河南师范大学2018年《831英语写作与翻译》考研专业课真题试卷
2018年河南省普通专升本考试《专业英语》真题+答案
2018 年河南省普通专升本考试《专业英语》真题Part I Vocabulary and Structure (1 x 30)Directions: There are 30 incomplete statements in this part. You are required to complete each one by choosing the most appropriate word or expression from the four choices marked A. B, C and D. then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1.You won’t get a loan you can offer some security.A. lestB. in caseC. unlessD. other than2.Many children chose “Peppa Pig” as their TV program.A. favorableB.favoriteC. preferredD. preferable3.Few people know him, ?A.do theyB.don't theyC. doesn't fewD. don' t few4.The opportunity in a prestigious corporation is a dream for the graduates nowadays in many countries.A. workingB. to workC. workedD. to be working5.We thought of selling this old furniture, but we’ve decided to it. It might be valuable.A. hold on toB. keep up withC. turn toD. look after6.The book has been translated into thirty languages since it on the market in 1973.A. had comeB. has comeC. cameD. comes7.The Clarks haven't decided yet which hotel .A. to stayB. is to stayC. to stay atD. is for staying8. tomorrow, our ship will set sail for Macao.A. Whatever the weather is likeB. Whatever is the weather likeC. However is the weather likeD. However the weather is like9. before we leave tomorrow, we should invite all our friends to hold a party to welcome them.A. Had they come backB. Were they coming backC. Were they to come backD. Would they come back10.Susan came out in the speech contest.A. the thirdB. threeC. a thirdD. third11.My roommate didn't meet the deadline. I regretted .A. not to be able to helpB. to be not able to helpC. being unable to helpD. being not to be able to help12.After by the doctor, you are required to tum in the examination form.A. examinedB. having examined C to be examined D. being examined13.If only I my four years of college life.A. didn’t wastedB. shouldn’t have wastedC.haven’t wastedD. hadn’t wasted14. the opportunity to study abroad, I could not experience a quite different culture.A. Due toB. But forC. As toD. Owing to15. will our life be like if robots control our life in the future?A. What do you supposeB. What will you supposeC. What you supposeD. What you would suppose16.Every boy and every girl that each day and each hour brings duty.A. know; their B knows: its C. knows; their D. know; its17.When he was asked about the missing cell phone, the boy ever seeing it.A. opposedB. deniedC. objectedD. refused18.His actions are not his words.A. in relation toB. in contrast toC. in regard toD. in line with19.He looks as if he nothing about the news.A. knewB. would knowC. would have knownD. should know20.When the police broke into the house, they found the old man dead on the floor.A. lainB. laidC. layingD. lying21.Gilbert often attends on-line public lectures his horizon.A broadening B. to broaden C. to have broadened D. to be broadened22.It is no good about the living conditions here. You should adapt yourself to the environment.A. to complainB. for you to complainC. for you to complainingD. complaining23.The striking contrast of another culture provides a mirror one’s own culture is reflected.A. on whichB. in whichC. from whichD. out of which is Europe.A. larger four times thanB. four times larger asC. four times as large asD. as four times large as25.The librarian said you return this book to the library by the end of this week.A. mightB. wouldC. dareD. must26.for two years, the bike needs .A. Using; repairingB. Being used; being repairedC. Having been used; repairingD. Having used: to be repaired27.The question he asked was the electrical equipment should be stored.A. whatB. which C where D. because28.My eyes are getting tired. I for two hours. I think I'll take a rest.A. have readB. have been readingC. readD. would have read bars29.Polar explorers have to be extremely to endure the climate and other hardships.A. hardB. roughC. toughD. fierce30.As she matured as an artist, she realize that “all artists are a product of their culture”.A. kept toB. came toC. took toD. went toPartⅡReading Comprehension(2×20)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or incomplete statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A. B. C and D. You should decide on the best choice and then mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneParticipation in classroom is not only accepted but also expected of the students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the students' oral participation. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role (i. e. listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a "managerial" role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars.A professor’s teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas; students who make assertions that contradict the professor's point of view should be prepared to supply evidence to their positions.In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanitiesand social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are "applied" rather than theoretical, they stress "doing" and involvement.31.Participation in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of the students in many courses except in .A. seminar coursesB. the humanities and social sciencesC. informal lecture coursesD. science and mathematicscation in the humanities and social sciences has .A. not changed muchB. changed from being theoretical to being appliedC. changed a littleD. become more theoretical than applied33.It can be inferred from the passage that .A.an active participant in a seminar is a good student.B.a student who can always take full notes is a good one.C.a student who can dominate the class is a good one.D.a student who keeps silent in the classroom is a good one.34.The reason why some professors ask students to make presentations and lead discussions is that .A.these professors are not willing to teach the theoryB.these professors are often not well prepared before classC.these professors want to stress “doing”D.these professors want to test the students' abilities35.Which of the following is true? .A.Student participation is not common in the classroom in many courses like sociology.B.Some professors want to dominate the classroom discussion.C.Some professors usually want the students to participate in the teaching of science and Mathematics.D.New educational trends have emerged in the teaching of natural sciences such as chemistry.Passage TwoA blizzard is a severe weather condition characterized by low temperatures and strong winds greater than 35 miles per hour, bearing a great amount of snow.Because the factors for classifying winter storms are complex, there are many definitions of what a blizzard truly is. But it is generally agreed that in order to be classified as a blizzard, as opposed to merely a winter storm, the weather must meet several conditions. The storm must decrease visibility to a quarter of a mile for three hours running, include snow or ice asprecipitation(冰雹) and have wind speeds of at least 32 miles per hour, which means force seven or more on the wind scale.Another standard, according to Environment Canada is that the winter storm must have winds of 40 kilometers per hour or more, plenty of snow, visibility less than one kilometer, a temperature of less than minus 25 degrees Celsius, and all of these conditions must last for four hours or more before the storm can properly be called a blizzard.When all of these conditions continue after snow has stopped falling, the storm is referred to as a ground blizzard. An extreme form of blizzard is a whiteout. when the downdrafts, together with snowfall, become so severe that it is impossible to distinguish the ground from the air. People caught in a whiteout can quickly become disoriented, losing their sense of up and down as well as their sense of direction. Severe blizzards can also occur along with arctic cyclones.36.What's the passage mainly about? .A. The definitions of blizzards.B. The disasters caused by blizzards.C. The amount of snow brought by blizzards.D. The strong winds caused by blizzards.37.Which of the following is true of a blizzard according to the first standard? .A.One can't see anything beyond a mile.B.One cant see anything beyond a quarter of a mile.C.The wind blows at a speed of 25 miles per hour.D.The wind blows at a speed of 23 miles per hour.38.Which of the following is true of a blizzard according to the second standard? .A.Visibility is decreased to 2 kilometersB.Visibility is decreased to 1. 5 kilometersC.The wind blows at a speed of 40 miles per hour.D.The wind blows at a speed of 32 miles per hour.39.What is a ground blizzard? .A.A blizzard blowing over a piece of land.B.A blizzard hitting a plain.C.When the snow has stopped falling, the visibility increases and wind force decreases.D.When the snow has stopped falling, the visibility and wind remain.40.Which of the following is the correct order of increasing force? .A. Winter storm--whiteout--blizzardB. Whiteout--winter storm--blizzardC. Winter storm--blizzard--whiteoutD. Blizzard--winter storm-whiteoutPassage ThreeYou are here to see Bill Gates, the Chairman and Chief Software Architect of Microsoft Corporation. As you know, Microsoft is the worldwide leader in software services and Internet technology for personal and business computing. Last year’s revenues topped $32 billion, and the company employed 55, 000 people in 85 countries. And Mr. Gates is an iconic figure in contemporary computing.While attending Harvard. Bill Gates and his childhood friend Paul Allen started Microsoft, and launched a revolution. The fledgling( 刚开始的) company was more interesting than the classroom for Bill Gates, so he dropped out in his junior year. In his case, it was clearly a great decision. He not only built a company, but more importantly he built a vision. Both were built on the idea that the computer would be a valuable tool on every office desk and in every home, and that software was the key. The penetration of personal computing in our businesses, our offices, our public libraries, on the train or on the plane, and in our home is astonishing, and truly reflects the Bill Gates' view that if the software is right, they will come.Bill Gates also is an author of two books. One of them, Business at the Speed of Thought, is available in 60 nations and 25 languages. It shows how computer technology can solve business problems in fundamentally new ways. By the way, the proceeds of both books are given to nonprofits that support the use of technology in education and skill development.He's an avid reader, a golfer, and a bridge player. He is a household name, a visionary, a philanthropist (慈善家), and tonight he is our guest. So please join me in giving an Illinois welcome to William H. Bill Gates.41.What does the author mean when he refers to Mr. Gates as an iconic figure? .A.Mr. Gates is a famous person having a lot of money.B.Mr. Gates is a famous person representing a way of lifeC.Mr. Gates is a famous person developing a lot of software.D.Mr. Gates is a famous person working in computer industry.42.Why did Bill Gates drop out of school? .A. Because there was a revolutionB. Because he had earned $32 millionC. Because he had already built a visionD. Because school wasn't as interesting as his work43.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is most important for the development of computers? .A. Bill Gates dropping out of schoolB. The penetration of personal computingC. Bill Gates fledgling companyD. the software44.We can infer from paragraph 3 that .A.B i ll Gates made a lot of money from the two booksB.Bill Gates used up all the money from the two booksC.Bill Gates donated the money from the two books to his companyD.Bill Gates made no profits from the two books45.According to the last paragraph, Bill Gates is expected to next.A. give a talkB. hold a meetingC. attend a business meetingD. meet his colleaguesPassage FourAs technology transcends national boundaries and demystifies(使明白) cultures, and the speed of flight transcends the speed of sound, it's time for us to reflect upon whether or not our students are prepared to meet the challenges of the information age. Are we losing sight of what our task is to prepare our youngsters to become effective contributors to society?Today's children must be prepared with the knowledge and experience to be able to select, retrieve( 检索) and synthesize( 合成) information from traditional and nontraditional sources, and apply it locally and transnationally. Our children need to experience learning in a cooperative, inquiry-based environment so that they develop from a state of dependency through independence to interdependency. They need to read very eagerly in a variety of contexts, and apply mathematical and scientific concepts to real life situations within and between disciplines to solve anticipated and unpredictable problems. To make them citizens of the world, they need to learn a second language starting in kindergarten, so that they can communicate effectively in an international marketplace. They need technological expertise and familiarity with computers to use them in the classroom and beyond. They must nurture, and we must support their desire to become lifelong learners.Can these objectives be realized? Certainly. We must “ret each in order that we may teach”.46.The author thinks today's education .A.doesn’t perform its task wellB.has to give challenges to the studentsC.reflects upon the students' challengesD.has transcended national boundaries47.The underlined word “it” in paragraph2 refers to the .A. knowledgeB. experienceC. informationD. interdependency48.The purpose of a cooperative, inquiry-based learning is to nurture students’.A. independenceB. dependenceC. desire to learn life-longD. interdependency49.Students of our information age should be able to .A. select, retrieve and synthesize informationB. apply information locally and internationalC.apply scientific knowledge to solve anticipated and unpredictable problemsD. all of the above50.This passage is a .A.description of the condition of today's educationB.discussion about what today's students should be able to doC.call for educational reformD.list of actions we have to take in teachingPartⅢ Cloze (1×20)Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked, B, C andD.You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage and mark the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET2.Though some people have suggested that women should return to housework in order to leave 51 jobs for men, the idea has been rejected by both women and men in public 52 polls.Lately some union officials have suggested that too many women are employed in types of work more 53 for men and that women should step aside to make 54 for unemployed young men.They argue that women, especially women in their childbearing years, 55 delay economic development and result 56 lower productivity, poor quality and inefficiency.To solve the problem, they suggest that working women stay at home 57 their husbands or brothers were given double wages. They argue that 58 these circumstances, families would 59 their same level of income, and women could run the house and 60 children much better.The suggestion, 61 , has been flatly rejected by 9 out of 10 people 62 .Some other people have suggested another way 63 "phased employment" theory. The theory suggests that a woman worker take 64 from her job when she is seven months pregnantand stay off the job 65 her baby reaches the age of 3. It suggests that women 66 leave receive seventy-five percent of their 67 salary and be allowed to return to work after the three-year period. This will 68 children, women, their families and the society and it 69 to be more acceptable than the suggestion 70 women return to their homes forever.51.A. more B. few C. much D. less52.A. attitude B. reaction C. idea D. opinion53.A .available B. suitable C. reliable D. practical54.A. course B. route C. way D. road55.A. strangely B. unusually C. approximately D. actual56.A. with B. in C. from D. on57.A. though B. while C. since D. until58.A. under B. for C. with D. on59.A. remain B. supply C. support D. receive60.A. grow B. bring C. raise D. feed61.A. therefore B. moreover C. however D. thus62.A. polling B. to poll C. to be polled D. polled63.A. called B. calling C. to call D. to be called64.A. holiday B. rest C. leave D. vacation65.A. when B. until C. after D. while66.A. in B. for C. on D. with67.A. common B. ordinary C. normal D. real68.A. profit B. interest C. serve D. benefit69.A. final B. definitely C. Doubtful D. fashionably70.A that B which C. these D. thosePart I Error Correction (2 x10)Directions: There are 10 sentences. Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked A, B, C and D. You are required to identify the one that is incorrect, and then write corresponding letter and the correct answer on the ANSWER SHEET.71.No only(A) did they brought (B) snacks and drinks, but(C) they also brought cards for(D) entertainment.72.Today, people are spending twice(A) as many(B) on entertainment as they did(C) in the p ast(D).73.Entering(A) the yard(B), I found it covered(C) with lots of falling(D) leaves.74.There are(A) two rooms in the beach(B) house, the small(C) of which serves(D) as a kitchen very well.75.Many wants(A) to buy that kind of cloth(B) because she has been told(C) that the cloth is washed(D) very well.76.Some friends tried to(A) settle the quarrel(B) of the new couple without hurting(C) the feeling of neither(D).77.The old farmer lives in a lonely(A) village far from(B) the town. He lives lonely(C), but he doesn’t f eellonely(D).78.How can you learn anything(A) while(B) you spend(C) all your spare time playing(D) computer games.79.In some cases(A), different approaches for(B) the same scientific problem lead to(C) conflicting(D) results.80..People who have had(A) a bad experience(B) are usually(C) more careful the(D) second time.Part V Translation (20 points)Directions: Translate the following sentences into Chinese and write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (5×2)81.Football is the most popular sport around the world. People participating in the g ame can not only keep fit, but also make friends and gain great enjoyment. However, it may result in bloodshed from time to time due to its fierce nature; yet this cannot weaken the charm of football.82.The booming of Confucius Institutes in many countries shows there is a constant rise of the worldwide fervor i n learning Chinese. China's rich culture and blossoming economy are driving their interest to learn the language. The Confucius Institutes have not only offered a place for foreigners to learn Chinese, but also serves as a platform to help people understand each other.Directions: Translate the following sentences into English and write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (2×5)83.我很快意识到手机就像香烟一样，很难戒掉。
2018考研英语(一)大作文真题范文及译文
2018考研英语(一)大作文真题范文及译文2018考研英语(一)大作文是让考生描写关于一位同学选择课程的图画，并且对背后的含义进行解读。
针对本题，文都考研教学研究院英语教学研究中心提供参考范文一篇如下：The picture above vividly describe the current condition of class selectionamong universities students. The students is hesitating either to choose the class withnew knowledge which is innovative but challenging or to choose one with lesshomework which can score high and easily to pass. Nowadays the universitystudents often run into this dilemma. Which one is better? Personally I think that theformer is better.To start with the major goal of students is to obtain knowledge. Students canbenefit from various of classes which can also enrich their knowledge system. /Students can derive some benefits from all kinds of classes which can increase theirknowledge and broaden their mind. For another only choosing the credit-orientatedclasses certainly go against the all-rounded development of students. So the studentsmay at a disadvantage situation when hunting jobs after graduation. /So the studentsmay at an unfavorable position in competing with peers. Lastly standing in theoverall social environment versatile talents are highly needed. If students are onlyrestricted to one or two fields how can they shoulder the task of great rejuvenation?How can our country realize the goal of Chinese dream?To sum up the young people lays the foundation of the society. I amconvinced that college students should change the stereotypes of ‘credits decide everything’ and challenge themselves. / College students should be brave enough to break the normal procedure.图片生动描述了现在大学生的选课情况。
2018年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解【圣才出品】
2018年河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译考研真题及详解I. Term Explanation. （10%）Please Explain the Following Two Terms in English.a）Foreignization （5%）b）Functional equivalence （5%）【参考答案】a）It’s a term used by Venuti （1995）to designate the type of translation in which a TT is produced which deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original” F oreignization actually isn’t a translation, but a kind of transplantation. It aims to k eep the peculiarity of SL’s culture and itself. It tries to constantly remind the reader that the text is not in the original by for example allowing some words and expression to stay in the SL, changing the syntax or in other ways making the reader feel that the text is foreign. Through a foreignized translation text, the TL reader gets to know an exotic atmosphere, a new culture and the characteristics of a foreign language, which can enrich the expressions of their own language and even wipe away the weak points of their culture.b）Functional equivalence is a translation theory put forward by Eugene Nida. It is the core of his translation theory. According to Nida, translating consists reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the sourcelanguage message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.II. English-Chinese Translation （40%）Translate the Underlined Parts into Chinese.Cross-racial hostility is the stepchild of racism. The dynamics of cross-racial hostility are created by the imbalances on treatment between racially oppressed people based on exaggerated differences among us. Each group has its unique history of discrimination, racial violence, and institutionalized prejudice. Historically, each group “served” a particular role in meeting the socioeconomic needs of white America. For example, during western expansion in the 1800s.while the debate over free versus slave state raged, thousands of Chinese men were brought in to work the mines and railroads. The Chinese were not slaves but they were not free. The Chinese were also subject to lynching and other forms of violence from whites because of their race. After working the mines and railroads, the Chinese were barred from the trades and all but domestic employment. For the most part, they were left to support their own through family-owned stores, laundries, and restaurants in Chinatown ghettoes. The same, yet not the same. Different, yet not different.Where differences among white people tend to be evened out by white privilege, differences among people of color are blown out of proportion with personal jealousies and betrayal, encouraged by whites. The difference between the house nigger and the field nigger is a classic example of howdifferential/preferential treatment split and divided us. Both were slaves for life, but one was treated conspicuously better than the other. For example, “the light-skinned blacks, usually the offspring of white men and black women, were typically given the preferred wo rk inside the master’s home, while darker-skinned blacks were relegated to field work.”There was no guarantee this exemption would continue from one day to the next. The house nigger’s situation was always precarious. Their “privileges” and “status” could be taken away for any or no reason. In the daily ruthless life and death struggle, the desire for preferential treatment often overshadowed feelings of hatred for the master and replaced it with jealous hatred for each other.【参考译文】每个群体都经受过各异的种族歧视、种族暴力和制度化偏见的摧残。
河南师范大学考研英语-翻译专项试题
河南师范大学考研英语-翻译专项试题一、考研英语翻译英译汉1．People’s attitudes towards gift giving may vary from country to country．A．人们的态度是国家之间要送礼物。
B．不同的国家的人对送礼的态度各不相同。
C．国与国之问人们对送礼物的看法不尽相同。
D．各国人们送礼的做法都在变化。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“attitude”和“vary”这两短语意思的理解。
“attitude”意为“看法”，而不是“态度”、“做法”，“vary”是“各不相同”的意思，并不是“变化”。
因此选项A、B和D均存在不同程度的理解错误。
知识模块：英译汉2． Not until the problem 0f talents and funds is solved, is our talking about the project meaningful．A．不到解决人才和资金问题的时候，无须讨论这项工程的。
B．讨论这项工程有无意义要看人才和资金问题能否得到解决。
C．只有解决了人才和资金问题，讨论这项工程才有意义。
D．解决人才和资金问题与讨论这项工程具有同样重要的意义。
【答案】C【解析】本题的翻译要点是对“Not until…”这个句型的理解。
该句表示强调，意为“直到……才”。
选项D对句型理解有误。
选项A和选项B没有把强调的语气翻译出来，且选项A后半句有漏译现象。
知识模块：英译汉3．There is no way we’ll get lost in the mountains, since the tour guide has figured out the return route.A) 我们根本不会在山里迷路，因为导游已回到了原来的路线上。
B) 既然导游已经弄清了返程的路线，我们就绝不会在山里迷路。
C) 因为我们在山里迷失了方向无路可走，导游只好按原路返回。
河南师范大学831英语写作与翻译
2018年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码与名称：831英语写作与翻译适用专业或方向：外国语言文学、学科教学（英语）妥考试时间：3小时满分：150分试题编号：A卷（必须在答题纸上答题，在试卷上答题无效，答题纸可向监考老师索要）I.Term Explanation.(10%)Please Explain the Following Two Terms in English.a)Foreignization(5%)b)Functional equivalence(5%)II.English-Chinese Translation(40%)Translate the Underlined Parts into Chinese.Cross-racial hostility is the stepchild of racism.The dynamics of cross-racial hostility are created by the imbalances on treatment between racially oppressed people based on exaggerated differences among us.Each group has its unique history of discrimination,racial violence,and institutionalized prejudice.Historically、each group''served''a particular role in meeting the socioeconomic needs of white America. For example,during western expansion in the1800s,while the debate over versus slave state raged,thousands of Chinese men were brought in to work the mines and railroads.The Chinese were not slaves but they were not fi~ee.The Chinese were also subject to lynching and other forms of violence f?om whites because of their race. After working the mines and railroads,the Chinese were barred f?om the trades and all but domestic employment.For the most part they were left to support their own through family-owned undries,and restaurants in Chinatown ghettoes.The第1页，共3页same,yet not the same.Different,yet not different.Where differences among white people tend to be evened out by white privilege, differences among people of color arc blown out of proportion with personal jealousies and betrayal,encouraged by whites.The difference between the house nigger and the field nigger is a classic example of how differential/Dreferential treatment split and divided us.Both were slaves for lifb,but one was treated conspicuously better than the other.For examDle,"the light-skinned blacks,usually the offspring of white men and black women,were typically given the Dreferred work inside the master's home、while darker-skinned blacks were relegated to field work."There ws no guranttee this exemption would continue什om one day to the next. The house nigger's situation was always precarious.Their"privileges''and"status" could be taken away fbr any or no reason.In the daily ruthless li能and death struggle, the desire for preferential treatment often overshadowed fbelings of hatred for the master and replaced it with jealous hatred for each other.III.Chinese-English Translation(40%)Translate the Following Chinese Passage into English.文化是一个国家、一个民族的灵魂。
2018年考研英语(一)翻译真题、参考译文和解析
2018年考研英语（一）翻译真题、参考译文和解析注：考研真题中的考题句子用高亮标出。
其他难句用圆圈号码标出，如①。
翻译技巧用红字标出。
Para.1Shakespeare’s lifetime was coincident with a period of extraordinary activity andachievement in①These new forms were at first mainly written by scholars and performed by amateurs, but in England, as everywhere else in western Europe, the growth of a class of professional actors was threatening to make the drama popular, whether it should be new or old, classical or medieval, literary or farcical. ②Court, school, organizations of amateurs, and the traveling actors were all rivals in主要由有识之士编写、业余演员表演；但在英格兰，就像在其他西欧国家一样，职业演员阶层的崛起预示着戏剧将要变得大众化，不管它是新式戏剧还是旧式戏剧，古典戏剧还是中世纪戏剧，文学剧还是滑稽剧。
宫廷、学校、业余组织及游【考点句子46】(46) By the date of his birth Europe was witnessing the passing of the religious drama, and the creation of new forms under the incentive of classical tragedy and comedy.试译：他出生时，欧洲正见证着宗教剧的衰落和新型戏剧的兴起，新型戏剧的兴起是受了古典悲剧和喜剧的启发。