Read instructions.D.Call for help.10.A.She bought it at a well-known store.B.It was very expensive.C.She doesn’t consider it gorgeous.D.Someone gave it to her.11.A.She did poorly on physics.B.She got a B in physics.C.She didn’t want to.D.She was an average student.12.A.She has been busy working on her chemistry.B.She hasn’t got a partner yet.C.She prefers biology to chemistry.D.She is sick and tired of biology.13.A.He likes classical music.B.He dislikes classical music a lot.C.He hasn’t learned to appreciate classical music yet.D.He hasn’t listened to any classical music before.14.A.In the clinic.B.In the ward.C.In the drug store.D.In the department store.15.A.His passenger saved him in time.B.He was driving very slowly.C.He was driving a new car.D.He had fastened his seat belt.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four Possible answers marker A,B,C,and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on your ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16.A.Nausea.B.Fever.C.A cold.D.Diarrhea.17.A.The stale food he ate.B.The fruit juice he drank.C.Too much food he ate.D.The cold he got.18.A.Porridge.B.Purified wate.C.Pizza.D.Apple juice.19.A.When his stool becomes loose and watery.B.When his diarrhea becomes inconveniently frequent and watery.C.When his lips and mouth are dry.D.When he loses a lot of body fluids.20.A.It is a mild case of diarrhea.B.It is an urgent case of diarrhea.C.It is improving.D.It is deteriorating.Passage Two21.A.Psychosocial effects of breast surgery.B.Life crises of cancer patients.C.Female self-image in society.D.A woman’s perception of her identity.22.A.It may affect a woman’s physical activity.B.It may affect a woman’s self-image as a female.C.It may affect a woman’s perception of idealism.D.It may affect a woman’s breast reconstruction.23.A.Because they can put the woman on medication to aid recovery.B.Because they can help the woman find a job if she is unemployed.C.Because they can help the woman find a new partner and remarry.D.Because they can help the woman get over the physical and psychological blow.24.A.Because they dread that they will have to see a psychiatrist.B.Because they think that anxiety and depression are natural responses.C.Because they can’t recover from the psychological blow of the disease.D.Because they fear that the medications they receive are not effective.25.A.Encouraging her to discuss sexual problems with her partner openly.B.Advising her to see a psychiatrist for further treatment.C.Advising her to reveal the diagnosis of breast cancer to others.D.Advising her to use prosthetic device or undergo breast reconstruction.Passage Three26.A.Learning autonomy.B.American education.C.Respect for professors.D.Guidelines for using the library in the U.S.A.27.A.To know all the answers.B.To know a library works.C.To be completely dependent on their professors.D.To take the initiative and be independent.28.A.Professors in the United States are very busy.B.Professors in the U.S.have some other duties besides teaching.C.Professors in the U.S.enjoy publishing articles and books.D.Professors in the U.S.do not have much time to spend with their students outsideclass.29.A.He should go to the library.B.He should turn to his professor for help during office hours.C.He should set office hours for his professor.D.He should always seek help from his professor in class.30.A.One who is interested in getting good grades in exams.B.One who can finish the assignment on time.C.One who is motivated to learn for the sake of learning.D.One who can spend much time with his professor.Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the sentences are incomplete,beneath each of which are four words or phrases,marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrasethat can best completes the statement and mark the letter of your choice onthe ANSWER SHEET.31.All the characters in the play are_____.A.imaginableB.imaginaryC.imaginativeD.imagining32.The judge______all the charges against Smith.A.dismissedB.eliminatedC.refusedD.discarded33.The actress____the terms of her contract and was prosecuted by the producer.A.ignoredB.ratifiedC.draftedD.violated34.At this time of the year,university admission offices are_____with inquiries from anxious applicants.A.annoyedB.thrilledC.trampledD.reproached35.When the former President____her candidacy,she knew she had a good chance of being elected.A.enforcedB.endorsedC.followed upD.put forward36.The country’s highest medal was____upon him for heroism.A.earnedB.bestowedC.creditedD.granted37.The local government leaders are making every effort to____the problem of poverty.A.tackleB.taperC.suppressD.tangle38.At the party we found that the shy girl____her mother all the time.A.harmonizing withB.clinging toC.depending onD.adjusting to39.We managed to reach the top of the mountain,and half an hour later we began to ____.A.declineB.ascendC.descendD.plunge40.Losing the job was bad,but even worse was the feeling that I had____my dear wife and children.A.let aloneB.let downC.let offD.let upSection BDirections:In this section each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four other words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the one word or phrase which would best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it were substituted for the underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.The temperature of the atmosphere becomes colder as elevation increases.A.altitudeB.aptitudetitudeD.longitude42.She was so stubborn that she wouldn’t change her opinions.A.unwillingB.talentedC.obstinateD.determined43.On Christmas Eve,she spent two hours decorating the room with flower chains.A.modifyingB.ornamentingC.disposingD.packing44.Nobody can stand for long agony of a severe toothache.A.sufferanceB.suppurationC.plagueD.torment45.When we recall a story of identical offspring of Adolf Hitler being raised in order to further his horrible work,we are outraged.A.enlightenedB.calmedC.provokedD.moved46.Only native-born citizens are eligible for the U.S.presidency.A.obligedB.intelligiblepetentD.qualified47.Tomorrow’s match has been called off because of the foul weather.A.preventedB.delayedC.cancelledD.forbidden48.Losing his job was a financial catastrophe for his family.A.calamityB.accidentC.frustrationD.depression49.Children were expected to be obedient and contribute to the well-being of the family.A.smartB.efficientC.painstakingD.submissive50.While many applaud the increasing individualism and freedom of children within thefamily,others lament the loss of family responsibility and discipline.A.mournB.delightC.prosecuteD.condemnPartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:in this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank, there are four choices marked a,b,c,and d list on the right side.Choose thebest answer and mark the letter of your choice on the answer sheet.Robert Spring,a19th century forger,was so good at his profession that he was able to make his living for15years by selling false signatures of famous Americans.Spring was born in England in1813and_51_in Philadelphia in1858to open a bookstore.At first he prospered by selling his small but_52_collection of early U.S.autographs. Discovering his ability at copying handwriting,he began_53_signatures of George Washington and Ben Franklin and writing them on the title pages of old books.To lesson the chance of detection,he sent his forgeries to England and Canada for sale and_54_.Forgers have a hard time selling their produces.A forger can’t approach a_55_ buyer must deal with people who don’t have much knowledge in the field.Forgers have many ways to make their work look real.For example,they buy old books to use the _56_paper of the title page,and they can treat paper and ink with chemicals.In Spring’s time,_57_after the Civil War,Britain was still fond of the Southern state, so Spring_58_a respectable maiden lady known as Miss Fanny Jackson,the only daughter of General“Stonewall”Jackson.For several years Miss Fanny’s__59__ problems forced her to see a great number of letters and manuscripts belonging to herfamous father.Spring had to work very hard to satisfy the demand.All this activity did not prevent Spring from dying in poverty,leaving sharp-eyed experts the difficult task of separating his forgeries from the__60__.51.A.arrived B.migrated C.traveled D.moved52.A.excellent B.genuine C.false D.rare53.A.originating B.innovating C.designing D.imitating54.A.subscription B.retention C.circulation D.accumulation55.A.respectful B.respectable C.respective D.respecting56.A.rough B.fragile C.aged D.preserved57.A.right B.simply C.only te58.A.invented B.discovered C.detected D.locatedwful B.financial C.administrative D.criminal60.A.fakes B.realities C.originals D.duplicatesPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Direction:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on theANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAlthough speech and writing are the special means of communicating of humans, the interchange also takes place in many other ways.A person may relay his or her feelings,thoughts,and reactions through body positioning,body contact,body odors, eye contact,responsive actions,habits,attitudes,interests,state of health,dress and grooming,choice of life-style,and use of talents---in fact,through everything the individual says or does.In turn,every person is constantly receiving multitudes of external and internal messages through his or her five senses and personal biorhythm system.An individual screens,selects,regulates,and controls specific aspects of this Information through a process of mental choices.Some of these choices are automatic;some are subconscious because of habit,block,or lack of development;and some are made bya conscious process.The degree to which a person is able to communicate depends upon the extent of his or her conscious awareness,priority of need,and control of this process.The person with a b behavior disorder is shut off from the communicative flow that normally exists among humans.His or her mind is confused,and he or she may feel unable to express personal thoughts,need,and emotions,and unable to make himself or herself understood.Sometimes the person may feel that he or she is communicating clearly but that others cannot or will not understand.Because the person is thus isolated in internal problems,he or she is interested only in these problems and cannot focus attention on the messages of others.The person often projects fears and fantasies onto others,so that no matter what the real content is of the messages that others relay,the messages received are threatening ones.The causes of such communicative shutoffs are blocks in the neural pathways of the person’s processing of information.Sometimes a block is physical,as in deafness,mental retardation,brain tumor,or hardening of the cerebral arteries.However,the most common causes of blocks are injuries to a person’s emotional system.Emotional blocks occur to some degree in all human beings.They usually occurin childhood before good communicative skills are learned,and they are connected to individual symbolism.Unless such a block is removed shortly after happening,it can have profound and complicating effects that will distort emotional and mental growth and arrest the development potential of the individual.Even though a child with blocks will appear to grow and to seem mature in some ways,he or she will show the evidence of emotional blocking in efforts to communicate.61.The concluding phrase of the first paragraph implies that human communication.A.is characterized by two features,form and meaningB.is mainly conducted through speech and writingC.is of two functions,stimulation and responseD.takes two forms,verbal and nonverbal62.In the second paragraph the author is mainly concerned with.municative abilityB.external and internal messagesrmation and mental processingD.conscious and subconscious awareness63.Shut off from the communicative flow,the person with a behavior disorder.A.is unable to focus attention on internal problemsB.is isolated in internal problemsC.relays threatening messagesD.all of the above64.Which of the following is universal according to the passage?.A.Neural blocks.B.Physical blocks.C.Cerebral blocks.D.Emotional blocks.65.The passage ends with.A.the contributing factors to emotional and mental disorderB.the importance of acquiring good communicative skillsC.the significance of eliminating early emotional blocksD.the warning of emotional blocks common in childhoodPassage TwoDepression is a state of low vitality and discontent with life in which the individual withdraws from normal life activities even to the point of considering death as an attractive alternative.Although everyone experiences“the blues”or periods of low spirits when nothing in life seems to go well,when everything seems to be an effort,and when efforts lead to frustration,these periods are usually brief and are likely to occur when the person is tired, hungry,lonely,or sick.Rest,good food,talking with friends,some fun,and/or an end to the sickness are usually enough to cure the blues.But when the low spirits persist,or when there are large swings in mood from elation to desolation,when nothing seems to catch the interest of the person,when relatives or friends cannot cheer the person and heor she continues to withdraw,then the person is depressed.Even such depressions are normal under certain circumstances.Anyone who is faced with a serious and painful illness or the loss of a limb,is exhausted by repeated narrow escapes from death(such as occurs in wartime），has been exposed to a dehumanizing environment（such as occurred with the Jews in Nazi Germany），has had an overwhelming series of stressful setbacks,or has experienced the death of several family members within a short time is expected to be depressed.However,there are many depressed people who seem to the casual observer to have no reason to be depressed.Depression under these circumstances stems from severe behavior disturbance in which the person sees himself or herself as worthless.Such an image is usually the result of the psychosocial conditioning of a childhood deprived of a parental role model of security,love,care,and attention essential for the development of trusting relationships.The depressed person needs to build a new image of himself or herself as a useful and needed person.Psychotherapy is often helpful in restoring natural inner confidence and capacity for meaningful and trusting relationships.The depressed person can find little beauty or fun in.life.His or her talk is filled with gloomy negatives.Doom and anxiety fill his or her mind.Depression is often cyclical,and when the anxiety does lift the person may demonstrate an opposite extreme of carefree irresponsibility.Although it often takes years of psychotherapy for the individual to work through the underlying suspicion and anger of his or her problems,acceptance by another will get through to even the most deeply depressed person if the other is sincere.An attitude of matter-of-fact hopefulness on the part of those around the depressed person can reassure him or her of eventual recovery.The disturbed thoughts of the depressed person cannot be forgotten until they are replaced by other thoughts.Yet,in depression,the person does not see that he or she has choices about what thoughts occupy his or her mind.The person needs to explore alternatives for thoughts and actions and learn to care for himself or herself enough to modify his or her own behavior.66.Unlike others,according to the passage,a depressed person＿·A.is likely to recover in a short period of timeB.does not reveal any underlying causeC.is characteristic of self-hatredD.tends to stay with"the blues"67.From a serious and painful illness to the death of several family members,the author is trying to tell us that.A.depressions can potentially be detrimental to mental healthB.the severity of depressions varies with individualsC.depressions are overwhelmingly prevailingD.depressions are sometimes inescapable68.Those who present no reason to be depressed,according to the passage.A.need protect their self-imagesB.need a parental role model at homeC.can be helped psychologically to be useful and needed personsD.can be helped to restore their trusting relationships with their parents69.The author implies that what the depressed person needs most is.A.sincerityB.acceptanceC.reassuranceD.all of the above70.Under psychotherapy,the depressed person is encouraged.A.to free his or her mind of any thoughtB.to find substitutes for the disturbed thoughtsC.to reassure himself or herself of early recoveryD.to explore as many therapeutic approaches as possiblePassage ThreeSeana lived is the inpatient hospice unit for more than a.month,far longer than anyone would have predicted,sustained only on pain edications and Popsicles.Late March in Chicago is only technically spring.Most of the time it is still cold and overcast.However,this day was warm,60degrees and sunny.It was a Saturday and we planned to go outside after I finished rounds.I found Seana back on the unit sitting in her wheelchair,IV pole and pumps in tow,her winter coat partially covering her hospital gown.Her sister-in-law and Carla,her nurse’s aide,were ready to go.Everyone was in a great mood.We went down the elevator,into the brightly sunlit outdoor,and onto the driveway by the women’s hospital.Though the initial idea was to just sit in the sun a bit,we were drawn toward the sidewalk.There were the usual smokers outside the hospital,and the smell of cigarette smoke was the first thing I noticed.It seemed horrible to come out here, to have that smell be the first thing to greet Seana.Simultaneous with that thought, though,she said,“What a wonderful smell!”I asked her what smell was so wonderful and she said that it smelled like McDonald’s.I was thinking,she really does appreciate everything.We went on to the sidewalk and watched a father pitching a ball to his4-year-old son.The continuity between generations was moving,almost beyond words. As we got to the corner,an inspiration came:we could make it to Lake Michigan,only a few blocks away.Did she want to try?Did everyone want to try?Of course we did!Carla said that it felt like we were cutting school.So off we went,across Sheridan Road,the four of us quite a motley sight:Seana looking like death warmed over in her wheelchair,I wearing my gray hospital coat,the nurse’s aide in an outrageous green leather coat,her sister-in-law in an Ohio State sweatshirt.Car slowed down;we waved.We walked up the road to the beach,cutting through rutted lawns,the wheelchair bumping in the spring mud.Seana didn’t say much,but she seemed translucent in the sun,beaming,lit from within.I imagined it as her farewell tour of the world.I can only fathom the poignant wealth of feelings that were stimulated.For me,it evoked the sense of being a tourist, where everything seems special,a little strange,and very impermanent.I had experienced this same lakefront that way three years before.Then,I had just recovered from my own near death in the form of a myocardial infarction and cardiac arrest and was filled with joy and gratitude that I was still here.The world looked new.I had been Seana’s age.See taught me that awareness of death and appreciation of life go together:to imagine that you are seeing things for the last time has the same intensity as seeing them for the first.70.Upon finishing rounds,the author.A.joined Seana for an outingB.went to the inpatient hospice unitC.managed to get a wheelchair for SeanaD.found the perfect weather for a stroll with Seana72.We can infer that the smell of smoke made the author feel that_______.A.it was a wrong idea to smoke outside of the hospitalB.the sidewalk was a wrong place for smokingC.it had been the right plan to go outD.Seana was at a wrong place73.Outside the hospital,Seana enjoyed everying including________.A.the fast food at McDonald’sB.the smell of smokeC.the generation gapD.all of the above74.The author would say that Seana being wheeled in the sun_______.A.was fascinated by the team’s motley sightB.imagined her farewell tour of the worldC.was emotionally aroused from withinD.was fond of appreciating nature75.During the outing,the author perceived Seana’s appreciation of life______.A.in her hope of recoveryB.in her awareness of deathC.in seeing things for the first timeD.in being a tourist at the lakefrontPassage FourTwo equally brilliant scientists apply for a prestigious research fellowship awarded by a top scientific organization.One is white,the other black.Does the color of their skin matter?Most scientists will already be screaming a resounding“no”.Those who progress in science do so because of their work,not their pigmentation.Science is meritocratic and objective.It must therefore be rigorously color-blind and shun both racial discrimination and affirmative action.Well,let’s think about this.If science really is so meritocratic,where are all the black Nobel prizewinners and fellows of the Royal Society?The black chairs of government scientific panels?The black Richard Dawkinses and Susan Greenfields?When Newsweek magazine recently surveyed Europe’s largest100copanies,it was shocked to unrearth only six board members of non-European racial origin.One shudders to thinks what a similar survey of upper echelons of European science would reveal.Even the usually stick-in-the-mud British government now acknowledges there is a st month it promised new funding for projects designed to combat institutional racism in science education in schools.As measures go it is little and late, but welcome nontheless.Despite starting school as the top achievers,balck British children have long underperformed in science.And there are positive changes afoot higher up the scientific career ladder too.At present,few scientific organizations,funding bodies or labs inEurope bother even to track the racial background of those they hire or fund.As a result the full scale of the under-representation problem is hidden.Not for much longer.Britain’s newly amended Race Relationa Act requires all government bodies,including funding councils,to track the effects of their activities on different ethnic groups and ensure that benefit equally. And next year a European union directive will push all EU employers this way too.But ethnic monitoring alone will not creat the back role models European Science so badly needs.Something else is needed.Funding agencies and influential organizations like the Royal Society must bite the bullet of affirmative action.That means ring-fencing fellowship and grants for applicants from particular racial background.And it mesns seeking out those who have beoken through the barriers of race and giving htem preference over their equally well-qualified white peers for positions of influence and places in the spotlight.Tokenism and fine sentiments will no longer do.With other professions having already leapt ahead in this area,the enduring whiteness of science is more than an embarrassment:it is a barrier to its vey credibility.If a large segment of Euope’s schoolchildren never see a scientist who looks like them,they will continue to think science is not for them.And it scientist don’t reflect the multiracial societies they live in, they’ll find it hard to win the public trust they crave.Does color matter?You bet it does.76.Science is not so meritocratic because.A.it is color-blindB.it is racially discriminativeC.it awards wrong research workersD.it is practiced by the white exclusively77.The embarrassing problem address in the passage.A.was proved by Newsweek magazine’s surveyB.shocked government scientific panelsC.was revealed by the Royal SocietyD.all of the above78.One of the positive changes afoot is.A.funding research instittution or labsB.setting up a scientific career ladderC.hiding the racial discriminationD.belitting racial backgrounds79.To bite the bullet of affirmative action is.A.to set up black role models in EuropeB.to keep up ethnic issues under surveillanceC.to restrict fellowship and grants to the balckD.to balance the distribution of fellowship and grants between the white the black80.The author argues that color matters because it is.A.the nature of scienceB.credibility in scienceC.an embarrassing tokenismD.mutual trust between generationsPassage FiveAbout14,000people will contract HIV today.And tomorrow and the day after that, and every day for the foreseeable future.That’s5million by the end of the year,most of whom will be dead within a decade.Figure like these bring home the devastating impact of AIDS and the Urgent need of for a cheap,effective vaccine.As a stroke,a vaccine could stop the tide of infection and stem the need for more,costly treatment.It could even help people who already have the virus healthy.Back in1990,drugs companies and researchers confidently predicted we’d Have a vaccine against HIV-1within10years.These were rash statement.The virus has turned out to be more cunning and stealthy than anyone expected.And our knowledge of how vaccine boister the immune system hasn’t been good enough.A dozen years on,we still have no clear-cut candidate for a vaccine.So you maight expected the announcement of two large-scale trials of AIDSVaccines to be applauded.Yet they have been criticized as a monumental waste of money.The trials will test almost identical vaccine,neither of which is expected to offer great protection against the virus.What’s more.both are fundedby the US government.One through the national Institute of Health and the other through the Department of Defense.The NIH and the DoD have a long history of rivalry in AIDS reseach.But in this case it seems sensible for the NIH to back down.Although the NIH is under pressure“to be seen to be doing something”,dublicating work of questioable value is itself questioable.Better to join forces with the military for this trail and spend money saved—whith amounts to about$60milliom—elsewhere.There are,after all,reasons for optimism.A new wave of vaccine from industry and academia has nearly completed safety tests.It makes sense to carry out limited trials of all this newcomers,to identify which ones offe the best protection,before committing tens of millions of dollars to larger trials.Such a strategy wounld need the agreement of drugs companies,government Agencies and medical charities–something that’s not as Utopian as it sounds.The NIH has already signed a deal to test a new AIDS vaccine made by the Pharmaceuticals giant Merck.And the international AIDS Vaccine Initiative,a not-for-profit funding organization based in New York,has pioneered new ways to divide up intellectual property rights for successful vaccines.What’s needed is cooperation and coordination,not competition.The important thing is to find the fastest route to an effective vaccine.Every day we forget that,another 14,000people pay the price.81.Today the tide of HIV infection.A.drowns14,000peopleB.calls for a cheap,effective vaccineC.rolls without any countervailing measureD.is curbed with an inexpensive,effective vaccine82.Neither of the vaccine tested in the two large-scale trails.A.is in the right trackB.turned out to be a manufacturer。
2004年03月考博英语试题+答案
中国科学院2004年3月博士研究生入学考试试题PARTⅡDirections: Choose the word or word below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on21. A knowledge of history us to deal with the vast range of problems confrontingA. equipsB. providesC.offers22. In assessing the impact of the loss of a parent through death and divorce it was the distortion of family relationships not the of the bond with the parent in divorce that wasA. dispositionB. distinctionC.distribution23. Finally, let's a critical issue in any honest exploration of our attitudes towards old people, namely the value which our society ascribes to themA. stick toB. turn toC.lead to24. Smuggling is a____________activity which might bring destruction to our economy; therefore,A. pertinentB. fruitfulC.detrimental25. The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under____________ofA. guidelineB. definitionC.constraintD. iden26. The food was divided____________A. equallyB. individuallyC.sufficiently27. Horseback riding____________both the skill of handing a horse and the mastery of diverseA. embracesB. encouragesC.exaggerates28. Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food,____________their cleanness, toughness, and loA. by virtue ofB. in addition to29. He cannot____________the fact that he was late again for the conference at the universityA. contribute toB. account forC.identify with30. Please do not be____________by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attractA. disgustedB. embarrassedC.irritated31. For nearly 50 years, Spock has been a____________author writing 13 books including anA. prevalentB. precautiousC.prospective32. Workers in this country are getting higher wages while turning out poor products that do not____________the test oA. keep up withB. stand up toply with33. The business was forced to close down for a period but was____________A. successivelyB. subsequentlyC.predominantlyD. prelimi34. The book might well have____________A. worked outB. gone throughC.caught on35. We had been taken over by another firm, and a management____________A. cleanupB. setupC.breakout36. The poor quality of the film ruined the____________A. ratherB. muchC.otherwise37. I'll have to____________this dress a bit before the wedding nexA. let offB. let goC.let loose38. They reached a(n)____________A. understandingB. acknowledgementC.concessionD. surrender39. After walking for hours without finding the village, we began to have____________about ourA. troublesB. fearsC.limitations40. If you don't want to talk to him, I'll speak to him____________A. on your accountB. on your behalfC.for your partPAET ⅢDirection: There are 15 blanks in this part of the test, read the passage through, Then, go back and choose the suitable word or phrase marked A, B, C or D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter of the world or phrase you have chosen with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-The process by means of which human beings arbitrarily make certain things stand for otherEverywhere we turn, we see the symbolic process at work. There are__ 41__things men do orAlmost all fashionable clothes are__ 42__symbolic, so is food. We__ 43__our furniture to serve __ 44__visible symbols of our taste, wealth, and social position. We often choose our houses__ 45__the basis of a feeling that it “looks well”to have a “good address.”We trade perfectly good cars in for__ 46__models not always to get better transportation, but to give__ 47Such complicated and apparently__ 49__behavior leads philosophers to ask over and over again, “why ca n't human beings__ 50__simply and naturally.” Often the complexity of human life makes us look enviously at the relative__ 51__of such live as dogs and cats. Simply, the fact that symbolic process makes complexity possible is no__ 52__for wanting to__ 53__to a cat and to a cat-and-dog existence. A better solution is to understand the symbolic process__ 54__instead of41. A. many B. some C. few42. A. highly B. nearly C. merely43. A. make B. get C. possess44. A. of B. for C. as45. A. on B. to C. at46. A. earlier B. later C. former47. A. suggestion B. surprise C. explanation48. A. use B. afford C. ride49. A. useless B. impossible C. inappropriate50. A. live B. work C. stay51. A. passivity B. activity C. simplicity52. A. meaning B. reason C. time53. A. lead B. devote C. proceed54. A. so that B. in that C. considering that55. A. teachers B. students C. mastersPART ⅣDirections: You will read five passage in this part of the test. Below each passage there are some question or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. Read the passage carefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Mark the letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your machine-The Solar Decathlon is under way, and trams of students from 14 colleges and universities are building solar-powered homes on the National Mall in Washington, D. C. in an effort to promote this alternative energy source. This week judges in this Department of Energy (DOE) sponsored event will evaluate these homes and declare one the winner. Unfortunately, for the participants, it rained on the Sept 26th opening ceremonies, and the skies over the Washington have remained mostly overcast since. However, the conditions may have made for a more revealing demonstration of solaAlthough the Solar Decathlon's purpose is to advertise the benefits of electricity-generating solar panels and other residential solar gadgets, the bad weather has made it hard to ignore the limitations. As fate so amply demonstrated, not every day is a sunny day, and indeed DOE's “SolarSince solar is not an always available energy source, even a community consisting entirely of solar homes and businesses would still need to be connected to a constantly-running power plant (most likely natural gas or coal fired) to provide reliable electricity. For this reason, the fossil fuel savings and environmental benefits of solar are considerably smaller than many proponentsWashington, D. C. gets its share of sunny days as well, but even so, solar equipment provides only a modest amount of energy in relation to its cost. In fact, a $ 5,000 rooftop photovoltaic system typically generates no more than $ 100 of electricity per year, providing a rate of returnNor do the costs end when the system is installed. Like anything exposed to the elements, solar equipment is subject to wear and storm damage, and may need ongoing maintenance and repairs. In addition, the materials that turn sunlight into electricity degrade over time. Thus, solar panels will eventually need to be replaced, most likely before the investment has fully paid itself off in the form oSolar energy has always has its share of true believers willing to pay extra to feel good about their homes and themselves. But for homeowners who view it as an investment, it is not a good one. The economic realities are rarely acknowledged by the government officials and solar equipment manufactures involved in the Solar Decathlon and similarly one-sided promotions. By failing to be objective, the pro-56. The Solar Decathlon is most probably the name of a____________B. It has been raining since Sept 26th for thA. It has revealed a mechanical proble59. The environmental benefits of solar power are small because____________A. solar power plants can hardly avoid poll60. It can be inferred that “a passbook savings account”____________61. It can be inferred that in promoting solar energy the US government____________A. admitsEvery year, the American Lung Association (ALA) releases its annual report card on smog, and every year it gives an “F” to over h a lf the nation's counties and cities. When ALA's “State of the Air 2002” recently came out, dozens of credulous local journalists once again took the bait, ominously reporting that their corner of the nation received a failing grade. The national coverage was no better, repeating as fact ALA's statement that it is “gravely concerned” about air quality, and neglecting to solicit the views of even one scientist with a differing view. Too bad, because this report card says a lot less about actual air quality than it does about the tactics and motives ofThe very fact that 60 percent of counties were giver an “F” seems to be alarmist. This is particularly true given that smog levels have been trending downward for several decades. According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) statistics, ozone, the primary constituent of smog, has declined by approximately 30 percent since the 1970s. And recent gains indicate that the progress will likely continue, even without the wave of new regulations ALA is now demanding.ALA is correct that some areas still occasionally exceed the federal standard for ozone, but such spikes are far less frequent than in the past. Even Los Angeles, the undisputed smog capital of America, has cleaned up its act considerably. Los Angeles, which exceeded federal smogstandards for 154 days in 1989, has had 75percent fewer such spikes in recent years. But an ALA-assigned “F”Most of the nation is currently in attainment with the current smog standard, and much of the rest is getting close, Nonetheless, ALA chose to assign an “ F” to entire county based on just a few readings above a strict new EPA standard enacted in 1997 but not yet in force. In effect, ALA demanded a standard even more stringent than the federal government's, which allows some leeway for a few anomalously high reading in otherwise clean areas. ALA further exaggerated the public-health hazard by grossly overstating the risks of these relatively minor and sporadic i62.The media's response to ALA's “State of the Air 2002”can best be described as____________63. By citing figures from the EPA, the author seem to contend that____________64. In Paragraph 3, the word “spikes”(in boldface) probably refers to____________65. The author draws on Los Angeles to prove that the ALA____________A. is right to assign an “F”66. The author agrees with the ALA that____________67. One of the problems with the ALA seems to be____________It was (and is )common to think that other animals are ruled by “instinct” whereas humans lost their instincts and ruled by “reason,”and that this is why we are so much more flexibly intelligent than other animals. William James, in his book Principles of psychology, took the opposite view. He argued that human behavior is more flexibly intelligent than that of other animals because we have more instincts than they do, not fewer. We tend to be blind to the existence of these instincts, however, precisely because they work so well-because they processinformation so effortlessly and automatically. They structure our thought so powerfully, he argued, that it can be difficult to imagine how things could be otherwise. As a result, we take “normal” behavior for granted. We do not realize that “normal” behavior needs to be explained at all. This “instinct blindness”makes the study of psychology difficult. To get past this problem, James suggested that we try to make the “natural seen strange.”“It takes a mind debauched by learning to carry the process of making the natural seem strange, so far as to ask for the why of any instinctiveIn our view, William James was right about evolutionary psychology. Making the natural seem strange is unnatural—it requires the twisted outlook seen, for example, in Gary Larson cartoons. Yet it is a central part of the enterprise. Many psychologists avoid the study of natural competences, thinking that there is nothing there to be explained. As a result, social psychologists are disappointed unless they find a phenomenon “that would surprise their grandmothers,” and cognitive psychologists spend more time studying how we solve problem we are bad at, like learning math or playing chess, than ones we are good at. But natural competences—our abilities to see, to speak, to find someone beautiful, to reciprocate a favor, to fear disease, to fall in love, to initiate an attack, to experience moral outrage, to navigate a landscape, and myriad others—are possible only because there is a vast and heterogeneous array of complex computational machinery supporting and regulating these activities. This machinery works so well that we don't even realize that it exists—we all suffer from instinct blindness. As a result, psychologists have neglected to study some of the most interesting machinery in the h68. William James believed that man is more flexibly intelligent than other animals because man is more____________A. It is c70. According to the author, which of the following is most likely studied nowadays by psychologist71. The author thinks that psychology is to____________B.C. study abnormal72. The author stresses that our natural abilities are____________A. not replaced by reaB. the same as other animals'D.In her 26 years of teaching English, Shannon McCuire has seen countless misplaced commas,But the instructor at US's Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge said her job is getting harde“I kid you not, the number of errors that I've seen in the past few years have multiplied five times,”Experts say e-mail and instant messaging are at least partly to blame for an increasing indifference toward the rules of grammar“They used to at least feel guilty (about mistakes),”said Naomi Baron, professor of linguistics at American University in Washington, D. C.“They didn't necessarily write a little better, but at leastIronically, Baron's latest book, “Alphabet to Email: How Written English Evolved and Where It's Heading,” became a victim of sloppy proofreading. The book's title is capitalized differently on the cover, spine and title page. “People used to lose their jobs over this,”she said. “And now“Whatever”describes Jeanette Henderson's attitude toward writing. The sophomore at the University of Louisiana at Monroe admits that her reliance on spell check has hurt her grades in English class. “Computer has spoiled us,”But the family and consumer sciences major believes her future bosses won't mind the mistakes as much as her professor does. “Th ey're not going to check semicolons, commas and stuff like that,” HenLSU's McGuire said she teaches her students to use distinct writing styles that fit theirShe emphasizes that there's the informal language of an e-mail to a friend, but there's also the well thouIt's not just e-Society as whole is becoming more informal. Casual wear at work used to be reserved for Friday, for example, but is now commonplace at most offices. There's also a greater emphasis on youth culture, and youth tend to use instant messaging more than adultsEnglish language has been neglected at different points in history but always rebounds. During Shakespearen times, for example, spelling wasn't considered important, and earlyThere will likely be a social force that recognizes the need for clear writing and swings theC. Students are becoming increa74. We can infer from the passage that college students____________B. mostly have very hC. It was renamedD. It caused her to lose77. According to the passage, sloppy writing____________A. parallels a social78.The word “distinct”（in boldface）in the context means____________A. clearB. differentC.A. EmailingB. Slack teachingC. Youth culture.D. Instant messaging.A. ConfiDarkness approached and a cold, angry wind gnawed at the tent like a mad dog. Camped above treeline in the Wind River Mountains of Wyoming, the torrents of air were not unexpected and only a minor disturbance compared to the bestial gnawing going on behind my belly button. In an attempt to limit exposure of my bare bottom to the ice-toothed storm, I had pre-dug a half dozen catholes within dashing distance. Over and over, through the long night, the same scenario was repeated: out of the bay, out of the tent, rush squat, rush back.“Everyone can master a grief,”wrote Shakespeare,Diarrhea, the modern word, resembles the old Greek expression for “a flowing through.”Ancient Egyptian do ctors left descriptions of the suffering of Pharaohs scratched on papyrus even before Hippocrates, the old Greek, gave it a name few people can spell correctly. An equal opportunity affliction, diarrhea has laid low kings and common men, women, and children for at least as long as historians have recorded such fascinating trivia. It wiped out, almost, more soldiers in America's Civil War that guns and sword. In the developing world today, acute diarrhea strikes more than one billion humans every year, and leaves more than five million dead, usually the very young. Diarrhea remains one of the two most common m“Frequent passage of unformed watery bowel movements,”as described by Taver's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, diarrhea falls into two broad types: invasive and non-invasive. From bacterial sources, invasive diarrhea, sometimes called “dysentery,”attacks the lower intestinal wall causing inflammation, abscesses, and ulcers that may lead to mucus and blood (often “black blood” from the action of digestive juices) in the stools, high fever, “stomach” cramsfrom the depths of hell, and significant amounts of body fluid rushing from the patient's nether region. Serious debilitation, even death, can occur from the resulting dehydration and from the spread of the bacteria to other parts of the body. Non-invasive diarrheas grow from colonies of microscopic evil-doers that set up housekeeping on, but do not invade, intestinal walls. Toxins released by the colonies cause cramps, nausea, vomiting, and massive gushes of fluid from the patient's lower intestinal tract. Non-81.In Paragraph 1, the author uses the quoted word “grief”from Shakespeare to refer to____________A. the ter82. According to the description in Paragraph 1, which of the following did the author NOT do atB. Camping in the mounta83. Who first gave the disease the name84. According to Paragraph 2____________D. the elderly are more likely attacked by diarrhea than85. The invasive diarrhea and the non-invasive diarrhea are different in that____________C. the former makes the patPART ⅤDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your pieces of Chinese version in the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡThe aim of education or culture is merely the development of good taste in knowledge and good form in conduct. The cultured man or the ideal educated man is not necessarily one who is well-read or learned, but one who likes and dislikes the right things. To know what to love and what to hate is to have taste in knowledge. 1I have met such persons, and found that there was no topic that might come up in the course of the conversation concerning which they did not have some facts or figures to produce, but whose points of view were appalling.Such persons have erudition (the quality of being knowledgeable), but no discernment, or taste. Erudition is a merematter of stuffing fact or information, while taste or discernment is a matter of artistic judgment. 2. In speaking of a scholar, the Chinese generally distinguish between a man's scholarship, conduct, and taste or discernment.This is particularly so with regard to historians; a book of history may be written with the most thorough scholarship, yet be totally lacking in insight or discernment, and in the judgment or interpretation of persons and events in history, the author may show no originality or depth of understanding. Such a person, we say, has no taste in knowledge. To be well-informed, or to accumulate facts and details, is the easiest of all things. 3.There are many facts in a given historical period that can be easily stuffed into our mind, but discernment in the selection of significant facts is a vastly more difficult thing and depends upon one's point of view.An educated man, therefore, is one who has the right loves and hatreds. This we call taste, and with taste comes charm. 4. Now to have taste or discernment requires a capacity for thinking things through to the bottom, an independence of judgment, and an unwillingness to be knocked down by any form of fraud, social, political, literary, artistic, or academic.There is no doubt that we are surrounded in our adult life with a wealth of frauds: fame frauds, wealth frauds, patriotic frauds, political frauds, religious frauds and fraud poets, fraud artists, fraud dictators and frauds psychologists. When a psychoanalyst tells us that the performing of the functions of the bowels(肠道) during childhood has a definite connection or that constipation(便秘) leads to stinginess of character, all that a man with taste can do is to feel amused. 5. When a man is wrong, he is wrong, and there is no need for one to be impressed and overawed by a great name or by the number of books that he has read and we haven't.PART ⅥDirections: Write an essay of no less than 200 wors on the topic given below. Use the proper space on your Answer Sheet ⅡSome people think that material wealth is a sign of success in China today. Do you agree or disagree? State your opinion and give good reasons.试题详解第二部分词汇21.A provide, satisfy和offer三个动词之后都不跟动词不定式。
2004年博士生入学考试试题
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试自然地理学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、水体沼泽化2、环境效应3、土壤氧化还原作用4、地带性规律5、生态交错带二．简答题（每题8分）1、举例说明流域系统的整体性与层次性。
2、简述自然保护的基本概念及对社会与自然协调的意义。
3、简述气候变化与异常的原因。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述生物圈等级理论的主要内容。
2、试述地理环境中水文现象与地貌现象之间的密切联系。
3、试述中国黄土地貌形成的环境背景。
4、试述区划研究与类型研究的差别与联系。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试气候学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、副热带高压2、蒸发潜力3、降水变率4、气候分异5、末次盛冰期二．简答题（每题8分）1、简述大气层圈结构。
2、对于全球气候系统而言，主要外强迫和内强迫因子有哪些？其作用有何不同？3、简述地球轨道参数的意义及其在气候变化中的作用。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、论述青藏高原隆起对我国气候形成的作用。
2、何谓El Nino与La Nina，阐述它们对我国气候的主要影响。
3、什么是气候突变？对于一个已知气候记录序列，如何分析气候突变？试举例说明主要方法、基本原理和计算步骤。
4、全球有哪些主要季风区？试阐述亚洲季风系统的环流系统、形成机理和主要气候特征。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试生态学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、限制因子与限制因子定律2、生态金字塔与生态效率3、负反馈调节4、同化效率5、补偿深度二．简答题（每题8分）1、自养生态系统和异养生态系统的区别有哪些？2、一种生物进入新的栖息地，自然种群的数量变动将会经过哪些过程，直至保持相对稳定或灭亡？3、请介绍生态系统中物质循环的模式及其类型。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、为什么生物体的生长都呈“S”型曲线形式？2、在湖泊生态系统的各阶段中，初级生产主要能量参数，即生物量、总初级生产量、呼吸量和净初级生产量是如何变化的？3、请说明生物他感作用的概念及其在生物群落组成和演替中的意义。
北京大学真题2004年
2004年北京大学博士研究生入学考试真题Part ⅠStructure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are ______, exist only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive2. Brooding and hopelessness are the ______ of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC. frustrationsD. transactions3. What ______ about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward4. ______ considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man5. Not until the 1980's ______ in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens6. The buttocks are ______ most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatale damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likely to cause fatal damage to7. The concept of internet, ______ has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances8. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to ______ the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduceB. yieldC. relinquishD. waver9. His request for a day off ______ by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away10. The index of industrial production ______ last year.A. raised up by 4 percentB. rose up with 4 percentC. arose up with 4 percentD. went up by 4 percent11. Please ______ if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me12. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered ______ yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up13. By the end of the year 2004, he ______ in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served14. ______ there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. smith ______ the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined15. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could ______.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody, had been mourning16. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out ______.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route17. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even ______.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it18. Among the first to come and live in North America ______, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there19. The cargo box has a label ______ on it. Please handle it with care.A. "flexible"B. "break"C. "fragile"D. "stiff"20. ______ we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart ⅡReading ComprehensionSection ADirections: Each of the passages is followed by some questions. For each question four answers are given. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each question. Put your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneWhat Makes a "Millennial Mind"?(1) Since 1000 AD, around 30 billion people have been born on our planet. The vast majority have come and gone unknown to all but their friends and family. A few have left some trace on history: a discovery made, perhaps, or a record broken. Of those, fewer still are remembered long after their death. Yet of all the people who have lived their lives during the last 1000 years, just 38 have achieved the status of "Millennial Minds" that's barely one in a billion. Those whose lives Focus has chronicled have thus become members of possibly the most exclusive list of all time. And choosing who should be included was not easy.(2) From the beginning, the single most important criterion was that the "Millennial Minds" are those who did more than merely achieve greatness in their own time, or in one field. Thusmere winners of Nobel Prizes had no automatic right to inclusion, nor artists who gained fame in their own era, but whose reputation has faded with changing fashion. The achievements of the genuine "Millennial Mind" affect our lives even. now, often in ways so fundamental that it is hard to imagine what the world was like before.(3) Not even transcendent genius was enough to guarantee a place in the Focus list. To rate asa "Millennial Mind", the life and achievements also had to cast light on the complex nature of creativity: its origins, nature and its personal cost.21. The first paragraph tells us that ______.A. Focus had a list of "Millennial Minds" worked out in secretB. Focus had compiled a biographical book of the lives of "Millennial Minds"C. Focus's list of the "Millennial Minds" consists of a strictly selected fewD. Focus tried hard to exclude most of the famous lives from the list of the "Millennial Minds"22. According to the second paragraph, which of the following statements is TRUE?A. Nobel Prize winners are not qualified for the "Millennial Minds".B. A "Millennial Mind" needs only to have a great influence on the lives of the people of his time.C. Only those whose achievements still greatly affect our lives today can be included in the list of the "Millennial Minds".D. The "Millennial Minds" are those who have changed human lives so much that people of later generations can not remember what things were like in the past.23. In the first sentence of the third paragraph, "transcendent genius" means ______.A. people who are exceptionally superior and great in talentB. people whose achievements are not forgotten by later generationsC. people whose genius has been passed down to the present timeD. people who have guaranteed themselves a place in the Focus list24. In the third paragraph, the phrase "cast light on" can be replaced by ______.A. shine overB. light upC. shed light onD. brighten upPassage TwoTribute to Dr. Carlo Urbani, Identifier of $ARS(1) On the 29th of March, 2003, the World Health Organization doctor Carlo Urbani died of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, the fast-spreading pneumonia that had killed 54 people worldwide.(2) The 46-year-old Italian doctor was the first WHO officer to identify the outbreak of this new disease in an American businessman. Dr. Urbani first saw the US businessman on Feb. 28, two days after the patient had been admitted to a hospital in Hanoi. Although Urbani had worn a mask, he lacked goggles and other protective clothing. He began demanding that Hanoi hospitals stock up on protective gear and tighten up infection control procedures. But he was frustrated at how long it was taking to teach infection-control procedures to people in hospitals. There were shortages of supplies, like disposable masks, gowns, gloves.(3) After three weeks of round-the-clock effort, Urbani's superior urged him to take a few days off to attend a medical meeting in Bangkok, where he was to talk on childhood parasites. The day after he arrived, he began feeling ill with symptoms of the new disease. He called his wife, now living in Hanoi with their three children. He said: "Go back to Italy and take the children,because this will be the end for me." Dr. Urbani developed a fever and was put into isolation where he remained until his death. The WHO representative in Hanoi said: "He was very much a doctor, and his first goal was to help people."(4) He was buried on April 2, 2003 in Castelplanio, central Italy, leaving behind his wife and children. The measures he helped put in place before his death appear to have doused the SARS wildfire in Vietnam.25. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A. Dr. Urbani caught SARS from an American businessman who was hospitalized in Hanoi.B. There were not enough disposable masks, gowns, gloves and protective equipment.C. He knew he had little hope to survive after he was found infected.D. Dr. Urbani had helped combating the new disease by putting in place a series of infection-control measures.26. In the third paragraph, "three weeks of round-the-clock effort" means ______.A. for three weeks the hospital was taking in SARS patients without stoppingB. Dr. Urbani worked day and night for three weeks, trying to get SARS under controlC. for three weeks Dr. Urbani did not have any time to sleep, trying hard to fight the new diseaseD. After three weeks' hard work to control SARS, the hospital superior thought it was time to stop the clock27. According to the context, the word "doused" in the last sentence of this passage could be best replaced with ______.A. extinguishedB. eliminatedC. solvedD. delugedPassage ThreeGlass(1) Since the Bronze Age, about 3000 B. C, glass has been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, lime, and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeenth century.(2) When heated the mixture becomes soft and moldable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow.(3) Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or "freeze" at specific temperatures, glass progressively softens as the temperature rises, going through varying moldable stages until it flows like a thick syrup. Each of these stages allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus open to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials.28. According to the passage glass cools and becomes rigid differently from metals because ______.A. it has an unusually low melting temperatureB. it does not set up a network of interlocking crystalsC. it has a random molecular structure of a liquidD. it is made from a mixture of silica, lime, and soda29. In the phrase "without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process" in the second paragraph, a substitute for the word "customarily" may be ______.A. continuouslyB. certainlyC. eventuallyD. usually30. Glass can be easily molded into all kinds of forms because ______.A. it melts like liquid when heatedB. it softens gradually through varying stages when heatedC. it retains the shape at the point when it is suddenly cooledD. various heating techniques can be used in making glassSection BDirections: Read the following passage carefully and then explain in your own English the exact meaning of the numbered and underlined parts. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%) No one gets out of this world alive, and few people come through life without at least one serious illness. (31) If we are given a serious diagnosis, it is useful to try to remain free of panic and depression. Panic can constrict blood vessels and impose an additional burden on the heart.(32) Depression, as medical researchers way back to Galen, that ancient Greek doctor, have observed, can set the stage for other illnesses or intensify existing ones. It is no surprise that so many patients who learn that they have cancer or heart disease or any other catastrophic disease become worse at the time of diagnosis. (33) The moment they have a label to attach to their symptoms, the illness deepens. All the terrible things they have heard about disease produce the kind of despair that in turn complicates the underlying condition. (34) It is not unnatural to be severely apprehensive about a serious diagnosis, but a reasonable confidence is justified. Cancer today, for example, is largely a treatable disease. A heavily damaged heart can be reconditioned.(35) Even a positive HIV diagnosis does not necessarily mean that the illness will move into the active stage.Part ⅢCloze TestDirections:Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (36) . This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (37) . In cultures that firmly believed in an (38) , and that believed further that the departed could enter that afterlife only (39) they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (40) rulers, the riches (41) with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (42) goods were replaced (43) symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (44) realmoney. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (45) step in "three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and finally mere tributes of respect."Part ⅣProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (—) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (—).Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)(46) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (47) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (48) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (49) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F.C.C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (50) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providing computer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (51) "This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today." said Mr. Powell. He added that (52) the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as email (53) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (54) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (55) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part ⅤWritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET.Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises第三章最新全国重点院校考博英语真题参考答案2004年北京大学博士研究生入学考试真题答案Part ⅠStructure and Written Expression1. B2. B3. B4. A5. D6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. D11. B 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. B 16. B 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. APart ⅡReading Comprehension21. C 22. C 23. A 24. C 25. A 26. B 27. A 28. B 29. D 30. B31. 略32. 略33. 略34. 略35. 略Part ⅢCloze Test36. dead 37. people 38. afterlife 39. if 40. the 41. or 42. real 43. by44. of 45. finalPart ⅣProofreading46. been 改为being 47. find 后加it48. Taking 改为Taken 49. industries, 后加and50. in 改为under 51. reflecting 改为reflection52. wide 改为widely 53. and 去掉54. while 去掉55. like 改为asPart ⅤWriting略。
华中科技大学生理学2004 + 答案年考博真题试卷
七、期前收缩和代偿性间歇发生的原因是什么？
心脏的兴奋和收缩是依靠窦房结的节律进行的，如果在心室的有效不应期后，下一次窦房结兴奋到来之前，给予人工刺激或心室受到病理性的异位起搏点刺激，则心室肌可以接受这一额外的刺激而产生期前兴奋，引起期前收缩。期前收缩也有兴奋性变化，也有不应期，紧接着期前兴奋之后的一次窦房结产生的兴奋传到心室时，恰好落在期前兴奋的有效不应期内，因而不能引起心室的兴奋和收缩，必须等到下一次窦房结的兴奋传到心室时才能发生。所以在期前收缩之后有较大的心室舒张期，称为代偿间歇。
（2）毛细血管处组织液重吸收增加：失血一小时内，毛细血管前阻力血管收缩，毛细血管血压降低，毛细血管前阻力和毛细血管后阻力的比值增大，故组织液的回流多于生成，使血浆量有所恢复，血液被稀释。
（3）血管紧张素Ⅱ，醛固酮和血管升压素生成增加，通过缩血管作用既促进肾小管对Na+和水的重吸收，有利于血量的恢复。血管紧张素Ⅱ还能引起渴感和饮水行为，增加细胞外液量。血浆蛋白质和红细胞的恢复，使血时损失的一部分血浆蛋白质由肝脏加速合成，在一天或更长的时间内逐步恢复。红细胞则由骨髓造血组织加速生成，约数周才能恢复。
4、黏液---碳酸氢盐屏障：是指胃黏液和胃黏膜分泌的碳酸氢盐具有防止胃腔中H+过快的进入胃黏膜并进行中和的作用
5、应激反应：指机体突然受到强烈有害刺激（如创伤、手术、失血、感染、中毒、缺氧、饥饿等）时，垂体释放促肾上腺皮质激素ACTH增加，导致血液中糖皮质激素大量增多，并产生一系列反应，称为应激。
二、什么是钠泵?有何生理意义?
中国科学院2000-2004年博士入学部分考题18份
你支持还是反对克隆人？理由是什么？如何避免克隆技术被滥用？
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2000-2001年细胞生物学（博士）
2000年
一、 名词解释（每词3分，共30分）
1． 着丝粒 6. 核骨架
2． 微管 7. 核糖体
3． 溶酶体 8. 细胞的程序死亡
8．细胞编程性死亡又称细胞凋亡是细胞的一种基本生命现象，请阐述细胞凋亡的生物学意义及主要生物化学特征。
2001年博士学位研究生入学考试
生物化学试题
1.请阐明蛋白质间最重要的原子相互作用。（15分）
2. 蛋白质的测活是蛋白纯化过程中的重要组成部分，可以从哪些方面来考虑建立一个快速、简便、定量的测活方法。（15分）
二、真核生物的基因表达控制（control of gene expression）和信号传导（signal transduction）有密切的关系，请举出一个你熟悉的例子分别说明这两个概念的含义及其联系。
三、目前已经有一些现成的软件用来预测基因组全序列中的基因。为了设计这些软件，你觉得哪些关于基因和基因组的分子遗传学知识是必须的？请说明理由。
9、二酰基甘油是蛋白激酶C的（ ）。
10、常染色质的英文是（ ）。
三、论述题（每题10分，共20分）：
1、细胞凋亡的生物学意义
2、磷脂酰肌醇信号通路
四、综合题 （每题10分，共20分）：
1、给你一株动物体细胞，你如何验证该株细胞的发育全能性？
2、如何研究一个基因在细胞及发育中的功能？
中科院遗传与发育生物学研究所2003年遗传学（博士）
一、今年是DNA双螺旋模型发表五十周年。请回答以下问题（20分）：
河北师范大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题
河北师范大学——英语2004年博士研究生入学考试试题河北师范大学2004年博士研究生入学考试英语试题一、本次考试由七个部分组成，分别为：I. Listening Comprehension ( 20 minutes; 15 points )II. Reading Comprehension (50 minutes; 25 points )III. Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 minutes; 10 points )IV. Short Answer Questions ( 15 minutes; 10 points )V. Error Correction ( 10 minutes; 10 points )VI. Translation from Chinese into English ( 35 minutes; 15 points )VII. Composition ( 35 minutes; 15 points )二、本考题满分为100分,全部考试时间为180分钟。
三、听力部分、阅读理解部分、词汇与结构部分为选择题，请将所选答案标明题号，涂在答题卡上。
改错、简答题、翻译和写作答案写在答题纸上，所有答案写在草稿纸上或试题册上无效。
I. Listening Comprehension ( 20 minutes, 15 points )Section ADirections: In this section, you’ll hear 10 short conversations. At the end of the conversation, a questio n will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A), B), C) and D), and decide which is the best answer.Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.1. A ) The lecture for next Monday is cancelled.B ) The lecture wasn’t as successful as expected.C ) The woman doesn’t want to attend the lecture.D ) The woman may attend next Monday’s lecture.2. A ) The woman has a very tight budget.B ) He does not think the fur coat is worth buying.C ) He’s willing to lend the woman money for the fur coat.D ) The woman is not careful enough in planning her spending.3. A ) Clean the kitchen.B ) Ask someone to fix the sink.C ) Find a bigger apartment for the lady.D ) Check the work done by the maintenance man.4. A ) The lens. B ) The price. C ) The flash. D ) The leather case.5. A ) She needs another haircut soon.B ) She thinks it worthwhile to try Santerbale’s.C ) She knows a less expensive place for a haircut.D ) She would like to make an appointment for the man.6. A ) The woman doesn’t want to cook a meal.B ) The woman wants to have a picnic.C ) The woman has a poor memory.D ) The woman likes Mexican food.7. A ) Everyone enjoyed himself at John’s parties.B ) The woman didn’t enjoy John’s parties at all.C ) It will be th e first time for the man to attend John’s party.D ) The woman is glad to be invited to John’s house-warming party.8. A ) She lacks confidence in herself.B ) She is not interested in computer programming.C ) She has never signed up for any competition before.D ) She is sure to win the programming contest.9. A ) The man has an enormous amount of work to do.B ) The man has made plans for his vacation.C ) The man’ll take work with him on his vacation.D ) Work stacked up during the man’s last vacation.10. A ) She likes the job of feeding fish.B ) She finds her new job interesting.C ) She feels unfit for her new job.D ) She’s not in good health.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end ofeach passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the question will be spoken only once. After you hear a question you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.Passage 1Questions 11 to 13 are based on the passage you have just heard.11. A ) Rally support for their movement.B ) Liberate women from tedious housework.C ) Claim their rights to equal job opportunities.D ) Express their anger against sex discrimination.12. A ) It will bring a lot of trouble to the local people.B ) It is a popular form of art.C ) It will spoil the natural beauty of their surroundings.D ) It is popular among rock stars.13. A ) To show that mindless graffiti can provoke violence.B ) To show that Londoners have a special liking for graffiti.C ) To show that graffiti, in some cases, can constitute a crime.D ) To show that graffiti can make the environment more colorful. Passage2Questions 14 to 16 are based on the passage you have just heard.14. A ) The Asian elephant is easier to tame.B ) The Asian elephant’s skin is more valuable.C ) The Asian elephant is less popular with tourists.D ) The Asian elephant produces ivory of a better quality.15. A ) From the captured or tamed elephants.B ) From the British wildlife protection group.C ) From elephant hunters in Thailand and Burma.D ) From tourists visiting the Thai-Burmese border.16. A ) Their taming for circuses and zoos.B ) The destruction of their natural homes.C ) Man’s lack of knowledge about their behavior.D ) Their greater vulnerability to extinction than other species. Passage3Questions 17 to 20 are based on the passage you have just heard.17. A ) They had lost their jobs as a result of the Industrial Revolution.B ) They had been suffering from political and religious oppression.C ) They wanted to flee from the widespread famine in NorthernEurope.D) They wanted to make a fortune there by starting their ownbusinesses.18.A) They might lose control of their members because of the increase inimmigration.B) Their members might find it difficult to get along with thenewcomers.C ) The working conditions of their members might deteriorate.D ) Their members might lose their jobs to the newcomers.19. A ) To impose restrictions on further immigration.B ) To improve the working conditions of immigrants.C ) To set a minimum wage level for new immigrants.D ) To put requirements on languages for newcomers.20. A ) They were looked down upon by European immigrants.B ) They had a hard time seeking equal job opportunities.C ) They worked very hard to earn a decent living.D ) They strongly opposed continued immigration.Ⅱ. Reading Comprehension ( 50 minutes, 25 points )Directions:There are five passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the best answer among them.Questions 21 -25 are based on the following passage:Passage 1If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have a problem. Human resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitive survival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility. Labor is simply another factor of production to be hired-rented at the lowest possible cost—much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporate hierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command. The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off at the edge of the corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisions and has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan the head of human-resource management is central—usually the second most important executive, after the CEO, in the firm’s hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces, in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms. The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerial employees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If American workers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturing stations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower in Germany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and running at capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limit the speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace of technological change. And in the end the skills of the population affect the wages of the top half. If the bottom half can’t effectively staff the processes that have to be operated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.21.Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in American companies?A)They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.B)They see the gaining of skills as their employees’ own business.C)They attach more importance to workers than equipment.D)They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.22. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?A)He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B)His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.C)He is directly under the chief financial executive.D)He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.23.The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to .A)workers who can operate new equipmentB)technological and managerial staffC)workers who lack basic background skillsD)top executives24. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm’s competitive advantage is .A)the introduction of new technologiesB)the improvement of worker’s basic skillsC)the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD)the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees25. What is the main idea of the passage?A)American firms are different from Japanese and Germany firms in human-resource management.B)Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C)The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm’s hierarchy.D)The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitive capacity.Questions 26—30 are based on the following passage:Passage 2For millions of years before the appearance of the electric light, shift work, all-night cable TV and the Internet, earth’s creatures evolved on a planet with predictable and reassuring 24-hout rhythms. Our biological locks are set for this daily cycle. Simply, our bodies want to sleep at night and be awake during the day. Most women and men need between eight and eight and a half hours of sleep a night to function properly throughout their lives. ( Contrary to popular belief, humans don’t need less sleep as they age.)But on average, Americans sleep only about seven and a half hours per night, a marked drop from the nine hours they averaged in 1910. What’s worse, nearly one third of all Americans get less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night. For most people, that’s not nearly enough.Finding ways to get more and better sleep can be a challenge. Scientists have identified more than 80 differentsleep disorders. Some sleep disorders are genetic. But many problems are caused by staying up late and by traveling frequently between time ones or by working nights. Dr. James F. Jones at National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver says that sleep disorders are often diagnosed as other discomforts. About one third of the patients referred to him with possible chronic fatigue syndrome actually have treatable sleep disorders. “ Before we do anything else, we look at their sleep,” Jones says.Sleep experts says that m ost people would benefit from a good look at their sleep patterns “ My motto (座右铭) is ‘ Sleep defensively’,” says Mary Carskadon of Brown University. She says people need to carve out sufficient time to sleep, even if it means giving up other things. Sleep routines—like going to bed and getting up at the same time every day—are important. Pre-bedtime activities also make a difference. As with Elsner, who used to suffer from sleeplessness, a few lifestyle changes—avoiding stimulants and late meals, exercising hours before bedtime, relaxing with a hot bath—yield better sleep.26 What is TRUE of human sleep?A.On average, people in the U.S. today sleep less per night than they used to.B.For most people, less than six hours of sleep on a typical work night is enough.C.Most people need less sleep when they grow older.D.Most people need seven and a half hours of sleep every night.27. For our bodies to function properly, we should .A.adjust our activities to the new inventionsB.be able to predict the rhythms of our biological clocksC.sleep for at least eight hours per nightD.believe that we need less sleep as we age28.According to the author, many sleeping disorders are caused by .A.improper sleep patternsB.chronic fatigue syndromeC.other diseasesD.pre-bedtime exercises29. Which of the following measures can help you sleep better?A.Having late meals.B.Traveling between time zones.C.Staying up late.D.Taking a hot bath.30. “ Sleep defensively” means that.A.people should sacrifice other things to getting enough sleep if necessaryB.people should give up going to bed and getting up at the same time every dayC.people should go to a doctor and have their problems diagnosedD.people should exercise immediately before going to bed every nightQuestions 31—35 are based on the following passage:Passage 3At Kyoto conference on global warming in December 1997, it is became abundantly clear how complex it has become to work out international agreements relating to the environment because of economic concerns unique to each country. It is no longer enough to try to forbid certain activities or to reduce emissions of certain substances. The global challenges of the interlink between the environment and development increasingly bring us to the core of the economic life of states. During the late 1980s we were able, through international agreements, to make deep cuts in emissions harmful to the ozone layer. These reductions were made possible because substitutions had been found for many of the harmful chemicals and, more important, because the harmful substances could be replaced without negative effects on employment and the economies of states.Although the threat of global warming has been known to the world for decades and all countries and leaders agree that we need to deal with the problem, we also know that effects of measure, especially harsh measures taken in some countries, would be nullified (抵消) if other countries do not control their emissions. Whereas the UN team on climate change has found that the emissions of carbon dioxide would have to be cut globally by 60% to stabilize the content of CO, in the atmosphere, this path is not feasible for several reasons. Such deep cuts would cause a breakdown of the world economy. Important and populous (人口众多的)low or medium-income countries are not yet willing to undertake legal commitments about their energy uses. In addition, the state of world technology would not yet permit us to make such a big leap.We must, however, find a solution to the threat of global warming early in the 21st century. Such a commitment would require a degree of shared vision and common responsibilities new to humanity. Success lies in the force of imaginations, in imagining what would happen if we fail to act. Although many living in cold regions would welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summer, few would cheer the arrival of the subsequent tropical diseases, especially where there had been none.31. The main purpose of this passage is to .A.analyze the problem of global warmingB.argue against making deep cuts in emissionsC.convince people that global warming is a real threatD.criticize some countries for refusing to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layer32. The reason why it is difficult to get rid of the threat of global warming is that .A.the leaders of many countries are not fully aware of the gravity of the problemB.many people welcome the global-warming effect of a warmer summerC.not all the countries are willing to make deep cuts in emissionsD.world technology is not able to solve the problem33. In the passage the author implies that .A.the world has recently become aware of the threat of global warmingB.the problem of global warming has largely been solvedC.it is always difficult to work out international agreements to cut down emissions harmful to the ozone layerD.it is no longer easy to reach international agreements relating to the environment34. According to the author, it is impossible at present to cut 60% of carbon dioxide emissions globally because______.A. some people are irresponsibleB. it would cause a collapse of the world economyC. it is only a goal to be reached in the futureD. some people are lacking in imagination35. What should all countries do to help solve the problem of global warming?A.They should hold another world conference on climate change.B.They should provide advanced technology.C.They should replace all the harmful substancesD.They should willingly undertake legal commitments about their energy uses.Questions 36—40 are based on the following passage:Passage 4However important we may regard school life to be, there is no gainsaying(否认)the fact that children spend more time at home than in the classroom. Therefore, the great influence of parents cannot be ignored or discounted by the teacher. They can become strong helpers of the school personnel or they can consciously or unconsciously hinder and oppose curricular objectives.Administrators have been aware of the need to keep parents informed of the newer methods used in schools. Many principals have conducted workshops explaining such matters as the reading readiness program, manuscript writing and developmental mathematics.Moreover, the classroom teacher, with the permission of the supervisors, can also play an important role in enlightening parents. The informal tea and the many interviews carried on during the year, as well as new ways of reporting pupils’ progress, can significantly aid in achieving a harmonious interplay between school and home.To illustrate, suppose that a father has been drilling Junior in arithmetic processes night after night. In a friendly interview, the teacher can help the parent convert his natural paternal (父亲的)interest into productive channels. He might be persuaded to let Junior participate in discussion the family budget, buying the food, using a yardstick or measuring cup at home, setting the clock, calculating mileage on a trip and engaging in scores of other activities that have a mathematical basis.If the father follows the advice, it is reasonable to assume that he will soon realize his son is making satisfactory progress in mathematics, and at the same time, enjoying the work.Too often, however, teachers’ conferences with parents are devoted to petty accounts of children’s unlawful acts, complaints about laziness and poor work habits, and suggestion for penalties and rewards at home.What is needed is a more creative approach in which the teacher, as a professional advised, plants ideas in parents’ minds for the best utilization of the many hours that the child spends out of the classroom.In this way, the school and the home join forces in fostering the fullest development of youngsters’ capacities.36. The author directly discusses the fact that .A. parents drill their children too much in arithmeticB. a parent’s misguided efforts can be properly directedC. a father can have his son help him construct articles at homeD. principals have explained the new art programs to parents37. It can be reasonably inferred that the author .A. is satisfied with present relationships between home and schoolB. feels that the traditional program in mathematics is slightly superior to the developmental programC.feels that parent-teacher interviews can be made much more constructive than they are at presentD. is of the opinion that teachers of this generation are inferior to those of the last generation.38. A method of communication not mentioned or intimated by the author is the .A. classes for parentsB. new type of report cardC. parent-teacher interviewD. demonstration lesson39. The author implies that .A. participation in interesting activities relating to a subject improves one’s achievement in t hat areaB. too many children are lazy and have poor work habitsC. school principals do more than their share in interpreting the curriculum to the parentsD. teachers should occasionally make home visits to parents40.We may infer that the writer of the passage does not favor .A. a father’s helping his son with the latter’s studiesB. written communications to the parent from the teacherC. having the parent observe lessons which the children are being taughtD. principal-parent conferences over teacher-parent conferencesQuestions 41—45 are based on the following passage:Passage 5Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory, whether political or forensic(辩论的).Born in rude and abject poverty(赤贫)，he never had any education, except what he gave himself, till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his mind were within his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers. When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favorable to continuous study had already passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but few authors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a little mathematic, but he could read no language save his own, and can have had only the faintest acquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy.The want of regular education was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Till he was a grown man, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mind of an orator to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many years no one for him to mix withexcept the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whom knew little more than he did himself.Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect and a resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and indeed, of prolonged and intense reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions were his own—clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that at certain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided on his course. But though he could keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused and reconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vain regrets that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many things to his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation(卖弄), he was always independent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.41. It is said that Abraham Lincoln .A. was illiterateB. was never educatedC. was educated very lateD. behaved rudely when he was young42. We are told that Abraham Lincoln .A. never cared much for readingB. did much reading when he was youngC. never had much chance to readD. became an enthusiastic reader when he was grown up43. It is said that Abraham Lincoln .A. was anti-socialB. leaned little from his friendsC. had few friendsD. knew very few doctors44. The habit of reflection helped Lincoln .A. to develop independenceB. to become more opinionatedC. to attain clear convictionsD. to become a hesitant person45. From the passage, what can we infer about Lincoln?A. A failure because of his ignorance.B. A man who triumphed over his disadvantages.C. An exceptionally successful and well-educated person.D. An illiterate man, but with some natural talents.Ⅲ. Vocabulary and Structure ( 15 minutes; 10 points )Directions: In this section there are twenty incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the one answer that best complete the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center.46.The black clouds and the lightening show that a storm is . We’d better hurry up.A. eminentB. imminentC. prominentD. immigrant47.With the sharp rise in examination cheating, many painstaking students _______the campaign against allkinds of dishonesty.A. approvedB. cheeredC. clappedD. applauded48.His excellent speech the audience’s warm acclamations.(喝彩)A. resulted fromB. burst intoC. evokedD. violated49.National and international is indispensable if victory is to beachieved.A. sociologyB. isolationC. solidarityD. solo50.The government regulations that put this archeological siteunder protectionA. publishedB. issuedC. dischargedD. released51.With all its advantages, the computer is by no means withoutits .A. boundariesB. confinementsC. restraintsD. limitations52. I don’t really know how to the problem.A. tackleB. copeC. undergoD. underestimate53.China started in nuclear power industry only in recent years, andshould no time in catching up.A. delayB. loseC. lagD. lessen54.A friendship may be , casual, situational or deep and lasting.A. identicalB. originalC. superficialD. critical55.The republication of the poet’s most recent works will certainly________his national reputation.A. enhanceB. strengthenC.enlargeD.magnify56.There should be enough copies of the novel to the whole class.A. go roundB. go outC. go throughD. go along with57.There is no one of us wishes to go.A. asB. butC. whomD. which58.She is already very nervous and if she knew that you were here.A. still more nervous would she becomeB. she would still become nervousC. she will become still more nervousD. would she become still more nervous59. “ Can I write my essay on the back of an envelope?”“ I’d rather you it on a sheet of scrap paper.”A. writeB. wroteC. will writeD. have written60.The human voice often sounds on the telephone.A. twistedB. irregularC. deformed D) distorted61.We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter regrets.A. urgentB. hastyC. instantD. prompt62.Our research has focused on a drug which is so as to be able to change brain chemistryA. powerfulB. influentialC. monstrousD. vigorous63.There is no much time left, so I’ll tell you about it .A. in detailB. in briefC. in shortD. in all64. A light sleeper is usually very to any sound even as inaudible as the humming of a mosquito.A. acuteB. keenC. alterD. immune65.The prisoner denied anyone at the house when he was questioned by the police.A. seeing thatB. to have seenC. that he seesD. having seenⅣ.Short Answer Questions ( 20 minutes, 10 points )Directions:In this part there is one passage with five questions or incomplete statements. Read the passage carefully. Then use as few words as possible to answer the questions or complete the statements.Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage:Increasingly, over the past ten years, people--especially young people --- have become aware of the need to change their eating habits, because much of the food they eat, particularly chemical foods, is not good for the heath. Consequently, there has been a growing interest in natural foods: foods which do not contain chemical additives and which have not been affected by chemical fertilizers widely used in farming today.Natural foods, for example, are vegetables, fruits and grains which have been grown in soil that is rich in organic matter. In simple terms, this means that the soil has been nourished by unused vegetable matters, which provides it with essential vitamins and minerals. This in itself is a natural process compared with the use of chemicals and fertilizers, the main purpose of which is to increase the amount--but not the quality-- of foods grown in commercial farming areas.Natural foods also include animals which have been allowed to feed and move freely in healthy pastures. Compare this with what happens in the mass production of poultry: there are battery farms, for example, where thousands of chickens live crowded together in one building and are fed on food which is little better than rubbish. Chickens kept in this way are not only tasteless as food; they also produce eggs which lack important vitamins.There are other aspects of healthy eating which are now receiving increasing attention from experts on diet. Take, for example, the question of sugar. This is actually a non-essential food! Although a natural alternative, such as honey, can be used to sweeten food if this is necessary, we can in fact do without it. It is not that sugar is harmful in itself. But it dose seem to be an additive: the quantity we use has grown steadily over the last two centuries and in Britain today each person consumes an average of 200 pounds a year! Yet all it does is to provide us with energy, in the form of calories. There are no vitamins in it, no minerals and no fiber.It is significant that nowadays fiber is considered to be an important part of a healthy diet. In white bread, for example, the fiber has been removed. But it is present in unrefined flour and of course in vegetables. It is interesting to note that in countries where the national diet contains large quantities of unrefined flour band vegetables, certain diseases are comparatively rate. Hence the emphasis placed on the eating of whole meal bread and more vegetables by modern experts on healthy eating.。
中国农业科学院和中国农业大学2004年动物遗传育种与繁殖专业的博士入学试题
中国农业科学院和中国农业大学2004年动物遗传育种与繁殖专业的博士入学试题（回忆版），
上半部分为《动物分子生物学》，下半部分为《家畜遗传育种学》。
中国农业大学生物学院部分专业也考《动物分子生物学》
《动物分子生物学》
一、名词：
RQ—PCR 微卫星DNA SNP SARS 转换
同源重组可变剪切基因簇端粒酶无义突变
二、简答
1. 真核生物RNA聚合酶启动子的特点
2. 转座子的作用机理及遗传效应
3. 核糖核酸中戊糖2’—OH的作用
4. Z—DNA的结构和生物学作用
5. 终止子和终止密码的区别
6. 举例说明免疫球蛋白的遗传重排的过程。
《动物遗传学》
一、名词：
育种目标REML 连锁不平衡微效多基因和主效基因家系选择÷
二、简答：
1. MAS的原理、方法及应用？
2. Hardy－Weinberg原理的基本内容
3. 什么是个体育种值？BLUP相对于常规选择的优点？
4. 近交增量为0.05，计算15代的近交系数
5. 杂交繁育体系的结构及其应用
6. 生产性能测定的几种方法及应用
7. 后裔测定会延长世代间隔，但为什么在奶牛育种中还在应用？
8. （记不起）
三、计算（记不起没有原始数据）
1. 关于遗传进展和辅助选择的计算
2. 用女母回归法和半同胞相关法估计遗传力
四、问答
1. 家畜遗传多样性保护的意义，存在的问题及对策
2. 阐述《分子数量遗传学》的主要研究内容，方法，进展和自己的看法。
（以上资料仅凭回忆，如有不符，请多原谅。
北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题.doc
北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part One Listening Comprehension （略）Part Two Structure and Written ExpressionDirections: In each question decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence if inserted at the place marked. Put the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. (20%)41. The beauty of the reflected images in the limpid pool was the poignant beauty of things that are__________, existing only until the sunset.A. equitableB. ephemeralC. euphoniousD. evasive42. Brooding and hopelessness are the__________of Indians in the prairie reservations most of the time.A. occupationsB. promisesC.frustrations D. transactions43. What__________about that article in the newspaper was that its writer showed an attitude cool enough, professional enough and, therefore, cruel enough when facing that disaster-stricken family.A. worked me outB. knocked me outC. brought me upD. put me forward44. __________considered the human body aesthetically satisfactory.A. Neither prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manB. Nor prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban manC. No prehistoric cave man nor late-industrial urban manD. Neither prehistoric cave man or late-industrial urban man45. Not until the 1980's__________in Beijing start to find ways to preserve historic buildings from destruction.A. some concerned citizensB. some concerning citizensC. did some concerning citizensD. did some concerned citizens46. The buttocks are__________most other parts in the body.A. likely less to cause fatal damage thanB. likely less causing fatal damage toC. less likely to cause fatal damage thanD. less likey to cause fatal damage to47. The concept of internet,__________has intrigued scientists since the mid-20th century.A. the transmission of images, sounds and messages over distancesB. transmitting of images, sounds and messages along distancesC. to transmit images, sounds and messages on distanceD. the transmissibility of images, sounds and messages for distances48. Because of difficulties in getting a visa, the students had to__________the idea of applying for study in the United States.A. reduce B.yield C. relinquish D. waver49. His request for a day off__________by the manager of the company.A. was turned offB. was turned downC. was put downD. was put away50. The index of industrial production__________last year.A. raised up by 4 per centB. rose up with 4 per centC.arose up with 4 per centD. went up by 4 per cent51. Please__________if you ever come to Sydney.A. look at meB. look me upC. look me outD. look to me52. British hopes of a gold medal in the Olympic Games suffered__________yesterday, when Hunter failed to qualify during the preliminary heats.A. a sharp set-backB. severe set-backC. a severe blown-upD. sharp blown-up53. By the end of the year 2004, he__________in the army for 40 years.A. will have servedB. will serveC. will be servingD. will be served54. __________there was an epidemic approaching, Mr. Smith__________the invitation to visit that area.A. If he knew, would have declinedB. If he had known, would declineC. Had he known, would declineD. Had he known, would have declined55. In the dark they could not see anything clear, but could__________.A. hear somebody mournB. hear somebody mourningC. hear somebody mournedD. hear somebody had been mourning56. The team leader of mountain climbers marked out__________.A. that seemed to be the best routeB. what seemed to be the best routeC. which seemed to be the best routeD. something that to be the best route57. The scheme was so impracticable that I refused even__________.A. to consider supporting itB. considering to support itC. to considering to support itD. considering supporting it58. Among the first to come and live in North America__________, who later prospered mainly in New England.A. had been Dutch settlersB. Dutch settlers were thereC. were Dutch settlersD. Dutch settlers had been there59. The cargo box has a label__________on it. Please handle it with care.A. “flexible”B.“break” C.“fragile” D. “stiff”60. __________we wish him prosperous, we have objections to his ways of obtaining wealth.A. Much asB. As muchC. More asD. As well asPart Four Cloze TestDirections: Fill in each numbered blank in the following passage with ONE suitable word to complete the passage. Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Flowers for the DeadSince flowers symbolize new life, it may seem inappropriate to have them at funerals. Yet people in many cultures top coffins or caskets with wreaths and garlands and put blossoms on the graves of the (76) __________. This custom is part of a widespread, long-lived pattern. Edwin Daniel Wolff speculated that floral tributes to the dead are an outgrowth of the grave goods of ancient (77)__________. In cultures that firmly believed in an (78)__________, and believed further that thedeparted could enter that afterlife only (79) __________they took with them indications of their worldly status, it was a necessity to bury the dead with material goods: hence the wives and animals that were killed to accompany (80)__________rulers, the riches (81)__________with Egyptian pharaohs, and the coins that Europeans used to place on the departed person's eyes as payment for the Stygian ferryman. In time, as economy modified tradition, the actual (82)__________goods were replaced (83)__________symbolic representations. In China, for example, gold and silver paper became a stand-in (84)__________real money. Eventually even the symbolic significance became obscured. Thus, Wolff said, flowers may be the (85)__________step in “three well-marked stages of offerings to the dead: the actual object, its substitute in various forms, and —finally —mere tributes of respect.”Part Five ProofreadingDirections: This part consists of a short passage. In this passage, there are altogether 10 mistakes, one in each underlined sentence or part of a sentence. You may have to change a word, add a word or just delete a word. If you change a word, cross it out with a slash (\) and write the correct word near it. If you add a word, write the missing word between the words (in brackets) immediately before and after it. If you delete a word, cross it out with a slash (\). Put your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10%)Examples:e.g.1 (86) The meeting begun 2 hours ago.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (86) begun begane.g.2 (87) Scarcely they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre when the curtains went up.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (87) (Scarcely) had (they)e.g.3 (88) Never will I not do it again.Correction in the ANSWER SHEET: (88) not(86) Homes could start been connected to the Internet through electrical outlets. (87) In this way, consumers and business may find easier to make cheaper telephone calls under new rules that the Federal Communications Commission began preparing on Thursday. (88) Taking together, the new rules could profoundly affect the architecture of the Internet and the services it provides. (89) They also have enormous implications for consumers, the telephone and energy industries, equipment manufacturers. Michael K. Powell, the F. C. C. chairman, and his two Republican colleagues on the five-member commission said that (90) a 4-to-1 vote on Thursday to allow a small company providingcomputer-to-computer phone connections to operate in different rules from ordinary phone companies, would ultimately transform the telecommunications industry and the Internet. (91) “This is a reflecting of the commission's commitment to bring tomorrow's technology to consumers today,” said Mr. Powell. He added that (92)the rules governing the new phone services sought to make them as wide available as e-mail, (93) and possibly much less expensive than traditional phones, and given their lower regulatory costs. At the same time, (94) once while the rules allowing delivery of the Internet through power lines are completed, (95) companies could provide consumers with the ability to plug their modems directly into wall sockets, just like they do with a toaster, or a desk lamp.Part Six WritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises试题详解Part One Listening Comprehension(略）Part Two Structure and Written Expression41. B 42. A 43. B 44. A 45. D 46. C 47. A 48. C 49. B 50. D51. B 52. A 53. A 54. D 55. B56. B 57. A 58. C 59. C 60. APart Three Reading ComprehensionⅠ.Passage One61. C 62. C 63. A 64. CPassage Two65. D 66. B 67. APassage Three68. B 69. D 70. BⅡ.(71) If you are seriously ill, it's good for you not to be panic and depressed.(72) Medical researchers, among whom Galen, an ancient Greek doctor, is the first one, have found out that depression can not only result in other illness but also aggravate existing ones.(73) Once they know what illness they've got, they get worse.(74) For most people, it's difficult to accept the terrible fact and remain sensible, but we should at least have confidence in ourselves.(75) Even if you get a HIV diagnosis, it is still possible for you to avoid the outbreak.Part Four Cloze Test(76) dead (77) traditions (78) afterlife (79) if(80) the (81) or(82) grave (83) by (84) for(85)lastPart Five Proofreading(86) been being (87) (finD. it (easier) (88) taking Taken(89) (industries), and (equipment) (90) in under(91) reflecting reflection(92) wide widely (93) and given given (94) while (95) like asPart Six WritingEpidemic Diseases and Public Health CrisesWhen SARS epidemic swept across China and stirred up even the entire globe last year, people finally came to realize the concept of public health crises, which in reality have already affected our life in various ways. Why didn't we recognize this until our life has been endangered? Surely, epidemic diseases as a kind of public health crises, have contributed to people's perception of public health crises.Public health itself is not new, but the term ”public health crises “has been fresh for most people in China. It includes not only outbreaks of diseases, but also water erosion, deforestation, desertification and many other problems which mankind as a whole must face. Ever since the industrial revolution and great economic expansion, people's life has been challenged in one way or another due to lots of irresponsible behaviors of mankind. Most of the time, people have accustomed to their ordinary way of life and do not spare time in comprehending the imminent crises.On the other hand, epidemic outbreaks always take on a very severe outlook and thus pose direct dangers to common people. They affect people's daily activities and even their lives, and that is why they can successfully arouse people's concerns about their own health. To some extent, our awareness of our dining habits and carelessness in protecting the environment can be attributed to the outbreak of some epidemics, like SARS and bird flu.We should all be gratitude for this awareness brought about by some epidemics. As China and the world's economy continue to expand, governments and people are fully aware that some measures have to be taken to fend off any possible danger to public health.A. is to send them to clinicsB. offers recapture of earlier experiencesC. is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD. is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced47. The child in the nursery__________.A. quickly learns to wait for foodB. doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC. always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD. always feels the world around him is warm and friendly48. The encouragement of children to achieve new skills__________.A. can never be taken too farB. should be left to school teachersC. will always assist their developmentD. should be balanced between two extremes49. Jigsaw puzzles are__________.A. too difficult for childrenB. a kind of building-block toyC. not very entertaining for adultsD. suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation50. Parental controls and discipline__________.A. serve a dual purposeB. should be avoided as much as possibleC. reflect the values of the communityD. are designed to promote the child's happinessQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage:More than half of all Jews married in U. S. since 1990 have wed people who aren't Jewish. Nearly 480, 000 Americanhildren under the age of ten have one Jewish and one non-Jewish parent. And, if a survey compiled by researchers at the University of California at Los Angeles is any indication, it's almost certain that m ost of these children will not identify themselves as “Jewish” when they get older.That survey asked college freshmen, who are usually around age 18, about their own and their parents' religious identities. Ninety-three percent of those with two Jewish parents said they thought of themselves as Jewish. But when the father wasn't Jewish, the number dropped to 38 percent, and when the mother wasn't Jew, just 15 percent of the students said they were Jewish, too.“I think what was surprising was just how lo w the Jewish identification was in these mixed marriage families.” Linda Sax is a professor of education at UCLA. She directed the survey which was conducted over the course of more than a decade and wasn't actually about religious identity specifically. But Professor Sax says the answers to questions about religion were particularly striking, and deserve a more detailed study. She says it's obvious that interfaith marriage works against the development of Jewish identity among children, but says it's not c lear at this point why that's the case. “This new study is necessary to get more in-depth about their feelings about their religion. That's something that the study that I completed was not able to do. We didn't have information on how they feel about their religion, whether they have any concern about their issues of identification, how comfortable they feel about their lifelong goals. I think the new study's going to cover some of that,” she says.Jay Rubin is executive director of Hilel, a national organization that works with Jewish college students. Mr. Rubin says Judaism is more than a religion, it's an experience. And with that in mind, Hillel has commissioned a study of Jewish attitudes towards Judaism. Researchers will concentrate primarily on young adults, and those with two Jewish parents, and those with just one, those whosee themselves as Jewish and those who do not. Jay Rubin says Hillel will then use this study to formulate a strategy for making Judaism more relevant to the next generation of American Jews.51. The best title of this passage is__________.A. Jewish and Non-Jewish in AmericanB. Jewish Identity in AmericaC. Judaism-a Religion?D. College Jewish Students52. Among the freshmen at UCLA__________thought themselves as Jewish.A. mostB. 93% of those whose parents were both JewishC. 62% of those only whose father were JewishD. 15% of those only whose mother were Jewish53. The phrase “interfaith marriage” in the Paragraph 3 refers to the__________.A. marriage of people based on mutual beliefB. marriage of people for the common faithC. marriage of people of different religious faithsD. marriage of people who have faith in each other54. Which of the following statements is NOT true about professor Sax's research?A. The research indicates that most students with only one Jewish parent will not think themselves as Jewish.B. The survey was carried out among Jewish Freshmen.C. The research survey didn't find out what and how these Jewish students think about their religion.D. The research presents a new perspective for the future study.55. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A. Mr. Rubin is the founder of Hillel.B. Mr. Rubin thinks that Judaism is not a religion and it's an experience.C. Hillel is an organization concerned with Jewish college students in the world.D. Hillel has asked certain people to carry out a study about Jewish attitudes towards Judaism.Questions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage:Governments that want their people to prosper in the burgeoning world economy should guarantee two basic rights: the right to private property and the right to enforceable contracts, says Mancur Olson in his book Power and Prosperity. Olson was an economics professor at the University of Maryland until his death in 1998.Some have argued that such rights are merely luxuries that wealthy societies bestow, but Olson turns that argument around and asserts that such rights are essential to creating wealth. “I n comes are low in most of the countries of the world, in short, because the people in those countries do nothave secure in dividual rights,” he says.Certain simple economic activities, such as food gathering and making handicrafts, rely mostly on individual labor; property is not necessary. But more advanced activities, such as the mass production of goods, require machines and factories and offices. This production is often calledcapital-intensive, but it is really property-intensive, Olson observes.“No one would normally engage in capital-intensive production if he or she did not have rights that kept the valuable capital from being taken by bandits, whether roving or stationary,”he argues. “There is no private property without government—individuals may have possessions, the way a dog possesses a bone, but there is private property only if the society protects and defends a private right to that possession against other private parties and against the government as well.”Would-be entrepreneurs, no matter how small, also need a government and court system that will make sure people honor their contracts. In fact, the banking systems relied on by developed nations are based on just such an enforceable contract system. “We would not deposit our money in banks...if we could not rely on the bank having to honor its contract with us, and the bank would not be able to make the profits it needs to stay in business if it could not enforce its loan contracts with borrowers,” Olson writes.Other economists have argued that the poor economies of Third World and communist countries are the result of governments setting both prices and the quantities of goods produced rather than letting a free market determine them. Olson agrees there is some merit to this point of view, but he argues that government intervention is not enough to explain the poverty of these countries. Rather, the real problem is lack of individual rights that give people incentive to generate wealth. “If a society has clear and secure individual rights, there are strong incentives (刺激，动力）to produce, invest, and engage in mutually advantageous trade, and therefore at least some economic advance,” Olson concludes.56. Which of the following is true about Olson?A. He was a fiction writer.B. He edited the book Power and Prosperity.C. He taught economics at the University of Maryland.D. He was against the ownership of private property.57. Which of the following represents Olson's point or view?A. Protecting individual property rights encourages wealth building.B. Only in wealthy societies do people have secure individual rights.C. Secure individual rights are brought about by the wealth of the society.D. In some countries, people don't have secure individual rights because they're poor.58. What does Olson think about mass production?A. It's capital intensive.B. It's property intensive.C. It relies on individual labor.D. It relies on individual skills.59. What is the basis for the banking system?A. Contract system that can be enforced.B. People's willingness to deposit money in banks.C. The possibility that the bank can make profits from its borrowers.D. The fact that some people have surplus money while some need loans.60. According to Olson, what is the reason for the poor economies of Third World countries?A. government interventionB. lack of secure individual rightsC. being short of capitalD. lack of a free marketPart Ⅳ Cloze (10%)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.For the people who have never traveled across the Atlantic the voyage is a fantasy. But for the people who cross it frequently one crossing of the Atlantic is very much like another, and they do not make the voyage for the__61__of its interest. Most of us are quite happy when we feel__62__to go to bed and pleased when the journey__63__. On the first night this time I felt especially lazy and went to bed__64__earlier than usual. When I__65__my cabin, I was surprised__66__that I was to have a companion during my trip, which made me feel a little unhappy. I had expected__67__but there was a suitcase__68__mine in the opposite corner. I wondered who he could be and what he would be like. Soon afterwards he came in. He was the sort of man you might meet__69__, except that he was wearing__70__good clothes that I made up my mind that we would not__71__whoever he was and did not say__72__. As I had expected, he did not talk to me either but went to bed immediately.I suppose I slept for several hours because when I woke up it was already the middle of the night.I felt cold but covered__73__as well as I could and tries to go back to sleep. Then I realized thata __74__was coming from the window opposite. I thought perhaps I had forgotten__75__the door, so I got up__76__the door but found it already locked from the inside. The cold air was coming from the window opposite. I crossed the room and__77__the moon shone through it on to the other bed.__78__there. It took me a minute or two to__79__the door myself. I realized that my companion__80__through the window into the sea.61. A. reason B.motive C.cause D. sake62. A. tired enough B. enough tired C. enough tiring D. enough tiring63. A. is achieved B. finish C. isover D. is in the end64. A. quite B. rather C.fairly D. somehow65. A. arrived in B. reached to C. arrivedto D. reached at66. A. for seeing B. that I saw C. at seeing D. to see67. A. being lonely B. to be lonely C. being alone D. to be alone68. A. like B. as C. similar than D. the same that69. A. in each place B. for all parts C.somewhere D. anywhere70. A. a so B. so C. sucha D. such71. A. treat together well B. pass together wellC. get on well togetherD. go by well together72. A. him a single word B. him not one wordC. a single word to himD. not one word to him73. A. up me B. upmyself C. up to myself D. myself up74. A. draft B. voice C.air D. sound75. A. to close B. closing C. to have toclose D. for closing76. A. to shut B. for shutting C. inshutting D. but shut77. A. while doing like that B. as I did like thatC. as I did soD. at doing so78. A. It was no one B. There was no oneC. It was anyoneD. There was anyone79. A. remind to lock B. remember to lockC. remind lockingD. remember locking80. A. had to jump B. was to have jumpedC. must have jumpedD. could be jumpedPart Ⅴ Writing (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be谢谢观赏based on the following outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
全国各大高校博士研究生入学考试英语作文试题
清华大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅤWriting (20%)Directions: In this part, you are asked to write a composition on the title of “Effect of Research Event on My Later Life and Work” with no less than 200 English words. Your composition should be based on the follo wing outline given in Chinese. Put your composition on the ANSWER SHEET.1. 在科研和学习中使我最难忘的一件事情是。
2. 使我难忘的原因是。
3. 它对我后来的影响是。
北京大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Five WritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below: (15%)Topic: Write in 250～300 words about China s auto industry.北京大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part FiveWritingDirection: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. (15%)Topic: Comment on the Development of the Internet北京大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题Part SixWritingDirections: Write a short composition of about 250 to 300 words on the topic given below. And write the composition on the ANSWER SHEET. (15%)Topic: Epidemic Diseases and Public Health Crises中国人民大学2002年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Directions: Write an essay in no less than 200 words with the title “Opportunities and challenges with the coming of Globalization.”中国人民大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “Social Sciences a nd the Humanities should Play a More Important Role in the 21st Century”.中国人民大学2004年博士研究生入学考试试题ⅥWriting (20 points)Directions: Write an essay in no less than 250 words with the title “My Understanding of Globalization”. Your essay should be written on the Answer Sheet.武汉大学2002 年博士研究生入学考试试题Part ⅥWriting (15%)Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a compositon entitled Pressures of Modern Man in no less than 200 words. Your composition should be based on the following outlines.1. 现代人会遇到各种各样的压力2. 压力的来源3. 如何减轻自己的压力武汉大学2003年博士研究生入学考试试题Part Ⅵ. Writing (15%)Directions: In this part, you are expected to write a composition entitled Looking Forward to the New Reform of College English in China in no less than 200 words. Your compositon should be based on the following outlines.1. 有些人认为随着各种高水平电子课件的制作与引进，大学生基本上可以自学英语了。
上海交通大学2004年博士生入学考试试题－现代控制理论
上海交通大学2004年博士生入学考试试题现代控制理论一、1、试比较现代控制理论与古典控制理论在研究内容、研究方法和研究特点等方面的异同。
2、试述系统能观性的定义。
3、针对有约束条件的泛函极值最优控制中采取的解法思路是什么？二、设离散系统的差分方程为：11011()(1)(1)()()(1)(1)()n n u u y k n a y k n a y k a y k b u k u b u k u b u k b u k --+++-+++=+++-++++试写出相应的能控型状态方程和输出方程，同时画出方框图。
三、求解状态方程001()340x x t δ⎡⎤⎡⎤=+⎢⎥⎢⎥--⎣⎦⎣⎦(0)0x = 其中()t δ为脉冲函数。
四、求2120xa x x a x ++= 的系统稳定性（10a > 20a ≠） 五、123101112110030x x x u x -⎡⎤⎡⎤⎡⎤⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥=-+-⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦⎣⎦⎣⎦ []123101x y x x ⎡⎤⎢⎥=⎢⎥⎢⎥⎣⎦(1) 试判别该系统的能控性和能观性，(2) 若状态不完全能控或不完全能观则说明系统的哪一个极点的状态不能控或不能观，(3) 画出状态变量图。
六、一驱动系统可用如下方程描述：DT J c M ωω=++ ， 其中，T ：力矩输入信号 D ：力矩转换系数 M ：外负载作用力矩J ：转动惯量 C ：阻尼系数 ω：轴的转速已知外负载作用力矩M 为大于0的恒值常数，即0M= ，试求： (1) 取ω、M 为状态变量，T 为输入信号，ω为输出信号。
写出该系统的状态空间表达式，(2) 设状态变量ω为可实测，输入信号T 已知，试设计另一个状态变量M 的降维状态观测器（观测器的极点为－1），(3) 画出降维观测器的方块图。
七、设一阶系统xx u =-+ ，(0)3x =，试确定控制作用()u t 在2t =时把系统转移到零状态并使性能泛函220(1)J u dt =+⎰取极小值。
2004年春浙江大学博士入学英语考试试题
N~~~r~"Section I Listeningmarks.I mark(Write not more than JPart B(Write not more than~\.Section II Vocabulary(15all the time..n.elengthy D.abiding23.Her handwriting is so badconsolidate B.reinforceconsiderable B.trivial C.futile D.resistant26.The school agreed to their decision until they had spoken to William's parents.came in.defect B.fallacy C.fraud D.abuse30.Before a bill can become law it has to have the full of both Houses of Parliament.J1.The image is__by a series of lenses within the telescope.A. C.extended D.expanded32.Strangely enough,the most obvious explanation did not Jackie until the next day.A.Stumble onB.occur toe Lip withD.stand Lip to33.The Government wants a3%inflation rate,but is this a__objective')A.reflectiveB.flexibleC.feebleD.feasible34.She was still__by what happened in Barcelona.although she hadimminent B.prominent C.illuminate D.luminantwords)words)1 mark each)working atC.Section I mark each)The Canadian government is introducing one ofthe_37_,health groups are describing the bill as a missed opportunity because it fails to include _38_proposals that were considered in previous_39_.The law introduces strict_40_on the sale and advertising ofthe contents of cigarette_42._giving tar and nicotineBut with some4000such toxic components,the government plans tocigarettes be_47_in generic white packets with the brand name given inhave a major_48_here,"says LeGresley.The new bill,which is_49_by the Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers Councilis designed to discourage cigarette sales to thealso_52_cigarette ending machines and mail-order sales.Some advertising will be permitted.Tobacco companies are still forbidden to advertise on television or radio,but will be allowed to place advertisements in publications where is mostly_54_,such as daily newspapers._55_of sporting andOn the whole38.A.adventurous B.sensible C.controversial D.innovativedrafts C.codes D.regulations40.A.controls B.bans C.disciplines D.orders4].A.incorporate prise C.disclose D.confess42.A.Rather than B.As well as C.In spite of D.In view of43.A.manufacturers5LA.as B.since C.when D.ifemployee B.audience C.spectator D.readership54.'~.this part of the test)there are4short passages.Read eachpassagemark the corresponding letter with asinglepeople's health is inevitable if anewbillsupporters,itwill scientific rigor to environmentalandbigger profits, If the bill is passed,no government agency could issue a regulation--the release of pollutants into the environment or to protect workers in a particular industry,for instance-without calculatingits cost-benefit analyses would have ,outby.independent subject to peer review.The proposal isablueprintmonth,and to the Senate,amidhowlsshould not be based solely onlastweek"all the public health protections the,Americanatthe Union of Concerned Scientists,says that if the proposal becomes law,the number ofhealth environmental·tojustifyto ever tighter regulations,regardless of the cost to industryor they bring.They arguethatbenefits,and we have to doitapressuretogether count for more than half the US economy."This bill willrequire useof principles todeterminefor imposing new andcostlyagencies to take thatfact of the following istrueon the environment andpeople's,<D.Regulations should be introduced to protect workers in a particular industry.57.If the bill becomes law,willpoliticians.58.The best word expressive of Carol Browner's attitude.toward the new bill isC.C.therenot good at mathematical calculations.60.The supporters ofexistingPhD degrees resolved disagreement by external referees on the worth of a PhD thesisStates)claimed inthe field of study and another(from the UnitedKingdom)judged the thesis excellent and requiring only minor amendments.The process required the judgement of a external referee who returned a positiveperiod,putting extra pressure on thereviewers of acceptable thesis content-expectations that may reflect quite different perceptions of just whatinthe United States often5-6years,in the United Kingdom up to3years.SomeEuropean countries expect up to6completion within4years.is vastlyin3years.There is also a greaterlikelihood of published products ,within the longer time-a requirement of our negative examiner to obviatewould have prolonged the examination Different internationalexpectations must affect the external reviewing process used by most universities to protect the-B.thereviewingprocessthe course of research toavoid areas as theyarise;work or evenincompleterisk a result basedon expectation -these areall strategies available to supervisory panels to counterpossiblecriticismofofthem investigative science.Operatinglonger theuniversalknowledge,the candidate,but it is surely too long as anapprenticeship fora PhD degreeisneeded for the demonstration of both independence inresearchfirsttwo paragraphs!A The candidatefinally not get his PhD degree.B.The candidate was anAmerican.-C.The candidatewasCGnJid~tt)brfdj~productsto63.What istheD.Indifferent.64.It isimpliedA.is much easier to geta the United KingdomthanD.as many external referees as possible should be invited forthe degrees65.The passageisThe euro is a flawed scheme that could do Europe more harm..than good,The ignorancethat,'years ago;deemed the single currency's basic wisdombeyondchallenge.whileraisingvisibly improved Europe's economy would create itsown.'socialbenefits reward ,bank is supposed itself from such differences would The omens of this sort of bitterness and resentment are already apparent.The new French government wants more emphasis on jobs.The eurc's convergence criteriaeUTO has not broughta huge undertaking that its prospects should be good even under unfavorable conditions.es into being and fails.At best,it wouldn't sweep away nationalism.What separatesariseselse is to blame for your.problems.A euro that doesn't fulfill its immensethat at,the time the political climate in Europe wasB.ignoranceC.numbing detailsD.2;para.2)probably means _A opponents B.supporters C.skeptics D.apologistsunemployment D.unification of Europe69."There's the rub."(line 3,para.S)means that _A."There is the message."B."That's what one should do."6adrdessstaying idle. A single currency can't substitute for the hard measures needed to remedy these failings. Pretending otherwise creates a huge source potential discord converting national problems into European problems. With a common currency European central bank, it would become easier to blame European monetary policy for high joblesssness or, at any rate, to argue that an easier policy would cure it. Though the new central bank is supposed to be independent, from such pressures. National differences would arise and be fanned.•"There lies the difficulty."70.The message the author tries to give in the lastend in disasterPassage FourIt is clear that wework.Psychiatrists have been heard to say,"He didn't have enough anxietywhile we agree that too muchweold-life insurance policyhaving a conference with Billy's teacher even though his reportcard looks all right.People who anxiousdon't take when they have to drive,are careful where they go and with whomthey drive on holiday.People whoaccidents.PeopleOn balance,OUI age ofupon enormous resources,we have created anation in which anxiety has replaced terrorthemselves withthe millions ofat a few parts of the South,whatmay happen,might happen,could happen.•wherethereThe number ofsometim~s felt,a symptom of increasing mentaldiscontentabroad this comes perhaps because our anxietymast life and who have theto devise ways of making trips to the moon;cannot-as we have tried to do-banish deathitself..71.According to the author,having some anxietyC.make people~'Ot1<?C't1l6f/D.be cured by seeing their doctors.72.The driver's exampleis given to support the idea that we shouldright amount of anxiety73.The word"specter"in paragraph3most probably means_A.,meaningB.fearC.of people suffer most from mental ill healththe realityB.learri how to trust lifeD,:find how to make space travelSection Vversion II.76.D。
2004中科院博士入学考试数学
中国科学院自动化研究所
2007年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学统一考试试题
科目名称：数学
考生须知：
1. 本试卷满分为100分，全部考试时间总计180分钟。
2. 所有答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题上或草稿纸上一律无效。
一、下述方程组
21tx y z x ty z t x y tz t ++=⎧⎪++=⎨⎪++=⎩
当t 为何值时（1）有唯一解；（2）有解；（3）无解。
有解时解出。
二、已知84210A ⎛⎫= ⎪⎝⎭，1(1)n n x Ax n -=≥，若011x ⎡⎤=⎢⎥-⎣⎦。
求n x
三、设A 、B 均为n 阶正定对称矩阵，A 、B 为正定对称矩阵的充要条件是什么？并给出证明。
四、设有m 个盒子，每个盒子s 个黑球t 只白球，从第一个盒子取一球放入第二盒子，再从第二盒取一球放入第三个盒子，如此下去，问最后一盒取出白球的概率？
五、对球体直径进行测量，测量值用ε表示，ε是[a, b]上的均匀分布。
求球体体积的数学期望。
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2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试自然地理学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、水体沼泽化2、环境效应3、土壤氧化还原作用4、地带性规律5、生态交错带二．简答题（每题8分）1、举例说明流域系统的整体性与层次性。
2、简述自然保护的基本概念及对社会与自然协调的意义。
3、简述气候变化与异常的原因。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述生物圈等级理论的主要内容。
2、试述地理环境中水文现象与地貌现象之间的密切联系。
3、试述中国黄土地貌形成的环境背景。
4、试述区划研究与类型研究的差别与联系。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试气候学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、副热带高压2、蒸发潜力3、降水变率4、气候分异5、末次盛冰期二．简答题（每题8分）1、简述大气层圈结构。
2、对于全球气候系统而言，主要外强迫和内强迫因子有哪些？其作用有何不同？3、简述地球轨道参数的意义及其在气候变化中的作用。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、论述青藏高原隆起对我国气候形成的作用。
2、何谓El Nino与La Nina，阐述它们对我国气候的主要影响。
3、什么是气候突变？对于一个已知气候记录序列，如何分析气候突变？试举例说明主要方法、基本原理和计算步骤。
4、全球有哪些主要季风区？试阐述亚洲季风系统的环流系统、形成机理和主要气候特征。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试生态学试题准考证编号得分一．名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、限制因子与限制因子定律2、生态金字塔与生态效率3、负反馈调节4、同化效率5、补偿深度二．简答题（每题8分）1、自养生态系统和异养生态系统的区别有哪些？2、一种生物进入新的栖息地，自然种群的数量变动将会经过哪些过程，直至保持相对稳定或灭亡？3、请介绍生态系统中物质循环的模式及其类型。
三．问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、为什么生物体的生长都呈“S”型曲线形式？2、在湖泊生态系统的各阶段中，初级生产主要能量参数，即生物量、总初级生产量、呼吸量和净初级生产量是如何变化的？3、请说明生物他感作用的概念及其在生物群落组成和演替中的意义。
4、生态因子作用的一般特征是什么？并以此试分析富营养化湖泊中水华暴发与环境因素的可能关系？2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试植物生理学试题准考证编号得分一. 名词解释(任选四题，每题4分)1、爱默生效应2、交叉适应3、植物抗性4、植物激素与植物生长调节剂5、二氧化碳补偿点二、简答题 (每题8分)1、植物适应干旱的环境时,形态上与生理上有哪些特殊性状?2、卡尔文循环由哪三个阶段构成？每个阶段都有何作用？3、什么是光呼吸？它有何生理作用？三、问答题(任选三题，每题20分)1、详述植物蒸腾作用的生理学意义及其气孔运动的形式与机理。
2、详述光周期诱导花形成的机理。
3、植物的抗性机制有哪些？它们是如何作用的？4、举例说明植物在环境保护中的作用。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试经济地理学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、聚集与扩散2、循环经济3、产业的自组织4、绿色GDP5、环境Kuznets倒”U”型曲线二、简答题（每题8分）1、简要阐述城乡统筹的基本内涵。
2、简要分析交通运输业与现代物流业的关系。
3、简述西部大开发的建设重点。
三、论述题（任选三题，每题20分）1、在社会主义市场经济条件下政府通过哪些手段对产业布局进行指导和调控？2、我国区域发展不平衡的主要表现何在？如何协调发展？3、城市化发展将对土地资源（包括土壤资源）变化产生哪些方面的影响？4、根据两个城市的经济发展水平和产业结构状况，（1）计算两个城市2002年第二产业增加值（2）要点分析和比较两个城市经济增长和产业结构变化特征2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试地貌与第四纪地质学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、次生黄土2、湖岸阶地3、晚更新世4、新仙女木事件(Y ounger Dryas)5、布容正向极性世二、简答题（每题8分）1、同位素地球化学研究方法在第四纪研究中的应用。
2、简述全新世的气候事件。
3、简述我国西北地区从山地到盆地沉积相变的一般特征。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、中国季风环境的主要特点。
2、湖泊沉积中反映古气候的主要代用指标及其意义。
3、据你所知，国内外对过去全球变化（PAGES）研究的主要方法和进展有哪些？4、青藏高原形成对东亚季风系统的影响主要表现在哪些方面？2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试环境化学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、一级降解动力学2、重金属鳌合物3、环境风险4、甲基橙碱度5、硝化作用二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述持久性有机污染物（POPs）在环境中的行为。
2、湖泊水体中水底沉积物对碳酸盐体系平衡可能的影响。
3、简述大气中含硫化合物、含氮化合物的来源。
三、问答与计算题（任选三题，每题20分）1、请说明酸雨的形成及影响酸雨形成的因素。
2、请绘出天然水氧化还原极限下的pE~pH关系式（假设P O2=1atm, P H2=1atm），并说明不同类型天然水将在pE~pH图上哪个位置。
3、土壤中有许多有机的和无机的氧化性和还原性物质，土壤中这些主要的氧化剂和还原剂有哪些？为什么有时可以用Eh值可以确定土壤中有机物和无机物可能发生的氧化还原反应？4、叙述氮氧化物（NO、NO2）在大气液相平衡体系中的转化，并给出在气液间和液相内的相应平衡关系式。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试湖泊水文学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、湍流扩散2、定振波3、湖泊风涌水4、湖泊无阻吹程5、湖泊的补给系数二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述深水湖泊与浅水湖泊的区别及其相应水环境要素的差别。
2、简述温带地区湖泊在一年4季中的热力循环与水温变化特征。
3、简述我国湖泊湖流有哪些主要成因类型，并分别举例说明。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、湖泊水资源包含什么内容，对我国湖泊水资源的利用状况，谈谈你的想法？2、人类活动对湖泊的影响存在那些方式，为什么说湖泊是响应外部环境变化的一面镜子，这体现了湖泊的什么特征？3、试说明影响湖泊透明度的主要因素。
4、试述浅水湖泊中沉积物对湖泊水环境影响。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试计算机应用基础试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、局域网2、软件测试3、群组计算机4、组件对象模型5、象素二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述软件需求分析的过程。
2、简述USB接口的作用和功能。
3、什么是开放源码(Open Source)，并列举几种开放源码软件。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试述计算机网络的分类方法，并列举各种分类方法下的网络类型。
2、试用C++程序设计语言编写一个函数，该函数能够绘制有n 个数据（单精度）、并带有坐标轴的线状图。
3、在计算机网络中，网络协议起什么作用？并述TCP/IP协议是如何组织信息传输的。
4、试述采用C/S结构和B/S结构构筑系统的优缺点。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试遥感与地理信息系统应用试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、LOD（Level of Details）2、专家系统3、遥感图象监督分类4、雷达校准5、空间域滤波二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述你对Web GIS技术的认识。
2、简述最短路径的计算方法。
3、简述吸收光谱的含义。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、谈谈你对虚拟现实技术与三维GIS关系的认识。
2、试述“数字城市”建设的设想与实施步骤。
3、叙述图像退化的主要内容及其原因。
4、说明多光谱图像遥感集群分析中的一般步骤。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试水生生物学试题准考证编号得分1.名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、周丛生物2、内禀增长率3、生态位分化4、r选择者5、营养级联效应2.简答题（每题8分）1、水体生态系统主要由哪些生物类群组成，他们各自扮演着什么角色？2、简述浮游植物的生存适应策略。
3、研究鱼类的摄食生态主要要考虑那些方面的问题？3.问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、与水生生物密切相关的水体环境因子有哪些？2、水体生态系统是通过哪些途径来调节其平衡的？3、为什么大型水生植物在富营养化浅水湖泊恢复中占有重要地位？4、浮游生物昼夜垂直移动有何特征?其原因和适应性意义如何?2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试环境生物学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释 (任选四题，每题4分)1、生物测试2、环境激素（或环境内分泌干扰物）3、“三致”作用4、生物浓缩5、生物监测二、简答题 (每题8分)1、请阐述污染物对生物大分子的主要影响。
2、简述BOD曲线所反映的污水生物处理过程中的生物学特征。
3、简述有机废水的微生物处理。
三、问答题 (任选三题，每题20分)1、请叙述微生物对污染物质降解与转化的主要特点。
2、由于湖泊富营养化，导致水中蓝藻大量增殖，引起水华暴发，但是在蓝藻大量繁殖并形成水华的同时，湖泊的生物多样性却剧烈下降。
请你假设有那些原因导致了这样的结果？并设计一个实验来试图验证你所提出的其中一个原因。
3、生物净化主要依据污染生物学的那些理论与技术？4、污染环境的生物修复有何优点和潜在问题？2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试水文学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、河流的弯曲系数2、流域的不对称系数3、流域内的河网密度4、流域内的湖泊率5、流域的形状系数二、简答题（每题8分）1、简述流域汇流过程，简要说明描述流域汇流过程有哪些主要处理方法。
2、简述影响流域产流的主要因素，说明一次降雨所产生径流量的计算方法，并图示基流是如何分割的。
3、河流横断面内水面横比降产生的原因及其计算方法如何，并简述河流横断面的地貌特征或结构？三、问答题（每题20分）1、简述降雨径流水文模型研究的国、内外进展情况，并就一个水文模型进行应用的适应性分析。
2、人类活动对径流怎样影响？研究人类活动对径流影响的实际意义如何？3、什么是河流的冬季状态？它有哪些主要特征？简述河流的冻结、封冻和解冻过程。
2004年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试环境科学试题准考证编号得分一、名词解释（任选四题，每题4分）1、循环经济2、生化需氧量3、水体污染负荷4、生物降解5、废物资源化二、简答题（每题8分）1、对河水化学组分影响最大的环境因素有哪些？2、有人把城市森林或大片绿地称为城市的“绿肺”，请给出“绿肺”的净化功能。
3、简述在土壤中污染物自然净化的机制。
三、问答题（任选三题，每题20分）1、试就中国近10多年间GDP高速增加的情势，对资源过度开采和利用可能造成的环境恶果，以及国家在应对这些问题方面的宏观策略谈谈你的看法。